202110714-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-ENGLISH-G06-FY_Optimized

13. Tenses He had written a Had he written a He had not 3. FUTURE TENSE: The future tense expresses a letter. letter? written a letter. future event or a future state of being. She had written Had she written She had not It is divided further into four kinds. a letter. a letter? written a letter. Simple Future 1. E xpress a voluntary action: In such cases, we We had written a Had we written a We had not letter. letter? written a letter. use ‘will’ to show the willingness towards an action. They had written Had they written They had not • I will do this assignment. a letter. a letter? written a letter. • Rahul will interpret the speaker so that Past Perfect Continuous Tense everyone can understand the speech. 1. T o denote an action that began before a certain 2. T o express a promise: In this case too, we use point in the past and continued up to sometime ‘will’ to give a promise. in past. The second action or event may be • I will finish this work by tomorrow. started or implied. • I promise I will not tell anyone about your • The hotel had been doing a great business secret. before the owner decided to close it. 3. Express a Plan: In such a case we use ‘going to’. • I wanted to sit down desperately because I had • I am going to visit my grandparents in the been standing for almost the whole day. vacation. • He is going to shift to Delhi next year. 2. B efore another action in the past to 4. To express a prediction demonstrate cause and effect. • It will rain today. • Year 2020 is going to be an interesting year for • I gained weight since I had been overeating for us. the past few months. • Meera cleared the exam with flying colours since she had been studying very hard from the beginning. FORMING THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE: FORMING THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: TO WORK TO STAND AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I shall/will work Shall/will I work I shall/will not I had been Had I been I had not been standing for the standing for the standing for the tomorrow. tomorrow? work tomorrow. whole day. whole day? whole day. You will work Will you work You will not tomorrow. tomorrow? work tomorrow. You had been Had you been You had not standing for the standing for the been standing He will work Will he work He will not work for the whole tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. whole day. whole day? day. She will work Will she work She will not tomorrow. tomorrow? work tomorrow. He had been Had he been He had not been standing for the standing for the standing for the It will work Will it work It will not work whole day. whole day? whole day. tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. She had been Had she been She had not We will/shall Will/shall we We will/shall not standing for the standing for the been standing work tomorrow. work tomorrow? work tomorrow. for the whole whole day. whole day? They will work Will they work They will not day. tomorrow. tomorrow? work tomorrow. It had been Had it been It had not been Future Continuous standing for the standing for the standing for the 1. T his refers to an unfinished action or event that whole day. whole day? whole day. will be in progress at a time later than now. We had been Had we been We had not been • I will be waiting at the airport when you arrive. standing for the standing for the standing for the • He will be studying tonight, so he will not whole day. whole day? whole day. attend the party. They had been Had they been They had not standing for the standing for the been standing 2. T o talk about something that will be in progress whole day. whole day? for the whole at or around a time in the future. day. • By this time tomorrow, I shall be travelling to Chennai. 137

13. Tenses • Tonight at 6 PM, he will be attending the meeting. FORMING THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE: TO WORK AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I shall/will Shall/will I I shall/will not be working be working be working tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. You will be Will you be You will not working working be working tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. He will be Will he be He will not working working be working tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. She will be Will she be She will not working working be working tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. It will be working Will it be It will not tomorrow. working be working tomorrow? tomorrow. We will/shall Will/shall we We will/shall be working be working not be working tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. They will Will they They will not be working be working be working tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. Future Perfect 1. C ompleted action before something happens in the future. • They will have shifted the house before the owner comes. • By the time I finish this job, I will have worked for ten hours. 2. T o show that something will continue until another action in the future. • I will have been in this school for six years by the time I complete my studies. • By Monday, Ritu will have borrowed my book for a week now. FORMING THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: TO LEARN AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I shall/will Shall/will I I shall/will have have learnt the have learnt the not learnt the language. language? language. You will have Will you have You will have learnt the learnt the not learnt the language. language? language. He will have Will he have He will have learnt the learnt the not learnt the language. language? language. She will have Will she have She will not learnt the learnt the have learnt the language. language? language. It will have Will it have It will not have learnt the learnt the learnt the language. language? language. We will/shall Will/shall we We will/shall not have learnt the have learnt the have learnt the language. language? language. 138

13. Tenses They will have Will they have They will not learnt the learnt the have learnt the language. language? language. Future Perfect Continuous 1. T o emphasize the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time or event in the future. • She will have been completing four years in this school by the end of this month. • The students will have already been discussing the topic for 15 minutes when the other lot joins in. 2. Cause of something in the future • He will be tired when he gets home because he will have been working for ten hours continuously. • Meera will be soon promoted since she will have been working for ten years for the company by June. FORMING THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: TO WRITE AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I shall/will have Shall/will I have I shall/will have been writing a been writing a not been writing book. book? a book. You will have Will you have You will have not been writing a been writing a been writing a book? book. book. He will have Will he have He will have not been writing a been writing a been writing a book? book. book. She will have Will she have She will not been writing a been writing a been writing a book. book? book. We will/shall Will/shall we We will/shall have been have been not have been writing a book. writing a book? writing a book. They will have Will they have They will not been writing a been writing a have been book. book? writing a book. 139

13. Tenses Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED CONTENT PS-1 8 PS-2 Starter Activity and Key Tenses and forms PS-3 Points 1 Self Evaluation Sheet Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 140

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Complete the sentences with the suitable form of the verbs in brackets. Look at the given example. If I __________ (find) a good house, I’ll move to Shyam Nagar next month. Ans: find 1. He met his father when he ________________ (go) home in the afternoon. 2. Please turn off the fan. I ____________ (not feel) well. 3. When _________ (you / have) your meeting yesterday? 4. This is a difficult sum. I __________ (help) you to do it. 5. What ____________ (you / watch) on the TV tonight? 6. ____________ (you / finish) your assignment yet? 7. My brother ___________ (go) to play cricket. He’ll be back after an hour. 8. What __________ (you / do) during your birthday last year? 9. It __________ (rain) when they _________ (leave) the home. 10. I usually __________ (listen) to FM in the car. 11. My cousin is a professional boxer. He has __________ (win) three championships. 12. The students _____________ (not listen) when the guest speaker delivered the lecture. 13. Father is thirsty! I ___________ (get) him a glass of water! 14. If it ___________ (not rain) they will go for the movie. 15. The French teacher _________ (speak) to the headmistress a minute ago. 16. If you ask mother nicely, she _________ (give) you the money. 17. Please don’t serve me any tea. I ________ (already / have) four cups in the office today. 18. I’m sure England __________ (lose) this match. 19. I have broken my arm. I _________ (not appear) for the exam this term. 20. I __________ (not see) my cousins since many years. 141

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Correct the mistake in the sentence. Look at the given example. Have Mohan bought a car? Ans: Has Mohan bought a car? 1. She didn’t saw the principal when she was shouting in the class. 2. The police catched the thief while he was trying to break the lock. 3. Many people dead in the floods last year. 4. Did she walked alone from the college? 5. Anita and I was best friends in school. 6. He losted his wallet in the train. 7. Do you go to the school yesterday? 8. My father tryed to repair his bike in the afternoon. 9. Sarita weren’t happy in her last job. 10. My grandfather didn’t sold his house. II. Complete the following passage by filling in appropriate form of the verb. During my last summer vacations, my parents  ________________(send) me for learning French. It _________ (be) great and I think I ________________ (learn) a lot. But I did not work hard enough for it, that’s why my marks were not really good then. Now I ____________ (learn) French for three years now. As I want to pass my language exam successfully next year, I _____________ (study) harder this term. Earlier though I did not enjoy learning French, but while doing the course, I ____________ (meet) lots of young people from all over the world. There I _____________ (notice) how important it is to speak foreign languages nowadays. Now I ____________ (has) much more fun learning French than I had before. At the moment, I _____________ (revise) grammar. I ____________ (begin) to read the texts in my French books. I think I will finish one unit every week. So that I can prepare well for my exams. As you can see, I _______________ (become) a fan of the French language already. 142

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Fill in the blanks with the correct option to II. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the complete the following sentences in present verbs given in the brackets. The first one is simple and present continuous. Look at the done as an example. given example. Please hurry up! The principal ________ for you Rahul ________ and taking an exam. in his office. (wait) (a) sits Ans: has been waiting (b) is sitting Ans: is sitting 1. Thank you for coming. We __________ you know the result soon. (let) 1. We ___________ to a national park for a school trip this year. 2. By next March I ___________ in this school (a) go for five years. (work) (b) are going 3. She _____________ dance for three years 2. They sometimes _________ horse-riding. when she started learning music too. (learn) (a) go (b) are going 4. The train ___________ the station a couple of minutes ago. (leave) 3. Meera _________ music every day. (a) Learns 5. If somebody rings up, tell them I __________ (b) is learning my breakfast. (have) 4. His exams are near so he ____________ many 6. By Thursday, she ___________ in this school assignments every day. for three months. (study) (a) is writing (b) writes 7. After he had got off the plane, he __________ a taxi. (board) 5. I __________ a travel book these days. (a) write 8. He is a daily wager. He ________________ (b) am writing 200 rupees a day.(earn) 6. The students__________ French this year. 9. I know him very well. We ___________ best (a) learn friends since 1998. (be) (b) are learning 10. Our company ____________ these machines 7. My brother__________ for election. since 1978. (produce) (a) stands (b) is standing 8. Ganesh often __________ to the library. (a) is going (b) goes 9. We __________ for an educational tour every year. (a) are going (b) go 10. The chairman __________a speech tomorrow morning. (a) delivers (b) is delivering 143

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate option from the bracket. Look at the given example.  (10 Marks) What ____________ when she came in? (you do, were you doing, have you done) Ans: were you doing 1. Last night I ____________ a strange dream. (saw, was seeing, have seen) 2. My sister ____________ up early every morning and goes for jog. (is waking, wakes, has woken) 3. I ____________ from my aunt in US for a long time. (didn’t hear, haven’t heard, am not hearing. 4. The principal has called you in his office. He ____________ to talk to you. (want, wants, is wanting) 5. Ram has shifted to hostel. Earlier he ____________ with his parents. (is living, was living, has lived) 6. We ____________ Mumbai during the vacation. (visit, would visit, are visiting) 7. The moon ____________ around the earth. (is revolving, has revolved, revolves) 8. She ____________ a novel these days. (read, has read, is reading) 9. I ____________ in this school for twelve years now. (am teaching, have been teaching, will be teaching) 10. He ____________ a wonderful speech during yesterday’s function. (is delivering, delivered, was delivering) II. Read the following sentences and change the tenses as per the given directions. Look at the given example. (10 Marks) Someone is listening to our conversation. (simple past) Ans: Someone listened to our conversation. 1. I will write my exam this time tomorrow. (Past continuous tense) 2. He waved at us. (Present continuous tense) 3. I don’t know him. (Simple past) 4. He felt neglected in the group. (Present perfect tense) 5. Rama wanted to know more about her role. (Simple present) 6. I am leaving for my native place tomorrow. (Future continuous tense) 7. She hadn’t experienced that. (Simple past) 8. He will not agree to these conditions. (Simple past) 9. I did not pass the test. (Future tense) 10. Meera always wanted to become a pilot. (Present perfect tense) 144

14. Adverbs Learning objectives At the completion of this topic, the students will be able to: • Recall the definition of adverb. • Understand and identify types of adverbs. • Make use of different kinds of adverbs effectively in their writing. Concept Map Can be a word HOW? Can be a phrase HOW MANNER OFTEN? Can be a clause or FORMS TYPES FREQUENCY WHERE? a sentence PLACE ADVERBS TIME WHEN? VERBS POSITION DEGREE TO WHAT ADJECTIVES MODIFY/DESCRIBE PURPOSE EXTENT? ADVERBS WHY? At the end At the beginning In the middle After the helping Before the verb From the above concept map, we can read some of KINDS OF ADVERBS: the important aspects of adverb. ADVERBS OF TIME: An adverb of time tells us when an action is done or something occurs. We usually Key Points use adverbs of time at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. Examples: Afterwards, already, always, Recapitulation: In your previous lesson “Parts of immediately, last month, now, soon, then, Speech” you have already learnt about adverb as a and yesterday. part of speech. • The principal delivered a speech yesterday. Definition: An adverb is a word/a set of words which • The fire burned down the forest a few months modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. It tells when, where, and how an action is performed or ago. indicates the quality or degree of the action. • Last week, we went for a movie. • Ritu loves her mother very much. Please note: • He runs fast. Some adverbs of time like still, yet, already are added • I will be back soon. for special emphasis. • I am still waiting for my result. In the above sentences, the bold words are the verbs • Is your mother still in hospital? and the words underlined describe or modify these • He still hasn’t responded to my mail. verbs, so these are some examples of the adverbs. • Hasn’t your letter arrived yet? No, not yet. • The train is already late. 145

14. Adverbs ADVERBS OF PLACE: An adverb of place tells us ADVERBS OF DEGREE/EXTENT: An adverb of degree where something is done or happens. We use it after tells us the level or extent that something is done the verb, direct object or at the end of a sentence. or happens. Examples: almost, much, nearly, quite, Examples: above, below, here, outside, over really, so, too, very etc. there, there, under, and upstairs.  • He hardly studies so he may not clear the • We stopped there for lunch but there was a exams. huge crowd. • It was too dark in the room. (modifies the • I went inside the library. • Let’s go out. adjective “dark” here) ADVERBS OF MANNER: An adverb of manner • My brother is so excited about his new job. tells us how something is done or happens. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY: An adverb of Most adverbs of manner end in –ly. Examples: frequency tells us how often something is done or badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, happens. Examples: again, almost, always, ever, well, hard and fast. frequently, generally, hardly ever, nearly, nearly • He was badly injured in the accident. always, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, • Meera sings very well. sometimes, twice, usually and weekly. • They distributed the sweets equally. • I practice Badminton regularly. Please note: • My grandfather goes to the park often. 1. Adds to the meaning of a verb. It tells us how • Before this trip, he had never seen the beach. ADVERBS OF REASON: An adverb of reason answers something happens. For example: how did Rahul the question of ‘why’ an action takes place. speak? Rahul spoke politely. Examples: therefore, hence, because, so etc. 2. We form adverbs of manner by adding –ly to verb • We couldn’t go for picnic because it was raining. like slow-slowly. After a consonant after –y, -y • My friend did not study, thus he failed. changes to i: heavy-heavily • The teacher is not well, hence she will not come 3. Some words can be used as both adverbs and adjectives without adding –ly or –ily. Example- it today. was a fast train (fast as an adjective). The boy runs fast. (fast as an adverb). Other examples: better, best, early, high, last etc. Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED PS-1 CONTENT PS-2 1 PS-3 Concept map and Key Points Adverb-definition & adverbs of 1 place, time, frequency Self-Evaluation Sheet Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 146

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Study the following sentences and identify the 5. Gyan’s father is an honest person. He does adverbs and state their kind. Look at the given his work ___________. example. (a) Firstly The girl sang sweetly. (b) Dearly Ans: adverb-sweetly, adverb of manner (c) Dutifully (d) Easily 1. What is Rahul doing outside? 2. My sister plays badminton every day. 6. You must go to that bakery. They always 3. I look forward to hearing from you soon. serve ___________ baked cake. 4. The girl was talking softly. (a) Daily 5. The girls are playing there. (b) Freshly 6. During the lunch break, children usually rush (c) Newly (d) Finely out. 7. She danced gracefully. 7. For adding flavour to the soup, we should 8. My father has travelled everywhere. add ___________ chopped vegetables. 9. I usually walk to office. (a) Nicely 10. Keep the bag there. (b) Finely (c) Daily II. Read the following sentences and choose the (d) Easily appropriate adverbs from the choices given. Look at the given example. 8. Mohan didn’t want to miss his flight, so he All the injured people were ___________ rescued. rushed to the airport ___________. (a) Naturally (a) Fast (b) Hopefully (b) Furiously (c) Safely (c) Slowly (d) Unluckily (d) Happily Ans: (c) Safely 9. Ramesh can speak both Hindi and English 1. Meera loves reading and visits the library ___________. ___________. (a) Nicely (a) Regularly (b) Fluently (b) Lately (c) Politely (c) Hardly (d) Regularly (d) Seldom 10. Mr. Kumar is very hospitable. He greeted the 2. Mohan loves wearing ___________ coloured guest ___________. shirts. He looks nice in them. (a) Warmly (a) Lazily (b) Politely (b) Dully (c) Easily (c) Sadly (d) Naturally (d) Brightly 147 3. The lion growled ___________ as the hunter approached. (a) Softly (b) Gently (c) Politely (d) Angrily 4. He is good at Mathematics so he could solve the sum ___________. (a) Really (b) Lazily (c) Truly (d) Easily

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Replace the underlined phrases with a suitable adverb. Look at the given example. The nurse removed the bandage from the wound with care. Ans: The nurse removed the bandage from the wound carefully. 1. I was waiting for my final exam result with anxiety. 2. He was tired that he fell asleep without delay. 3. This incident has happened not long ago. 4. She is very clever she could do the puzzle without difficulty. 5. This is not the first time. He has done this many times. 6. He faced the interview with great confidence and got the job. 7. He rushed at once to the office on hearing about the important meeting. 8. I usually reach my school on time. 9. My friend is at the present studying in a hostel. 10. He broke the window pane on purpose. II. Read and mark all the adverbs in the following passage. As I stepped out from the bus, I saw that the dark clouds had covered the sky completely. It looked like it would rain heavily. I walked briskly towards home which was a good kilometre away. My mother had warned me about getting caught in the rain. I might catch a cold. I wondered if I could get home before it rained. As if in reply to my thought, the rain came down. I wanted to run but my schoolbag hanging, heavily on my shoulder, didn’t let me. So I walked on. Soon it was raining cats and dogs. In a short while, I was miserably drenched. But instead of feeling bad, I was actually enjoying it. The feeling of cool water running down my wet body was quite pleasant. Finally I reached home. My mother was shocked to see me soaking wet. She took me to the hot shower hurriedly after which I put on clean dry clothes. She was worried that I might get sick. Well, I did not. In fact I felt great, having had such a wonderful experience walking in the rain. 148

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Read the following sentences and rewrite them 8. He crossed the fence very quietly and after changing the phrases given in the brackets _______, to escape the soldiers. into adverbs. Look at the given example. The hungry dog chewed the bone (in a greedy 9. I think their demand for higher wages is manner). ________ reasonable. Ans: greedily 10. The dancer didn’t make a mistake. She 1. Rani Laxmi Bai fought (in a brave manner) performed the dance ______. against Britishers. III. Read the following sentences and identify the 2. The teacher explained the poem (in a adverbs and specify their types from the box. beautiful manner). Look at the given example. 3. Rahul does everything (with great care). Time Place Manner Frequency 4. The librarian asked us to sit (with little or no Degree Reason sound). Rahul is still in the bed. 5. He had prepared well so he could finish his Ans: Still. Adverb of time test questions (with great ease). 1. Have you ever lived in this town? 6. The artist (with his skilful ability) created a 2. He was expecting a promotion long time ago. 3. He seldom brings work home from the office. portrait of the judge. 4. Since the student apologized, the 7. The women sing (in a cheerful manner) while administration decided not to take any harvesting the crops. further action. 8. The sparrows fly (in a swift manner) over the 5. I have already received an invitation to the party. fields. 6. The movie was quite impressive. 9. The officer spoke (in a polite manner) to the 7. Put the book there on the table. 8. Honestly, I do not believe your story. visitors. 9. The new law hasn’t still come into force. 10. The snake crawled (at a slow pace). 10. My mother is much better today. II. Complete each sentence with an adverb. Form the adverbs by adding -ly to these adjectives. Look at the given example. bright punctual careful safe fluent secret immediate serious perfect slow polite spotless One of the engines failed however the pilot still managed to land _______. Ans: One of the engines failed however the pilot still managed to land safely. 1. The train took ages to reach. We travelled really ______. 2. He was carrying a box with glasses so he placed them ______in the trunk. 3. She _______ asked her mother for permission, which was granted. 4. She is never late to school. She always reaches ______. 5. Let us not ignore the matter. We ought to do something ______. 6. No one believed in his story. He was hoping that we would take him _______. 7. The sun is shining _______ today. It is a clear blue sky. 149

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and underline 5. He wrote to her almost daily. the adverbs. Choose the correct type from (a) Adverb of time the options given below. Look at the given (b) Adverb of manner example. (c) Adverb of frequency  (10 Marks) (d) Adverb of place She stayed at her grandmother’s house all day. (e) Adverb of degree (a) Adverb of time (f) Adverb of reason (b) Adverb of manner (c) Adverb of frequency 6. He showered quickly after a hot and tiring (d) Adverb of place journey. (e) Adverb of degree (a) Adverb of time (f) Adverb of reason (b) Adverb of manner Ans: She stayed at her grandmother’s house all (c) Adverb of frequency day. (a) Adverb of time (d) Adverb of place 1. The project was almost finished within time. (e) Adverb of degree (a) Adverb of time (f) Adverb of reason (b) Adverb of manner (c) Adverb of frequency 7. After three hours of hiking, we decided to (d) Adverb of place turn homewards. (e) Adverb of degree (a) Adverb of time (f) Adverb of reason (b) Adverb of manner 2. People generally quarrel because they (c) Adverb of frequency cannot argue. (d) Adverb of place (a) Adverb of time (e) Adverb of degree (b) Adverb of manner (f) Adverb of reason (c) Adverb of frequency (d) Adverb of place 8. Are you planning to come tomorrow? (e) Adverb of degree (a) Adverb of time (f) Adverb of reason (b) Adverb of manner 3. I’m absolutely starving. I missed lunch today. (c) Adverb of frequency (a) Adverb of time (d) Adverb of place (b) Adverb of manner (e) Adverb of degree (c) Adverb of frequency (f) Adverb of reason (d) Adverb of place (e) Adverb of degree 9. The man who makes no mistakes does not (f) Adverb of reason usually make anything. 4. He works in the nearby hair salon. (a) Adverb of time (a) Adverb of time (b) Adverb of manner (b) Adverb of manner (c) Adverb of frequency (c) Adverb of frequency (d) Adverb of place (d) Adverb of place (e) Adverb of degree (e) Adverb of degree (f) Adverb of reason (f) Adverb of reason 10. He stated his ideas loudly. (a) Adverb of time (b) Adverb of manner (c) Adverb of frequency (d) Adverb of place (e) Adverb of degree (f) Adverb of reason 150

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins II. Study the following sentences and supply the right adverb according to the adjectives underlined in each. Please note that some adverbs end in –ly and some don’t. Look at the given example.  (10 Marks) My cousin is a bad driver. He drives ___________ Ans: badly. 1. My brother is not a quick thinker. He doesn’t think ___________. 2. My aunt is an eager helper. She helps everyone ___________. 3. The kite is very high. It is flying ___________. 4. You should be careful. You should act ___________. 5. The family waited for the result of the operation with anxiety. They were waiting ___________. 6. My sister is a hard worker. She works ___________. 7. The lion made a sudden move. The lion moved ___________. 8. The boss gave a rude reply. He replied ___________. 9. Make your best effort. Do your ___________. 10. That lady is glad to help. She will help ___________. 151

15. Voice Learning objectives At the completion of this topic, the students will be able to: • Identify verbs in a variety of contexts. • Analyseverbstodeterminewhetherconstructions rely on active or passive voice. • Draw conclusions about how to match active and passive voice to their writing situation. • Choose verbs (active or passive) appropriate for the audience and purpose of their writing. Starter Activity OBJECT+VERB+SUBJECT Football is being played by him. Read the following sets of sentences. Tea was being prepared by her. SUBJECT + VERB+ OBJECT Tea is being drunk by them. He is playing football. The movie has been seen by us. She was preparing tea. Vegetables are bought by them every day. They are drinking tea. A letter was written to me by him. We have seen the movie. Is the answer known by you? They buy vegetables every day. He wrote me a letter. Do you know the answer? In the columns above, if you read the sentences, though the structure has been altered from SUBJECT + VERB+ OBJECT to OBJECT+VERB+SUBJECT, we notice that the meaning in both the cases remains the same. This process of transformation occurs in the voice of a sentence. Recapitulation: In the previous classes, you have already learnt about Subject: The doer of the action. Verb: The action Object: One who receives the action. 2. Sometimes subject of sentence is omitted in Key Points passive voice. There are two ways to express an action of a subject Active voice: They sell cloth in yards here. in relation to its object. Passive voice: Cloth is sold in yards here. • Active voice: In this, subject acts upon object. 3. 3rd form of the verb (past participle) is used as Example: Birds build nests. main verb for all tenses. • Passive voice: in this, object is acted upon by Active voice: He sings a song. subject. Example: Nests are built by birds. Passive voice: A song is sung by him. RULES OF CONVERSION FROM ACTIVE TO PASSIVE 4. The word “by” is used before subject in sentences VOICE: in passive voice. 1. Identify the subject, the verb and the object: Active voice: Meera watered the plants. S+V+O. The places of subject and object are Passive voice: The plants are being watered by interchanged. Active voice: I write books. Meera. Passive voice: Books are written by me. Please note: In addition to the word “by”, Subject (I) of sentence shifted to the place of object (books) and object (books) shifted to the sometimes words “with, to, etc.” may also be place of subject (I) in passive voice. used. Active voice: The water fills the bucket. Passive voice: The bucket is filled with water. Active voice: He knows me. Passive voice: I am known to him. 152

15. Voice 5. Auxiliary verbs are used in passive voice according to the tense of sentence. Notice the change in auxiliary verbs in the following sentences. Active voice: He sings a song. Passive voice: A song is sung by him. Active voice: He sang a song. Passive voice: A song was sung by him. CHANGES IN TENSES: Simple Present Tense is, am, are+3rd verb Active Voice Passive Voice He reads a book. A book is read by him. He does not read a book. A book is not read by him. Does he read a book? Is a book read by him? Present Continuous Tense is, am, are+being+3rd verb Active Voice Passive Voice She is signing the cheques. The cheques are being signed by her. She is not signing the cheques. The cheques are not being signed by her. Is she signing the cheques? Are cheques being signed by her? Present Perfect Tense has, have+been+3rd verb Active Voice Passive Voice The police has solved the case. The case has been solved by the police. The police has not solved the case. The case has not been solved by the police. Has the police solved the case? Has the case been solved by the police? Simple Past Tense was, were+3rd verb Active Voice Passive Voice She helped the blind man. The blind man was helped by her. She did not help the blind man. The blind man was not helped by her. Did she help the blind man? Was the blind man helped by her? Past Continuous Tense was, were+being+3rd verb Active Voice Passive Voice The maid was sweeping the floor. The floor was being swept by the maid. The maid was not sweeping the floor. The floor was not being swept by the maid. Was the maid sweeping the floor? Was the floor being swept by the maid? Past Perfect Tense had+been+3rd verb Active Voice Passive Voice They had worked out the details. The details had been worked out by them. They had not worked out the details. The details had not been worked out by them. 153

15. Voice Had they worked out the details? Had the details been worked out by them? Simple Future Tense will, shall+be+3rd verb Passive Voice Active Voice The spiritual talk will be attended by my family. My family will attend the spiritual talk. The spiritual talk will not be attended by my family. My family will not attend the spiritual talk. Will the spiritual talk be attended by my family? Will my family attend the spiritual talk? Future Perfect Tense Passive Voice will, shall+ have been+3rd verb Their homework will have been done by them. Active Voice Their homework will not have been done by them. They will have done their homework. Will their homework have been done by them? They will not have done their homework. Will they have done their homework? Please note: The following tenses cannot be changed into passive voice. 1. Present perfect continuous tense 2. Past perfect continuous tense 3. Future continuous tense 4. Future perfect continuous tense CHANGES IN MODALS: MODALS AUXILIARY VERB IN ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE The CBI can solve this case. This case can be solved by the CBI. Can/ Could Can/Could+ be+ 3rd The CBI cannot solve this This case cannot be solved by the verb case. CBI. Can the CBI solve this case? Can this case be solved by the CBI? Has to/ Have Has to/ Have to+3rd Government has to take care The issue has to be taken care of by to verb of the issue. the government. Must Must+3rd verb You must learn French. French must be learnt by you. May may+be+3rd verb I may buy this dress. This dress might be bought by me. They might not attend the Party might not be attended by Might might+ be+ 3rd Verb party. them. Students should follow Discipline should be followed by the Should should+ be+3rd verb discipline in the school. students in the school. IN CASE OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCES (feelings and emotions like command, order, advice, and request.) Rules 1. Lets + new object + be/Not be +past participle or 3rd form. For sentences containing, request, advice and order, we will use ‘you are requested to’ , ‘advised to’ and ‘ordered to’. Note: Always remove please and kind if they are given in the sentence. 154

15. Voice ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE Let the window be opened. Open the window. You are requested to bring me a cup of tea. You are ordered to get out of my house. Please bring me a cup of tea. You are requested to wear helmet while riding. Get out of my house. Kindly wear helmet while riding.   CHANGE IN PRONOUNS me I You You her She them They us We him He it It whom Who 2. Change the subject into object. And use “by” before the object. If in subject, we have a pronoun of nominative case, convert that by the following rules. I by me You by you She by her They by them We by us He by him It by it Who by whom Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED Starter activity and Key Active and passive voice PS-1 Points 2 PS-2 PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 1 Self-Evaluation Sheet 155

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 5. I will meet my friend at the bus stop. a) My friend will be meet at the bus stop. I. Read the following set of instructions on ‘How b) My friend will be met at the bus stop. to make a smoothie’ and fill in the blanks c) My friend will being met at the bus stop. appropriately. Look at the given example. d) My friend will have been met at the bus 1. Take out the blender or food processor. stop. 2. Take a few fruits of your choice like banana or mango. 6. The villagers have cut down the trees. 3. Put milk and fruits into the blender with a a) The trees has been cut down by villagers. sweetener. b) The trees has cut down by villagers. 4. Give your smoothie some more flavour by c) The trees have been cut down by villagers. adding almonds and cashews. d) The trees has been cutting down by 5. In the last, add ice cubes and serve in a glass. villagers. First, the blender or food processor is taken out 7. Someone had recited this poem before. (a). After that, fruits of your choice like banana a) The poem had recited before. or mango ____ (b). Milk and fruits ____ (c) into b) The poem had been recited before the blender with a sweetener. Some more flavour by someone. ______ (d) by adding almonds and cashews to c) The poem has been recited before. your smoothie. In the last, ice cubes ______ (e) d) The poem had being recited before. and finally ______ (f) in a glass. II. Choose the correct answer from the options 8. I will have sold the flat to Mr Kumar. given below. Look at the given example. a) Mr Kumar will have sold the flat. The mosquitoes were biting me b) I will have sold to Mr Kumar the flat. c) The flat will have sold to Mr Kumar. a) I am being bitten by the mosquitoes. d) The flat will have been sold to Mr Kumar. b) I am being bit by the mosquitoes. c) I am bitten by the mosquitoes. 9. We should choose a leader quickly. d) I was being bitten by the mosquitoes. a) A leader should be chose quickly Ans: d) b) A leader should be quickly chosen. 1. He is bringing in the luggage. c) A leader should choose quickly. a) The luggage are bringing in by him. d) A leader should quickly chosen. b) The luggage is brought in by him. c) The luggage are brought in by him. 10. We do not expect his return. d) The luggage is being brought in by him. a) His return was not expect by us. 2. She grows vegetables on the farm. b) His return was not expected by us. a) On the farm are grown vegetables. c) His return has not expected by us. b) Vegetables will be grown on the farm. d) His return is not expected by us. c) Vegetables is grown on the farm. d) Vegetables are grown on the farm by her. 3. He broke all the glasses. a) All the glasses broke. b) All the glasses was broken. c) All the glasses were broken by him. d) All the glasses was broke. 4. Geeta was tearing the old newspapers. a) The old newspapers was tearing by Geeta. b) The old newspapers were torn by Geeta. c) The old newspapers were being torn by Geeta. d) The old newspapers was being torn by Geeta. 156

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Change the following sentences to the passive voice. Look at the given example. Reeta gave Rahul a watch for his birthday. Ans: Rahul was given a watch by Reeta on his birthday. 1. My mother baked delicious cookies 2. My brother will throw the trash after dinner. 3. The boys are cleaning the room. 4. Reena asked Mohan to help her with English. 5. The lady had reported the theft to the police. 6. Gardener is planting roses in the garden. 7. The new tenant made the decision to move yesterday. 8. The prince saved her from being kidnapped. 9. Reena has taken the driving test twice. 10. The doctor had examined the patients thoroughly. II. Change the following sentences into the active voice. Look at the given example. A loud noise was made by him. Ans: He made a loud noise. 1. Our neighbour’s car had been scratched. 2. Rama was told the bad news as soon as she arrived. 3. A Shakespearean play will be staged by our school this year. 4. We were shown to the table by the manager himself. 5. She is claimed as a popular actress by public. 6. The servant was asked to carry rice by the landlord. 7. The painting would have been stolen by the thieves. 8. Ravi was asked to get out by the teacher. 9. The woman was caught shoplifting by the manager. 10. Many types of vegetables were being sold at the market last year. 157

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Change the following sentences into the active voice. Look at the given example. The food was cooked by my sister. Ans: My sister cooked the food. 1. The ball was kicked by Rahul. 2. An apple is being eaten by her. 3. The work was done by them. 4. The wallet has been stolen by him. 5. It will be done by them. 6. The saints were given some food by her. 7. He was written a letter by me. 8. We were laughed at by them. 9. A performance was being done by her. 10. The story has been told by me. II. Change the following imperative sentences to the passive voice. Look at the given example. Leave the room at once. Ans: You are ordered to leave the room at once. 1. Please bring a glass of water for me. 2. Go to the office immediately. 3. Please help Rahul in his assignment. 4. Read this document carefully. 5. Kindly do not dump garbage on the roads. 6. Keep this file in the cupboard. 7. Do not walk on the grass. 8. Never forget the person who loves you. 9. Please lend me some money. 10. Don’t ever touch my phone. 158

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Change the following sentences in the active c) Can the door be broken by you? voice to the passive voice. Look at the given d) Can the door be break by you? example. (10 Marks) 2. Will she sing a song? a) Will a song be sang by her? Meera is reciting the poem. b) Will a song be sing by her? Ans: The poem is being recited by Meera. c) Will a song sung by her? d) Will a song be sung by her? 1. The maid sweeps the playground every day. 3. Is he speaking English? a) Was English being spoken by him? 2. The management has taken care of all the b) Has English being spoken by him? issues this year. c) Is English being spoken by him? d) Is English being speaken by him? 3. Only a few of us attended Rahul’s wedding. 4. Are you eating a banana? a) Is a banana being eaten by you? 4. I sweep and mop the terrace once a week. b) Is a banana been eaten by you? c) Has a banana being eaten by you? 5. Mom is boiling potatoes for the sandwiches. d) Was a banana being eaten by you? 5. Why are you washing the car? 6. Our colony has launched a cleanliness a) Why the car is being washed by you? campaign this year. b) Why is the car being washed by you? c) Why was the car being washed by you? 7. We will work out the details of the project d) Why has been the car washed by you? today itself. 6. When will he give the money? a) When will be the money given by him? 8. Many responded to the call to donate blood. b) When will the money being given by him? c) When would the money be given by him? 9. Mohan offered his bus seat to the blind man. d) When will the money be given by him? 7. Where will he meet you? 10. I drove my new car out of the showroom. a) Where will you be meet by him? b) Where will be you met by him? II. Choose the correct answer from the options c) Where will you be met by him? given below. Look at the given example. d) Where will you being met by him?  (10 Marks) 8. How do you make a cake? Who did the job? a) How is a cake made by you? a) By whom was the job done? b) How is a cake been made by you? b) By whom the job was done? c) How a cake is made by you? c) By whom the job has been done? d) How is a cake maked by you? d) By whom the job has done? 9. Whom did you tell the story? Ans: a) By whom was the job done? a) To whom the story was told by you? 1. Can you break the door? b) To whom was the story telled by you? a) Could the door be broken by you? c) Whom was the story told by you? b) Can the door broken by you? d) To whom was the story told you? 10. He was struck by lightning. a) Lightning was struck him. b) Lightning struck him. c) Lightning struck he. d) Lightning struck by him. 159

16. Conjunctions Learning objectives At the completion of this topic, the students will be able to: • Define the term ‘conjunction’. • Identify different types of conjunctions and list them in different category. • Use them effectively in their writing. Starter Activity Read the following sentences: Two and two makes four. The sky is not less blue because the blind man does not see it. However long the night, the dawn will break. He preferred to die a hero, rather than live a slave. There was a long strike as a result of which the factory was shut down. In the above examples, the words in bold are conjunctions. In the first sentence, conjunction ‘and’ joins two words and in rest of the sentences, the conjunctions are joining two sentences. Definition: The conjunction is that part of speech which helps us to join or connect two or more than two words, phrases, or clauses in a particular sentence. It helps in establishing a relationship among these different parts of the sentence. Today we will learn few kinds of conjunctions which In addition to the animals we saw, there were some are classified according to the function they perform exotic plants too in the national park. in a sentence. 1. Conjunctions of Addition: These conjunctions 2. Conjunctions of Contrast: These conjunctions connect ideas that contrast.  add more information to what is already there. The common conjunctions used to show addition The common conjunctions used to show contrast are: are: • And • Not only…but also • But • As well as • Although/though • In addition • Despite the fact that • Additionally • However • Moreover • Nevertheless • Also • Despite • Furthermore • In spite of • In addition to • Yet Examples: Examples: Meera took her dress and wore it. He is thin but he is strong. I have not only got a scooter, but also a car. Although he is thin, he is strong. / Though his I have got a scooter as well as a car. government was challenged, he continued to rule for She works very hard. In addition, her planning and years. determination is paying off. I am going on a holiday, despite the fact that school There was a beautiful cottage. Additionally, there was starts tomorrow. a huge backyard and three acres of land. This is a simple process. However there are few This place is ideal. The rent is reasonable, and dangers. moreover, it is near to my office. He was very tired; nevertheless he went on walking. Apart from packing, there was also decorating to be Despite the bad weather, we enjoyed ourselves. done. In spite of his disappointment, he had a smile on his The team was playing great and, furthermore, all the face. players were getting along. We all ought to grow old, yet we fear old age. 160

16. Conjunctions 3. Conjunctions of Cause and Effect: These conjunctions head injuries in a car accident. help to show a cause-effect relationship between two Wash your hands before you sit to dine. ideas. We know not what is good until we have lost it. I have been lazier since I stopped going out to work. The common conjunctions used to show cause and Please keep your phone on silent while the movie is effect are: on. • For I will invite him for dinner once he comes to town. • Because She was smiling as she walked into the class. • As I went to bed as soon as I reached home. • Since • Therefore/So 5. Conjunctions of Comparison: These conjunctions • Hence are used to link two ideas that are considered to • As a result be similar. • Consequently • Due to The common conjunctions used to show • Because of comparison are: • As a result of • Than Examples: • Rather than I drank some water, for I was thirsty. (Works here as • Whereas because) • As much as She helps everyone because she is a very kind- • Whether hearted person. Examples: As it was raining, we could not go out. Life is better now than it has ever been. Since she is a kind-hearted person, she tends to help Rather than being tricked, I would tolerate anything. everyone. The old system was complicated whereas the new Their car was bigger and therefore more comfortable. system is really very simple. /It was raining so we could not go out. People don’t socialize with their friends as much as It is very late; hence you must go to bed. they used to. He made a big mistake, and, as a result, lost his job. A thief is a thief, whether he steals a diamond or a My car broke down and consequently I was late. cucumber. Her bad results are due to her being inattentive in class. Hundreds of houses were destroyed, because of the fire. As a result of his fight with his brother he lost both his home and family. 4. Conjunctions of time: These conjunctions are used to connect an action or an event to a point in time.  The common conjunctions used to show time are: • When • After • Before • Until • Since • While • Once • As • As soon as  Examples: She lost her hearing ability when she was young. She needed deep therapy after she suffered severe 161

16. Conjunctions Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED CONTENT PS-1 1 PS-2 Starter activity and Key Kinds of conjunctions- addition, 1 PS-3 Points contrast, cause and effect, time, Self-Evaluation comparison Sheet Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 162

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Choose the correct conjunction from the 9. You will remain ignorant of many things choices given below. Look at the given example. __________ you do not read. The new departmental store is very reasonable. a) Though ______________ they deliver at home free of b) Despite cost. c) If a) However b) On the whole 10. He was very humble ______ his rank was c) Furthermore high. Ans: Furthermore a) Though b) Despite 1. She decided to go for the expedition c) If ____________ many dangers involved in it. Ans: a) Though b) However II. Join the following pairs of sentences c) Despite appropriately with the help of conjunctions given in the bracket. Look at the given example. 2. He looked relaxed, _______________ the We have to go to Kanyakumari by train. We danger. cannot go there any other way. (Because) a) But Ans: We have to go to Kanya Kumari by train be- b) Though cause we cannot go there any other way. c) Despite 1. We will not reach the school in time. Dad has 3. _______________ television has some to drive faster. (Unless) educational value, I think it’s always better to read a book. 2. It was raining heavily. The boys decided to go a) Though for camping. (though) b) However c) Despite 3. The children were playing. The mother entered the house. (when) 4. There are both advantages _____________ disadvantages in this new system. 4. I collect all kinds of postage stamps. I put a) But them in my collection book. (and) b) And c) Or 5. Mohan has been working for 10 hours. He does not feel tired. (yet) 5. We decided to stay at home ___________ the rain and the high winds. 6. Meera was bitten by a venomous snake. a) Because Meera survived. (despite) b) Due to c) Despite 7. We faced number of challenges. The project was a great success. (though) 6. He was old and weak ______________ there was no one to look after him. 8. He was late for the meeting. He forgot the a) Because important file at home. (not only…but also) b) yet c) and 9. Rubbish was dumped everywhere. The town became infected with diseases. (so) 7. He worked very hard ______ he did not get admission in the college of his choice. 10. He was crossing the road. A car hit him. a) Because (when) b) And c) But 8. The monitor shouts at other students ____________it is not necessary. a) When b) Because c) Or 163

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Choose the correct conjunction from the choices given below. Look at the given example. Wait for her ____ she gets back. • as soon as • until Ans: until 1. My dad visits us ____ he has time. • when • whenever 2. Reena will be ready ___ the time Mohan gets back. • by • before 3. We left the house ____ the rain stopped. • as soon as • when 4. The manager will be happy ____ this project is finished. • when • before 5. We must rinse the utensils____ we put them in a sink. • before • until 6. She skipped the step ____ she was climbing down. • whenever • while 7. Please give my message to your mom ____ she arrives. • a moment • the moment 8. I have decide to pay him only____ he finishes the work on time. • if • unless 9. They had to come back _____ it was raining. • because • because of 10. _____ Reena was sleepy, she finished the book. • Although • But II. Choose the correct conjunction from and, because, but, or, so. Look at the given example. She has got a brother _________ a sister. Ans: and 1. Rahul was very tired _____________ decided to go for the party. 2. Would you like tea _____________ coffee? 3. My father likes cricket _____________ he doesn’t like tennis. 4. The bank is closed _____________ it is a national holiday. 5. It was starting to look like rain _____________ she brought in all the clothes from outside. 6. Meera gave many reminders to her dad _____________ he forgot to attend her school function. 7. Reena and Manu like gossiping about their colleagues _____________ they love to sit together during lunch. 8. Is uncle coming _____________ not for the ceremony? 9. The children forgot their homework, _____________ the teacher was angry with them. 10. Can you read _____________ write English words? 164

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Join the following pairs of sentences with appropriate conjunctions. Drop the words which are unnecessary. Look at the given example. You must join us. I will play for the school team. Ans: I will play for the team if you join us. 1. Reena will not come today. She is not well. 2. I can speak English. I can speak French. 3. Mother will go to the market. She will not stop at the bakery. 4. The boys continued their football match. It was raining cats and dogs. 5. You can join this job. You will gain experience. 6. My dad is a humble man. He is a senior official in the company. 7. Meeta worked very hard. She did not get the medical seat. 8. Ram belongs to a poor family. He spends a lot of money. 9. Anita likes to sing. Anita likes to dance. 10. The patient died. The doctor came later. II. The following passage has not been edited. In each line, there is a conjunction which is missing. Write the missing conjunction with the word which comes before and after it. Look at the given example. Before word after Whether one likes it not, a) it or not one cannot live without neighbours. Houses may b) __________________ be in isolation there is always a neighbour. We c) __________________ may not feel lonely there is no neighbour we have all d) __________________ the comforts and services the need for a e) __________________ friend may not arise. We may get recreation f) __________________ through the TV the internet they cannot g) __________________ supply the human elements. A neighbour may provide h) __________________ great sympathy appreciation. A man cannot live in i) __________________ isolation he is a social being sometimes j) __________________ some neighbours fail to k) __________________ maintain a cordial relationship stress and l) __________________ strain m) __________________ may develop n) __________________ misunderstandings. The cause may be very small unimportant, still tension develops ending in enmity bitterness. 165

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Choose the appropriate conjunctions from the options given below. Look at the given example.  (10 Marks) Receptionists are supposed to convey information ______ pass messages correctly. a) or b) and c) but d) because Ans: and 1. I did not go for the movie ___________ I had already seen it. a) until b) because c) so d) but 2. She is a member of the reading club __________ the theatre group of the school. a) until b) as well as c) while d) or 3. Read all your answers ____________ you submit your answer sheet. a) Before b) as well as c) while d) and 4. Put a lid on the water jug __________ the flies will contaminate the water. a) until b) as well as c) while d) or 5. __________ he is thin, he is strong. a) Before b) though c) while d) and 6. The meeting was cancelled ___________ most of the members didn’t come. a) Because b) though c) and d) or 7. Rahul had an unpleasant experience _________ he was in the hostel. a) Because b) though c) while d) and 8. The management rejected the request _________ they did not find it to be practical. a) Since b) Therefore c) and d) or 166

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 9. I welcomed the guests ___________ offered them tea. a) While b) though c) or d) and 10. I like tea __________ don’t like sugar in it. a) but b) since c) or d) and II. Fill in the blanks with the conjunctions given below. Use each conjunction only once. Look at the given example. (10 Marks) while when as since after as well as not only ... but also besides in addition yet both ... and ______ travelling, she likes writing blogs too. Ans: Besides 1. Her father gave her a new bicycle for her birthday. ______ he also gave her some books. 2. She decided to take up sewing ______ toy-making in the hobby classes. 3. Rahul ______ became rich ______ powerful after he won the lottery. 4. My mother is ______ kind ______ generous. 5. He reached home late ______ it rained heavily. 6. ______ we were in Mysore, we visited many historical monuments. 7. ______ the Biology teacher is on leave tomorrow, there will be no science practical. 8. He called his mother _______ he reached the office. 9. ______ I was passing through the street, I heard a loud scream. 10. The sun was warm, _________ there was a cool breeze. 167

NOTES

NOTES

NOTES

NOTES

NOTES

NOTES

NOTES

NOTES