4) Who made the railway journeys possible for Keya, Tasneem and Mandeep? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Exercise 3: Value-based questions – Judgement and appreciation 1) Have you been on a train journey? Do you think that train journeys are interesting and fun? Why or why not? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) If you were given a chance to ride on any one of the trains mentioned in the lesson, which one would it be and why? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� I Speak Public speaking Think of yourself as a train that has completed many journeys. Now you get a chance to talk about your life. Speak about all the adventures that you have had on your journeys. Ask for and give directions Imagine that a few new students have joined your school. They ask you for directions. Divide your class into pairs. Student A asks for directions, and Student B gives directions to different parts of the school such as the library, the Principal’s office, the staff room, the rest room and so on. The Mountain Railways 97
Language Game 2 Crossword puzzle Down 1. A synonym for ‘trip’. 2. They run on tracks. 3. A sandy place near the sea to spend your holiday. 4. Carry this if you are travelling during the monsoon season. Across 3. You may use these to view things that are far away. 5. Wear this on your head when the Sun is too bright. 1 34 5 98
Connect the Dots Science Fun The first working steam locomotive was made in the year 1804 by Richard Trevithick. Here is a picture of the first steam engine. Did you know that steam engines use coal and work on the power of steam? On the other hand, our modern train engines run on electricity. Social Studies Fun pine cones Have you seen trees that grow in hilly places like Shimla and Darjeeling? These trees are naturally designed to withstand cold and snowfall. They have tough, needle-like leaves to withstand the cold. Instead of flowers, the trees have cones. These cones have seeds in them. Such trees are called ‘coniferous trees’. Examples: pine, spruce, cedar, deodar and fir trees A Note to Parent Travel creates the most wonderful memories for us and especially for children. Help your child to record these memories by encouraging them to maintain a travel diary whenever they travel. The Mountain Railways 99
Lesson Oh! The Places 14 You’ll Go… Let Us Start Listen and say aloud Nouns with two syllables Verbs with two syllables (stress the first syllable) (stress the second syllable) object present object present record project record project Warm Up • What do you do during your summer holidays? • Is it important to travel during every vacation? Can one do interesting things in one’s own area during the summer holidays? Share your thoughts. Let us read a story about a girl named Mohini and her most wonderful trip during her summer holidays. 100
I Read Summer vacations were over. Days of slurping ice creams, drinking mango slurping panna and lazing around in the afternoons were over. But Mohini wanted to stay in bed till late. ‘Wake up, Mohini! Do you want to be late for school on the very first day after the holidays and set a bad example?’ Mohini’s mother scolded her. ‘I am waking up, Maa’, said Mohini, rubbing her eyes. Mohini quickly brushed, got dressed and sat down for breakfast. As she sat nibbling at the mint chutney sandwich, her mind was repeating Miss Nalini’s words: ‘Everyone has to speak about the places that they travel to during their summer vacations. It accounts for 50 percent of the total marks. And summer break everybody will need to speak on the first day after the summer break.’ ‘I am leaving for work. I have kept your lunch ready’, her mother said. Mohini’s father had passed away when she was just three years old. Her mother had started stitching clothes to support them financially. She could earn enough to send her daughter to a good school but not enough to go anywhere. shuddered ‘What will I tell Miss Nalini? I did not travel to any place during the summer vacation. Yes, I will tell her this, because this is the truth and we should always tell the truth.’ No! Mohini shuddered at the thought of losing fifty percent marks. What was she supposed to do? The students rushed into their classrooms eagerly on the first day of school. Everyone was busy chatting with each other. Mohini sat alone in a corner, thinking hard. Miss Nalini walked in, and the class greeted her in a loud and monotonous voice, ‘Good morning Misssssss!’ ‘Good morning, students. So good to see all of you back. Before I ask you to share about the place you travelled to during the summer holidays, let me tell you about my trip.’ It seemed as though Miss Nalini was in a good mood. ‘I visited Shimla with my family. It is a beautiful hill station and the capital of Himachal Pradesh. Everything was so different from here. The food, the climate, the trees. It was a lovely trip!’ she said. One by one, the students began talking about their holidays. ‘Miss, I visited Kochi. My dadi lives there. We went in an aeroplane. My first time in an aeroplane!’ Abdul beamed. Putul spoke about her experience next. ‘Miss, I went to my village in Odisha, near Bhubaneswar. The best part was the trip to Nandan Kanan Zoo. I saw crocodiles, snakes…’ Oh! The Places You’ll Go… 101
Yikes, thought Mohini. How could someone enjoy snakes and crocodiles? They are so disgusting. yikes The next to speak was Steve. ‘Miss, we went to Paris this vacation. We visited many museums there. I was so bored. We also visited the Eiffel Tower. The best part was the visit to Disneyland.’ The entire class was listening eagerly to his description. Mohini felt uncomfortable in her seat as it was her turn to speak next. What will she say? Everybody would laugh at her. She stood up, took a deep breath and spoke. ‘Miss, this summer vacation I visited the library.’ ‘What?’ Her neighbour Rima started laughing. Soon, the entire class was making fun of her. Mohini’s eyes filled with tears. She stared at the blackboard, feeling embarrassed. ‘Enough, all of you! Let Mohini complete what she has to say.’ Miss Nalini nodded at Mohini with a smile, encouraging her. Mohini cleared her throat, wiped her face and began. ‘This summer vacation, I decided to read as many books as I could because Dr Seuss says in one of his books: ‘The more you read, The more things you will know, The more that you learn, The more places you’ll go.’ When I read different books, I was transported to another world. I read books about magical trees, animals that could talk, princes and princesses, witches and giants, magical spells and curses. I read about different cultures. I read about great people of the world – M.K. Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Albert Einstein and Mother Teresa. I visited several places while sitting in the library, and I learned a lot.’ Miss Nalini rose from her seat and hugged Mohini. ‘To explore the world, we don’t have to travel. All we need is an open mind and a willingness to learn. Everything around us is waiting to be explored, to tell us a story. Well done, Mohini!’ – Surbhi Sarna Let Us Discuss 1) Who was Miss Nalini? 2) What did Mohini’s mother do for a living? 3) What made Mohini shudder? 4) Who among Mohini’s classmates saw the Eiffel Tower? 102
I Understand Meaning Exercise 1: New words Word slurping nibbling summer break passed away shuddered monotonous beamed yikes disgusting embarrassed explore I Speak Pair discussion Divide your class into pairs. Ask your partner about the places that they would like to visit and the reason they want to visit them. Take turns and make notes as your partner speaks. Then, share your partner’s thoughts with the rest of the class. Group discussion Where else could Mohini have gone, other than the library, during her summer holidays? Divide your class into groups. Imagine that Mohini lives in your area. Suggest a few interesting places to visit there. Discuss with your group why you think these places are worth visiting. Oh! The Places You’ll Go… 103
Language Game Who am I? Think of a popular place – a city, a country or a monument – that you know of. Give your classmates clues without using the name of the place. For example, ‘I am standing where…’ (mention what you know about the place, for example, where Taj Mahal is situated – Agra – or where Pongal is celebrated – Tamil Nadu) The rest of the class has to guess the place. You can give three clues for each place. Connect the Dots Maths Fun ‘Mohini shuddered at the thought of losing 50 percent of her marks.’ You have learnt what a percentage is. It means a part in every hundred. It is denoted by the ‘%’ symbol. 50 is half of 100, so 50 percent means half of a given number. If Mohini got 80 marks, how much is 50 percent of her marks? Social Studies Fun Aditya visited the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Did you know that the Eiffel Tower is the most-visited monument in the world? The tower is as tall as an 81-storey building and is the tallest structure in Paris. the Eiffel Tower A Note to Parent Encourage your child to read about places, people and their cultures. A well-exposed mind can only be developed by travelling and reading. Try to provide both for your child. 104
Lesson The World from a 15 Railway Carriage Let Us Start Listen and say aloud Word Rhyming word Word Rhyming word witches ditches scrambles brambles battle cattle load forever road by river eye Warm Up • H ave you ever travelled in a train and watched the view from the window of things passing by? How did it feel? • Did you feel as if the trees and electric poles were moving in the opposite direction? Describe your experience. Let us read a poem in which the poet describes how the world looks from a speeding train. 105
I Read hedges Faster than fairies, faster than witches, Bridges and houses, hedges and ditches; And charging along like troops in a battle, All through the meadows, the horses and cattle. All of the sights of the hills and the plains, witch Fly as thick as driving rain; And ever again, in the wink of an eye, meadow Painted stations whistle by. troop Here is a child who clambers and scrambles, All by himself and gathering brambles; Here is a tramp who stands and gazes; And here is the green for stringing the daisies! brambles tramp Here is a cart runaway in the road Lumping along with man and load; And here is a mill and there is a river; Each a glimpse and gone forever! mill lumping – Robert Louis Stevenson Let Us Discuss 1) Which magical creatures are not as fast as the moving train? 2) In the poem, what seems to charge along like troops in a battle? 3) How do the hills and plains look from the speeding train? 4) What does the tramp do? 106
I Understand Meaning Exercise 1: New words Word witches hedges ditches charging troops meadows scrambles brambles tramp lumping mill Exercise 2: Literature comprehension 1) What is the poem about? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2) What is the child doing all by himself? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3) Describe the cart that the child sees. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� The World from a Railway Carriage 107
4) What does the poet catch only a glimpse of? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Exercise 3: Value-based questions – Judgement and appreciation 1) T he poem gives the reader many beautiful images to visualise. Which ones do you like the most? Describe them in your own words. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) In the poem, the poet mentions many things that the train passes by. Mention a few things that you have seen while seated in a moving train, car or bus. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ I Speak Role play Divide your class into groups of four. Prepare a short skit of a journey by bus, train or aeroplane. Each member of the group performs different roles: passengers, vendors, conductors, air hostesses and so on. Try to create interesting characters with unique personalities. Use proper voice modulation when you are enacting a role. Ensure that everyone in the group has an equal role in your skit. Present it to your class and teacher. Pair discussion A 'simile' is a poetic device that compares one thing to another using ‘as’ or ‘like’. Similes help in creating an image in the reader’s mind. In the poem, the poet has used many similes to 108
describe the train journey. For example, he compares the moving train to fairies and witches. In another line, the poet compares the passing by of hills and plains to the swift movement of raindrops. Divide your class into pairs. Along with your partner, complete the following similes and make sentences. Then, share the sentences with your class. • as black as _________________________ • as big as ____________________________ • as cold as __________________________ • as bright as __________________________ Language Game Spot the differences We see lovely scenery when we travel by train. Look at the given pictures of the countryside and spot at least ten differences between them. Share the differences with your class. The World from a Railway Carriage 109
Connect the Dots Maths Fun A train charges ` 160 per person for 40 km. How much will it charge per person for 80 km? Social Studies Fun Did you know that the Indian Railways has the fourth-largest network and is the seventh- largest employer in the world? It runs nearly 11,000 trains every day. Fun Fact: Venkatanarasimharajuvaripeta on the Arakkonam–Renigunta section near Chennai is the station with the longest name. Ib, near Jharsuguda in Odisha, and Od, near Anand in Gujarat, both have the shortest names. A Note to Parent This poem is about travel by train. India has a lot of trains and a vast train route network. Some trains are faster and better than others. The following link gives information about luxury tourist trains as well as high-speed tourist trains. Read this with your child and discuss all that they do not understand. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_rail_in_India 110
S5 Speaking Project Hill stations of India Given below are a few beautiful locales in India. Choose one place and speak on it for five minutes. You will have to research about the place that you choose. You may use the hints given below. Hints: • Where is it located? • What is special about the place? • How can the place be reached? • How long does the journey take by train? • Which major stations does the train pass through? • What are the major attractions of the place? Nainital hill station Coorg hill station Kodaikanal hill station Ooty hill station 111
R5 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Two men and a woman approach. Old man: I have already paid money for this land. We’ll make multi-storied buildings here. Young lady: S ir, let’s provide facilities like a club, gym, pool and all-day water and power supply for the residents. Old man: W e’ll make a good profit. People who buy apartments over here will pay a good amount to us. Old man: L et’s go. Begin the work by next week! (They leave together.) All trees: Oh! Pine tree: Our end is near. (A group of two young men and a middle-aged woman approach.) Young man: Look at this Green Forest. Isn’t it beautiful? We will never allow this to be cut down. We are environmentalists, and we will fight to save the trees. Another young man: I often come here for nature walks. Families and children come here for picnics. Some painters come here and make beautiful paintings. Middle-aged lady: T hat is right. This forest and the trees are so important for us. The animals and birds will also have nowhere to go. We’ll go to the court. Why should the forest be destroyed? Let’s get orders from the court to stop any construction work that may be taken up here. (They leave together.) 112
Pine tree: Good news! The Green Forest will not be cut down! Eucalyptus tree and Neem tree: Great news! Peepal tree (to the Pine Tree): Who told you that? Pine tree: W ell, I have my reliable sources. A little birdie told me the court has ordered that no construction should take place here. The environmentalists have saved us. All the people are talking about it. We are all safe. All the trees: G od bless the environmentalists. Humans should understand that they are closest to God when they are close to nature. 1) What was the old man planning to make on the land? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2) What did the pine tree tell the other trees at the start? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Fill in the blanks with the correct verb forms from the brackets. a) Her finger started to _____________________ when she cut it. (bled/bleed) b) Ram _____________________ the arrow in his hand. (hold/held) c) The dog _____________________ Geeta as she tried to slap it. (bite/ bit) 4) The meaning of the word ‘environmentalist’ is ______________________________________ ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) resident a) gain 2) facility b) a person who stays somewhere for a long time 3) profit c) amenity Reading Comprehension 113
Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. India was celebrating Republic Day on the 26th of January. It was a national holiday. Mr Gupta was very annoyed and in a bad mood. He had had to close his factory and give the workers time off from work. A lot of work was incomplete and left undone. His profits would suffer. Mr Gupta was driving his luxury car with the air conditioner on full blast. At the traffic light, he slowed down and then stopped as the light turned red. His mood became worse. Just then, he happened to look out of the window and see a boy selling Indian flags. The boy was dressed in torn clothes, but his smile was infectious and lit up his face. On a whim, Mr Gupta rolled the window down and called out to him, 'I want two flags'. The boy immediately ran over to him and handed him the flags, saying 'Please give me change.' Mr Gupta took out ` 20 and held it out. 'No, change please', repeated the boy. Mr Gupta was surprised. 'I am giving change', he said. 'The flags are for ` 1 each, please give me ` 2 only', said the boy. Mr Gupta was amazed. 'How can you sell them for so less?' he asked. 'Today is Republic Day. Today, we are not doing business. We do that every other day. We are doing our bit for our country. The flags actually cost one rupee, so we are selling at that rate', the boy answered. Mr Gupta was taken aback. The poor, uneducated, street boy valued his country more than him. He felt terribly ashamed. – Manjula Shukla 1) Why did Mr Gupta have to give his workers time off from work? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2) Why were the flags being sold at a cheaper rate? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 114
3) Change the following sentences into negative sentences. a) It was a national holiday. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� b) The boy was very poor. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� c) Mr Gupta was in a bad mood. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4) The antonym of ‘educated’ is _____________________________________________. 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) annoyed a) capable of being easily spread to other people 2) infectious b) a sudden wish or desire 3) whim c) slightly angry Reading Comprehension 115
Why are we studying this theme? Great human minds have worked hard to understand the world and make it a better place. Science and technology have changed the face of the world we live in. Let us read two prose pieces and a poem that tell us more about the wonders of science.
Lesson Scientists and 16 Inventors Who Changed the World Let Us Start Listen and say aloud Words ending in -gy and -phy (stress on the third-from-last syllable) technology biology geology tautology photography geography biography autobiography Warm Up • Can you imagine your life without the telephone, television, computer and electricity? What would it be like? • What do you think made a few people invent such wonderful things? Let us read a passage about a few of the most famous scientists and inventors whose discoveries have changed our lives. 117
I Read Nowadays, we live a life full of comfort. Technology and information are easily available whenever we need them. However, a lot of things that we take for granted were carefully thought out, discovered and invented by thinkers, scientists and discoverers of previous generations. One such person was Isaac Newton. It was the year 1665 when a young mathematician and physicist named physicist Isaac Newton was sitting in his living room, drinking a cup of tea. It was a beautiful day, warm and sunny. Isaac was relaxing in his chair and thinking about the forces of nature. As he sipped his tea, he saw an apple fall to the ground. This sight started a chain of thought in his mind. ‘What caused the apple to fall?’ He knew that nothing could move from its place without some force applied to it. ‘What was this force?’ he wondered. Isaac was an intelligent man with a questioning mind. He thought very deeply about the matter and figured that there was a force deep within the Earth that made the objects stay on it. Isaac thus discovered the force of gravity. This was a very important discovery in the field of science. Let us now read about another scientist who is gravity remembered the world over. His name is Alfred Nobel. He was born in Sweden and grew up excelling in studies. He showed a deep interest in developing explosives dynamite and later invented dynamite. Again, this was a very important invention. It was extensively used in the mining and building of roads. Unfortunately, it was also misused and caused destruction and death. However, an incident changed Alfred’s life forever. His brother died, and newspapers wrongly printed the news as Alfred’s death, with the headlines saying that devastated the ‘Merchant of Death’ had passed away. He was fortune devastated at the thought that his invention was being used to kill people. He decided to put his entire fortune into a trust that was used to fund international prizes for peace. These became the famous ‘Nobel’ prizes. Have you ever thought of how our lives would be without electricity? Let’s read about the great mind behind the invention of the electric bulb. Thomas Alva Edison was possibly America’s greatest inventor. He invented nearly a thousand things and, most importantly, the light bulb. 118
When Edison displayed his electrical bulb for the first time, one of the guests remarked that the idea was good, but he doubted whether anyone would want to light up their homes with such bulbs. How wrong he was! There is an interesting story surrounding Edison. Many people used to visit Edison’s office every day to meet him and take his advice. One day, a gentleman remarked that his office door was very heavy and difficult to push open. He advised Edison to replace the door with a lighter one. Edison answered that he had fixed a small pump to the door. It pumped a gallon of water into the overhead tank every time the door was pushed open. This was an extremely creative way of generating free power, wasn’t it? Another great inventor, Alexander Graham Bell, invented the telephone. Can you imagine what it would be like if there were no phones or mobile phones? The first words were spoken on the phone in the year 1876 by Alexander to his assistant Thomas Watson: ‘Mr Watson, come here, I want to see you’. Sadly, Alexander’s wife was deaf and was never able to use the telephone. indebted These early scientists and inventors made very valuable discoveries and inventions. We are truly indebted to them. Let Us Discuss 1) What did Isaac Newton notice as he sipped his tea? 2) What did Alfred Nobel invent? 3) Who invented the light bulb? 4) What did Alexander Graham Bell invent? I Understand Meaning Exercise 1: New words Word take for granted physicist gravity excelling Scientists and Inventors Who Changed the World 119
Word Meaning dynamite devastated fortune indebted Exercise 2: Literature comprehension 1) What chain of thought started in Isaac Newton’s mind when he saw an apple fall to the ground? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Which incident changed Alfred Nobel’s life forever? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Why was Thomas Edison’s office door heavy and difficult to open? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4) What and to whom were the first words spoken on the telephone by Graham Bell? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ 120
Exercise 3: Value-based questions – Judgement and appreciation 1) D escribe a scientific invention that is the most useful according to you. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Do you think that scientific inventions have disadvantages? If yes, what do you think they are? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ I Speak Debate Divide your class into two groups. One group speaks for the use of mobile phones, and the other group speaks against the use of mobile phones. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using mobile phones. The topic is as follows: ‘Are mobile phones a blessing or a curse?’ Your teacher will moderate the debate. ABC Recitation (Group) Learn this poem and recite it with appropriate expressions in class. I Am a Scientist I am a scientist. What do I do? I study the nature of things, old and new. I take a close look at the things that I see And make guesses about all the ways they might be. When I find something neat, sometimes I will ponder, ‘Why does that thing behave like that, I wonder?’ I’ll come up with ideas – I’ll take a good guess, And I’ll call my guess a ‘hypothesis’. Scientists and Inventors Who Changed the World 121
The next thing I’ll do is conduct a short test To see what answers my question best. When I find a result that explains the confusion I’ll call that answer my ‘conclusion’. Next, I’ll write down all the things I’ve uncovered Then share with the world those neat things I’ve discovered. And I’ll say to myself when my hard work is done, ‘Science is interesting, useful, and fun!’ (Source: http://mixminder.com/i-am-a-scientist-poem/) Language Game Jumbled words Given below are a few scrambled names of a few scientific inventions that we use in everyday life. Unscramble these and find out what they are. Jumbled word Actual word POLTAP HONEP REMIX PETRRIN NOVE GRIDEF 122
Connect the Dots Social Studies Fun There were many interesting inventions in ancient India. Here are a few of them: Chess: This game originated in India 1,500 years ago. An Indian king ordered a scholar to design a chess game called ‘Chaturanga’ to help improve the intelligence of his people. Rulers: The first rulers were made during the Indus Valley Civilization. They were made of ivory. Flush toilets: The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to use toilets with flushes. The city had an advanced sewage system as well. Science Fun This lesson mostly talks about male scientists. However, many female scientists have made their marks in the world of science. Let us get to know a few of them. • Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958) has made significant contributions to the understanding of molecular structure and the field of X-rays. • Maria Mitchell (1818–1889) was the very first American woman to become a professional astronomer. She discovered a comet in 1847 that was named after her. • Asima Chatterjee (1917–2006) was a noted organic chemist. She has also done considerable research on the medicinal properties of many Indian plants. She was the first woman to receive a Doctorate of Science from an Indian University. A Note to Parent Help and encourage your child to understand rather than merely memorise scientific concepts. Ensure that you send your child to science camps so that they can engage with scientific concepts meaningfully. Scientists and Inventors Who Changed the World 123
Lesson Eureka! Eureka! 17 Let Us Start Listen and say aloud eureka Greek Words philosopher scientist disperse displace Syracuse weight aluminium volume Warm Up • Imagine that you are a scientist and you suddenly discover something. What would your first words be? • H ave you heard the phrase ‘Eureka! Eureka!’? Do you know what it means and who said it? Let us read a story about the person who said ‘Eureka! Eureka!’ when he discovered something important. 124
I Read Archimedes was a Greek scientist in the king’s court. He lived in Syracuse nearly 2000 years ago. The king of the land wanted to wear a golden crown. He gave some gold to a goldsmith to make a suitable crown. After a few days, the goldsmith brought the finished crown to the king. The crown was weighed. The weight Archimedes of the crown was equal to the gold given to the scientist goldsmith by the king. The king looked at the colour of the crown. He had a suspicion. The goldsmith could have stolen some from the gold handed over to him. The king wanted to find out the truth. The king said to Archimedes, ‘Find out how much gold has been stolen.’ But how was Archimedes to do that? Archimedes thought about the problem day and night! One day, Archimedes suspicion was about to take his bath. He was busy thinking about the problem and did not notice that the bathtub was already full to the brim. As he slid into the bathtub, a large quantity of water flowed over the brim of the bathtub. He noticed this and suddenly realised that he had the answer to his problem. He jumped out of the bathtub, brim shouting ‘Eureka! Eureka!’ ‘Eureka’ in Greek means ‘I have found it’. Do you know that different metals of the same weight have different volumes? Objects, when put in water, displace water. The volume of the water displaced by the object is equal to the volume of the object. For example, an iron cube weighing a kilogram will displace some water. However, an aluminium cube of the same weight will displace more water than the iron cube. Archimedes knew all these theories. Using this knowledge, Archimedes worked out a plan to find out the purity of the gold in the crown. Archimedes took two bowls. He filled both the bowls with water to the brim. Then, he placed each bowl separately in the middle of a large vessel. He placed the crown in a bowl. Water overflowed and collected at the bottom of the outer vessel. Then, he took a cube of pure gold. This cube was equal in weight to the crown. He kept this gold cube in the middle of the second bowl. Again, water overflowed and got collected at the bottom of the outer bowl. Archimedes then measured the quantities of water in these two outer vessels. He found out the difference between the two quantities. The crown had displaced more water, while the Eureka! Eureka! 125
gold cube displaced less. However, since both the crown and the gold cube were of the same weight, they should have displaced the same amount of water. Therefore, it became clear that the crown had other metals mixed in it. These metals took up more space in water than pure gold. Archimedes reported these findings to the king. The king demanded the truth from the goldsmith, who then confessed. He had stolen some gold. He had in fact added other metals as a replacement. Thus, due to Archimedes’ clever principle, the king could discover the truth. This principle became famous as the ‘Archimedes principle’ and is studied even today! confessed Let Us Discuss 1) What did the king ask the goldsmith to make? 2) What suspicion did the king have? 3) What words did Archimedes shout when he found the solution to the king’s problem? 4) W hen Archimedes conducted his experiment with the gold crown and the solid gold cube, what were the results? I Understand Meaning Exercise 1: New words Word scientist suspicion brim volumes displace theories confessed principle 126
I Speak Public speaking Archimedes knew that he could get a solution to his problem. He kept trying until he was successful. Think of a time when you thought of doing something and kept trying till you were successful. Tell your success story to the class. Don’t take more than two minutes, and give your friends a chance to speak about their success stories as well! You may choose anything – concepts that you may have learnt in Mathematics, Science, Social Studies or English, any sport such as cricket, tennis or football or fine arts such as music, dance, painting or martial arts. Role play Divide your class into groups of five. Your teacher will hand out slips of paper with different reactions such as ‘surprised’, ‘thrilled’, ‘fear’, ‘anger’ and ‘joy’ written on them. Then, each team has to think of a situation where they could be used. Enact the situations in the form of a play. Language Game Who am I? Archimedes has been honoured through numerous postal stamps. Look at the one shown here. Now, paste a postal stamp of a famous world personality in the space given. Also, write a few lines about the person whom you have chosen without naming him or her. Test your classmates and see if they can guess the person’s name just by looking at the stamp and hearing about their achievements. Be as creative as you can! Eureka! Eureka! 127
128
Connect the Dots Science Fun You have learnt about a great scientist named Archimedes. Now, find out who the following scientists are. Also, match the pictures with the correct names. 1) I discovered gravity with the help of a falling apple. ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2) I invented the light bulb. _________________________________________________ 3) I introduced zero into the modern numbering system. ______________________ Social Studies Fun Archimedes was from Greece. Find out the countries that the following scientists were from. 1) Albert Einstein 2) Madam Marie Curie 3) Charles Darwin 4) Jagdish Chandra Bose Albert Einstein Madam Marie Curie Charles Darwin J.C. Bose A Note to Parent This story talks about a great scientist named Archimedes. There were many great scientists, physicians and mathematicians in ancient India as well. Follow the link below to read about a few great minds from ancient India with your child. www.scientistindia.com/history.htm Eureka! Eureka! 129
Lesson On the Grasshopper 18 and Cricket Let Us Start Listen and say aloud Rhyming words Word Rhyming words run, done, fun mead lead, read Word frost lost Sun ever – never hills – shrills Warm Up • H ave you ever gone for long walks and observed nature? What do you like about the natural world? • Do you think plants and animals change along with the change of seasons? How? Let us read a poem about the everlasting beauty of nature and seasons. 130
I Read new-mown mead The Poetry of Earth is never dead: When all the birds are faint with the hot Sun, And hide in cooling trees, a voice will run From hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead; That is the Grasshopper’s – he takes the lead In summer luxury – he has never done With his delights; for when tired out with fun He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed. The poetry of Earth is ceasing never: On a lone winter evening, when the frost Has wrought a silence, from the stove there shrills The Cricket’s song, in warmth increasing ever, And seems to one in drowsiness half lost, The Grasshopper’s among some grassy hills. – John Keats Let Us Discuss 1) Whose poetry is never dead? 2) Why do the birds hide in the cooling trees? 3) What has wrought silence? 4) What are the two insects/creatures mentioned in the poem? I Understand Meaning Exercise 1: New words Word faint new-mown mead On the Grasshopper and Cricket 131
Word Meaning luxury ceasing wrought shrills drowsiness Exercise 2: Literature comprehension 1) Whose voice will run after the birds hide in the cooling trees? What does he sing about? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2) When does the cricket sing? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3) To whom does the cricket’s song seem like that of the grasshopper? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4) Why is the poetry of the Earth never ceasing? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 132
Exercise 3: Value-based questions – Judgement and appreciation 1) W hat do you think is the theme or message of this poem? What do the cricket and the grasshopper represent? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) What do you think the line ‘The Poetry of Earth is never dead’ means? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� I Speak Role play Read a part of another famous poem by John Keats. To Autumn Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run; To bend with apples the moss’d cottage-trees, And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core; To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells With a sweet kernel; to set budding more, And still more, later flowers for the bees, Until they think warm days will never cease, For summer has o’er-brimm’d their clammy cells. On the Grasshopper and Cricket 133
Group activity Divide the class into groups of five. Make a chart and compare the different seasons of the year. Mention points like the clothes, food and the differences in the natural world in different seasons. Language Game Inversion The Cricket’s song, in warmth increasing ever, And seems to one in drowsiness half lost, Read the lines of the poem given above. The words in bold do not make logical sense because they are not put together in regular sentences. They do not follow the rules of grammar. However, arranging words in this fashion enhances the musicality of the poem. This reversal of the normal order of words for effect is called ‘inversion’. Examples: • ‘My pleasant things in ashes lie’ instead of ‘My pleasant things lie in ashes’ • ‘In fell the fox’ instead of ‘The fox fell in’ • ‘Tender is the night’ instead of ‘The night is tender’ • ‘Down fell Bhiku Bhai!’ instead of ‘Bhiku Bhai fell down!’ Here are a few inverted lines. Get into pairs and rearrange the words so that they are phrased correctly. The pair that finishes first wins. 1) To take over the world is his real plan. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2) Such wonderful players are they that no one can beat them. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 134
3) Down came the rain and washed the spider out. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4) In front of the desk stands a student. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5) Not until a frog develops lungs does it leave the water. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Connect the Dots Science Fun grasshopper cricket Read on to know how grasshoppers and crickets are different from each other. • Crickets have longer antennae than grasshoppers. • Most crickets come out at dusk, whereas grasshoppers prefer to be out and about during the day. • C rickets sense sound with ‘ears’ that are on their front legs. For grasshoppers, these are at the base of their abdomens. • C rickets ‘sing’ by rubbing their wings together, while grasshoppers ‘sing’ by rubbing their long hind legs against their wings. On the Grasshopper and Cricket 135
Social Studies Fun a fossil of a grasshopper The ancestors of the modern-day grasshoppers evolved well over 200 million years ago. This was when the first reptiles appeared on Earth. This means that they existed long before dinosaurs! Most ancient grasshoppers are preserved as fossils. A Note to Parent This poem speaks about the beauty of nature regardless of whether it is summer or winter. Take nature walks with your child and discuss the beauty of all the natural things around us. Also, make your child aware of the need to conserve natural beauty. 136
S6 Speaking Project How were they invented? The telephone is one of the most used technological devices today. It connects one person to another through radio waves. We all use the telephone every day. Do you know about its history, who invented it, in which year it was invented and so on? Given below is an image of the first telephone, which was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. There are many more interesting stories about the inventions that have changed the world. Choose an invention and research on it. Present the story of the invention interestingly. Given below is a list of inventions to choose from. You can also select other inventions. • the printing press • the electric light • the radio • the steam engine • the aeroplane • the telephone • the computer • the internet 137
R6 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. In the evening, the priest kept a light behind the curtain and stood there with his puppet. When he moved the puppet behind the curtain, it cast a dancing shadow on it that was clearly visible to the emperor on the other side. As the emperor sat in front of the curtain and watched the dancing shadow, he listened to the stories narrated by the priest. The stories were about the queen. They were simply wonderful and brought back many of the emperor’s wonderful memories. The emperor clapped his hands with joy and said, ‘I would like to watch the puppet show every evening. I am delighted.’ Every day, the emperor attended court, talked to his ministers and courtiers and then watched the puppet show in the evening. He started taking great interest in his people. He built schools and hospitals in the name of the departed queen. He felt very happy when crowds of people gathered around him and praised him wherever he went. They would cheerfully shout, ‘Hail the Emperor! Hail the mighty one!’ The priest spoke to him one day, ‘Your Majesty, joys and sorrows are part of life. Whenever a person faces sorrow, they should always think of the good things and happy moments in life. They act as a source of joy that drives away all the sadness and cheers one up. They teach us to live happily and do good deeds to make others happy while remembering those who are no longer with us.’ The emperor smiled and nodded. ‘I thank you for guiding me and for such wise words’, he said. 1) What stories did the priest narrate in the puppet show? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 138
2) What did the emperor do before watching the puppet show every evening? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3) Fill in the blanks with a homonym (words with the same spelling but different meanings) in the pairs of sentences below. a) Let’s _________________________ a game. The author wrote a new _________________________. b) Use a black _________________________ to write this letter. The rabbit is sitting in a _________________________. c) I am going to _________________________ TV at night. My _________________________ is not showing the correct time. 4) The meaning of the word ‘narrated’ is _______________________________________________ ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) emperor a) dead 2) memories b) king 3) departed c) recollections Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. A bird came down the walk, He did not know I saw. He bit an Angleworm in halves, And ate the fellow, raw. And then he drank a dew, From a convenient grass. And then hopped sidewise to the wall, To let a beetle pass. He glanced with rapid eyes, That hurried all around. Reading Comprehension 139
They looked like frightened beads, I thought, He stirred his velvet head. Like one in danger, cautious, I offered him a crumb. And he unrolled his feathers, And rowed him softer home. Than oars divide the ocean, Too silver for a seam. Or butterflies, off banks of noon, Leap, plash-less as they swim. – Emily Dickinson 1) Why did the bird hop sidewise to the wall? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2) What does the poet compare the eyes of the bird to? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3) Underline the adjectives in the following phrases. a) And ate the fellow, raw. b) From a convenient grass. c) Too silver for a seam. 4) The meaning of ‘stirred’ in the passage is ____________________________________________ ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) dew a) very careful 2) cautious b) tiny drops of water 3) oars c) tools used to row a boat 140
Glossary Sr. No. Words Meaning 1 a great deal (phr.) large amount 2 amazement (n.) a feeling of great surprise 3 applauds (v.) claps to show approval or praise 4 approach (n.) a way of dealing with something 5 archery (n.) the art of shooting arrows 6 beamed (v.) smile widely 7 betel nut (n.) a seed of the betel palm 8 black and blue having dark marks on one’s skin because of being hit or (adj.) injured 9 blaze (n.) a large fire 10 blur (n.) an unclear scene 11 borne out (v.) picked up and pulled out 12 brambles (n.) thorny bushes 13 brim (n.) the top of a vessel 14 briskly (adv.) in an active, quick or energetic way 15 catamarans (n.) fishing boats 16 ceasing (v.) stopping to happen 17 charging (v.) rushing forward in attack 18 chugged (v.) made the sound of an engine situation; condition 19 circumstance to hold tightly with one’s hands or arms (n.) 20 clasp (v.)
Sr. No. Words Meaning 21 coach (n.) a railway carriage; compartment 22 coastal (adj.) next to the sea 23 cologne (n.) a light perfume that does not have a strong smell 24 community (n.) society; a group of people 25 compartment(n.) a small space 26 comrades (n.) friends 27 confessed (v.) revealed the truth 28 conflict (n.) strong disagreement or argument 29 considerate thoughtful of others (adj.) 30 court jesters (n.) the entertainers in a king’s palace 31 crease (n.) the line where the batsman stands 32 criss-crossed (v.) went from one side to another 33 dashboard (n.) the part of a vehicle that has the important controls 34 dedication (n.) commitment and enthusiasm towards something 35 delicately (adv.) carefully and softly 36 despairing groan a deep sound of pain, worry or sadness (n.) 37 desperation (n.) a strong feeling of fear and loss of hope 38 devastated shocked and upset by something (adj.) 39 devotion (n.) a feeling of strong love and loyalty 40 disappointed sad at something not happening as expected (adj.) 41 discreet (adj.) not likely to be seen or noticed by many people 42 disgusting (adj.) extremely unlikeable
Sr. No. Words Meaning 43 displace (v.) move something out of its place 44 displeased (adj.) annoyed or upset 45 ditches (n.) long and narrow holes that are dug alongside a road or field to hold or move water 46 drowsiness (n.) a feeling of sleepiness 47 duct tape (n.) a wide, sticky tape used to repair things or hold them tightly together 48 Dutch (adj.) belonging to the Netherlands 49 dynamite (n.) a powerful explosive or bomb 50 echoed (v.) the same sound got repeated the process of choosing someone to form a government 51 election (n.) or become a leader by voting for them 52 embarrassed ashamed (adj.) to accept happily 53 embrace (v.) 54 enquired (v.) asked made up; done in a greater way than normal 55 exaggerated doing something very well (adj.) 56 excelling (v.) 57 explore (v.) travel to learn more 58 faint (adj.) weak and dizzy 59 feast (n.) a grand meal with many dishes 60 feat (n.) an achievement that requires great skill and strength 61 fit (n.) a sudden, short period of crying 62 forbidden (adj.) not allowed 63 fortune (n.) wealth 64 frantically (adv.) fearfully and worriedly
Sr. No. Words Meaning 65 gasping (adj.) breathing in loudly with the mouth 66 gathering (v.) collecting 67 glade (n.) an open space in a forest 68 glee (n.) happiness 69 gratitude (n.) thankfulness 70 gravel (n.) a collection of small, water-worn or pounded stone 71 gravity (n.) the force that attracts the objects to the earth's surface 72 gurgling (adj.) making a bubbling sound 73 harmony (n.) when people have good feelings for one another 74 harsh (adj.) tough; hard 75 hasten (v.) hurry 76 headphones (n.) electrical gadgets worn on the head to listen to sounds or music 77 hedges (n.) bushes that are planted as borders to fields and gardens 78 hemmed (adj.) folded back and sewn down 79 hesitation (n.) doubt or lack of will 80 indebted (adj.) owing something to someone 81 inn (n.) a house where people can eat and rent a room to sleep 82 intricate(adj.) very detailed 83 jerked (v.) moved suddenly and sharply 84 keen (adj.) strongly interested 85 lecturing (v.) giving a serious talk 86 lumping (v.) moving slowly and heavily 87 luxury (n.) a situation of great comfort and wealth
Sr. No. Words Meaning impressive 88 magnificent royal (adj.) in a royal manner meadow (old English) 89 majestic (adj.) 90 majestically (adv.) 91 mead (n.) 92 meadows (n.) grassy fields 93 melodramatic extremely dramatic or emotional (adj.) moving from one area to another at different times of 94 migrating (v.) the year the study of fighting and warfare 95 military arts (n.) 96 mill (n.) a building where grain is turned into flour boring 97 monotonous someone who finds the route and guides a spaceship (adj.) 98 navigator (n.) 99 new-mown (adj.) freshly cut 100 nibbling (v.) taking small bites 101 ninepins (n.) 102 oft (adv.) a game played with a heavy ball and nine vertical columns called pins often (old English) 103 parlour (n.) a sitting room in a house 104 passed away (v.) died 105 pen pals (n.) people who exchange letters as a hobby but usually has not met 106 physicist (n.) a person who studies the laws of physics 107 pitch (n.) an area of play 108 plied (v.) worked steadily
Sr. No. Words Meaning 109 poker (n.) a straight metal rod for moving coal or wood 110 precious (adj.) of great value 111 principle (n.) a standard belief 112 promptly (adv.) immediately; quickly 113 puzzled (adj.) confused 114 quit (v.) to stop doing something 115 rapid (adj.) swift and speedy 116 rear end (n.) the back part of something 117 relations (n.) 118 rocket ship (n.) the way two or more people, groups or countries behave with each other a space vehicle that flies into space 119 ruby (n.) deep-red precious stone 120 rusted (v.) 121 sage (n.) get covered in rust, which is a reddish substance formed on metals wise man 122 sapphire (n.) a clear and deep-blue precious stone 123 scenic (adj.) having beautiful natural scenery 124 scientist (n.) one who studies science 125 scrambles (v.) struggles to climb 126 scrap of courage a little bit of bravery (n.) 127 shrieking (v.) making a loud, high-pitched cry 128 shrills (v.) makes a loud, high-pitched sound 129 shuddered (v.) shivered with fear or disgust 130 sincerity (n.) honesty 131 slender (adj.) slim; thin
Search
Read the Text Version
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 27
- 28
- 29
- 30
- 31
- 32
- 33
- 34
- 35
- 36
- 37
- 38
- 39
- 40
- 41
- 42
- 43
- 44
- 45
- 46
- 47
- 48
- 49
- 50
- 51
- 52
- 53
- 54
- 55
- 56
- 57
- 58
- 59
- 60
- 61
- 62
- 63
- 64
- 65
- 66
- 67
- 68
- 69
- 70
- 71
- 72
- 73
- 74
- 75
- 76
- 77
- 78
- 79
- 80
- 81
- 82
- 83
- 84
- 85
- 86
- 87
- 88
- 89
- 90
- 91
- 92
- 93
- 94
- 95
- 96
- 97
- 98
- 99
- 100
- 101
- 102
- 103
- 104
- 105
- 106
- 107
- 108
- 109
- 110
- 111
- 112
- 113
- 114
- 115
- 116
- 117
- 118
- 119
- 120
- 121
- 122
- 123
- 124
- 125
- 126
- 127
- 128
- 129
- 130
- 131
- 132
- 133
- 134
- 135
- 136
- 137
- 138
- 139
- 140
- 141
- 142
- 143
- 144
- 145
- 146
- 147
- 148
- 149
- 150
- 151
- 152