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PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Read the following sentences and fill in the blanks with ‘this’ or ‘these’. Look at the example given for you. _________ building is hundred years old. Ans: This 1. _________ film is very boring. 2. _________are our bags. 3. Whose book is _________?  4. Could you help me with _________ boxes? 5. Whose purse is _________? 6. I have just bought _________  old car. 7. _________ man has three children. 8. I like _________ house. 9. Are _________ your pencils here? 10. _________ two boys are my friends. II. Fill in the blanks with the suitable pronouns given in the bracket. 1. My brother and ______________ (I, me) went to the movie last Saturday. 2. I heard the teacher talking about Ritu and ______________ (I, me) 3. Even ______________ (my, me) own mother wouldn’t believe me.  4. I should have been more careful, I blame ______________ (my, myself) for what has happened.  5. I am tall, but John is taller than ______________ (me, I) am.     6. I am tall, but John is taller than ______________. (me, am) 7. I would like you to meet Ruby, she is an old friend of ______________.   (me, mine) 8. Who is sitting beside ______________ (my, me)? 9. Give ______________ (mine, me) a glass of water. 10. ______________ (my, I) don’t understand this Math problem. 87

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Rewrite these sentences by replacing the under- 3. I can’t find them. lined words with HE, SHE, IT, THEY, WE, HIS, a. Personal   HER, THEIR, OUR, ITS. Look at the example b. Reflexive given for you. (10 Marks) c. Possessive  Men’s trousers are very expensive. d. Relative  Their trousers are very expensive. e. Indefinite f. Interrogative  1. Reena’s father is very thin. g. Demonstrative _________________________________________ 2. Renu’s skirt is very long. 4. I can’t believe it’s finally ours.  _________________________________________ a. Personal   3. Is your brother a businessman? b. Reflexive _________________________________________ c. Possessive  4. My mother and I would like some tea. d. Relative  _________________________________________ e. Indefinite 5. These are Manju’s and my books. f. Interrogative  _________________________________________ g. Demonstrative 6. Mrs. Gupta’s daughters are in the garden. _________________________________________ 5. The girl who usually cuts my hair has won 7. Where is Ravi’s mother? the lottery. _________________________________________ a. Personal   8. My father’s car is blue in colour. b. Reflexive _________________________________________ c. Possessive  9. That rabbit is grey. The rabbit’s ears are d. Relative  e. Indefinite long. f. Interrogative  _________________________________________ g. Demonstrative 10. The students’ books are in the classroom. _________________________________________ 6. He wants to go to Canada.  a. Personal   II. In each of the following sentences a pronoun b. Reflexive has been highlighted. What type of pronoun is c. Possessive  it?  (10 Marks) d. Relative  1. We have made some progress. e. Indefinite a. Personal   f. Interrogative  b. Reflexive g. Demonstrative c. Possessive  d. Relative  7. Why are you shouting at me?  e. Indefinite a. Personal   f. Interrogative  b. Reflexive g. Demonstrative c. Possessive  2. She wants to do it herself.  d. Relative  a. Personal   e. Indefinite b. Reflexive f. Interrogative  c. Possessive  g. Demonstrative d. Relative  e. Indefinite f. Interrogative  g. Demonstrative 88

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 8. Who wants to go for a movie?  a. Personal   b. Reflexive c. Possessive  d. Relative  e. Indefinite f. Interrogative  g. Demonstrative 9. Everybody is welcome. a. Personal   b. Reflexive c. Possessive  d. Relative  e. Indefinite f. Interrogative  g. Demonstrative 10. This was my mother’s ring. a. Personal   b. Reflexive c. Possessive  d. Relative  e. Indefinite f. Interrogative  g. Demonstrative 89

7. Punctuation Learning Objectives At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • Identify the punctuation marks. • Correctly use common punctuation marks in their writing. Starter Activity Read the given passages carefully. 2 1 Captain Singh began to tell his friends how a man can always remain young. He said that he was still young captain singh began to tell his friends how a man can because he ate food on time; went to bed on time; always remain young he said that he was still young and had a morning walk every day. He said this and because he ate food on time went to bed on time gently twirled the ends of his moustache, which he and had a morning walk every day he said this and dyed black every third day. gently twirled the ends of his moustache which he dyed black every third day youve a beautiful black “You’ve a beautiful black moustache, Captain,” said moustache captain said one of his friends one of his friends. So from the above passages, it is clear that even after 1. Full stop (.) giving a smooth reading to passage 1, we couldn’t 2. Question mark (?) understand clearly what it contained. 3. Comma (,) When we read Passage 2, we find that it contains 4. Exclamatory mark (!) some marks and we could easily comprehend the 5. Quotation mark (“ ”) content. 6. Apostrophe (‘) You can easily see that 7. Hyphen (-) • Some of the marks show where you should stop 8. Capital letters (A, B, C etc.) 9. Semi-colon (;) and for how long. 10. Colon (:) • Some enclose the words that were spoken by 1. Full stop (.): It marks the longest pause. Used to end an assertive or imperative sentence. somebody. Examples: • Some stops indicate the mood in which the words • She stood up and went away. She was furious. • Write down this statement in your notebook. were spoken. Used after some abbreviations or initials. • Some letters have been written in capital. Examples: • Co. (Company) Key Points • M.P. (Member of Parliament) 1. Punctuation marks -The system of using certain • e.g. (for example) • no. (number) marks in written language to show pauses, and to Full stops are not essential in case of separate words, phrases, clauses and sentences, in • Acronyms such as FIFA, PETA, UNICEF etc. order to clarify the meaning is called punctuation. • Abbreviations such as USA, BBC, UK etc. 2. Types of punctuation marks 2. Question Marks (?) Used at the end of interrogative sentences. Examples: • Where do you live? • Are you crazy? • Did you do the homework? 90

7. Punctuation 3. Exclamation Marks (!) Examples: a. To mark an interjection. • They woke up early; then they went jogging. Examples: c. to separate items in a series when those items • Alas! She is dead. • Wow! You are looking beautiful. contain punctuation such as a comma: They • Oh! It’s awful. visited the Eiffel Tower, Paris; Big Ben, London; • Hello! How are you? and the statue of liberty, New York. b. To end an exclamatory phrase or sentence. Examples: Examples: • He looks happy; he has been out, played his • How beautiful she is! • What a nice girl! favourite sport and swum leisurely. • How interesting! 6. Colons (:): Marks a pause longer than even semi 4. Commas (,): They mark the shortest pause. a. To set apart words in a series or list. colon. Examples: a. to introduce a list: • I bought pencils, crayons, eraser and a pen. Examples: • She is smart, good-looking, honest and • He visited three cities last summer holiday: hardworking. Madrid, Rome and Athens. Please note: The last two words in the series usually • His best friends are: Nilesh, Ali, James and do not need a comma between them. They are separated by “and”. Cyrus. b. Between adjectives or adverbs: b. To introduce an idea or an explanation: Examples: Examples: • I have a big, black Alsatian dog. • He had one idea in mind: to see her as soon as • She speaks slowly, quietly and softly. c. After the street address and city in an address: possible. Examples: c. To introduce direct speech or a quotation: • 34, Vivek Nagar, Bangalore Examples: d. to mark off a quotation (direct speech) • Father: Do me a favour, son. Examples: Son: Sure, dad. • He said, “I hate being treated like that.” Father: Please get me this medicine from the • “I’m sorry”, she replied. e. After yes, no, please, of course, in fact etc. medical store. Examples: Son: In a minute, dad. • No, I will not. • In fact, he is quite popular. 7. Apostrophes (‘) f. After/before the name of the person addressed. a. To indicate possession of a noun. Examples: EXAMPLES: • Rahul, it is time to sit and study. • I am using my brother’s pen. • Have a nice day, Neha. • Mohan’s house is huge and beautiful. b. To indicate omission of a letter or letters in a 5. Semicolons (;): marks a greater pause than a comma. contraction. EXAMPLES: a. to separate clauses. • I’m happy but I’ll not show. Examples: • Let’s play. I sang; he danced; they rejoiced. 8. Quotation Marks (“”) b. used instead of a full stop or period to separate a. To quote speech, sentences or words. EXAMPLES: independent sentences: • She said, “I am going to the market.” • “Stop making this noise, children,” she said. 9. Capital Letters: a. Capitalise the first word in a sentence. 91

7. Punctuation EXAMPLES: • They arrived late. They had dinner and went to sleep. • The first word in a quote. • He said, “You are fantastic.” b. Capitalise “I”. EXAMPLES: • I’m very sorry for being late. I missed the bus. c. Capitalise proper nouns. EXAMPLES: • Ram was furious when he heard the bad news from his office. d. Capitalise proper nouns EXAMPLES: • India, Mohan, Himalayas, Christmas e. Capitalise names of institutions, days, months, newspapers etc. EXAMPLES: • Indian Institute of Science and Technology, Monday, May, The Times of India f. The official title of a person, the initials in someone’s name are capitalised EXAMPLES: • Dr. Lynch. • D. H. Lawrence is a wonderful novelist. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED PS-1 Punctuation Punctuation marks and their usage PS-2 2 PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 1 Self-Evaluation Sheet 92

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Add commas wherever necessary. 1. My dad’s desk in his office is covered in paper books pens and pencils. 2. My aquarium has gold fish snails and a turtle. 3. My mom likes sugar milk and cream in her morning cup of tea. 4. We learned addition subtraction and multiplication in math this year. 5. After my birthday I wrote thank you notes to my aunt uncle and cousins for my gifts. 6. We used boxes tape and a big truck to move to our new house. 7. Before school starts every year we buy clothes books pencils and new shoes. 8. The children on the school bus sing shout and even fight sometimes. 9. During our picnic we played games ate sandwiches and sang songs. 10. My favourite subjects are English Science and Math. II. Rewrite the paragraph with the proper punctuation marks. I have a dog he is a Labrador he is black in colour he wags his tail and licks my face when he is happy he loves going for walks and chasing a red ball I take him to school sometimes once he saw a black cat and wanted to chase her too but I didnt let him is he mad at me I dont know but I love my dog very much because he always obeys me and follows me everywhere 93

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Read the following story and punctuate the same. once a lion the king of the jungle was asleep a little mouse began running up and down on him this soon awakened the lion he placed his huge paw on the mouse and opened his big jaws to swallow him the little mouse cried forgive me this time i shall never repeat it and i shall never forget your kindness who knows i may be able to help you one day the lion was tickled by the idea of the mouse being able to help him he lifted his paw and let him go sometime later a few hunters captured the lion and tied him to a tree after that they went in search of a wagon to take him to the zoo just then the little mouse happened to pass by on seeing the lions plight he ran up to him and cut away the ropes that bound him was i not right said the little mouse he was very happy to help the lion able to help him. He lifted his paw and let him go. Sometime later, a few hunters captured the lion, and tied him to a tree. After that they went in search of a wagon to take him to the zoo. Just then the little mouse happened to pass by. On seeing the lion’s plight, he ran up to him and cut away the ropes that bound him. “Was I not right?” said the little mouse. He was very happy to help the lion. II. Rewrite the following sentences using suitable punctuation marks wherever necessary. 1. The professor asked when was the treaty signed 2. Our school organised many competitions dance competition singing competition and quiz competition 3. When I was a child I liked to eat eggs 4. We ordered our favourite bread and butter rice and curry 5. Go and get me a glass of water she said 6. I bought a pen a notebook an eraser and a pencil 7. We liked many things in Mumbai the atmosphere the big malls and the nice people 8. He said why are you upset 94

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Punctuate these sentences and insert capital letters wherever required. 1. did you finish your homework geeta asked __________________________________________ 2. can I stay up late tonight to watch a movie __________________________________________ 3. dont touch that cake her mother warned. __________________________________________ 4. rainy season is my favourite whats yours __________________________________________ 5. I just saw a shooting star __________________________________________ 6. get out of here he shouted __________________________________________ 7. what did your mom pack in your lunch today __________________________________________ 8. a friend of mine works as a translator for WHO __________________________________________ 9. rahul lisa suman and gagan went to the party __________________________________________ 10. we could introduce drawing and sculpting singing and dancing into our curriculum __________________________________________ 95

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Fill in all the missing punctuation marks. (10 Marks) 1. That wind is freezing cold___ 2. “Your room is a mess_ It’s time to clean it up____” his mother told him_ 3. Remember to brush your teeth before bed____ 4. “Go and get me a glass of water ____” said she ____ 5. “Do you like butter rice_” Ravi‘s grandma asked him____ 6. Can we go to Goa this year____ 7. “It’s not fair____” Rekha said when her dad told her she couldn’t go to the movies. 8. The dog chewed up my favourite shoes____ 9. Lokmanya Tilak says ____ Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it.” 10. What a piece of work man is ____ II. Rewrite after putting capital letters wherever required.  (10 Marks) sooraj and i visited delhi last year. we saw the red fort, the qutab minar, the lotus temple and the humayun’s tomb. we also saw the rashtrapati bhawan, the parliament house and the supreme court. travelling in the metro was a nice experience. we also enjoyed various kinds of delicious food there. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 96

8. Adjectives Learning Objectives At the completion of this chapter, the students will • Create or select vivid adjectives to enhance their be able to: writing as they write and revise. • Identify adjectives. • Use adjectives in their writing. • Explain the purpose and types of adjectives • Use suitable adjectives creatively in their writing. Starter Activity Ask students to give you three words they love (whole class). Write the words on the board. They may come up with sentences like- 1. My mother is tall, pretty and a great cook. 2. My father is honest, handsome, hardworking person. 3. My dog is cute, furry, and cuddly. 4. My grandmother is old, loving and affectionate lady. These sentences can be used to elicit the definition of “adjective words”: the teacher can describe one of the students e.g. “Rahul is tall, shy and sincere or describe the “chair, board, school” to elicit that these words help to describe things, persons or places as well. So from the above activity, it is clear that there are an animal, or a place. They are used to provide some words which describe the NOUNS. more information to a noun by describing or modifying it. The words like long, brown, slen- Key Points der, thin, green, leafy etc. belong to this catego- ry. 1. Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or Examples: states of being of nouns: enormous, silly, yellow, • The new boy gave an excellent speech in the fun, fast. They can also describe the quantity of class. nouns: many, few, millions, eleven. • The spider has hairy legs. ii. Q uantitative adjectives: They tell us the quantity Adjectives do not modify verbs or adverbs or other or degree of a noun. The words like any, much, adjectives. little, none, some, enough, all etc. belong to this category. My sister wore a beautiful dress for the party. Examples: My cake should have nine candles. • There isn’t any water in the bucket. Driving is faster than walking. • I have some money in my purse. Most adjectives can be used in two positions. When iii. N umeral adjectives: Numeral adjectives are those adjectives which are used to denote the they are used before the noun they describe, they number of nouns or the order in which they are called ATTRIBUTIVE: stand. The words like one, two, five, ten, first, • a black cat second, third, tenth, twelfth etc. belong to this • a gloomy day category. • a slow journey Examples: • a large suitcase • Each mango was priced fifty rupees. When they are used after a verb, they are called • I stood second in my class. PREDICATIVE: Please note: The same word can be used as a quan- • The cat is black. titative adjective or a numeral adjective based on • The day is gloomy. whether the noun it is describing is countable or not. • The journey seemed slow. • The suitcase is large. 2. Kinds of adjectives i. Descriptive adjectives: They are used to express the size, colour, or shape of a person, a thing, 97

8. Adjectives QUANTITATIVE NUMERAL ADJECTIVE Little/A little/The little ADJECTIVE Little means not much. A little means some but not enough. He did not drink He did not eat The little means not much but all there is. any milk. any chocolates. I drank some milk. Some students in Examples: this class are very • I had little money in my pocket. I could not buy hardworking. anything. iv. D emonstrative adjectives: They point out nouns. • I was very thirsty. But there was a little water in The words like this, these, those, that, such be- long to this category. the jug. • The little water in the jug was not enough for me. Examples: • These apples are delicious. Few/A few/The few • I am not interested in such activities. • Few means hardly any. v. P ossessive adjectives: These adjectives talk • A few means some. • The few means not many but all there are. about possession or ownership. The words like Examples my, our, your, his, her, their etc. belong to this • It was so hot that only few could be seen on the category. Examples: road. • This is my bicycle. • A large crowd was expected but only a few came • Our school is nearby. vi. I nterrogative adjectives: These adjectives are to attend the speech. used with nouns to ask questions. The words like • The few who broke the traffic signal were fined which, what, etc. belong to this category. Examples: by the traffic police. • What topic are you discussing? 4. Order of adjectives • Whose shoes are those? Sometimes more than one adjective qualify a noun vii. D istributive adjectives: Distributive adjectives are normally used with singular nouns. They in a sentence. In such a case, it is important to fol- include “each”, “every”, “either”, and “neither” low a certain order to write adjectives in the sen- and are used to refer to members of a group as tence. However, there are two things to remember. individuals. First, it’s very rare to use more than three adjec- Examples: tives before a noun. Second, sometimes the order • Either of these movies would be interesting can be changed, usually to emphasise something. to me. The order of the adjectives should be as follows: • Neither pen will do, as I need to sign in pencil. 3. Confusing adjectives OPINION SIZE AGE SHAPE Some/Any Costly Big Ancient Square ‘some’ is used in affirmative sentences and ‘any’ is Small Young Round used in negative or interrogative sentences. Beautiful Examples: • I have some money. COLOUR ORIGIN MATERIAL • I do not have any money. Blue Indian Gold Each/Every Yellow American ‘each’ refers to two or more things. Each pays more Wooden attention to the individuals in a group. ‘Every’ re- fers to more than two things. ‘every’ stresses on the Examples: group. • I carried a very small black suitcase. Examples: • They have some old French paintings. • Each boy was given a pencil and an eraser. • She was wearing a new red silk dress. • Every boy has to draw a picture. • That is a really ugly wooden chair. • We bought a new round kitchen table. • There are some new Chinese students in the class. • I have bought a beautiful big Japanese car. • She was wearing a costly big Swiss watch. 98

8. Adjectives Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED CONTENT PS-1 3 PS-2 Adjectives Kinds of Adjectives and Order of 1 PS-3 Adjectives Self-Evaluation Sheet Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 99

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Write suitable adjectives for the following nouns. 1. Elephant 2. Fox 3. Soldier 4. Ice 5. Rose 6. Snake 7. Princess 8. Fort II. Underline the adjectives and write their kinds. 1. The teacher praised the honest student. 2. I ate some rice for lunch. 3. The thieves broke into the old house. 4. She managed to enter the crowded bus. 5. A dozen mangoes were eaten by me. 6. Those children have been selected for the match. 7. What product did you buy from there? 8. This is my house. 9. The chair in my room is of brown color. 10. Which house are you planning to buy? 11. Is this your book? 12. He is a strong man. 100

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Write a suitable noun for each adjective given below. 1. Famous 2. Quiet 3. Dark 4. Fast 5. Poor 6. Stubborn 7. Busy 8. Healthy 9. Kind 10. Cruel II. Fill in the blanks with adjectives as indicated in the brackets. 1. Suddenly, a ___________ man came out of a bush. (Descriptive Adjective) 2. He is a person with ___________ qualities. (Numeral Adjective) 3. ___________ ice-cream flavour you like the most? (Interrogative Adjective) 4. The ___________ prize went to Sarika. (Numeral Adjective) 5. ___________ animals are giraffes. (Demonstrative Adjective) 6. You should revise the ___________ lesson (Numeral Adjective) 7. ___________ clothes are neat and tidy. (Possessive Adjective) 8. Do you have ___________ money? (Quantitative Adjective) 9. Can you give me ___________ food? (Quantitative Adjective) 10. ___________ house is nearby. (Possessive Adjective) 101

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Rearrange the following words correctly. 1. six round small plastic bottles 2. young naughty small a boy 3. a small young dog black 4. boy a tall friendly young 5. tall intelligent doctor Indian 6. cotton sky blue saree 7. a red Japanese beautiful doll 8. cheese a tasty German burger II. Correct the following sentences. 1. Who are you talking about? 2. She doesn’t want to eat nothing now. 3. I want to meet yours father. 4. What book is interesting? 5. A few sleep will refresh me. 6. How many money do you have? 7. That children are intelligent. 8. We saw much animals in the zoo. III. Fill in the blanks with correct adjectives. 1. She could eat ___________ food, though she was full. (any/some) 2. Do you have ___________ problem? (some/any) 3. ___________ men gossip more than women. (the few/few) 4. She needs ___________ help to the do the work. (a little/the little) 5. ___________ chair was occupied. (every/each) 6. ___________ of the girls wants an ice-cream. (each/every) 7. ___________ clothes he has are all torn. (a few/the few) 8. It is raining, ___________ will go to school today. (a few/the few) 9. There were ___________ apples in the fridge. They are not enough for us. (few/the few) 10. She spent ___________ money she had. (a little/the little) 102

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Underline the adjective in each sentence. Underline the noun it tells about. Look at then example given for you. (10 Marks) 1. The boat is sailing on a blue sea. Ans: The boat is sailing on a blue sea. 2. A little girl stands on the deck. 3. The cool wind blows her hair. 4. The tall sails flap in the wind. 5. People wave from a sandy beach. 6. You are a good painter. 7. Those are cute pigs. 8. I used pink clay to shape them. 9. What funny tails those pigs have! 10. Who made the two ducks? 11. This hen has some chicks. II. Underline adjectives in the following sentences. Look at then example given for you. (10 Marks) There are three gifts lying on the table. Ans: There are three gifts lying on the table. 1. A tiny mouse ran over the sleeping lion. 2. The strong man defeated the weak man. 3. It took me several days to reach Kolkata. 4. Much work needs to be done in this area. 5. Tons of wheat was washed away in the rain. 6. Ten lakhs make a million. 7. Which frock did she finally choose? 8. Every child should get free education. 9. The foolish crow dropped the piece of bread from its beak. 10. He suggested an outing just when the same idea stuck my mind. 103

9. Adjectives: Degrees of Comparison Learning Objectives At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • Identify the three degrees of comparison of adjectives. • Form and use the positive, comparative and su- perlative degrees of comparison of regular and irregular adjectives. Starter Activity 1. The teacher shows different size of pencils and write these sentences on the board. • The first pencil is small. • The second pencil is smaller than the first one.  • The third pencil is the smallest among the three.  2. Ask three students of different heights to come forward and stand height –wise. Tell them that student 1 (Name) is tall, student 2 (Name) is the taller and student 3 (Name) is the tallest. So from the above activity, we can see that we are POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE making a comparison between three objects and Cold colder coldest three person. We can make this comparison with the Fast faster fastest help of three forms of the adjective. Great greater greatest (Recapitulate that adjective is a word which qualifies a High higher highest noun. It gives more information about the noun). Kind kinder kindest Long longer longest Key Points Small smaller smallest Strong stronger strongest THREE DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES Sweet sweeter sweetest 1. The positive degree of an adjective makes no com- Tall taller tallest young younger youngest parison. brave braver bravest • A tall building. fine finer finest • She runs fast. large larger largest • This is a beautiful car. nice nicer nicest 2. The comparative degree compares two people, simple simpler simplest wise wiser wisest things, actives or qualities. white whiter whitest • A taller building than this one. costly costlier costliest • She runs faster than I do. dry drier driest • This car is more beautiful than yours. easy easier easiest 3. The superlative degree compares a person, thing, happy happier happiest heavy heavier heaviest activity or quality with the group. lazy lazier laziest • The tallest building in the town. wealthy wealthier wealthiest • She is the fastest runner among the students. big bigger biggest • This is the most beautiful car I have ever seen. Here are some examples of positive, comparative and superlative adjectives. POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Bright brighter brightest Bold bolder boldest Clever cleverer cleverest 104

9. Adjectives: Degrees of Comparison POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE 5. Sentences with comparative adjectives dim dimmer dimmest • My house is bigger than yours. fat fatter fattest • Your grade is worse than mine. hot hotter hottest • The Pacific Ocean is deeper than the Arctic thin thinner thinnest big bigger biggest Ocean. dim dimmer dimmest • You are more polite than Joey. fat fatter fattest • My brother is taller than me, but he is younger, hot hotter hottest thin thinner thinnest too. active more active most active 6. Sentences with superlative adjectives attractive more attractive most attractive • I can’t find my most comfortable jeans. beautiful more beautiful most beautiful • Jupiter is the biggest planet in our Solar System. brilliant more brilliant most brilliant • She is the smartest girl in our class. careful more careful most careful • This is the most interesting book I have ever more most courageous courageous courageous read. more cunning most cunning • I am the shortest person in my family. cunning more difficult most difficult 7. Formation of comparative and superlative degree difficult more famous most famous famous more faithful most faithful of comparisons: faithful more proper most proper The posit­ive degree can be changed to compara- proper more popular most popular popular more splendid most splendid tive and superlative degree in the following ways: splendid worse worst i. By adding ‘er’ for comparative and ‘est’ for superla- bad worse worst evil better best tive good worse worst ill farther farthest POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE far better best Long Longer Longest well later latest Sweet Sweeter Sweetest late less least Tall Taller Tallest little more most Kind Kinder Kindest much more most Young Younger Youngest many nearer nearest near older oldest ii. When positive degree ends in ‘e’ it is changed by old elder eldest adding ‘r’ and ‘st’ old POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Brave Braver Bravest Fine Finer Finest White Whiter Whitest Large Larger Largest Noble Nobler Noblest iii. When positive ends in ‘y’ preceded by an conso- nant then ‘y’ is changed by adding ‘er’ and ‘est’. 4. Sentences with positive adjectives POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE • They live in a beautiful house. Happy Happier Happiest • He writes meaningless letters. Easy Easier Easiest • This shop is big. Heavy Heavier Heaviest • She wore a black dress. Merry Merrier Merriest • Ben is an adorable baby. Wealthy Wealthier Wealthiest iv. When the positive ends in a single consonant, 105

9. Adjectives: Degrees of Comparison preceded by a vowel, the comparative and superla- 8. Correct Use of Adjectives: tive are formed by doubling the consonant before i. Later or latest refer to time while latter and last adding ‘er’ and ‘est’. refer to position. POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Examples: Big Bigger Biggest • I will meet you later. Hot Hotter Hottest • I don’t know the latest news. Red Redder Reddest • The latter part of the movie was boring. Thin Thinner Thinnest • He came last in the race. Sad Sadder Saddest ii. E lder and eldest is used only for persons not an- v. When positive is of more than two syllables then imals or thing, and are mostly used for the mem- comparative and superlative are formed by adding bers of the same family whereas older and old- more and most to the positive. est are used for both persons and things. Older is followed by than POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Examples: Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful • Ram is my elder brother. Difficult More difficult Most difficult • Hari is my eldest son. Courageous More Most • He is older than I am. courageous courageous • This is the oldest tree in our village. Famous More famous Most famous iii. F arther and further: – Farther means more dis- Useful More useful Most useful tance while further means addit­ ional Examples: vi. There are still other adjectives that change form by • His house is at the farther end of the street. irregular comparisons like • She received no further reply iv. N earest and Next -Nearest denotes nearness in POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE distance, while next denotes order or position. Good Better Best Examples: Bad Worse Worst • Where is the nearest bank? Much/Many More Most • My friend lives in the next house. Little Less/lesser Least Up Upper Upper most Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED CONTENT PS-1 2 PS-2 Adjectives Degrees of comparison, formation of 1 PS-3 degrees and use of correct adjectives Self-Evaluation Sheet Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 106

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Fill in the blank boxes with correct answers. Positive Comparitive Superlative 1 Beautiful Most beautiful 2 brave brighter Bravest 3 cleverer brightest 4 clever 5 cold faster coldest 6 Difficult Most difficult 7 fast higher 8 Fat Fattest 9 Lazier highest 10 kind Less kindest 11 lazy longer 12 Little Simpler Simplest 13 Long smaller smallest 14 strongest 15 sweeter 16 strong tallest 17 sweet Thinner 18 tall Wealthier 19 Thin 20 wealthy 107

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate answer. 1. Geeta is six years old. Her brother is nine, so he is ____________. 2. This is a difficult exercise. But the second exercise is the _____________ exercise in the worksheet. 3. He has an interesting book, but my sister‘s book is ____________than his. 4. Skateboarding is a dangerous hobby. Bungee jumping is __________ than skateboarding. 5. This magazine is cheap, but that one is ___________. II. Rewrite the following sentences using the correct form of adjectives given in the bracket. 1. Which is the (interesting) book you have ever read? ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Who is the (good) among all the students of your class? ____________________________________________________________________ 3. A horse is (short) than a giraffe. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. He is the (young) of all the children. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Rita is (smart) than her elder sister. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. My father is an (honest) businessman. ____________________________________________________________________ 7. The Taj Mahal is the (beautiful) monument in India. ____________________________________________________________________ 8. Mount Everest is (high) than Godwin Austen. ___________________________________________________________________ 108

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Rewrite the following sentences correctly. 1. Cinderella was beautiful than her step sisters. _________________________________________________________________ 2. Is she the older of the two girls? _________________________________________________________________ 3. The room is cleaner. _________________________________________________________________ 4. The tortoise is one of the slower creatures in the world. _________________________________________________________________ 5. She is brave than me. _________________________________________________________________ 6. Satya is the more intelligent in his class. _________________________________________________________________ 7. No other mountain is as highest as Mount Everest. _________________________________________________________________ 8. She is the more intelligent girl in her family. _________________________________________________________________ II. Complete the sentences, using the positive, comparative and superlative of the adjectives in brackets. 1. Dad’s car is much _____________than mine. (fast) 2. I think scuba diving is _____________than climbing. (fascinating)  3. He thinks this test was _____________ than the last one. (difficult) 4. They live in a really _____________ house. (beautiful) 5. She is the _____________ tennis player of the world. (good) 6. This suitcase is _____________ than the others. (heavy) 7. France is as _____________ as Spain. (beautiful) 8. My sister is three years _____________ than me. (young) 9. This was the _____________ film I have ever seen. (bad) 10. I think tennis is _____________ than cycling. (interesting) 11. His company earned _____________ money than the years before. (little) 12. She was the _____________ girl at college. (popular) 13. They didn’t stay out as _____________ as last Saturday. (late) 14. I have a _____________ (large) dog. 15. I spoke to her and I think she is very _____________ (smart). 109

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Fill in the empty boxes with the correct answers.  (10 Marks) (10 Marks) Positive Comparative Superlative 1 deeper Deepest 2 Humble Humblest 3 Tasty Tastier 4 Old Oldest 5 Happy Happier 6 Fat Fattest 7 Important More important 8 Worse Worst 9 Little Less 10 Handsome Most handsome II. Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative). 1. My house is _____________ (big) than yours. 2. This flower is _____________ (beautiful) than that one. 3. This is the_____________ (interesting) book I have ever read. 4. Non-smokers usually live _____________ (long) than smokers. 5. Which is the _____________ (dangerous) animal in the world? 6. A holiday by the sea is _____________ (good) than a holiday in the mountains. 7. A coke is _____________ (expensive) than a bottle of water. 8. Who is the _____________ (rich) woman on earth? 9. The weather this summer is even _____________ (bad) than last summer. 10. He was the _____________ (clever) thief of all. 110

10. Articles Learning Objectives • Identify a definite and indefinite article • Choose the proper type of article for a given noun At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • Define the term “Article”. Concept Map ARTICLES INDEFINITE DEFINITE (A, AN) (THE) Key Points I drank a cup of tea (correct) A water (incorrect) 1. An article, like an adjective, modifies the noun. It A glass of water (correct) adds to the meaning of the noun. An article is al- I’d like a cake. (Incorrect) ways used before a noun or an adjective that mod- I’d like a piece of cake. (correct) ifies the noun. USE OF ‘A’ AND ‘AN’ EXAMPLES Read the following dialogue: USE OF ‘A’ a stamp, a desk, a TV, a Geeta: Mom, can you give me an apple and a man- cup, a book ‘a’ is used before Exception: go? nouns beginning with a university: Although Mom: Sure consonants (other than ‘university’ starts with Geeta: The apple Mom gave me is sweet but this is a, e, i, o, u) the vowel ‘u’, it is not pronounced as such. a sour mango. Used before singular It is pronounced as a Did you notice the use of a, an and the? In the above nouns that are consonant sound. unspecified Other examples: a sentences, articles are used before NOUNS (apple, Used for expression of uniform, a union mango) and also before the ADJECTIVE (sour-mod- quantities a pencil, an orange ifies the noun ‘mango’) Used for expression of 2. Two types of articles: indefinite articles (A, An) and numbers a dozen, a gallon, a definite articles (The) Before a noun in couple, a lot Indefinite articles: a and an -They do not refer to exclamatory sentences a million, a thousand, a particular nouns. hundred Examples: A book, a chair, a pen, an egg, an air- What a beautiful home! plane, an orange What a lovely girl! 1. They can be used only with singular countable nouns (which can be counted). Examples: A chair, a boy, an elephant, an orange 2. We don’t use articles before uncountable nouns (which cannot be counted) Examples: I drank a tea (incorrect) 111

10. Articles USE OF ‘AN’ EXAMPLES USE OF ‘THE’ EXAMPLES Used before singular an apple, an elephant, Ordinal numbers (first, He got the first position countable nouns an issue, an orange second, fourth, tenth in the class. beginning with a vowel an honest man, an hour, etc). (a, e, i, o, u) or vowel an heir (vowel sound) The name of rivers, seas The second boy in the sound and oceans third row is my brother. an abbreviation if its an MLA, an MP, an FIR, The Pacific ocean is the first letter begins with a an LCD largest ocean. vowel sound The Ganges is a holy Let us see some sentences with A and AN. river. 1. My father is a professor in a university. The name of newspapers: My father reads the 2. I am an Indian and I love my country. Times of India. 3. The man lost his legs in an accident. 4. My uncle is an MLA. I sent an article to the 5. Swati takes an egg and an apple for breakfast. editor of the Hindustan 6. An honest man is loved by all. Times. 7. My uncle bought an ox and a buffalo from the fair. The names of holy books The Ramayana is the 8. A dozen of apples means twelve apples. holy book of the Hindus. 9. I will call you in an hour. 10. My neighbour is an Australian. Certain nouns to I began to read the Bible DEFINITE ARTICLE ‘THE’: represent them as a long before I could The definite article is used to refer to a particular class: understand it.  member of a group or class. It may be something that Certain nouns to We should help the poor the speaker has already mentioned or it may be some- represent as a nation, a and the needy. thing uniquely specified. There is one definite article party or a community in English, for both singular and plural nouns: ‘the’ The rich have always lived in luxury. USE OF ‘THE’ EXAMPLES The French are A singular noun which The dog is a faithful sophisticated. (this is used to represent the animal means we are referring to whole class. the French people) The noun we have The fox is a cunning already spoken about. animal. The Sikhs are brave. He gave money to a little boy and the boy bought NO ARTICLES: With the following expressions, we toys for himself. don’t make use of any articles. NO ARTICLE IS USED EXAMPLES With names of Germany is an important countries (if singular) economic power. We saw an old man in He’s just returned the park. The man was from Zimbabwe. looking worried. Names of languages I am learning French these days. Superlatives (the highest Mt. Everest is the highest quality or degree of an peak in the world. English is an international adjective-large, larger, language. largest) or any other I am the first one to Plural countable Apples are grown in adjective which makes arrive. nouns used in a Himachal Pradesh. the noun very particular This is the only way to general way one. solve this. Names of sports Tigers are poached for This is the best option medicinal purposes. available with us. Hockey is our national game. The names of planets, The earth is round. With uncountable Football is loved by all. stars and satellites nouns Rice is the main food in Asia. The moon appears in the night. Milk is often added to tea in India. 112

10. Articles Abstract nouns used Honesty is the best policy. 4. Place names in a general ways Articles are used with the names of: Names of academic Anger is the enemy of non- • Seas (the Pacific, the Atlantic) subject violence • Mountains (the Alps, the Himalayas) Names of meals Aditi is good at Mathematics. • Island groups (the West Indies) • Rivers (the Nile, the Amazon, the Thames) Expressions such as I got full marks in English. • Deserts (the Sahara, the Atacama) all day, all night, by I take breakfast at 8 am. 5. W e usually use no article with the names of air, by sea In some phrases Lunch is the most important continents, countries, states, departments Days, months and meal. etc. Examples are: Asia, India, France, Texas, years I am travelling by air. Beijing etc. professions Exceptions She works all night. • We say: the People’s Republic of China, the Unit- After the possessive ed Kingdom, the United States, the Netherlands. case: In bed, at sunset, in heaven, The teacher can, at the end, give following at school, at rest examples to further clarify: 1948 was a wonderful year. • I do not want a gun in my house (any gun). • The gun is in his closet (implies there is a specific Winter starts in September. gun). • I am afraid of guns (all guns in general). I have an off on Saturday. • She sent me a postcard from Italy (an unspecific Engineering is a useful postcard - not a letter, not an e-mail). career. • It’s the postcard that I have in my office (one spe- cific postcard). He’ll probably go • Getting postcards makes me want to travel (any into medicine. postcard in general). His brother’s car.  • I have a dog (one dog). • The dog is very friendly (the dog that I have Peter’s house. already mentioned). • Dogs make great pets (dogs in general). SPECIAL RULES: • Geeta needs furniture in her apartment (furni- 1. A rticles are often dropped in double ture is a uncountable noun). expressions, particularly with prepositions. • She is going to select the furniture that she EXAMPLES: needs (the specific furniture that she needs). • With knife and fork (NOT With a knife and a fork) • She hopes to find some furniture this week- • Husband and wife (NOT a husband and a wife) end (an unspecified, limited amount of furni- • From top to bottom (NOT From the top to the ture). bottom) 2. T he article a/an is usually dropped after ‘kind of’, ‘sort of’, ‘type of’ and similar expressions. EXAMPLES: • What kind of person is she? (NOT What kind of a person is she?) • What sort of bird is that? 3. Exclamations We use a/an with singular countable nouns in ex- clamations after what. EXAMPLES: What a sweet song! Exception: What nonsense! (NOT What a nonsense!) Nonsense is uncountable noun and a/an cannot be used with uncountable nouns. 113

10. Articles Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED CONTENT PS-1 3 PS-2 Articles Definite and Indefinite articles and 1 PS-3 their uses Self-Evaluation Sheet Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 114

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Decide which article A or AN can be put before the following words or phrases? 1. ___________  daughter 2. ___________  actress 3. ___________  thousand times 4. ___________  old comic 5. ___________  cat 6. ___________  answer 7. ___________  idea 8. ___________  book 9. ___________  honourable profession 10. ___________  action II. Decide whether to use the definite article THE or not. 1. My grandmother likes (flowers, the flowers) very much. 2. I love (flowers, the flowers) in your garden. 3. See you on (the Wednesday, Wednesday). 4. I always listen to (music, the music) in the morning. 5. Alex goes to work by (the bus, bus). 6. Don’t be late for (school, the school) 7. We often meet our cousins over (the weekend, weekend). 8. She has never been to (Jaipur, the Jaipur) before. 9. (Taj Mahal, The Taj Mahal) is one of India’s most popular attractions. 10. Winter is (coldest, the coldest) season of the year. 115

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Choose the correct definite or indefinite article “the”, “a”, “an” or “x” (zero article). 1. I bought ______________ pair of shoes. 2. I saw ______________ movie last night. 3. They are staying at ______________ hotel. 4. Look at ______________ woman over there! She is a famous actress. 5. I do not like ______________ basketball. 6. That is ______________ girl I told you about. 7. ______________ night is quiet. Let’s take a walk! 8. ______________ price of gas keeps rising. 9. Mohan travelled to ______________ Japan. 10. Ramesh is ______________ Bengali. 11. I read ______________ amazing story yesterday. 12. My brother doesn’t eat ______________ chicken. 13. Love is such ______________ beautiful thing. 14. I live in ______________ apartment. ______________ apartment is new. 15. I would like ______________ piece of cake. II. An article has been omitted in each of the lines of the following passage. Write the answer with the word which comes before and after it. Do not forget to underline the answer. The first is done for you as an example. One summer day, in BEFORE WORD AFTER field, in a field there was Grasshopper (a) _____ ______ ______ who was hopping about, ______ chirping and singing (b) _____ ______ ______ when ant passed by, ______ taking ______ ______ along with great effort (c) _____ ______ ______ ear of corn. ______ ______ “Come and chat with (d) _____ ______ ______ me,” asked Grasshopper. “I am helping to store up (e) _____ ______ food for winter,” said ant and went (f) _____ ______ its way. When winter came, (g) _____ ______ Grasshopper found itself dying of hunger, while it (h) _____ ______ saw ants distributing, every day, corn and (i) _____ ______ grain from stores they had collected. Then (j) _____ ______ Grasshopper knew. 116

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the options given in the bracket. 1. _________________ is the capital of India. (New Delhi, The New Delhi) 2. He has failed in _________________ (Physics, the Physics) 3. She died of _________________. (Malaria, the Malaria) 4. She is _________________ singer I have heard. (best, the best) 5. The rose is _________________ of all flowers.(sweetest, the sweetest) 6. _________________ is mortal. (The man, Man, A man) 7. You are in _________________. (a trouble, the trouble, trouble) 8. You are making _________________ progress. (a fast, fast) 9. There is _________________ scope for improvement. (a vast, vast, the vast) 10. Don’t make _________________. (noise, a noise) II. Rewrite the statements after inserting articles, where necessary, in your notebook. Example: There is green English book on desk. There is a green English book on the desk 1. She’s reading old comic. 2. They’ve got idea. 3. He is drinking cup of coffee. 4. The girl is pilot. 5. This is expensive bike. 6. Look! There’s bird flying. 7. My father is honest person. 8. My friend likes to be astronaut. 9. Lucy has dog. 10. Let’s sing song. 11. I need blue pen. 12. Ben has old bike. 13. She has exercise book in her school bag. 14. The speed of this car was 160 miles hour. 117

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Choose the correct article in each sentence. (10 Marks) Look at the example given for you. _______________blind should not be considered weak. Ans: The blind should not be considered weak. 1. Did you bring ____________ (a, an, the) umbrella? 2. Are you looking for ____________ (a, an, the) shampoo? 3. I checked ____________ (a, an, the) mailbox again.  4. Can I have ____________ (a, an, the) spoon please?  5. I was born into ____________ (a, an, the) poor family.  6. She will come back in ____________ (a, an, the) hour. 7. Have you been to____________ (a, an, the) Red Fort in New Delhi? 8. I would love to talk to one of ____________ (a, an, the) managers.  9. What ____________ (a, an, the) amazing view!  10. The helicopter landed on ____________ (a, an, the) roof of a building. II. Rewrite the statements after inserting articles. (10 Marks) Look at the example given for you. Half theatre was empty. Half the theatre was empty. 1. My dad bought new car. _________________________________________________________________________ 2. What adorable person she is! _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Interesting novel was read by me. _________________________________________________________________________ 4. Dog is faithful animal. _________________________________________________________________________ 5. All children are playing in garden. _________________________________________________________________________ 6. This is same man I met yesterday. _________________________________________________________________________ 7. One should always help weak. _________________________________________________________________________ 8. What beautiful house! _________________________________________________________________________ 9. Half of theatre was empty. _________________________________________________________________________ 10. The boy played with ball. _________________________________________________________________________ 118

11. Verbs and Types Learning Objectives • Main verbs are the words that, with or without the help of auxiliaries, express some action, possession, At the end of this chapter, the students will be quality, position or profession. able to: • Recognise different types of verbs. Examples: • Identify verbs in various sentences. 1. Mark eats his dinner quickly. • Be able to use verbs correctly in their writing. 2. We went to the market. 3. You write neatly in your notebook. Starter Activity 4. They thought about all the prizes in the compe- Observe the following sentences: tition. 1. We eat to live. 2. They are presenting a group dance. • Main verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. 3. The goat bleats loudly. 4. I have finished doing my work. SET 1 SET 2 5. The blind man was helped by the girl. 6. I have two best friends. 1. I love mangoes. 1. He goes. 7. My brother looks happy. 2. The lion killed the 2. Ram is playing. 8. Your answers were incorrect. deer. 3. The sun rises in the 9. He is a boy of fourteen. 3. The thieves broke the east. 10. His father is a renowned doctor. 4. The water boils. You can see that in sentences 1-5, the words in bold window pane. 5. My father left for the show some action done by the subject. In sentence 6, 4. The teacher praised it shows some possession of the subject. In sentences office. 7-10, the words looks, were, and is show some state of Ram. being of the subject. These words are VERBS. 5. He returned my book. Recapitulate that VERBS are the words that show the action or state of being of the subject. • Transitive verb: In the first set of sentences, the VERBS (love, killed, broke, praised and returned) Key Points require OBJECTS (mangoes, the deer, the window pane, Ram, and my book) after them to make • Verb is the word that shows the action, possession complete sense. These kinds of verbs are called or state of the being of the subject of the sentence. transitive verbs. Please recapitulate that OBJECT is a noun or a pronoun which is acted upon. • The verb is the most important and essential part of a sentence. • Intransitive verb: In the second set of sentences, the verbs (goes, is playing, rises, boils and left) • It forms the only essential part of the predicate of make good sense and do not require objects after a sentence. them to make complete sense. These kind of verbs are called intransitive verbs. VERBS • An intransitive verb may be followed by adjectives, MAIN VERBS AUXILIARIES adverbs, and/or prepositional phrases. As (HELPING VERBS) long as the verb is not followed by a noun or Words showing action, pronoun functioning as the direct object, the verb being and possession Words helping in is intransitive. completion of meaning Examples: of Main Verbs 1. The girl sings beautifully. (sings-intransitive verb, beautifully-adverb) 2. The sun rises in the east. (rises-intransitive verb, in the east-prepositional phrase) • There are many intransitive verbs which need the help of other words to complete their sense. Examples: 1. I feel safe. (Here ‘safe ‘is telling how I (subject) feels) Transitive Intransitive Primary Modal 119

11. Verbs and Types 2. They look confident. (Here ‘confident’ is telling 3. Uma has eaten most of her lunch. (Present per- how They (Subject) look) fect tense) 3. My father calls me a genius. (Here ‘My father 4. I may go for a movie next week. (Probability) calls me’ does not make sense without the word 5. Do ask your question now. (Imperative mood) genius.) From the above sentences, we can see that the highlighted words (will, had, has, may, do) do not Such words which help the intransitive verbs to have any meaning of their own. They are helping complete their sense are called Complements. their corresponding verbs (go, cleaned, eaten, go and More examples: ask) to complete their meanings. All these words are 1. You are looking confused. Auxiliary or helping verbs. 2. My sister has become an actor. • Auxiliary verbs are of two types: 3. She felt tiredness. 1. Primary auxiliaries (different forms of verbs do, be, 4. He looks energetic. • Some verbs may be used as both transitive as well have) Examples: as intransitive. i. Do they meet you often? Examples: ii. She does not know my name. 1. He feels a pain in his knee these days. In this sen- iii. She did not eat her food iv. He is practising for the match. tence, feels is transitive. v. Are you coming with me? 2. He feels sick.  Feel  is intransitive; it isn’t being vi. The dogs were barking at night. vii. He has finished his work. done to anything but, rather, it is a state of be- viii. Have you completed your assignment? ing. ix. The teacher had left the class when I 3. She grew tired.  Grew  is intransitive; it is her state of being. reached. 4. She grew three rose plants last summer. Grew is 2. Modal auxiliaries: They help the main verb in ex- transitive; it is being done to the rose plants. pressing modes such as ability, capacity, possi- AUXILIARY VERBS: bility etc. DEFINITION: The words which help the main verbs to Examples: complete their meanings are called the auxiliaries or i. I can type fast. (ability) the Helping Verbs. ii. India may win the match. (probability) 1. I will go to school tomorrow. (Future tense) iii. I will finish my work by tomorrow. (promise/ 2. Jim had cleaned before Karen came home. (Past determination) perfect tense) 120

11. Verbs and Types Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED PS - 1 CONTENT PS - 2 2 PS - 3 Starter activity and Key Verbs, transitive and intransitive verbs, 1 Points main and auxiliary verbs Self-Evaluation Sheet Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 121

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Select the appropriate choice to fill in the blanks. The first one is done as an example. 1. The eagle flew high in the sky (a) Dived  (b) sang  (c) flew  (d) jumped 2. He _____________ over the fence. (a) Ran  (b) sang  (c) flew  (d) jumped 3. Be careful, you will _____________ the vase. (a) Break  (b) fall  (c) save  (d) slip 4. She _____________ at the joke. (a) slipped  (b) danced  (c) sang  (d) laughed 5. The girl _____________ the ball. (a) stitched  (b) kicked  (c) broke  (d) jumped 6. We _____________ the birthday party. (a) saw   (b) went  (c) enjoyed  (d) looked 7. I _____________ to work every day. (a) Fly  (b) walk  (c) dance  (d) slip 8. We _____________ on the bench. (a) Dived  (b) sang  (c) flew  (d) sat 9. The joke was not funny and nobody_____________ . (a) Cried  (b) sang  (c) laughed  (d) jumped 10. The apple _____________ from the tree. (a) Fell  (b) flew  (c) jumped  (d) dived II. Say whether the verbs are transitive (T) or intransitive (IN). 1. He gave me a present. 2. Birds fly. 3. The horse is running. 4. The dogs bark at the night. 5. I am feeling unwell. 6. They travelled to Europe last year. 7. Shahjahan made the Taj Mahal. 8. I am having lunch. 9. Are you coming tomorrow? 10. She runs a boutique. 122

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Identify the underlined verb as Main or Auxiliary. 1. The teacher has given me good marks. 2. The thieves broke into the old house. 3. I am going to receive him. 4. They are flying kites. 5. My mother cooks great food. 6. My father will return tomorrow 7. She teaches us English. 8. We remember the old days. 9. The mouse stole food. 10. Those children have been selected for the match. 11. This is my house. 12. She went to the market. 13. I am planning to buy this house. 14. Is this your book? 15. He is a strong man. II. Read the following sentences and pick out verb and complement in each. Look at the example given for you. The soup tastes strange. Verb: tastes Complement: strange 1. My mother looks worried. Verb: ________________________ Complement: ________________________ 2. The music sounds great. Verb: ________________________ Complement: ________________________ 3. The room appeared untidy. Verb: ________________________ Complement: ________________________ 4. I found the book interesting. Verb: ________________________ Complement: ________________________ 5. They called him stupid. Verb: ________________________ Complement: ________________________ 6. The lemon tastes sour. Verb: ________________________ Complement: ________________________ 7. The principal gave him a prize. Verb: ________________________ Complement: ________________________ 8. The doctor found her unfit. Verb: ________________________ Complement: ________________________ 123

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Underline the verbs and decide whether the verbs are transitive or intransitive. 1. She advised me to consult a doctor. 2. Let’s invite your cousins as well. 3. I waited for an hour. 4. I received your letter in the morning. 5. I am going to send her some flowers. 6. He has changed a lot. 7. The child woke up. 8. The alarm woke me. 9. Let’s discuss your plans. 10. I heard a lovely song. 11. Can you lend me some money? 12. The rain fell. II. Identify the subject, the verb, and the object for each sentence. Example: A dog guards the house. Subject: _____dog____________ verb: ___guards_______ object: ______house__ 1. He visits his parents every week. Subject: ______________ Verb: ________________ Object: ________________ 2. This old mattress is hurting my back. Subject: ______________ Verb: ________________ Object: ______________ 3. A young boy played several songs on the piano. Subject: ______________ Verb: ________________ Object: _______________ 4. She didn’t finish her dinner. Subject: ______________ Verb: ________________ Object: _______________ 5. My best friend is playing guitar in the school band. Subject: ______________ Verb: ________________ Object: _______________ 6. Our neighbours need a new front door. Subject: ______________ Verb: ________________Object: ________________ 7. Walking improves our blood circulation. Subject: ______________ Verb: ________________ Object: ________________ 8. My dad cleaned his car before going to the office. Subject: ______________ Verb: ________________ Object: ________________   124

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Underline the verb in each sentence. Look at the example given for you.  (10 Marks) We went to Rana’s place. Ans: We went to Rana’s place. 1. My friend Rahul fed my cat. 2. He walked my dog, too. 3. We came back on the plane. 4. The plane landed at 6 P.M. 5. I thanked Rahul. 6. The little boy trips on the rug. 7. He dropped his box. 8. The things fell down. 9. His mom rushed over. 10. She puts them back in the box. II. Read the following sentences and decide whether the highlighted verbs are Transitive or Intransitive. The first one is done as an example for you.  (10 Marks) 1. She was crying all day long. Intransitive 2. We showed her the photo album. ______________ 3. The doctor advised me to exercise regularly. ____________________ 4. It was raining at that time. __________________ 5. She laughed at the joke. ____________________ 6. She gave a cookie to the child. ________________ 7. They slept in the street. ____________________ 8. I ate the cherries. ____________________ 9. My father doesn’t drink coffee. ________________ 10. He always keeps his money in a wallet. ______________ 125

12. Subject Verb Agreement Learning objectives At the completion of this topic, the students will be able to: • Recall the definition of a subject and a verb. • Recall the rules of agreement between a subject and a verb. • Write correct sentences according to the rules. Starter Activity Read the following passage: India has a good infrastructure in several industries like chemical, power, nuclear energy, food etc. A number of industrial effluents and emissions are discharged into the air daily. A rapid increase in atomic and nuclear energy has added a huge amount of radioactive substances in the atmosphere. Thus, the environment is spoilt to a great extent. It has crossed the critical limit and has become deadly to all organisms, including men. The craze of progress in different fields is taken as the general standard of development of any nation. Such activities have created adverse effects on all living organisms. Notice the SUBJECTS are in bold and VERBS are underlined in the above sentences. You can clearly see how verbs, according to the subjects, take a different form. Today our lesson is about Rules of Subject Verb Person Singular Plural Agreement. I person I am fine. We are fine. I have many toys. We have many toys. Key Points I sing very well. We draw very well. In your previous class, you have already learnt about II person You are brilliant. You are brilliant. subject verb agreement. Today we will take a quick You have a good You have a good review of the rules again. voice. voice. You drive very fast. You perform well. Every sentence consists of two parts: a subject and They are a predicate. The subject includes the noun that is III comfortable now. performing the action described in the predicate. person He is better today. They have their books ready. My father washed the car. She has a new pet. They fly in a group. My father = subject It barks fiercely. Washed = action performed She worked from sunrise to sunset. 1. When the subject consists of two or more She = subject singular nouns or pronouns joined with the Worked = action performed. conjunction ‘and’, it takes a plural verb. A subject must agree with the verb in person and • Ms. Mehta and Mr. Kumar have received number. promotions. Verb Singular Plural • Both the collection and the delivery of the courier were done on the same day. (is/are) The child is The children cheerful. are cheerful 2. But if two nouns joined by and refer to the same person or a thing or suggest one idea, the verb (has/have) The boy has a The boys have must be singular. ball. a ball. • Our secretary and accountant is Ms. Geeta. (action verb) The baby smiles The babies (One person.) happily. smile happily. Pronouns agree with the verb in person and number. 126

12. Subject Verb Agreement • Potato and cauliflower was his favourite dish. a singular verb. (One dish.) • ‘Gulliver’s travels’ is a widely read book. • Twenty kilometres in Delhi is a decent distance 3. When two nouns or pronouns joined by ‘with’, ‘as well as’, ‘besides’, ‘and not’, ‘together with’, to cover. ‘no less than’ and other similar expressions, the 10. Some nouns which are singular in form, but verb is singular. plural in meaning, take a plural verb. • Fruits as well as shade is given to us by trees. • Some folks are afraid of police. • No less than 35 per cent of the country is • The audience are requested to be in their seats. 11. ‘Means’ and ‘pains’ can take either the singular protected in the form of parks and nature sanctuaries. or the plural verb, depending on the usage. 4. Two or more nouns or pronouns connected by • Another means of media is Facebook. ‘or’ or ‘nor’ take a singular verb. • All possible means were employed to save his • Wealth or fame doesn’t last forever. • A new friend nor an old enemy is to be trusted. life. Please note: 12. ‘None’ can be used as singular as well as plural. 5. When one of the subjects connected by ‘or’ or • None of his books are selling in the market. ‘nor’ is plural, the verb must be plural, and the • None of it is clear to me. plural subject should be placed nearest to the 13. When ‘either of’, ‘neither of’, ‘each of’, ‘one of’, verb. • The farmer or his sons plough the fields. ‘everyone’, it indicates one person or thing out of • The driver nor the passengers were hurt. two or more. The verb must be singular. When the subjects connected by ‘or’ or ‘nor’ are of • Either of the light bulbs is to be changed. different persons, the verb agrees with the nearer. • Each of the girls is given a gift. • Either you or he is to blame. 14. When the conjunctions ‘either----or’, ‘neither ----- • Neither he nor they are mistaken. nor’, are used, the verb is singular. Two or more nouns or pronouns connected by • Either Rama or Rohit is fine for the role. ‘many a’, ‘each’, ‘every’, ‘everyone’, ‘anybody’, • Neither Italy nor France is participating in the ‘either’, ‘neither’, ‘no one’, ‘nobody’ will take a singular verb. tournament. • Many a man has tried but few men have 15. All these words ‘many of’, ‘a few of’, ‘several of’, succeeded. • Does anybody other than yourself know this? ‘both of’, it indicates plural number, so the verb 6. When two nouns are qualified by ‘each’ or must be plural. ‘every’, connected by ‘and’, require a singular • Many of the buildings were damaged in the verb. • Every boy and each girl was given a silver earthquake. medal. • Several of the visitors were driven away. 7. Some nouns which are plural in form, but 16. ‘Much’ and ‘little’ indicate uncountable nouns. singular in meaning, take a singular verb. • He was shocked by the news told to him. Hence, the singular verb agrees with them. • Mathematics is an interesting subject. • How much is it, Dad? 8. A collective noun generally takes a singular • So much depends on it. verb when the subject stands as a collection 17. When a sentence begins with ‘there’, the subject as a whole, and a plural verb when the subject stands for the individuals of which it is of the sentence appears after the verb and it will composed. agree with the subject. • The entire class is absent. • There is a crack in the vase. • The children of the class are absent. • There were three heaps of clothes in the room. • The mob has gathered quickly. 18. Nouns such as goods, shoes, trousers, scissors, • The mob were scattered in all directions. pliers, people, glasses etc. are plural and take 9. When the plural noun is a proper name for some the plural verb. single object or some collective unit, it requires • His trousers were black with mud and oil. • My glasses are broken as I sat on them. In case these nouns are used with ‘a pair of’, they are singular and take singular nouns. • There was a pair of trousers in his travel bag. • A new pair of glasses was bought by me yesterday. 127

12. Subject Verb Agreement Workplan COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED PS-1 CONTENT PS-2 3 PS-3 Starter activity and Key Rules of subject verb agreement 1 Self- Points EvaluationSheet Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 128

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Read each sentence and decide whether it is correct or not. Rewrite after correcting the sentence. Look at the given example. No one in the game were hurt. Ans: Incorrect. No one in the game was hurt. 1. Neither of the motors are running. 2. None of the news is good. 3. Most of the roses was yellow. 4. All of the fruits were rotten. 5. All of the children was tired. 6. Each of the students look good in uniform. 7. Everybody were asked to remain silent. 8. Neither of the players is here yet. 9. Are each of the boys ready to leave? 10. Several of the children is sick. 11. Some members of the jury are present. 12. Nobody in the class have the answer. 13. Each of the hostel mates observes all the regulations. 14. All of the milk have turned sour. 15. Most of the chairs was occupied. II. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the verb given in the bracket. Look at the given example. Neither Geeta nor her friends ______________ (is leaving/are leaving). Ans: Neither Geeta nor her friends are leaving. 1. The band ______________ (is playing/are playing) a hit song. 2. Leela’s grandparents ______________ (visit-visits) her often. 3. Either the plate or the bowl ______________ (are-is) in the sink. 4. I ______________ (need-needs) a ride to office today. 5. There ______________ (is-are) a lion, an elephant, and a giraffe in the zoo. 6. Neither Mohan nor his parents ______________ (was-were) at the function. 7. Here into the main ring ______________ (come-comes) the best wrestler. 8. The government ______________ (work-works) hard for better public dispensaries. 9. There ______________ (is-are) many things to do during the vacation. 10. Here ______________ (is-are) the box you need for the science model. 11. Either Ram or Shyam ______________ (was-were) here. 12. The United States ______________ (is-are) a country of science and technology. 13. A magazine and a newspaper ______________ (was-were) lying on the table. 14. The family members ______________ (is-are) occupied with different tasks. 15. Some of our luggage ______________ (was/were) lost. 129

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Write the correct verb in the blank to the left of each sentence. Look at the given example. ___________ Everyone (was - were) asked to remain silent. Ans: was 1. In the marathon, few of the people ___________ (finishes - finish) the race. 2. All of the employees ___________ (is - are) receiving an increment. 3. In our street there ___________ (is - are) many electric poles. 4. This ___________ (don’t - doesn’t) make any difference. 5. The cost of cars and motorcycles ___________ (has - have) increased. 6. The Chief Minister and the deputy chairman ___________ (is - are) honoured guests. 7. One of my friends ___________ (believe - believes) in ghosts. 8. There is a saying, “No news ___________ (is - are) good news?” 9. There ___________ (was - were) several scratches on the car. 10. I ___________ (doesn’t - don’t) want to drive that long a distance. 11. A man and a woman ___________ (were - was) here to see you. 12. The box of apples ___________ (is - are) on the kitchen shelf. 13. Some of the students ___________ (is - are) expected to participate in the group discussion. 14. Here ___________ (come - comes) the couple now. 15. Neither of them ___________ (is - are) going to work. 16. ___________ (Doesn’t - Don’t) they know when to vacate the room? 17. Forty five minutes ___________ (is - are) the time limit for the exam. 18. Diabetes ___________ (is - are) a disease most adults suffer from. 19. The class___________(is - are) submitting their projects today. 20. Beyond the hills ___________ (is - are) a beautiful valley. 130

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verb given in the bracket. Look at the given example. Five rupees __________ (be) not too much to ask. Ans: Five rupees is not too much to ask. 1. Twelve days __________ (be) not enough time for this assignment. 2. There __________ (be) thirty days to countdown. 3. Mathematics __________ (be) not an easy subject for some students. 4. Physics __________ (be) taught by Mrs. Das in our school. 5. (Do) __________ he not know how to dance? 6. He __________ (do) not write books anymore. 7. Mumps __________ (be) one of the most painful illnesses. 8. One thousand rupees __________ (be) not a lot of money to some people. 9. My dog __________ (do) not look very well today. 10. Twenty minutes __________ (be) the amount of time it takes me to reach the school. 11. It __________ (do) feel cold today. 12. Gymnastics __________ (be) easy for Korean people. 13. Interesting news __________ (be) what sells a paper. 14. They__________ (do) not think they’ll win the contest today. 15. He __________ (do) sing very well. II. Read each sentence and decide whether it is correct or not. Rewrite after correcting the sentence. Look at the given example. Everyone have done his or her work. Ans: incorrect. Everyone has done his or her work. 1. Each of them is responsible for this loss. 2. Either my dad or my brothers is going to pick me up from school. 3. Neither my sisters nor my mother are going for the party. 4. The sample need further testing. 5. Ram and Mohit usually plays together. 6. Both of the dogs have collars. 7. Neither the boys nor the girl is very hungry. 8. At the end of the show come the main actor. 9. The slaughter of animals for their fur are illegal. 10. The students as well as the teacher were going for the school picnic. 131

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Identify the subject and the verb that agrees with it. Look at the given example. (10 Marks) Everyone in the discussion group (has/have) experienced challenge with the topics. Ans: Subject- Everyone in the discussion group verb – has 1. His friendship and support (has/have) meant a great deal to me. 2. The hospital near my house (offers/offer) a wide variety of services. 3. The main source of income for India (is/are) agriculture and exports. 4. The chances of my being promoted (is/are) rare. 5. There (was/were) a Mickey Mouse sticker on the refrigerator door. 6. Neither the teacher nor his students (was/were) able to solve the difficult numerical problem. 7. Many hours on the playground (has/have) left me completely drained and tired. 8. Discovered in the soil of my garden (was/were) shredded skin of a snake. 9. Every year, after the harvest, the smoke of the crop waste (fills/fill) the sky. 10. The magician (was/were) surrounded by children eager to see the performance. II. Circle the correct verb in each of the sentences below. Look at the given example. (10 Marks)  My parents (go/goes) to see my grandparents as much as possible. Ans: My parents go to see my grandparents as much as possible. 1. Your brother (talk-talks) too much. 2. The girl in the blue dress (look-looks) like your cousin. 3. The girl on stage (debate-debates) well. 4. My uncle (drive-drives) a taxi. 5. The athletes (run-runs) five kilometres every day. 6. That old lady (live-lives) across the street. 7. My sister (cook-cooks) dinner for the family. 8. The boys (walk-walks) to school every day. 9. The weather (appear-appears) to be better today. 10. That player (bounce-bounces) the ball too high. 132

13. Tenses Learning objectives At the completion of this topic, the students will be able to: • Identify the verb and tense in a sentence. • Write a sentence using the past, present, or future tense. Concept Map VERB TENSE TELLS US WHEN AN ACTION IS HAPPENING PRESENT PAST FUTURE I EAT I ATE I SHALL EAT Key Points 4. For instructions or directions • Add little oil in the pan and let it heat for a RECAPITULATION: In your previous class you have already learnt about “Verbs’. VERBS are the action while. words that describe what the subject is doing. Along • Take bus no. 347 for Vivek Nagar. with nouns, verbs are the main part of a sentence or 5. For fixed arrangements phrase, informing us about what is taking place. • My uncle arrives tomorrow. TENSE: The form of an action with respective time is • Our holiday starts on 13th of April. called TENSE. 6. To express future action There are three major tenses in English. These • I will meet her before I leave. include past, present, and future. Each of these • She will pay the amount when the courier tenses can explain an event that occurred in the past, an event that occurs in the present, or an event that arrives. will occur in the future. FORMING THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE: TO PLAY 1. PRESENT TENSE: This form of tense is used for an action which occurs in the present. AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE It is divided further into four kinds. I play. Do I play? I do not play. 1. Simple Present Tense: 1. For habitual actions You play. Do you play? You do not play. • I drink tea at breakfast. • She only eats vegetables. He plays. Does he play? He does not 2. For repeated actions or events play. • My children go to school every day. • Sun rises early during the summers. She plays. Does she play? She does not 3. For general truths play. • Water boils at hundred degrees. • The Earth revolves around the Sun. It plays. Does it play? It does not play. We play. Do we play? We do not play. They play. Do they play? They do not play. 2. Present Continuous: 1. T o express an action which is in progress at the time of speaking. 133

13. Tenses • She is working on a biography these days. have occurred in the past at different times. • My father is repairing his car. • I have seen this movie several times. 2. T o denote an action that is going to take place • My mother has already seen many specialists in the near future. regarding her problem but there is no help. • I am visiting my grandparents tomorrow. • We are not working next week. FORMING THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: TO VISIT 3. Tendencies and Trends • Social networking is becoming popular among AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE young people. I have visited Have I visited the I have not visited • Our country is becoming economically better. the town. town? the town. 4. T o talk about actions that are repeatedly done You have visited Have you visited You have not and usually denotes a continuous action. the town. the town? visited the town. Generally expressions like always or forever are used. He has visited Has he visited the He has not visited • My brother is always complaining about food in the town. town? the town. his hostel. • She is always criticising me. She has visited Has she visited She has not the town. the town? visited the town. It has visited the Has it visited the It has not visited town. town? the town. FORMING THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE: TO We have visited Have we visited We have not PLAY the town. the town? visited the town. AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE They have Have they visited They have not visited the the town? visited the town. I am playing. Am I playing? I am not playing. town. 4. Present Perfect Continuous: You are playing. Are you playing? You are not 1. A ctions started in the past and continue in the playing. present. He is playing. Is he playing? He is not playing. • I have been waiting for the dentist for over an She is playing. Is she playing? She is not hour now. playing. • My parents have been travelling since last It is playing. Is it playing? It is not playing. October. We are playing. Are we playing? We are not 2. W hen we use the present perfect continuous playing. WITHOUT a duration such as “for two weeks.” Without the duration, the tense has a more They are Are they They are not general meaning of “lately.” We often use the playing. playing? playing. words “lately” or “recently” to emphasise this meaning. 3. Present Perfect: 1. A ctions started in the past and are still • Recently, I have been feeling really tired. • Have you been exercising lately? continuing in the present. • She has been feeling a little depressed. • I have lived in Bangalore for years now. • My mother has worked in this school for ten FORMING THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE: TO SWIM years. 2. W hen the time period referred to is still AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE continuing. I have been Have I been I have not been • He has worked hard on this project. swimming. swimming? swimming. • I haven’t seen my grandparents this year. 3. A ctions completed in the recent past (In such You have been Have you been You have not swimming. swimming? been swimming. cases, we add ‘just’ in a sentence) • The teacher has just left the classroom. He has been Has he been He has not been • The rain has just begun. Let’s wait for some swimming. swimming? swimming. time. She has been Has she been She has not 4. T o talk about several different actions which swimming. swimming? been swimming. 134

13. Tenses It has been Has it been It has not been swimming. swimming? swimming. We have been swimming. Have we been We have not They have been swimming? been swimming. swimming. Have they been They have not swimming? been swimming. PAST TENSE: This form of tense is used for an action which occurred in the past. It is divided further into four kinds. 1. Simple Past 1. Completed action in the past • I went to the school library yesterday. • They didn’t finish their work. 2. A series of completed actions • He came, he saw and he conquered. • I took a flight, reached the hotel and checked into the room. 3. Actions which started and stopped in the past. • I lived in Delhi in 1990. • They talked on the phone for thirty minutes. 4. Habits in the past • My father swam well during his college. • Did you learn your mother tongue when you were small? 5. Past facts • He didn’t like potatoes before. • Did you live in Chennai when you were a kid? 135

13. Tenses FORMING THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: TO VISIT always complaining. FORMING THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE: TO WORK AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I visited the Did I visit the I did not visit the I was working Was I working I was not town. town? town. last evening. last evening? working last You visited the Did you visit the You did not visit evening. town. town? the town. You were Were you You were not He visited the Did he visit the He did not visit working last working last working last town. town? the town. evening. evening? evening. She visited the Did she visit the She did not visit town. town? the town. He was working Was he working He was not last evening. last evening? working last It has visited the Did it visit the It did not visit town. town? the town. evening. We visited the Did we visit the We did not visit She was working Was she working She was not last evening. last evening? working last town. town? the town. evening. They visited the Did they visit They did not It was working Was it was It was not town. the town? visit the town. last evening. working last working last evening? evening. Past Continuous Tense We were working Were we working We were not 1. Interrupted action in the past last evening. last evening? working last • I was reading a book when my mother called evening. me for dinner. They were Were they They were not • While he was writing an important mail, the working last working last working last evening. evening? evening. laptop suddenly went off. 2. T o describe an unfinished action that was Past Perfect tense 1. T his tense indicates that an action was interrupted by another event or action. • I was enjoying a sound sleep when the alarm completed (finished) at some point in the past before something else happened. clock rang. • He had never seen a beach before he went to • Rahul was watching a horor movie when the Goa. • Rahul knew all the places in Delhi since he had phone rang suddenly. lived there for many years. 3. Two actions happening at the same time 2. T o show that something started in the past and • I was reading while my brother was watching a continued up until another action in the past. • My father had had that scooter for ten years movie. before he decided to sell it. • What were you doing while you were waiting? • Rahul felt sad about leaving the town since they 4. T o express a change of thought that happened had lived there for almost ten years. 3. T o express an action that was completed before in the past. a given point of time. • He was going to the library but decided to go to • I had finished my work before 5 p.m. • He had left before the sunset. the class first. • I was going to accept the job offer but changed FORMING THE PAST PERFECT TENSE: TO WRITE my mind later. AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 5. To describe the general atmosphere of a place I had written a Had I written a I had not written • When I walked into the restaurant, they letter. letter? a letter. were still cleaning the tables, the cooks were You had written Had you written You had not chopping the vegetables and the owner was a letter. a letter? written a letter. yelling at the waiters. 6. T o express an idea that something annoying or shocking often happened in the past. In such cases, we use words like ‘always’ or ‘constantly’ etc. • Everyone was annoyed since he was constantly talking during the show. • The boss was angry since the workers were 136