202110731-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G08-FY_Optimized

practice workbook SOCIAL STUDIES Grade 8 Name: Roll No: Section: School Name:

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This practice book is designed to support you in your journey of learning Social Studies for class 8. The contents and topics of this book are entirely in alignment with the NCERT syllabus. For each chapter, a concept map, expected objectives and practice sheets are made available. Questions in practice sheets address different skill buckets and different question types, practicing these sheets will help you gain mastery over the lesson. The practice sheets can be solved with the teacher’s assistance. There is a self-evaluation sheet at the end of every lesson, this will help you in assessing your learning gap.



TABLE OF CONTENT • Assessment Pattern: 40 Marks • Assessment Pattern: 80 Marks • Syllabus & Timeline for Assessment Geography Page 01: 1. Resources Page 06: 2. Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Page 11: 3. Mineral and Power Resources Page 16: 4. Agriculture Page 21: 5. Industries Page 28: 6. Human Resources History Page 35: 1. How, When and Where Page 40: 2. From Trade to Territory (The company established power)d power) Page 45: 3. Ruling The Countryside Page 50: 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Page 56: 5. When People Rebel (1857 and after) Page 61: 6. Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners Page 67: 7. Civilizing the “Native”, Educating the Nation Page 74: 8. Women, Caste and Reform Page 81: 9. The Making of the National Movement (1870’s -1947) Page 88: 10. India After Independence Social and Political Life Page 95: 1. The Indian Constitution Page 100: 2. Understanding Secularism Page 105: 3. Why Do We Need a Parliament? Page 111: 4. Understanding Laws Page 116: 5. Judiciary Page 122: 6. Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Page 128: 7. Understanding Marginalisation Page 134: 8. Confronting Marginalisation Page 140: 9. Public Facilites Page 146: 10. Law and Social Justice







ASSESSMENT PATTERN Marks: 40 Grade 8/Social ASSESSMENT PATTERN Marks: 40 Grade 8 / Social Beginner Paper: (Easy: 50%, Medium: 40%, Di icult:10%) Proficient Paper: (Easy: 35%, Medium: 45%, Di icult: 20%) Easy Question (E): Direct reference to concept fact, definition, theories and laws (mostly from worked examples in the book or end of chapter exercise). Medium Di iculty Question (M): Combination of concepts, definition, theories and laws, solving through direct or indirect methods, numerical with direct substitution, drawing diagram and direct labelling, uses and applications, balance equation (mostly modified concepts). Di icult Question (D): Complex numerical, justification, interpret some info and draw diagram, working of appliance, functioning (on-the-fly thinking of solutions based on understanding of concepts).

ASSESSMENT PATTERN Marks: 80 Grade 8/Social ASSESSMENT PATTERN Marks: 80 Grade 8 / Social

SYLLABUS FOR ASSESSMENT Grade 8/Social CHAPTERS PT-1 TE-1 PT-2 TE-2 Geography - 1.Resources ✓ ✓ ✓ Geography - 2. Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Resources ✓ ✓ Geography - 3. Mineral and Power Resources ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Geography - 4. Agriculture ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Geography - 5. Industries ✓ Geography - 6. Human Resources ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ History - 1. How, When and Where ✓ ✓ ✓ History - 2. From Trade to Territory (The Company Established Power) ✓ ✓ History - 3. Ruling the Countryside ✓ ✓ History - 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age ✓ ✓ History - 5. When People Rebel (1857 and After) ✓ ✓ History - 6. Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners ✓ ✓ History - 7. Civilizing the “Native”, Educating the Nation ✓ History - 8. Women, Caste and Reform ✓ History - 9. The Making of the National Movement (1870’s - 1947) History - 10. India After Independence ✓ Social and Political Life - 1. The Indian Constitution Social and Political Life - 2. Understanding Secularism ✓ Social and Political Life - 3. Why Do We Need a Parliament? ✓ Social and Political Life - 4. Understanding Laws ✓ Social and Political Life - 5. Judiciary ✓ Social and Political Life - 6. Understandiing Our Criminal Justice System ✓ Social and Political Life - 7. Understanding Marginalisation ✓ Social and Political Life - 8. Confronting Marginalisation Social and Political Life - 9. Public Facilities Social and Political Life - 10. Law and Social Justice Assessment Timeline Periodic Test-1 : 22nd July to 12th August Term 1 Exam : 23rd September to 21st October Periodic Test-2 : 16th December to 13th January Term 2 Exam : 1st March to 30th March



LESSON WISE PRACTICE SHEETS (This section has a set of practice questions grouped into different sheets based on different concepts. By solving these questions you will strengthen your subject knowledge. A self-evaluation sheet is provided at the end of every lesson.)



1. Resources Learning Outcome By the end of this chapter, you will be: • Explain the importance of Human Resources and • Understand the importance of resources. the need of Human Resource Development. • Estimate the value of substances based on utility. • List out the types of resources on the basis of origin • Realize the necessity of conserving resources. • Define sustainable development and discuss and nature. • Expose the types of natural resources depending means to ensure resource development. upon level of development and use, origin, stock and distribution. Concept Map Key Points velopment, use, origin, stock and distribution. • Based on level of development - actual and poten- • Anything that can be used to satisfy a need is a re- source. tial. • Actual resources are those of which the quantity • Utility decides the value of resources - some re- sources have economic value, some don’t. is known - coal of Ruhr region, dark soil of Deccan Plateau etc. • Some resources that can become economically • Potential resources are those of which the entire valuable with time, can be patented to add value. quantity is unknown • Technology needs to develop with respect to wind • Time and technology are factors that can change farming. Wind farms that can produce energy are substances into resources. examples. • Based on origin, resources are divided into biotic • Needs of the people decide the conversion of sub- {(living)- plants and animals} and abiotic {(non-liv- stances into resources. ing)-soil, rock, minerals} • Natural Resources: Renewable and non-renewable • People are also resources - their ideas, knowledge, • Renewable resources get renewed or replenished inventions and discoveries, lead to the creation of quickly - solar energy, water etc. most resources. • Non-renewable resources have limited stock- once depleted, it will take thousands of years to be re- • Resources are divided into natural, human made plenished. and human. 1 • Resources drawn from nature are called natural re- sources - air, water, soil, minerals etc. • Resources are classified based on their level of de-

1. Resources • On the basis of distribution: Ubiquitous and localized are two different types. • Physical factors like terrain, climate and altitude decide the distribution of natural resources. • Human made resources - original form of substance is changed for increasing utility - bridges, roads, machinery etc. • Human Resource - People can make the best use of resources adding value to it. • Human Resource Development ensures progress. • Sustainable development - careful use of resources, keeping the needs of the pres- ent as well as future in mind. • Resource conservation is essential for safe future. • Refuse, Reduce, Recycle and Reuse, should be the principle to conserve resources. • Depletion and extinction are major threats and remedial measures are essential. • Human Resource can ensure the conservation of other resources. Keywords: Utility, Value, Ubiquitous Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS • Definition, value, utility CONCEPT COVERAGE • classification of resources PS-1 Resources-Definition, Classification of Natural Resources Classification • Actual and potential resource PS-2 • Biotic and Abiotic PS-3 Human resources • Renewable and non-renewable resources PS-4 Conservation of resources • Ubiquitous, localized Self-Evaluation Sheet Worksheet for “Resources” Evaluation with self check or • Resources conservation Peer Check* • Sustainable development 2

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What is meant by utility? 2. What makes an object or substance a resource? 3. Name the factors based on which natural resources are classified. 4. Name two factors that can change substances into resource. 5. Define stock of resources. 6. Differentiate between ubiquitous and localized resources with example. 7. State the physical factors that determine the distribution of natural resources? 8. What is meant by ‘patent’? 9. How can we make something economically valuable? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Why are people considered as the most important resource? 2. Why are human made resources important? 3. What is meant by human resources? 4. Why is human resource development important? Illustrate the statement with a suitable example. 5. How are humans interdependent? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. What is meant by resource conservation? 2. Define sustainable development. 3. State the principles of sustainable development. 4. Why should we conserve resources? 3

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: 10. You are constructing a new house and while 1. _____________ is the application of scientific digging up you found some valuable minerals. What knowledge and skill in making things. will you do? a. Activity a. Sell them and construct a bigger house. b. Utility b. Leave them where you find. c. Technology c. Inform government about it. d. Value d. Keep it as a secret and use them when you need it. 2. __________ is the exclusive right over any idea or invention. II. Short Answer Questions: a. Scenery 1. What are natural resources? How many types of b. Patent natural resources do we know? c. Information 2. Write any six ways that you would choose to con- d. Right serve natural resources. 3. Improving the quality of people’s skills to create 3. Observe the following table below. What changes more resources is called __________. do you notice and will they affect us in anyway? If a. renewable resource yes, how? b. non-renewable resource c. people development Sl. Name of the Rural Urban d. human resource development No. resource 4. Sustainable development is ____________. 1 Trees 2005 2015 2005 2015 a. conserving resources 2 Vehicles 1.5 1.15 1.2 0.8 b. wasting resources 3 Population crore crore crore crare c. increasing resources 28 35 50 75 d. none of the above lakhs lakhs lakhs lakhs 5. __________ is an example of human made re- 90 1.2 1.5 2.3 source. lakhs crore crore crore a. Coal b. Petrol III. Long Answer Questions: c. Vehicles 1. Write any five principles of sustainable develop- d. Air ment. 6. _________ among the following is resource con- 2. “We will give shopping bags made out of bamboo servation. to every family we know,” said Mona. a. Planting trees “I am going to be very careful not to waste paper,” b. Using water carefully said Jessy. c. Avoiding plastic “Electricity comes from water and coal.” said Ali d. All the above “Together we can make a difference!” chorused the 7. One should not ___________ electricity at home. children. a. use What do you think these children are doing here? b. waste What is the difference that they are talking about? c. create What will you do in a similar situation? d. sell 8. _____________ bags help us to protect natural resources. a. Plastic b. Jute c. Paper d. Leather 9. In your neighbouring community, all the trees are cut down. What do you think will happen? a. New trees can be grown b. Construction will be done c. Depletion of natural resources d. Increase in natural resources 4

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 2. How can we ensure sustainable I. Answer the following questions in one word or sentence: (4 Marks) development? 1. How is the value of a resource decided? 2. Give an example for potential resource. 3. Differentiate between abiotic resources and biotic resources with an example. 4. Name two actual resources. III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) 1. Human Resource Development decides the future of the world. Discuss. II. Short Answers: (6 Marks) 1. Differentiate between ubiquitous and localized resources. 5

2. Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wild life Learning Outcome At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Make out the problems of water availability and • Realise the importance of land as a resource, the need for conservation of water. reasons for land degradation and means of • Elaborate on the reasons for extinction of species conservation. and the need to conserve natural vegetation and • Illustrate the factors of soil formation, reasons for wild life to maintain ecological balance. soil degradation and measures to conserve soil. Concept Map Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wild life Land Soil Water Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Reason for landslides Factors of soil Problems of water Distribution of formation availability natural vegetation Methods of Degradation of soil Conservation of water Conservation of conservation of resources natural vegetation land resources and wildlife Conservation measures Key Points • Land is one of the most important resources - covers • Soil erosion and depletion are major threats. 30% of the surface of the earth. • Mulching, contour barriers, rock dam, terrace • Distribution of population depends on the farming, intercropping, contour ploughing and characteristics of land and climate. shelter belts are measures for protection of soil. • Land is used for different purposes - agriculture, • Water is a vital renewable resource - three fourth of forestry, mining, human settlements. the earth surface is covered by water. • Land use is determined by physical factors like to- • Only 2.7% of total water is fit for consumption as pography, soil, climate, minerals and availability of saline water is unfit for use. water. • Scarcity of water is a major problem and hence • Land can be divided into private land and community conservation of water is important. land. • Controlling pollution is essential for conservation • Land degeneration, landslides, soil erosion, desertifi- of water. cation are major threats. • Natural vegetation exists only in the narrow zone • Conservation of land is essential for survival of all life between lithosphere and hydrosphere called as forms. biosphere. • Afforestation, land reclamation, regulated use of • Life supporting system is called as ecosystem chemical pesticides and fertilizers and checks on and every kind of flora and fauna is important for overgrazing are a few methods for land conservation. ecological balance. • Landslides are a major threat in areas with heavy • Growth of vegetation depends on temperature and rainfall and river block. moisture. • Land forms determines the type of soil. • • Major factors of soil formation are the nature of the • parent rock and climatic factors. 6

2. Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wild life Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Land • Land use PS-1 • Common property resources • Conservation of land resources • Land slide and mitigation mechanism • Factors of soil formation PS-2 Soil • Degradation of soil • Conservation measures Water • Problems of water availability PS-3 • Conservation of water resources Natural Vegetation and wildlife • Natural vegetation and wildlife PS-4 • Conservation of natural vegetation and wildlife Worksheet for “Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife” PS-5 Evaluation with self- check or Self-evaluation Sheet Peer check* 7

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Land 1. How much of earth’s surface is covered by land? 2. What determines the population in different parts of the world? 3. What is meant by land use? 4. What are common property resources? 5. What kinds of land areas are generally uninhabited? 6. Why is land considered as an important natural resource? 7. Differentiate between private land and community land. 8. What are the reasons for landslides? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What are the reasons for soil degradation? 2. What makes soil fertile? 3. Explain the methods of soil conservation. 4. Why is it required to conserve soil? 5. What is meant by rock dam? What is it used for? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Why is earth called as ‘Water Planet’? 2. Why is only one percent of fresh water available and fit for human use? 3. Why does the abundance of water seem to vary? 4. What are the factors that lead to shortage of water? 5. Name the regions of the world that are facing scarcity of water. PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. What is biosphere? 2. What is ecosystem? 3. Why is natural vegetation an important natural resource? 4. Why is wildlife important? 5. What are the factors that decide the growth of vegetation? 6. What is meant by evergreen forest? 7. What is meant by deciduous forest? 8. Why is it important to conserve natural vegetation and wildlife? 9. What are the reasons for poaching? 10. Name the animals that are subjected to the threat of poaching? 11. What are the ways adopted for conservation of wildlife? 12. How does the judiciary step in to ensure conservation? 8

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) 9. A massive landslide hit Pangi village near Reck- ong Peo in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh I. Choose the correct option: and damaged a 200-meter stretch of old Hindu- 1. Life supporting system on Earth is called _______. stan-Tibet road, National Highway-22. Due to the a. Hydrosphere blasting, this weak zone of slope collapsed and b. Biosphere caused intense damage to the road and nearby c. Ecosystem villages. The Pangi village was completely vacated d. Vegetation to avoid any possible loss of life. 2. _________ percent of land area is occupied by What do you think has caused damage in this 90% of world population. village? a. 25 a. Earthquake b. 35 b. Land slide c. 40 c. Rainfall d. 30 d. Cyclone 3. A dripping tap wastes _________ litres of water in 10. If you were living in that village, what is the a year. possible precaution that you would take? a. 1200 a. Vacate the village before the landslide. b. 1400 b. Talk to higher authorities and stop the blasting. c. 1500 c. Create awareness about landslides. d. 2000 d. All the above 4. Large amounts of water are used in _________. II. Short Answer Questions: a. agriculture 1. What are three major factors of soil formation? b. generating electricity 2. Write any four ways on how land is used in your c. industries community? d. all of the above 3. Vultures in the Indian subcontinent were dying 5. Deforestation and over grazing mainly cause of kidney failure shortly after scavenging livestock ________. treated with diclofenac. What do you understand a. vegetation from this statement? b. soil erosion III. Long Answer Questions: c. rainfall 1. Write few methods for soil conservation. d. earthquake 2. Read the following table. This is the amount of 6. Climate, parent rock, time and relief are few fac- water, in litres, an average Indian uses per day. tors effecting in the formation of __________. a. land Use Litres per person per day b. water Drinking 3 c. soil Cooking 4 d. air Bathing 20 7. You have been on a trip to a nearby village and Flushing 40 you saw that the rocks there are broken due to tem- Washing clothes 40 perature changes, frost action and human activity. Washing utensils 20 What do you think this is? Gardening 23 a. Soil decay 153 b. Weathering Total c. Deforestation d. Earthquake How can we reduce this number? 8. In the neighbouring apartment, the residents have been playing Holi every year by using water. What will this lead to? a. Increase in ground water b. Water scarcity c. Increase in rainfall d. Increase in trees 9

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Define weathering. 2. State the factors of soil formation. III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) 3. Where is biosphere situated? 1. Conservation of forests decides the future of earth. Explain. 4. What are the major factors determining growth of vegetation? II. Answer the following question briefly: (6 Marks) 1. Differentiate between evergreen forests and deciduous forests. 2. How can water be conserved? Why is it important? 10

3. Minerals and Power Resources Learning Outcome • Analyse the conservation of minerals. • Understand power resources and its importance. At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • Distinguish between conventional and non- • Understand about the importance of minerals. • List out the types of minerals. conventional resources. • Discuss the distribution of minerals. • Understand methods of conservation. • List the properties of minerals. Concept Map Minerals and power resources Types of Minerals Extraction Power - Metallic - Mining Resources - Non Metallic - Drilling - Quarrying Conventional sources Non-conventional sources Key Points Distribution of minerals - Oil - Solar energy Uses - Natural gas - wind energy Conservation - Fire wood - Tidal energy - Coal - Nuclear energy - Hydel power - Biogas - Geothermal energy • A naturally occurring substance that has a definite • Asia: China and India have large Iron ore deposits. chemical composition is a mineral. Malaysia , Indonesia are leading producers of tin. China also leads in production of lead, antimony • Minerals are formed in different types of geological and tungsten; Asia also has deposits of manganese environments under varying conditions. bauxite, nickel, zinc and copper. • They can be identified on the basis of physical • Europe is the leading producer of iron ore. Countries properties like colour, density, hardness, chemical with large deposits of iron ore are Russia, Ukraine, property, etc. Sweden, France. Mineral deposits of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel are found in eastern • On the basis of composition, minerals are classified Europe & European Russia. into metallic and non metallic. • North America: Mineral deposits are located in • Metallic minerals are further classified into ferrous three zones: 1. Canadian region 2. The Appalachian (containing iron) and non ferrous. region and the mountain ranges of the west. Iron ore, nickel, gold, uranium and copper are mined in • Non metallic minerals do not contain metal, the Canadian Shield Region, coal in the Appalachian limestone, mica, gypsum etc. region, Western Cordilleras have vast deposits of copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver. • Mining, drilling and quarrying are methods of extracting minerals. • South America: Brazil is the largest producer of high-grade iron ore, Chile and Peru are leading pro- • Taking minerals lying at shallow depth by removing ducers of copper, Brazil and Bolivia is the world’s the surface layer is called open cast mining. largest producer of tin; South America has world’s large deposits of gold, silver, zinc, chromium, man- • Deep bores called shafts have to be made to reach ganese, bauxite, mica, copper, platinum, asbestos the mineral deposits that lie at great depths and it and diamond. Mineral oil is found in Venezuela, Ar- is called shaft mining. • Metallic minerals are found in igneous and metamorphic rock formations of large plateaus. • Sedimentary rock formations of plains and young fold mountains contain non metallic minerals. 11

3. Minerals and Power Resources gentina, Chile, Peru and Columbia. is forecasted. Iron ore, gold, silver, and oil is present • Africa: World’s largest producer of diamonds, gold in commercial quantities. • India - has deposits of high-grade iron. Other and platinum. Other minerals found in Africa are minerals like bauxite, mica, manganese, copper, iron ore, chromium, uranium, cobalt and limestone, gold, salt is produced in the different bauxite. states of India • South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Zaire produce the • Minerals are used in many industries. largest portion of the world’s gold. • Conservation of minerals is important because it • Australia is the largest producer of Bauxite in the takes thousands of years to replenish. world. It is the leading producer of gold, diamond, • Conventional sources of energy: firewood, coal, pe- iron ore, tin and nickel. It is also rich in copper, lead, troleum, natural gas, hydel power. zinc and manganese. • Non-conventional sources of energy: solar energy, • Antarctica: Significant size of deposits of coal & iron wind energy, nuclear energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, biogas. Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Minerals-Types of minerals Definition-Metallic and non metallic, ferrous and PS-1 Distribution of minerals non ferrous-Extraction of minerals- Open cast mining-shaft mining-drilling-quarrying Minerals in: Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, India-Uses of minerals -conservation of minerals Power resources Conventional resources-Firewood, coal, PS-2 Non conventional sources of petroleum, natural gas, Hydel power energy Solar energy-Wind energy-Nuclear power-Geo thermal energy- Tidal energy- Biogas Worksheet for “Mineral and power resources” PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Self-evaluation Sheet Peer check* 12

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What is a mineral? 2. How can minerals be identified? 3. How are mineral classified? 4. Name the types of minerals and define them. 5. How are metallic minerals further classified? Define them. 6. How are minerals extracted? 7. What is mining? 8. What are the different types of mining? 9. Where do we generally find metallic minerals? 10. Where do we find non-metallic minerals? 11. Where do we find mineral fuels? 12. What are the minerals largely found in Asia? 13. What are the minerals found in Europe? 14. Name the three zones in North America where minerals are found. 15. Name the minerals found in South America. 16. Name the minerals found in Africa. 17. Name the minerals found in Australia. 18. Name the minerals found in Antarctica. 19. What are the minerals found in India? Name the places where they are found. 20. What are the uses of minerals? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What are conventional resources? 2. How are fossil fuels formed? 3. What are the uses of coal? What is thermal power? 4. Why is coal called as ‘buried sunshine’? 5. How are petroleum products derived? 6. What is natural gas? 7. What is hydel power? How is it derived? 8. Define non-conventional resources. 9. What are the advantages of using solar energy and wind energy? 10. How is nuclear power obtained? 11. What is geothermal energy? 12. How is biogas produced? 13

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: 10. Heat energy obtained from earth is called 1. A naturally occurring substance which has defi- _______. nite chemical composition is called ______. a. thermal energy a. ore b. geo-thermal energy b. mineral c. solar energy c. power d. tidal energy d. metal II. Short Answer Questions: 2. Rocks from which minerals are mined are called 1. Explain different types of minerals. _______. 2. List uses of any five minerals. a. ores 3. What are the various ways in which you use pow- b. mine er? How can you reduce the usage? c. rock III. Long Answer Questions: d. stone 1. Explain the distribution of minerals across the 3. The process of taking out minerals from rocks world. buried under the earth’s surface is called ________. 2. Give reasons for the following. a. extracting (i) Environmental aspects must be carefully looked b. digging into before building huge dams. c. mining (ii) Most industries are concentrated around coal d. searching mines. 4. __________ country has no known mineral. (iii) Petroleum is referred to as “black gold”. a. France (iv) Quarrying can become a major environmental b. Italy concern. c. Switzerland d. Iceland 5. Minerals are _________ resources. a. Renewable b. Non renewable c. Fossil d. None of the above 6. _______ is an example of fossil fuel. a. Water b. Air c. Coal d. Rocks 7. ________ is the most abundant fossil fuel. a. Petroleum b. Water c. Natural gas d. Coal 8. Energy generated from tides is called ________. a. solar energy b. tidal energy c. hydro energy d. wind energy 9. The first tidal energy station was built in _________. a. Italy b. France c. Germany d. Scotland 14

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 2. Why should minerals be conserved? I. Answer the following questions in one word or one sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Which country is the largest producer of high grade iron in the world? 2. Which country is the largest producer of bauxite in the world? 3. Which country is the largest producer of III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) diamonds, gold and platinum? 1. How is nuclear power obtained? Do you think 4. Which is India’s most popular gold mine? it is safe? II. Answer the following questions briefly: (6 Marks) 1. Why should we try to use non-conventional sources of energy? 15

4. Agriculture Learning Outcome • List the commercial and food crops produced in India. By the end of this chapter, you will be: • Identify the three economic activities done by the • Differentiate between subsistence farming and commercial farming people. • Understand the meaning and scope of agriculture • Explain about the major crops with the required climatic and geographic conditions and agricultural development. • Describe the farming system. • Make comparative study of farming in India and • Compare different types of cultivation. farm in the USA Concept Map Key Points • Subsistence farming is to meet with the needs of cultivator’s family . • The activities done by the people in transforming plants to finished product can be classified into • Intensive subsistence farming- cultivating small three sectors primary, secondary and tertiary. plots with simple tools and more labour. • Agriculture is a primary activity that includes • Primitive subsistence farming- shifting cultivation growing crops, fruits, vegetables flowers and and nomadic herding. rearing of livestock. • Commercial farming: Crops are grown and animals • Primary activities: Extraction and production of are reared for sale in market. natural resources - agriculture, fishing. • Mixed farming: Land is used for growing food and • Secondary activity: Processing of the natural fodder crops and rearing livestock. resources - Manufacturing steel, baking bread. • Plantations: Single crop like tea, coffee, sugarcane, • Tertiary: Support to primary and secondary cashew, rubber, banana etc are grown in large activities - transportation, storage. areas. • Land on which crops are grown is called arable • Plantations need large amount of labour and land. capital. • Two types of farming: Subsistence farming and • Major Crops: Rice, wheat, millets, maize, cotton, commercial farming. jute, tea, coffee. • Agricultural development: Efforts to increase production with improvements in methods and irrigation. • Fertilizers and high yielding crops help to increase production. Keywords: sericulture, horticulture, pisciculture, viticulture, nomadic herding 16

4. Agriculture Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS • Activities CONCEPT COVERAGE – Primary PS-1 Introduction – Secondary – Tertiary PS-2 Types of Farming Farming system PS-3 Major Crops • Subsistence farming Self-evaluation Sheet Agriculture Development • Commercial farming Worksheet for “Agriculture” • Food crops - rice, wheat, maize Evaluation with self- check or • Cash crops - cotton, millets, coffee, tea Peer check* • Farming in India and the USA 17

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Define agriculture. 2. Explain primary, secondary and tertiary activities with examples for each. 3. Name two key factors for agricultural activity? 4. What is meant by arable land? 5. What is subsistence farming? 6. What is intensive subsistence agriculture? 7. What is primitive subsistence agriculture? 8. What is nomadic herding? 9. What is plantations agriculture? 10. List the major plantations found in the tropical regions of the world? 11. What are the major food crops? Give two examples. 12. Explain climatic requirement for any three major food crops. 13. Give two examples of cash crops. 14. What is organic farming? 15. What are the other names by which shifting cultivation is known in different parts of the world? 16. Why are temperate grassland of North America, Europe and Asia preferred for commercial farming? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What is agricultural development? 2. What are the methods adopted for agricultural development? 3. How does the agricultural development effect the economical development of a country? 4. What is food security? 5. What kind of farming is practised in developing countries with large population? 6. How does a typical farm in India function? 7. How is animal herding done? 8. How is the family involved in farming ? 9. Why are the Indian farmers compelled to select their products when the market is not favorable? 18

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: 10. Which of the following statements is right? 1. Shifting cultivation is known as __________ in a. Agriculture needs only machinery and land. north east India b. Agriculture needs only seeds and land. a. farming c. Agriculture needs only ploughing and harvesting. b. jhumming d. Agriculture needs all inputs to get right output. c. milpa II. Short Answer Questions: d. roca 1. What is farming? Name the different types of 2. Maize is also known as ___________. farming that are practiced? a. Barley 2. Your uncle has 2 acres of farming land. He ap- b. Jowar proached your dad asking for suggestions. What do c. Corn you think he should do with his land? d. Rice 3. Read the following table and answer the follow- 3. Plantations are majorly found in _________ re- ing questions. gions of the world. a. Arctic Name of Favourable Type of soil Producing b. Antarctic the crop climate Alluvial Countries c. Humid d. Tropical Rice High tem- Loamy (Top 3) 4. ____ farming uses natural manure and pesticides. perature, Sandy China, In- a. Commercial Wheat humidity and Loamy dia, Japan b. Organic Millets rainfall c. Extensive Coffee Moderate USA, Cana- d. Intensive temperature da, Argen- 5. Leading producers of jute are __________. and rainfall a. Bangladesh Low rainfall tina b. China India, Nige- c. Nepal Warm and ria, China d. USA wet climate 6. Hill slopes are suitable for coffee plantations Brazil, because _________. Columbia, a. wet climate b. well drained loamy soil India c. the temperature is above 50 degrees. d. Both a and b a. What are the major crops grown in India? 7. Your neighbouring farmer is not able to yield b. Based on the climate in which coffee grows, crop. What do you think he should do? where in India can coffee be grown? a. Sell the land and get a job. c. Why does north India cultivate a lot of wheat? b. Change the seeds, chemicals and machinery. c. Continue with what he is doing. III. Long Answer Questions: d. Stop farming for a while and start later. 8. In the world, 50% of the population are people 1. What are the different types of cultures in farm- are engaged in agriculture. What do you think will ing? Explain each of them. happen if this percentage goes down? 2. What are the differences between agriculture in a. Shortage of food production India and the USA? b. Increase in food production c. Increase in industries d. Increase in pollution 9. Shifting cultivation is practiced in amazon basin because ___________. a. it is easy to cultivate there. b. people there are equipped with machinery. c. quick regeneration of vegetation. d. lot of money is there to cut trees down. 19

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Define sericulture. III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) 2. Name two major plantations found in the 1. How is a typical farm in the USA different tropical regions of the world. from Indian farm? Ans: USA farming Indian farm Factors Size of farm 3. What is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’? Crops grown 4. By what name is shifting cultivation known in Mexico? II. Answer the following questions briefly: Farm equipments (6 Marks) 1. Differentiate between subsistence farming and commercial farming. Storage facility Use of technology 2. Mention the climatic and geographic conditions required for the cultivation of coffee. Name the leading producers of coffee. 20

5. Industries Learning Outcomes • Illustrate the growth of iron and steel industries, At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: cotton textile industries and information • Understand the role of industries in economy. technology. • Explain the classification of industries based on raw materials, size and ownership. • Describe the factors affecting the location of industries. • Discuss the distribution of major industries. Concept Map Raw Materials ColfaIsnsdifuicsatrtiieosn LIoncdautsiotrnieosf InSdyustsetrmial Size InRdeugsitornial DMisatrjoitbrruiIentsidounso- f Ownership Industries MajotrriIensdus- Iron and Steel Cotton Textile ITnefcohrmnoaltoiogyn Key Points ore. It is used as raw material in other industries. • Secondary activities change raw materials into • Marine based industries use products from sea products of more value to people. and ocean as raw materials-fisheries. • Industry is an economic activity that is concerned • Forest based industries utilise forest produce as with production of goods, extraction of minerals raw materials - pulp and paper industry. or provision of services. • Based on size, industries are categorised into • Industries can be classified based on raw materials, size and ownership. small scale and large scale industries. • Aro based industries use plant and animal based • Cottage or house hold industries are small scale products as their raw materials- Vegetable oil, food processing, textile industry etc. industries - basket weaving, pottery etc. • Mineral based industries use mineral ores as • Large scale industries needs high capital and their raw materials – iron is produced from iron technology industry produce large volume of products - silk weaving, food processing etc. 21

5. Industries power supply, and running water are easily available. • Industries can be classified into private • Later it started depending on transport sector, state owned or public sector, joint facilities. sector and cooperative sector. • In India availability of raw materials, cheap labour, transport and market made iron and • Private owned sectors are owned by steel industry flourish. individuals or group of individuals. • In 1907, Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO) was set up at Sakchi • Public sector is owned and operated by (Jamshedpur) the government - Hindustan Aeronautics • Pittsburgh is an important steel city of the Limited. United States of America. • Cotton Textile Industry is one of the oldest • Joint Sector industries are owned and important industries. operated by the state and individuals or • Before the Industrial Revolution in the 18th group of individuals - Maruti Udyog Limited. century, cotton cloth was made using hand spinning techniques. • Cooperative sector industries are owned and • Indian cotton textile is world famous - operated by the producers or suppliers of Muslins, Chintzes, Calicos and Gold-wrought raw materials, workers or both - Anand Milk cotton were very popular. Union Limited. • The first successful mechanised textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854. • Industries are set up based on the availability • Ahemadabad in India and Osaka in Japan of raw materials, land, water, labour, power, are famous for cotton textile industry. capital, transport and market. • Information technology industry deals in the storage, processing and distribution of • Industrial system consists of inputs, information. processes and outputs - raw materials are • The main factors guiding the location of IT processed to form products having better industry are resources availability, cost and utitlity. infrastructure. • New Delhi, Hyderabad and Chennai, • A number of industries set up close to each Gurgaon, Pune, Thiruvanathapuram, Kochi other and share the benefits of closeness and Chandigargh are also emerging as IT form an industrial region- North America, Centres. Western and Central Europe. 22 • India has industrial regions in Mumbai, Bangalore, Tamil Nadu, Ahmedabad- Baroda, Chottanagpur, Vishakhapatnam- Guntur, Gurgaon- Delhi- Meerut, Kollam- Thiruvananthapuram etc. • World’s major industries are the iron and steel industry, the textile industry and the information technology industry. • Information technology industry is an emerging industry. • The major hubs of Information Technology industry are the Silicon Valley of California and the Bangalore region of India. • Iron and steel industries provide raw materials for other industries. • In iron and steel industry, mainly iron ore is refined and steel is produced. • Steel is tough and can easily be shaped, cut and made into wire. • Adding other metals like aluminium, nickel and copper special alloys of steel can be made - alloys give steel hardness, toughness and ability to resist rust. • Steel is often called as the backbone of modern industry because everything we use, is either made of iron or steel or the tools used to make things are made of iron or steel. • Iron and steel industries are normally located at places where raw materials,

5. Industries Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET Secondary activities, classifica- • Manufacturing - changing raw materials into prod- tion of industries ucts. • Classification of industries based on raw materials, size and ownership. • Agro based, mineral based, marine based, forest PS-1 based industries. • Size: small scale and large scale industries. Owner- ship - private ownership, joint sector, cooperative sector Location of Industries • Industrial system - input, processes, outputs. • Industrial regions - number of industries close by PS-2 sharing benefits. • Distribution of major industries Iron and steel industry, Cotton • Steel - backbone of modern industry, growth of iron Textile Industry, Information and steel industry. PS-3 Technology • Textile industry - one of the oldest industries, growth PS-4 PS-5 of textile industries. • Information technology - storage, processing and distribution of information. Worksheet for \"Industries\" PS-6 Evaluation with self-check or Self-evaluation Peer check* Sheet 23

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Answer each of the following: 1. How do secondary activities help in the growth of economy? 2. What is meant by industry? 3. How can industries be classified? 4. How are industries classified based on raw materials? 5. Differentiate between small scale and large scale industries. 6. Define private sector industries. 7. What is meant by state owned or public sector industries? 8. Explain joint sector industries. 9. What do you know about co-operative industry? 10. Name the factors affecting the location of the newly opening serving apartments PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Answer each of the following: 1. How does the government promote setting up of industries in backward areas? 2. Why does the government encourage setting up of industries in backward areas? 3. Define industrial system. 4. How do industrial regions emerge? 5. Which are the major industrial regions of the world? 6. What do you know about the geographical nature of industrial regions? 7. Name the Industrial Regions of India. 8. What are the major reasons for accidents and disasters in industries? 9. Describe the Bhopal industrial disaster of 1984. 24

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Answer each of the following: 1. Which are the major industries of the world? 2. Where are the world’s major iron and steel industries located? 3. Name the countries famous for cotton textile industry. 4. Which are the major hubs of information technology? 5. What are the inputs in iron and steel industry? 6. Describe the process of work at iron and steel industry. 7. Why is steel called as the backbone of modern industry? 8. What do you know about the ideal location for steel industry? 9. Explain the factors that helped the growth of iron and steel industry in India. 10. Which are the four states of India where iron and steel industries are spread over? 11. Why was Sakchi(Jamshedpur) chosen to set up the steel plant Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited(TISCO)? 12. What are the other industrial plants set up in Jamshedpur? 13. What are the locational advantages of Pittsburg steel industry? 14. Where are the large steel mills of the USA located at present? PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Answer each of the following: 1. Which were the famous brands of Indian textiles? 2. Why did the traditional textile industry fail to compete with the new textile mills of the West? 3. When was the first mechanised textile mill established in Mumbai? 4. Explain the reason for the rapid growth of textile industry in Mumbai. 5. Why is Ahmedabad called the Manchester of India? 6. Name the city that is known as the Manchester of Japan. PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Answer each of the following: 1. Why has information technology industry become global? 2. List the major IT hubs of the world. 3. What is the advantage Bangalore has as an IT hub? 4. What is the locational advantage of Silicon Valley, California? 25

PRACTICE SHEET - 6 (PS-6) I. Choose the correct option: 10. _________ is known as Manchester of Japan. 1. __________ change raw materials into products a. Ahmedabad of more value. b. Silicon valley a. Primary activities c. Osaka b. Secondary activities d. Egypt c. Tertiary activities II. Short Answer Questions: d. Agriculture 1. Explain industrial system and industrial regions. 2. Industry refers to _________. 2. Explain the major industries across the world? a. production of goods 3. Find out the inputs, outputs and processes b. extraction of minerals involved in the manufacture of a leather shoe? c. provision of services III. Long Answer Questions: d. all the above 1. Describe the classification of industries 3. ________ is an example of an agro based industry. 2. Explain the risk management measures for a. Iron and Steel industrial areas. b. Cotton c. Glass d. Paint 4. Bhopal gas tragedy happened on ____________. a. 3rd December 1984 b. 5th December 1987 c. 5th July 1974 d. 7th September 1989 5. Emerging industries are also known as _______. a. sunset industries b. start ups c. sunrise industries d. establishers 6. Smelting is the process of ________. a. extracting ores from ground b. extracting minerals from ground c. filtering minerals and ores d. extracting metals from their ores 7. _______ is called the backbone of modern industry. a. Iron b. Steel c. Cotton d. Jute 8. _________ was the only iron and steel plant in India before 1947. a. Bhilai b. TISCO c. Jamshedpur d. Visakha steel plant 9. The first successful mechanised textile mill was established in the year______. a. 1854 b. 1865 c. 1901 d. 1925 26

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks : 15 Time : 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or sentence: (4 Marks) III. Think and answer (5 Marks) 1. Where was TISCO set up? 1. Describe the importance of information technology industry. 2. When was the first textile mill in India established? 3. Name the river that provides sufficient water for mills in Osaka. 4. Name a natural fibre. II. Answer the following questions briefly: (6 Marks) 1. What are the advantages of Osaka as textile centre? 2. Define sunshine industries. 27

6. Human Resources Learning Outcomes • Analyse the reasons for population change • Illustrate the population composition with the At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Understand the importance of human resources help of population pyramid in the development of a country • Explain the pattern of population distribution • Describe the factors affecting distribution of population Concept Map dImevpeolortpemd efonrt Effoerqtusatolitgyain Density of Topography Chnaantugrieng population wCeliamteharetaerl,,smsoiinl,- Saoncdifaaelcc, otconurolstmuriacl dImevpeolortpemd efonrt Human Resources Natural growth Pocphualnagtieon cPoomppuolastitioionn Population Migration pyramid pPoactphtuealrnangtsieoonf Dethpeencoduennttrsyin Eddeuveclaotpiomnefnotr Key Points • Population is very low in high altitude areas, tropical deserts, high mountains and equatorial • People with their demands and abilities form regions. the greatest resource of a country. • Almost 3/4th of world’s people live in Asia and • Human resources are not equally distributed Africa. over the world. • 60% of world’s population live in just 10 • Their educational levels, age, sex, numbers and countries. characteristics keep changing. • Population density is the number of people • Pattern of population distribution is the way in living in a unit area of earth’s surface. which people are spread on Earth’s surface. • South Central Asia has the highest density of • More than 90% of world’s population lives in population. 30% of the total land surface. • Distribution of population depends upon • Crowded areas are south and south east Asia, 28 Europe and north eastern North America.

6. Human Resources topography, climate, soil, water, minerals, social, cultural and economic factors. • Population change is the change in number of people during a specific time. • With the growth in agricultural production and health care, population growth is very high. • Increase in birth rate, decrease in death rate and migration result in population growth. • The difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country is called natural growth rate. • Emigrants are people who leave the country, immigrants are those who arrive in a country. • From the less developed countries, people migrate to more developed countries in search of better job opportunities. • Economic development of a country does not depend on population: Japan is densely populated and economically developed. • Population composition refers to the characteristics of population such as number, gender, literacy rate, health condition, occupation, income level etc. • Age-sex pyramid is a way of understanding the composition of population- it gives details about the people like age groups, male, female etc. • Population pyramid also tells us how many dependents are there in a country (Young dependents below the age of 15 and elderly dependents above 65 years). • Human resources should be utilised properly for the development of the country - they must be educated and provided skills and opportunities to become able and productive. 29

6. Human Resources Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET Human Resources, Distribu- Human Resources - definition, distribution of tion of Population population across the world - population is not the same everywhere - pattern of population dis- PS-1 tribution - 60% of world’s population stay just in 10 PS-2 countries PS-3 Density of Population, Popu- • Factors affecting the density of population. PS-4 lation • Topography, climate, soil, water, minerals, so- PS-5 cial, cultural and economic factors. Self-evaluation Sheet • Population change - birth and death rates, mi- gration - emigration and immigration, patterns of population change Population Composition • Population pyramid - details about the people - age, sex, education level, occupation, income etc. • Number of dependents in the country - children below 15 years of age, elderly people above 65 years of age. • Education and skill enhancement for develop- ment Worksheet for \"Human Resources\" Evaluation with self-check or Peer check* 30

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Why are people considered as the ultimate resource of a country? 2. How can we say that human resources are not equally distributed? 3. Define the patterns of population distribution. 4. The distribution of population in the world is extremely uneven. Justify the statement. 5. Name the most populated areas of the world. 6. What types of geographical regions are sparely populated? 7. Why do you think certain geographical regions are barely populated? 8. Name the two continents where almost three quarters of the world’s population live. 9. What do you know about the distribution of population in the equatorial regions? 10. On the outline map of the world, locate the following places: Japan, Pakistan, Brazil, USA, India. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Define density of population. 2. What is the average density of population in the world? 3. Name the place having the highest density of population. 4. How does the topography affect the density of population? 5. How do you know that people usually avoid places with extreme climates for settlement? 6. How does soil affect the density of population? 7. Prove that water has a vital role in deciding the density of population of a place. 8. Why are minerals an important factor in deciding distribution of population? 9. How do social and cultural factors affect the density of population? 10. Explain the importance of economic factor in deciding the density of population. 31

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. What is meant by population change? 2. How does birth rate lead to population change? 3. Why didn’t birth rate affect population much until 1800s? 4. What is population explosion? 5. Explain the reasons for population explosion. 6. How are births and deaths measured? 7. What is meant by natural growth rate? 8. Differentiate between emigrants and immigrants. 9. How do immigration and emigration affect countries? 10. Describe the patterns of population change. PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. Define population composition. 2. How is population composition useful? 3. What are population pyramids? 4. How are population pyramids useful? 5. How do population pyramids throw light on the dependents of a country? 32

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) 9. In 1959, world’s population reached to ____________. I. Choose the correct option: a. 10 billion 1. Human resource ministry in India was created in b. 3 billion ______. c. 8 billion a. 1985 d. 15 billion b. 1990 10. A person leaving a country is called c. 1995 ___________. d. 1975 a. immigration 2. _________ was started in 2015 to train 1 crore b. population youth on employable skills. c. emigration a. Pradhan mantri awas yojna d. foreigner b. Pradhan mantri kaushal vikas yojna II. Short Answer Questions: c. Made in India 1. What do you understand by age-sex d. Beti padao Beti bachao pyramid? 3. ________ is the highest populous country in the 2. What is people composition? How is it in world. your locality? a. India 3. The world population has grown very b. Japan rapidly. Why? c. USA III. Long Answer Questions: d. China 1. What are the factors affecting distribution 4. Average density of population in India is of population? _________. 2. What does a population pyramid tell us? a. 500 people/sq.km b. 782 People/sq.km c. 382 people/sq.km d. 450 people/sq.km 5. Number of years an average person can live is called ________. a. life span b. life expectancy c. population d. none of the above 6. When a person enters a new country, it is called _________. a. immigration b. emigration c. foreigner d. local person 7. _______ is an interesting way of studying the population composition of a country. a. Age sex pyramid b. Census c. Triangular diagram d. Bar graph 8. __________ are the natural causes of population. a. Births b. Deaths c. Marriage d. Both A and B 33

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks : 15 Time : 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or sentence: (4 Marks) 2. Why is it not possible to have human resources 1. When was the Ministry of human resources distributed evenly in the world? created in India? 2. What is the average density of population in India? 3. What is meant by life expectancy? 4. What was world’s population in 1999? III. Think and answer: (5Marks) II. Answer the following questions briefly: 1. What are the major reasons for population change? (6Marks) 1. Why is topography important in distribution of population? 34

1. How, When and Where Learning Outcome By the end of this chapter, you will be: • Understand the definition and scope of history • Understand that History is much more than story of the rulers and wars • Understand the different sources of historic data and different classification of history Concept Map Key Points were selected and around which stories of past were composed became important. • History was synonymous with dates. • James Mill published a massive 3 volume work, ‘A • History helps us find how things were in the past History of British India’ in which he divided history into three periods – Hindu , Muslim and British. and how things have changed. • Historians divided Indian history into ‘ancient’, • Many changes happen over a stretch of time. ‘medieval’ and ‘modern’. • History is not just about dates of crowning and • Important source of historic data is the official records of the British administration. They used battles. It tells us how cities developed; kingdoms surveys, census as structured instruments to were formed; new ideas spread and how cultures collect data. and society changed. • Diaries of people, autobiographies etc. also proved • Dates are not important on their own, dates which to be an additional source of historic data. 35

1. How, When and Where Workplan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET PS-1 Scope of history • What is history? PS-2 • Why history? PS-3 Periodization • British classification by James Mill • Classification by historians PS-4 Self-evaluation Sheet Source of historic data • Administrative records • Official records a) Survey types b) Census • Other sources Worskheet for “How, When and Where” Evaluation with self- check or Peer check 36