202110714-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-ENGLISH-G06-FY_Optimized

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Reading Comprehension (Unseen Passage) I. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow: 1. With the development of agriculture, there was a surplus production of food and thus trade became an everyday activity. It is a common belief among historians that these changes are responsible for the birth of cities. Yet, some think cities were first built for defence reasons. 2. The English word “city” has its origin in the Latin word “civitas” which means “citizenship”. We can also notice the influence of the Greek word “Polis” meaning “city” in English words such as “metropolis” (a really large city). Some of the earliest cities developed between 4000-3000 BC as civilizations in the Middle East, India and China. Some civilizations like Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan had a complex system to keep the city sanitary. In the middle Ages, cities of Venice and San Marino took control over surrounding villages and became powerful city-states. The growth of modern industries led many people to migrate from rural areas to cities, which brought about the rise of megacities. 3. Jericho is one of the oldest cities in Arab. It is popular for not only being the city with the oldest wall which was built around the first community 10,000 years ago but also has its mention in the Hebrew Bible as the “City of Palm Trees”. In Arabic, its name means “fragrant”. In the beginning, the original populations lived alone in an agricultural community, but slowly, different groups of people from other places joined them. In present, several pilgrimage sites make Jericho, a popular tourist destination. 4. In another old city Byblos, people have been living for more than 8,000 years. An ancient myth suggests that this city was built by Greek god Cronus. In ancient times it was called “Gubal”. But since it was popular for import of papyrus (paper), which in Greek is called Byblos, the Greek name Byblos was finally adopted. It was a small fishing village at first, but as trade increased, it became an important shipping port. In the present time, it is found to be one of the greatest beach destinations of the world. 5. Luxor, another ancient city on the Nile River is rich in temples, monuments and ruins of ancient buildings. It is popularly called as the greatest open-air museum in the world. In the ancient Egypt, this city was the site of Thebes, its ancient capital. During the New Kingdom period in Egypt’s history, most rulers decided to be buried in the Valley of Kings, near Luxor. This is where the extremely well-preserved tomb of King Tutankhamun was discovered in 1922. 6. The Old City of Jerusalem located in the centre of the modern-day Jerusalem, is one of the oldest human settlements in the world. History suggests that in the 11th century BC, King David took over Jerusalem and made it the capital of his kingdom. There had been small communities living on the site prior to King David’s arrival. King Solomon, King David’s son expanded the empire and made it a highly prosperous place. Throughout history, this place was repeatedly conquered by Alexander the Great, the Romans and the Muslim armies. Due to these incredible events, today the Old Jerusalem is the place where people of different religions come together to pay their respects to their holy sites. 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate phrases from the passage. a. Jericho is a popular tourist site with _____________________________. b. In the present time, Byblos is considered to be one of the ____________ of the world. c. _________________________________________ was discovered in 1922 in Luxor. d. King Solomon, King David’s son expanded the empire and made _______________. 2. Answer the following questions in brief: a. What are the two common beliefs regarding the birth of cities? b. What is the main reason behind the migration of people from rural to urban areas, leading to the birth of megacities? c. How did the Greek city Byblos get its name? d. Why is Luxor called the greatest open-air museum in the world? 3. Find the words which mean the same as following: a. Hygienic (Para 2) b. sweet-smelling (Para 3) c. unbelievable (Para 6) 37

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) II. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow: 1. Joan of Arc is a French heroine and a Roman Catholic saint. Born in a peasant family, legend says that she was born in an auspicious hour. From an early age, Joan of Arc had a sensitive and religious temperament. It was said by her friends that: “She was greatly committed to the service of God.” 2. From the age of twelve, she began to have magical visions. In these visions, she said she felt the voice of God commanding her to renew the French nation. The visions were often accompanied by light and the presence of some saints. “I was thirteen when I had a voice from God for my help and guidance.” These visions made Joan of Arc even more religious. She would frequently go to the church and it is said that whenever she heard the bells in the church, she would immediately drop her work and run to it. 3. At the time of her childhood, France was seriously divided with a lack of national unity. In 1415, King Henry V of England had defeated France and this victory left the country weak and divided. Under Charles, the French were without direction and without a real leader. When Joan of Arc came to the court, she made a strong impression on Charles with her strength and beliefs. Within a year, Joan of Arc led the French army to victories. Many other towns were also liberated from English control. 4. For her achievements, Joan of Arc and her family were granted noble status. She had also won the hearts of the French soldiers who looked up to her as a mythical leader. However a year later, the English and members of the French clergy decided to put her on trial for witchcraft. The trial was a very testing experience for Joan. During cross-examination, she rejected all the points and her straightforward answers gained her public sympathy. As a result, the trial was continued behind closed doors. It appears Joan was threatened with torture, though there is no evidence she was actually tortured. 5. As expected, Joan was found guilty and condemned to death by burning. It is said that over 10,000 people came to see her execution. Afterwards, her ashes were scattered in the river Seine. One legend tells how her heart remained unaffected by the fire. Twenty-six years later, she was declared to be officially innocent and was officially designated to be a martyr. She was idolized as a saint in 1920 and remains the patron saint of France. 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate phrases from the passage. a. Joan of Arc is a ___________ and a ____________ saint. b. From an early age, Joan of Arc had _____________________________________. c. Born in a peasant family, legend says that _________________________________. 2. Answer the following questions in brief: a. What kind of visions did Joan of Arc have at the age of twelve? b. Quote an instance from the passage to prove that Joan of Arc was an extremely religious person. c. Why was the trial shifted behind the closed doors? d. What does legend mention about Joan’s death? 3. Find the words which mean the same as following: a. Ordering (Para 2) b. gained freedom (Para 4) c. at fault (Para 5) 38

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. You are Sushil Kumar of Madhav Public School, Mysore. Write an application to the Principal requesting him to grant you a free studentship. II. Write a letter to a friend of yours with whom you had a quarrel recently. 39

9.1 Desert Animals Reading Comprehension Extracts Extract 1: Mongooses like to hunt together, but they always keep a look out for dangerous predators nearby. Poking their noses into holes, overturning rocks with their paws and scratching the ground with their sharp claws, banded mongooses are very amusing animals to watch. A common sight in many parts of Africa, they travel in groups of about twenty to forage for beetles, millipedes and other small creatures. They like to hunt together, keeping in touch whenever they go out of sight behind rocks or bushes by twittering and calling. Always on the look- out for danger—hawks, eagles and large snakes—they warn one another with a special alarm call if they spot anything suspicious. i) How do mongooses hunt? ii) What do they overturn the rocks with? iii) How do mongooses search for food? iv) What do the mongooses feed on? v) How do the mongooses warn others of a danger? Extract 2: There are more than 2300 different kinds of snakes around the world, ranging from just fifteen centimetres long to more than eleven metres. Most snakes are quite harmless—but there are a few that are so poisonous they can kill a human being with just one bite. Most snakes lay eggs, but there are many which give birth to their young. In the dry, rocky deserts of America lives a rather evil-looking snake with a very bad reputation. Its frightening rattle can be heard as far as thirty metres away, and it can strike with lightning speed. i) How many kinds of snakes are there around the world? ii) What is the minimum and maximum length of snakes? iii) Do snakes lay eggs or give birth to their young ones? iv) Name the snake with a very bad reputation. How does it attack? v) Where are rattle snakes found? 40

9.2 WhatIf Reading Comprehension Extracts Extract 1: Whatif the bus is late? Whatif my teeth don’t grow in straight? Whatif I tear my pants? Whatif I never learn to dance? Everything seems swell, and then The night-time Whatif strikes again! i) Whose bus might be late? ii) What may happen to his teeth? iii) Has the poet really torn his pants? iv) When do what ifs strike again? 41

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Reading Comprehension (Unseen Passage) I. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow: 1. Once upon a time there lived an old man and his wife in a dirty cottage, not very far from the splendid palace where the king and queen lived. In spite of the poor state of the hut, the old man was very rich. He was a great miser and would often go without food all day to save money. But after a while he fell ill, and had no strength to get well again, and in a few days he died. 2. The night following his death, the son dreamed that an unknown man appeared to him and said: ‘You must give back his wealth to the poor and other half you must throw into the sea.’ Then the man vanished, and the youth awoke. The remembrance of his dream troubled him greatly. He did not want to part with the riches but he was honest and good-hearted so he made up his mind to do as he had been bidden. He found out who were the people who were poorest in the village, and spent half of his money in helping them, and the other half, he flung it in the river. In a moment, it was out of sight, except for a tiny scrap of paper floating on the water. He stretched down carefully and managed to catch it. He found six shillings wrapped inside it. This was now all the money he had in the world. 3. With a heavy heart, he wandered into the forest, not knowing where he was going. By-and-by he began to get hungry, and seeing a small hut in front of him, he knocked at the door and asked if they could give him some milk. Two women and three men were at supper when he entered, and silently made room for him to sit down by them. When he had eaten, he began to look about him, and was surprised to see an animal sitting by the fire different from anything he had ever noticed before. It was grey in colour, and not very big; but its eyes were large and very bright, and it seemed to be singing in an odd way, quite unlike any animal in the forest. ‘What is the name of that strange little creature?’ asked he. And they answered, ‘We call it a cat.’ The young man bought the cat for the six shillings he had. The next morning he bade them farewell, with the cat lying snugly in his cloak. 4. The young man decided to go the king’s palace. The king was at dinner with his court when the young man entered, and he signed to him to come near. The youth bowed low, and then gazed in surprise at the crowd of little black creatures who were running about the floor, and even on the table itself. Indeed, they were so bold that they snatched pieces of food from the King’s own plate. ‘What sort of animals are these?’ asked the youth at one of the ladies sitting near him. ‘They are called rats. We have been trying to get rid of them for years now.’ answered the king. ‘At this moment something was seen flying through the air. The cat was on the table, and with two or three shakes, a number of rats were lying dead round him and in a few minutes the hall was clear. 5. The King said: ‘Because of the luck you have brought me, in freeing my palace from the plague which has tormented me for many years, I will give you the choice of two things. Either you shall be my Prime Minister, or else you shall marry my daughter and reign after me. Say, which shall it be?’ ‘The princess and the kingdom,’ said the young man. And so it was. 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate phrases from the passage. a. “The young man stretched down carefully and managed to catch it”. ‘It’ here refers to ____________ __________________________________. b. ‘When the young man had eaten, he began to look about him, and was surprised to see an animal sitting by the fire different from anything he had ever noticed before”. What was different about it? _________________________________________ c. “The youth bowed low, and then gazed in surprise at the crowd of little black creatures”. These black creatures refer to __________________________________. 2. Answer the following questions in brief: a. How was the old man rich? b. What did the unknown say to the son in his dream? c. What did the young man do with his father’s wealth? d. How did the kind reward the young man? 3. Find the words which mean the same as following: a. Impressive (Para 1) b. comfortably (Para 3) c. tortured (Para 5) 42

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) II. Read the passage and answer the following questions Old people say that childhood is the best part of life. They look back at their childhood and remember all its happy days, the jolly, games, the fun they had at school the sweets and cakes they used to eat, Jokes they used to play and endless discussions they had among friends about almost every topic Perhaps these old folks are right. And yet they forget many things that were not so pleasant in their childhood. There is a funny story that tells of a boy, who was crying because he had to go back to school after the holidays and the father scolded him and said, “Why, I only wish I could be a boy and go to school again.” And all in a moment the father was little boy and his son was a grown-up man like his father. And the father in the shape of a little boy, had to go to school, and I can tell you he did not like it at all. A child’s troubles may seem small to grown-ups but they are very big to him. 1. Choose the correct option to answer the question: 1. What are the joys of childhood? a) Jolly games b) The fun they had at school c) The sweets and cakes they used to eat d) All of the above 2. Why do old people have one-sided view of childhood? a) Because they remember only the pleasant parts. b) Because they forgotten the unpleasant parts. c) Both (a) and (b) d) Neither (a) nor (b) 3. Why was little boy crying? a) Because he was not able to find his book b) Because he did not want to go to school. c) Because he wanted to go to school. d) Because he was not able to complete his homework. 4. What wish did the father make? a) He wished that he could be a boy again and go to the school. b) He wished that he could go to the school instead of his son. c) He wished that he could drop his son to the school. d) He wished that he could go back to his college days. 5. What are the joys of childhood? a) Jolly b) Folks c) Troubles d) Pleasant 43

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Your father has been transferred to another city. Write a letter to the headmaster of your school requesting for the school leaving certificate. II. Write a descriptive essay in 120-150 words on your favourite restaurant giving details why do you like it so much. Give an appropriate title to it. 44

10.1 The Banyan Tree Reading Comprehension Extracts Extract 1: Half-way up the tree I had built a crude platform where I would spend the afternoons when it was not too hot. I could read there propping myself up against the tree with a cushion from a living room. Treasure Island, Huckleberry Finn and The Story of Dr. Dolitare were some of the books that made up my banyan tree library. When I did not feel like reading, I could look down through the leaves at the world below. And on one particular afternoon I had a grandstand view of that classic of the Indian wilds, a fight between a mongoose and a cobra. i) What had the author built half-way up the tree? ii) Where did the author spend his afternoons? iii) What did he bring from the living room? iv) What did the banyan tree serve as? v) What did he do when he did not feel like reading? Extract 2: The cobra knew only too well that the grey mongoose, three feet long, was a superb fighter, clever and aggressive. But the cobra, too, was a skilful and experienced fighter. He could move swiftly an strike with a speed of light; and the sacs behind his long sharp fangs were full of deadly poison. It was to be a battle of champions. i) How long was the grey mongoose? ii) What did the cobra know well? iii) Who was an experienced fighter? iv) What were full of deadly poison? v) Find a word in the passage that means the same as ‘offensive’. vi) Name the chapter and its author. 45

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Reading Comprehension (Unseen Passage) I. Read the following passage and answer the following questions: Trees are useful to man in three very important ways: they provide him with wood and other products, they give him shade and they help to prevent droughts and floods. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, man has not realized that the services of the trees are the most important. In his eagerness to draw quick profit from the trees, he has cut them down in large numbers, only to find that with then he as lost the best faced friend he had. The people in the villages must be persuaded to stop cutting the tees for fuel and for selling it to city people. Unless the Government has a good system of control or it can educate the people, the forests will slowly disappear. Answer the following questions briefly: 1. Tress help to prevent… 2. Why do villagers cut trees? 3. What will happen if the government does not control the cutting of trees? 4. What do you mean by drought? 5. The opposite of ‘slowly; is.. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. You ordered a vase from online store. When it arrived to you found it broken. Write a letter of complaint to the online store stating your dissatisfaction. 46

1. Parts of Speech Learning Objectives • Understand clearly what is being said in a sentence. At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • Reflect more accurately on the English language. • Name and explain eight parts of speech. • Use these different parts of speech correctly in • Determine parts of speech in a sentence. sentences. Starter Activity Place this Graphic organiser on the board, ask the students to name the parts of Speech. Write them in the organiser. Concept Map NOUN PRONOUN INTERJECTION PARTS OF VERB SPEECH CONJUNCTION PREPOSITION ADVERB ADJECTIVE Key Points • There are eight parts of speech in the English language. Understanding different parts of speech helps us to know how the word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the sentence.  1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Verb 4. Adjective 5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection 47

1. Parts of Speech Part Of Speech Definition Types Examples Sentences NOUN Name of a person, Proper Ram, London, The young girl (Common) place, thing, or Common table, dog, brought me a very long letter idea Concrete teacher, pen, city, (Common/Concrete) from her Abstract happiness, hope parents.(Common) Collective I, we, you, they, Varun (Proper) is a very active he, she, it boy.(Common) PRONOUN A word used in Personal Meera is a very stubborn child. place of a noun Possessive Jump, danced, She (Personal) just stared at VERB Reflexive flew, dances me (Personal) and then I told ADJECTIVE A verb expresses Relative Good, intelligent, her (Personal) to stop. action or being. Demonstrative red, his, their Those games are difficult. An adjective Distributive (Demonstrative Pronoun) modifies or Main verb The kite flies (Main Verb) in the describes a noun Helping verb sky. or pronoun. Transitive The boy jumped (Main Verb) Intransitive out of the window. Positive My father is a wise (Positive) Comparative person. Superlative A rose is more beautiful than a daisy. (Comparative) ADVERB An adverb modifies Adverb of Manner, slowly, quietly, She is the tallest girl in the PREPOSITION or describes a Time, Place and very, always, class. (Superlative) verb, an adjective, Degree. never, too, well, The girl danced gracefully. CONJUNCTION or another adverb. tomorrow, here (Adverb of Manner) INTERJECTION My father arrived yesterday. A preposition is a Indicate time, at, on, in, from, (Adverb of Time) word that shows place, or with, near, The girl hid herself under the the relationship relationship. between, about, bed. between a noun under The butterfly sat on the flower. or pronoun and some other word This cup of tea is delicious and in the rest of the very soothing. sentence. I was tired but I still finished the marathon. A conjunction joins Conjunctions And, or, but, words, phrases, or for Addition, because, so, yet, Wow! I passed my English test. clauses. Cause & Effect, unless, since, if. Ouch! My knees hurt. Comparison, Contrast, Conclusion An interjection is Different emotions Ouch! Wow! a word used to like Greeting, Joy, Great! Help! Oh! express emotion. Approval, Surprise, Hey! Hi! Grief/Pain 48

1. Parts of Speech • Same words become different parts of speech because of the way they used. • Look at the following sentences.  1. Give me some water.  2. I water my plants every day.   In the first sentence, the word WATER names something. So it is a noun.  In the second sentence, the same word WATER expresses an action. It tells what they do. So here, it is working as a verb.  • Study the word ROUND in the following sentences: 1. The earth is round. (Adjective) 2. The boys ran round the tree. (Preposition) 3. He rounded his lips and whistled. (Verb) • More examples to understand the word usage and parts of speech ABOVE Adverb The heavens are above. Preposition The moral law is above the civil. Adjective Analyse the above sentence. Noun Our blessings come from above. AFTER : Adverb. They arrived soon after. Preposition He takes after his father. Adjective. After ages shall sing his glory. Conjunction We went away after they had left. BEFORE: Adverb I have seen you before. Preposition He came before the appointed time. Conjunction He went away before I came. EVEN: Adjective The chances are even. Verb Let us even the ground. Adverb Does he even suspect the danger? LITTLE: Adjective There is little danger in going there. Noun Man wants but little here below. Adverb He eats very little. MORE: Adjective We want more men like him. Pronoun More of us die in bed than out of it. Adverb You should talk less and work more. NEAR: Preposition His house is near the temple. Adjective He is a near relation. Verb The time nears. 49

1. Parts of Speech OVER: Adverb Read it over carefully. STILL: Noun In one over he took three wickets. UP: Preposition At thirty a change came over him. Verb His words stilled my fears. Adjective Still waters run deep. Noun Her sobs could be heard in the still of night. Adverb He is still in business. Adverb Prices are up. Preposition Let us go up the hill. Adjective The next up train will leave here at 12.30. Noun They had their ups and downs of fortune. Work Plan PERIODS ALLOTTED RESOURCES 1 PS-1 CONTENT PS-2 Introduction to the eight parts of speech Identification of same words used as different parts of 1 PS-3 speech Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 1 Self-Evaluation Sheet 50

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Match the part of speech to the correct definition. 1. Noun A. Modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb 2. Verb B. Shows the relationship of noun or pronoun to another word 3. Pronoun C. Expresses action or being. 4. Adjective D. Name of a person, place, thing, or idea 5. Adverb E. A word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun 6. Preposition F. A word used in place of a noun 7. Conjunction G. Expresses emotions. 8. Interjection H. Joins words, phrases, or clauses. II. Read the following sentences and for the words in bold, choose the correct part of speech from the choices listed in (a) and (b). The first one is done for you. SENTENCE PARTS OF SPEECH ANSWER This room is a good hiding (a) Adjective (a) adjective place. (b) Verb 1. We may stay here or in a (a) Conjunction (b) Verb hotel. (a) Adverb 2. She repeated the whole (b) Noun (a) Preposition story. (b) Verb 3. They lived many miles from (a) Adjective (b) Verb the town. (A) Adjective 4. He changes his mind (b) Adverb (a) Pronoun frequently. (b) Noun 5. I am extremely excited for (a) Adverb (b) Preposition our trip. (a) Interjection 6. Can you make me a birthday (b) Verb (a) Adjective cake by Monday? (b) Verb 7. Your suitcase is under the (a) Adjective (b) Verb bed. 8.  Hello! How are you? 9. He has been married to Mira for twenty years. 10. The rain made the grass wet. 51

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Read the following short story and answer the 6. She looked up but didn’t see anything. Here questions that follow. UP is a/an __________________ There was a proud tree in the forest. He was tall (a) verb and strong. There was a small plant next to the (b) adverb tree. The tree said, “I am very handsome and (c) conjunction strong. No one can defeat me.” Hearing this, the 7. That was a difficult question. Here DIFFICULT plant replied, “Dear friend, too much pride is harmful. Even the strong will fall one day.” The is a/an __________________ tree ignored it and continued to praise himself. (a) adjective (b) adverb One day, a strong wind blew. The tree stood (c) preposition firmly. Even when it rained, the tree stood strong 8. She is poor but she is happy. Here BUT is a/an by spreading its leaves but the small plant bent down. The tree made fun of the plant. __________________ (a) conjunction One day, there was a storm in the forest. The (b) preposition plant again bent but the tree did not want to bow. (c) verb The storm kept growing stronger. The tree could 9. Hurrah! We won the match. Here HURRAH is no longer bear it and finally in the end, he fell down. That was the end of the proud tree. a/an __________________ (a) Interjection Find examples of (b) adjective (a) 4 Nouns: ______________________________ (c) preposition 10. The policeman didn’t run fast enough ______________________________ (b) 4 Adjectives: ___________________________ to catch the thief. Here Thief is a/an ____________ ______________________________ (a) Noun (c) 4 Pronouns: ___________________________ (b) adverb (c) verb ____________________________ (d) 4 Verbs: _______________________________ 52 _____________________________ II. Read the following sentences and identify the correct part of speech. 1. She went to the market and bought some eggs. Here WENT is a __________________ (a) verb (b) adverb (c) noun 2. I want to go now. Here NOW is a/ an__________________ (a) verb (b) adjective (c) adverb 3. What are you doing there? Here YOU is a__________________ (a) Pronoun (b) adverb (c) verb 4. There is a mouse under the table. Here UNDER is a __________________ (a) conjunction (b) preposition (c) adverb 5. Masons build houses. Here MASONS is a/an __________________ (a) verb (b) adverb (c) noun

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. In the space at the right of each sentence, write the part of speech of the underlined word. In making your decision, ask yourself how the word functions in the sentence. The first sentence is done as an example. 1. We took an express train. Adjective 2. The train arrived on time. _______________________ 3. I will train your dog. _______________________ 4. Cross the street on a green light. _______________________ 5. Turn right at the next cross street. _______________________ 6. She was wearing a cross. _______________________ 7. The fire department is always ready. _______________________ 8. We saw a large fire in the distance. _______________________ 9. He can field a ball faster than other players. _______________________ 10. The new field is ready for use. _______________________ 11. A field mouse was caught. _______________________ 12. Everyone left the building in a hurry. _______________________ 13. I sat on the left side of the room. _______________________ 14. Turn left at the next corner. _______________________ 15. You are quite right. _______________________ 16. Keep to the right. _______________________ 17. Go right to the end of the road. _______________________ 18. Children like sweets. _______________________ 19. He climbs like a cat. _______________________ 20. She responded in like manner. _______________________ 53

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins (10 Marks) I. Choose the right part of speech for the underlined words. 1 Stamp this envelope. (a) Noun (b) Verb 2 That is a fast boat. (a) Adjective (b) Verb 3 The calm lasted for three (a) Adjective (b) Noun days. 4 The messenger is waiting (a) Noun (b) Verb outside. 5 Hurrah! The battle is won. (a) Interjection (b) Verb 6 It was her only chance. (a) Adjective (b) Verb 7 Prices are up. (a) Adjective (b) Adverb 8 Let them even the (a) Noun (b) Verb ground. 9 He ran down the hill. (a) pronoun (b) Preposition 10 She was late, so we (a) Adjective (b) helped her. Conjunction II. Choose the correct word to fill in the blank from the choices listed in (a) and (b). (10 Marks) 1. I am doing ________________. (a) well (b) good 2. She dances ______________________ (a) beautiful (b) beautifully 3. I would like to have two cups of _________________. (a) tea (b) teas 4. ______________ is coming for the dinner. (a) Him (b) He 5. I sat _____________ the coffee shop. (a) in (b) between 6. I _____________ feeling sleepy. (a) am (b) are 7. She speaks __________. (a) fast (b) fastly 8. You should stand ___________ when the teacher comes. (a) up (b) down 9. The fishermen ____________ fishing in the sea. (a) is (b) are 10. Nelson Mandela’s _____________ made him famous. (a) wisdom (b) wise 54

2. Phrases, Clauses and Sentences Learning Objectives • Define a sentence. • Identify the difference between a phrase, a At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: clause and a sentence practically. • Define a phrase. • Define a clause. Concept Map WORDS PHRASES CLAUSES SENTENCES (THE BASIC UNIT) (GROUP OF (CLAUSES MADE (We can join two or more RELATED WORDS) UP OF PHRASES) clauses to make sentences) Starter Activity that the dependent clause always starts with a Conjunction. In your previous classes, you have already learnt In the second example, “I could not go out” is the about words and sentences. Today from the above independent clause and “Since it was raining” is concept map, we can see how related words can make the dependent clause. “Since” is the conjunction. phrases. Phrases are parts of the clauses and two or • Sentence: A sentence is a group of words which more clauses can join together to become sentences. has a subject and a predicate. There can be simple Our lesson today is about phrases, clauses and sentences. sentences and we will learn to differentiate between them. Examples: 1. He lives in this building. Key Points 2. My brother likes sweets. • Phrase:  A group of related words which do not have We can make more complex sentence by joining a subject or a verb. So they cannot be used alone, two or more clauses or phrases. but you can use them as part of a clause/sentence, I forgot to pack my toothbrush for our vacation where they are used as parts of speech. because I was late to catch the train. Examples: The above sentence is made up of two clauses: 1. After dinner. (No subject, No verb) 1. I forgot to pack my toothbrush for our vacation: 2. Running fast. (No subject- who/what is running?) Independent Clause 2. Because I was late to catch the train: Dependent In the above sentences, you may find nouns (dinner) and even verb (running) but the noun is Clause not doing any action (verb). They are all phrases. Phrases: pack my toothbrush, for our vacation etc. • Clause: A clause is a group of words that has The teacher can end the class with the following subject, a verb and a predicate. activity: A clause can sometimes act as a sentence and gives Quiz a complete meaning. That kind of clause is called Write down the following sentences on the board and an Independent Clause. When it is dependent on ask the children to identify subject and verb. Put a the other clause for a complete meaning, it is called cross wherever it applies. Dependent/Subordinate Clause. Examples: 1. I love roses because they look beautiful. 2. Since it was raining, I could not go out. The above sentence has two clauses. “I love roses” is the independent clause and “because they look beautiful” is the dependent clause. Please note 55

2. Phrases, Clauses and Sentences Subject Verb 1. The boy in the blue coat is my brother. ________ ________ 2. On the blackboard ________ ________ 3. But it is really surprising. ________ ________ 4. The open door ________ ________ 5. I love playing golf. ________ ________ Identification of Phrase, Clause and  Sentence Study this table to understand the difference between a phrase, a clause and a sentence. Phrase Clause Sentence A phrase is a group of words A clause is a group of words A sentence is a group of words It does not make a complete sense It may or may not be dependent It expresses a complete thought by itself. on something else for complete meaning It has a subject and a verb It has no subject or verb It has a subject and a verb Rita sat on a wooden chair/Rita sat On a wooden chair That was made of wood on a chair made of wood. Study the following sentences and look at the highlighted parts.   1. The lady who was ill was taken to a hospital in the town. Who was ill- Clause In the town- Phrase 2. Before I went to school, I ate breakfast in a hurry. Before I went to school- Clause In a hurry- Phrase Transformation of a Phrase Into a Clause We can change a phrase into a clause by adding a subject and a verb to it. Examples: People living in glass houses cannot throw stones at others. People who live in glass houses cannot throw stones at others. In the above sentences, ‘living in glass houses’ is a phrase whereas ‘who live in glass houses’ becomes a clause. More examples: I heard of his success. I heard that he has succeeded. No one can guess the time of his arrival. No one can guess when he will arrive. The words like who, that and when as shown in the above examples are called conjunctions. 56

2. Phrases, Clauses and Sentences PERIODS ALLOTTED RESOURCES Work Plan PS-1 CONTENT 2 PS-2 Phrase, Clause and Sentence PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 1 Self - Evaluation Sheet 57

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Mark the following statements true or false. STATEMENT TRUE/ FALSE 1. A phrase may be a word or group of words 2. A phrase gives a complete meaning. 3. A phrase is a part of a sentence. 4. A clause has a subject. 5. A clause cannot work as a sentence. 6. A sentence has a subject and a verb. 7. A clause can exist without a subject. 8. A sentence gives us an incomplete meaning. II. Separate the subject and the verb in the following sentences. Put a cross wherever applies. Look at the example given for you. SENTENCE SUBJECT VERB went She went for a walk. She 1. I saw a scary movie. 2. On the mountain top 3. Is very talented 4. In the jungle 5. My grandmother told me a story. 6. My mother baked a cake. 7. In the corner 8. Julie runs on the beach every morning. 9. After the function 10. The lion roared loudly. 58

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Read the following sentences and write ‘P’ for phrase and ‘C’ for clause. Look at the example given for you. So she went away _______C__________ 1. Because of illness ­_________________ 2. Since it was raining _________________ 3. It was for the first time _________________ 4. In the month of December _________________ 5. A frog came jumping _________________ 6. Due to heavy rain _________________ 7. If you guide me _________________ 8. As the things came to an end____________ 9. Without saying good bye _________________ 10. Because she is ill _________________ 11. I did not go out _________________ 12. The chief guest came late _________________ 13. At a slow pace _________________ 14. With great care _________________ 15. It is made of gold _________________ 59

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Read the following story and answer the questions that follow. Bunny rabbit lived in the forest. He had many friends. He was proud of his friends. One day Bunny rabbit heard the loud barking of wild dogs. He was very scared. He decided to ask for help. He quickly went to his friend deer. But the deer said that he was busy and asked him to go to the bear. Bunny rabbit ran to the bear. He requested to the bear to help him. The bear replied, “I am sorry. I am hungry and tired. I need to find some food. Please ask the monkey for help.” Poor Bunny went to the monkey, the elephant, the goat and all his other friends. Bunny rabbit felt sad that nobody was ready to help him. He understood that he had to think of a way out by himself. He hid under a bush. He lay very still. The wild dogs did not find the bunny. They went chasing other animals. Bunny rabbit learnt that he had to learn to survive by himself, not depending on his unhelpful friends. 1. Find any five phrases. __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ 2. Find any five clauses. __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ 2. Read the following sentences and change the underlined phrases into clauses. 1. No one knows the time of his arrival. 2. I know him to be an honest person. 3. He is confident of his success. 4. My father expected an improvement in my grades. 5. I hope to be there in time. 60

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and identify the subject and the verb. (10 Marks) (10 Marks) S.No. Sentences Subject Verb 1 The dog barked. 2 His head is fat and round. 3 We waited for three days. 4 Nobody said a word. 5 We have won the battle. 6 The moon disappeared behind the clouds. 7 He has small, dark eyes. 8 My brother still drives his old car. 9 He ran down the hill. 10 My mom was late from her office. II. In the space before each group of words, mark P if it is a PHRASE, C if it is a CLAUSE.  1. Over my head ____________ 2. Because I was afraid ____________ 3. I didn’t get much sleep. ____________ 4. That night ____________ 5. I knew what happened____________ 6. So that I could get some rest ____________ 7. I heard the cat’s meow ____________ 8. When I finally got up____________ 9. I got so tired ____________ 10. The next day ____________ 61

3. Types of Sentences Learning Objectives At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • Know the types of sentences. • Use appropriate punctuation marks at the end of a sentence. • Transform a sentence from one type to another without altering the meaning. Starter Activity Read the following passage and remember to look at the different kinds of punctuation marks. The peacock is one of the most beautiful birds in the world. The peacock’s tail has wonderful colours too. Did you know the tail is almost five feet long? The peacock’s tail slows him down when he has to run from other killer animals. What a surprise! So why does the peacock have such a long tail? Think about it. If the male peacock is strong enough to survive even with his long tail, the female peacock figures that he will make a good partner. From the above passage, we can see that a sentence begins with a capital letter and can end with a full stop (.), question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!). Key Points 2. Interrogative Sentence: A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence. It begins I. Types of sentences with a helping verb or ‘wh’ question words like who, A group of words that makes complete sense is called what, which, when, where and how. It ends with a a sentence. question mark. Notice the following sentences: Structure: 1. I am the monitor of my class. 2. How beautiful the day is! Helping verb/wh words+ subject+ other words? 3. Do you like comedy movies? Examples: 4. Open the door. 1. Do you like oranges? Each group of words is a sentence. However, they 2. Is this your pen? differ in meaning. So, on the basis of meaning, 3. What is your name? sentences are of following kinds: 1. Assertive sentence 3. Imperative Sentence: Imperative sentence 2. Interrogative sentence expresses a command, advice or a request. It usually 3. Imperative sentence begins with a verb and the subject ‘you’ is hidden and 4. Exclamatory sentence. understood. 1. Assertive Sentence: An assertive sentence is a Structure: sentence that states a fact. Such sentences are simple statements. They state, assert or declare something. You (hidden) + main verb+ other words. Assertive sentences are of two types: Affirmative and Examples: Negative. 1. Open the door. 2. Please give me some water. Structure: 3. Do your homework. 4. Do not make noise. Subject + verb+ other words. Examples: 1. My father is a pilot.-Affirmative sentence 2. He is not an honest person.- Negative sentence 62

3. Types of Sentences 4. Exclamatory Sentence: a sentence that expresses NEGATIVE TO AFFIRMATIVE strong feeling of joy, sorrow, surprise etc. is called an My father is not a dishonest person. exclamatory sentence. It ends with an exclamation My father is an honest person. mark. INTERROGATIVE TO ASSERTIVE Examples: Who would not like to be rich? 1. How beautiful she is! Everyone would like to be rich. 2. What a shame! EXCLAMATORY TO ASSERTIVE II. Transformation of sentences: What a lovely voice she has! We can change the form of a sentence without She has a lovely voice. IMPERATIVE TO ASSERTIVE altering its meaning. Please leave the room. AFFIRMATIVE TO NEGATIVE You are ordered to leave the room. 1 James can write faster than me. PERIODS ALLOTTED RESOURCES I cannot write as fast as James. ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE 1 PS-1 2 We cannot imagine a day without water. 1 PS-2 Can we imagine a day without water? PS-3 ASSERTIVE TO EXCLAMATORY 1 Self- Evaluation 3 The rain is really lovely. Sheet How lovely the rain is! ASSERTIVE TO IMPERATIVE 4 I request you not to make a noise. Do not make a noise. Work Plan CONTENT Starter Activity and Types of Sentences Transformation of Sentences Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 63

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Read the following sentences and write the type of the sentence from the box. The first one is done for you as an example. Affirmative Negative Exclamatory Interrogative Imperative What nonsense! Exclamatory 1. What a grand function! ______________________________ 2. Are you going to school? ______________________________ 3. Bring me some water.______________________________ 4. Wear your uniform. ______________________________ 5. They have left the town. ______________________________ 6. How silly the question is! ______________________________ 7. I wish I could go on a vacation. ______________________________ 8. Can I take my puppy in a train? ______________________________ 9. Open the door and the windows. ______________________________ 10. My dad is a doctor. ______________________________ 11. It is a beautiful day. ______________________________ 12. My mother is not very talkative. ______________________________ 13. May I borrow your pen? ______________________________ 14. What a pleasant surprise! ______________________________ 15. He does not work hard. ______________________________ 64

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Change the following sentences according to the instructions given in brackets. Look at the example given for you. Robin is very intelligent. (Exclamatory) How intelligent Robin is! 1. What a sweet voice you have! (ASSERTIVE) 2. When can their glory fade? (ASSERTIVE) 3. Everyone knows him. (INTERROGATIVE) 4. This meal is delicious. (EXCLAMATORY) 5. You can get rid of all this junk. (IMPERATIVE) 6. Stand up. (ASSERTIVE) 7. What a fine gentleman he is! (ASSERTIVE) 8. The blind cannot see. (INTERROGATIVE) 9. Who has not heard of Gandhi? (ASSERTIVE) 10. It is a lovely morning. (EXCLAMATORY) 11. Isn’t this food hot? (ASSERTIVE) 12. You are ordered to get a taxi. (IMPERATIVE) 65

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Change the following affirmative sentences into negative. Look at the example given for you. The girl was absent today. The girl was not present today. (a) He is always on time. (b) This medicine is cheap. (c) Iron is a heavy metal. (d) Mira can dance better than me. (e) My dad is professional about his job. (f) He is a dishonest man. (g) Ram walks faster than me. (h) This story book is interesting. 2. Fill in the blanks using the words/phrases from the box. Thirsty camel full glasses desert plants thirty gallons moisture survive for without at all (a) A _____________________ can drink as much as (b) _____________________ of water-that’s about five hundred (c) _____________________ in just ten minutes. Normally, however, it gets all the (d) _____________________ it needs from (e) _____________________ and can (f) _____________________ up to ten months (g) _____________________ drinking any water (h) _____________________. 66

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and decide whether they are assertive, interrogative, imperative or exclamatory. The first one is done for you as an example. (10 Marks) What a beautiful day! Exclamatory 1 Are you willing to join our team? 2 Get me some water. 3 Do not waste your time. 4 I went to Nepal last year. 5 What a grand reception! 6 Take a left turn. 7 She is a good speaker. 8 They have applied for the passport. 9 How lovely you are! 10 What are your plans? II. Match the following columns to make correct sentences. (10 Marks) Column A Column B 1. The watchman a. Flooded our town last night. 2. The river b. Can soothe our mind. 3. Intelligent children c. Will soon become the head boy. 4. Music d. Foolishly threw the bone. 5. Many flights e. Is prohibited at the Delhi metro. 6. He rides f. Got a scratch on its bumper. 7. My newly bought car g. Don’t need much attention. 8. Photography h. Were delayed because of fog. 9. He i. A beautiful, white horse 10. The dog j. Remains awake during the night. 67

4. Subject, Predicate and Object Learning Objectives recess. Subject – The students, Predicate- complained about the short recess. At the completion of this chapter, the students will 3. Ms. Das is teaching Algebra to the be able to: students. Subject – Ms. Das, Predicate- is • List the necessary elements of a complete teaching Algebra to the students. 4. Monkeys are playing around in the sentence. garden. Subject – Monkeys, Predicate- are • Identify the subjects, predicates and objects in playing around in the garden.  5. My dad works in a factory. Subject – My dad, sentences. Predicate- works in a factory. • Write correct and complete sentences. • In some sentences, the subject may not necessarily perform a task. Hence subject can Starter Activity also be defined as the noun or pronoun used in a sentence about which something is being told. Copy down the following table on the board and ask Predicate is what is being told in a sentence about the students to read out the sentences. that subject. Examples: The cat ran WHO WHAT 1. He is very happy. Subject – He, Predicate- is home. The cat Ran home very happy My mom sat on My mom Sat on a chair 2. She looks very beautiful. Subject – She, a chair. Mira and I Jumped from the Predicate- looks very happy. Mira and I tree 3. My dad seems to be angry. Subject – My dad, jumped from My mom Are very happy. Predicate- seems to be angry. the tree. and dad 4. Honesty is the best policy. Subject – Honesty, My mom and I Can fly! Predicate- is the best policy. dad are very happy. • Object: The object is the noun (person/thing) upon I can fly! whom or which the action is carried out. In the above table, we can see that the sentences can Example: be divided into two distinct parts. The part which Monkeys are destroying the garden. answers “who or what” the sentence is about is called In this sentence, the action “destroying” is carried SUBJECT and “what” is being said about the subject is called the PREDICATE. by the “monkeys” and the action is carried upon the “garden”. So “Monkeys” is the SUBJECT and Example: “GARDEN” is the object of the verb “DESTROYING”.  The dog ran. More examples 1. Ms. Das teaches English. Subject – Ms. Das, The dog is the subject of the sentence because the sentence is telling something about that dog. And Object- English. what is it telling? It says that the dog ran. So in this 2. He is eating an apple. Subject – He, Object- an example, ran is the predicate. • To identify the subject and predicate in a sentence apple. 1. Find the verb (Action word) 3. She sings a song. Subject – She, Object- a song. 2. Ask WHO or WHAT in this sentence is doing that 4. He is writing a letter. Subject – He, Object- a action. letter. 3. In the above sentence, the verb is ran. If we ask • There can be two types of Objects: who ran, the answer is the dog. This is how we 1. Direct objects: A direct object answers the know that the ‘dog’ is the subject and ‘ran’ is the predicate. question “what?” or “who?” More examples In above sentences, all are the examples of direct 1. Yesterday after lunch, I went to the ground. Subject – I, object. Predicate- went to the ground. 2. Indirect objects: An indirect object answers the 2. The students complained about the short question “to whom?”, “for whom?” Examples: I gave my mom a gift. 68

4. Subject, Predicate and Object In the above sentence, “a gift” is the direct object and “my mom” is the indirect object. He wrote his uncle a letter. Direct Object: a letter, Indirect Object: his uncle. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED Subject, Predicate And How to identify them. PS 1 Object 1 PS 2 PS 3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 1 Self-Evaluation Sheet 69

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Choose a subject from the box to complete each sentence. (a) A sparrow (b) The car (c) My notebook (d) A dolphin (e) My 80-year-old grandmother (f) My cupboard (g) Plants (h) The doctor (i) A butterfly (j) My mother 1. ________________________________ sat on the flower. 2. ________________________________ has lots of clothes in it. 3. ________________________________ gave me medicine for my fever. 4. ________________________________ needs soil, water, and sunlight. 5. ________________________________ jumped in the sea. 6. ________________________________ was upset because I did not clear the exam. 7. ________________________________ is filled with stories that I wrote. 8. ________________________________ is sitting on the branch of a tree. 9. ________________________________ is in the garage. 10. ________________________________ can still read without glasses. II. Fill in an appropriate subject to each sentence below. Example: _________________ went to school. Ans: The students went to school. 1. _________________ walked to the assembly. 2. _________________ plays on the swing. 3. _________________ are visiting next week. 4. _________________ made a chocolate cake. 5. _________________ has a bone in his mouth. 6. _________________ sang happy birthday. 7. _________________ gave me a beautiful gift on my birthday. 8. _________________ ran across the field. 70

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Add suitable predicates to the following subjects to make meaningful sentences. 1. My sister ________________________________________________________ 2. Our school ________________________________________________________ 3. Farmers ________________________________________________________ 4. The chair ________________________________________________________ 5. A large crowd ________________________________________________________ 6. My father ________________________________________________________ 7. My eldest brother ____________________________________________________ 8. Our servant _________________________________________________________ 9. The girl________________________________________________________ 10. The postman ________________________________________________________ 71

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Separate the subject and the object in the following sentences. The first one is done for you as an example. SENTENCE SUBJECT OBJECT The boy The car hits the boy. The car 1. I saw a scary movie. 2. Rima loves ice-cream. 3. I kept the food on the table. 4. I am reading a new book. 5. My grandmother told a story. 6. My mother baked a cake. 7. My friends enjoyed my birthday party. 8. My uncle visited Japan last year. 9. He broke the flower pot. 10. My father lost his wallet. II. There are ten VERBS in the box below. Use each one to make a sentence of your own with an appropriate SUBJECT as well as OBJECT. You can change the tense form of the verb. Give Throw Take Catch Buy Sing Watch Deliver Read Smash 72

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Identify the subject and the predicate in the following sentences. (10x1=10) 1. The sun shines brightly. 2. The dogs were barking loudly. 3. The girl looks very pretty. 4. My brother serves in the army. 5. The man and his wife were working in their garden. 6. My mother and my aunt are great cooks. 7. He waited for me. 8. The tree was covered with leaves. 9. The grey cat is sleeping on the mat. 10. Priya helped the old lady cross the road II. Read the following sentences and tell whether the underlined part is the Subject or the Predicate. (10x1=10) 1. The boy ate the apple. ____________________ 2. The boy ate the apple. ____________________ 3. I need help with this math problem. ____________________ 4. Next week my grandmother is coming from Kerala. ____________________ 5. My favourite month is May. ____________________ 6. The rooster crowed twice in the morning. ____________________ 7. The principal congratulated the girls on their success. ____________________ 8. The cow was grazing in the field. ____________________ 9. The teacher praised the punctual students. ____________________ 10. I watched a movie on a duke and a duchess. ____________________ 73

5. Nouns and Kinds of Nouns Learning Objectives At the completion of this chapter, the students will be • Identify nouns as a part of speech. able to: • Use different types of nouns in their writing • Define the term ‘Noun’. • Differentiate between different types of nouns and correctly. their usage. Starter Activity Copy down the following table on the board and ask the students to read out the content. Identify and place underlined words into different buckets like People, Place etc.. A PEOPLE PLACE ANIMAL THING QUALITY In June, Shivam asked his mother if she could Shivam School Dog June Responsibility buy him a dog. Shivam had always wanted Mother Home Pet Years Dedication a dog and now that he was fourteen years Brother Shelter Labrador Day Wish old, he thought that he was old enough to Bruno Morning have his own pet. Shivam’s mother told Work him that if he worked hard and showed Evening responsibility; then she would let him get a Summer dog when the next school year started. Every day since then, Shivam woke up early every morning and went to the school regularly. He then came home, and even took care of his younger brother until his mother came home from work in the evening. After the summer ended, Shivam’s mother was impressed with his dedication and decided to get him a dog. Shivam wanted to adopt a dog from the shelter, so Shivam and his mother went together to look for a good dog. After looking at a few dogs, Shivam decided to adopt a small Labrador. Shivam finally fulfilled his wish of having a dog and he named him Bruno. Key Points Love is a great thing. (Name of a feeling) • Noun does the following functions: 1. The underlined words in the passage above are Naming People: examples: John, Fatima, Singh, names of people, place, animal, thing and quality. These naming words are called NOUNS. Michael, Tom and so on. Naming Places: examples: America, China, Examples: Albert Einstein was a renowned scientist. (Name Church, Taj Mahal, Paris and so on. Naming Things: examples: Car, Hat, Bottle, of a person) Mice are afraid of cats. (Name of a category of Table, Chair, Ball and so on. Naming Animals: examples: Dog, Rabbit, animals) The fan is not working. (Name of a thing) Elephant, Chicken, Horse and so on. The crowd gathered at the place of the accident. Naming Feeling/Qualities/Ideas: examples: Joy, (Name of a group of people) Fear, Beauty, Strength, Anger and so on. Gold is used for making ornaments. (Name of a 2. Kinds of nouns material) 74

5. Nouns and Kinds of Nouns I. Proper noun - Names of particular people or COLLECTIVE NOUNS FOR A GROUP OF PEOPLE places and things are called Proper Nouns. i. A crew of sailors. ii. An army of soldiers. o Proper nouns always begin with a capital iii. A band of musicians. letter. iv. A class of pupils. v. A troupe of actors. Examples: vi. A panel of judges. i. My name is Mohan. vii. A gang of robbers. ii. My best friend is Arti. iii. Come Bruno, let us go for a walk. COLLECTIVE NOUNS THAT STAND FOR A GROUP iv. Hello Rahul! Will you play with me? OF THINGS v. I visited the Taj Mahal last year. i. A bunch of keys. • Proper Nouns incudes: ii. A pile of clothes. i. The days of the week and the months of the iii. A collection of books. iv. A string of pearls. year, for example: Sunday, December, March, v. A set of stamps. Friday etc. vi. A galaxy of stars. ii. The names of festivals and some special days, vii. A pack of cards. for example: Christmas, Mother’s Day, New viii. An atlas of maps. Year’s Eve, Holi, Diwali etc. ix. A bouquet of flowers. iii. T he names of buildings, mountains, rivers and x. A bunch of grapes. seas, for example: The Great Wall of China, More examples: Taj Mahal, Niagara Falls, Mount Everest, River a. My father bought me a pair of tennis shoes. Ganges etc. b. There is a colony of ants near the tree. II. C ommon noun - Common nouns are naming c. A pile of clothes was kept on the bed. words that are common to people, places, d. Our team won the cricket match. things and animals of the same kind. e. Watch out for that swarm of bees. They are not capitalized unless they begin a IV. Material noun - These are the names of sentence. For example boy, girl, doctor, town, city, dog, car and so on. materials or substances which different things are made of. For example: flour, Examples cement, iron, steel, wood etc. There are no i. Teachers teach in school. plural forms of material nouns. ii. Birds live on trees. Examples: iii. I love to read storybooks. i. My cricket bat is made of wood. iv. My mother is a doctor. ii. I need some flour for the cake. v. These chocolates and cakes are so delicious. iii. My pen is out of ink. iv. This ring is made of gold. III. C ollective noun - Collective nouns are used to v. This rod is made of steel. name a group of persons, places, animals or things. A collective noun represents a complete V. Abstract noun – These are the names of whole. For examples: a library of books, ideas, feelings, qualities, actions or state a team of players and a family of four. which can neither be seen nor touched. COLLECTIVE NOUNS FOR A GROUP OF ANIMALS Examples: AND BIRDS i. Truthfulness is a great virtue. ii. Honesty is the best policy. i. A flock of sheep. iii. Childhood is the best time of life. ii. A herd of cattle. iv. I have my own ideas and opinions. iii. A stud of horses. v. He is a man of bravery. iv. A gaggle of geese. v. A litter of cubs. • Abstract nouns are derived particularly from vi. A flock of birds. nouns, verbs, and adjectives. vii. A shoal of fish. viii. A pack of wolves. ix. A swarm of bees. FROM NOUNS: NOUN ABSTRACT NOUN Brother Brotherhood 75

5. Nouns and Kinds of Nouns Child Childhood VERB ABSTRACT NOUN Friend Friendship Think Thought King Kingship Treat Treatment Leader Leadership Man Manhood FROM ADJECTIVES: ABSTRACT NOUN Member Membership ADJECTIVE ability Mother Motherhood Able anger Neighbour Neighbourhood Angry beauty Scholar Scholarship Beautiful bravery Brave difference FROM VERBS: ABSTRACT NOUN Different difficulty VERB Action Difficult envy Act Appearance Envious greatness Appear Behaviour Great happiness Behave Belief Happy hunger Believe Death Hungry kindness Die Deed Kind length Do Employment Long honesty Employ Freedom Honest newness Free Growth New strength Grow Invitation Strong thirst Invite Judgement Thirsty uniqueness Judge Knowledge Unique weakness Know Laughter Weak width Laugh Loss Wide wisdom Lose Marriage Wise Marry Permission Permit Pleasure Please Refusal Refuse Sale Sell Speech Speak 76

5. Nouns and Kinds of Nouns HOW TO FORM ABSTRACT NOUNS FROM ADJECTIVES: 1. Add-‘ness’ Examples: • Ready - Readiness  • Happy - Happiness  • Weak - Weakness • Sad - Sadness  • Mad – Madness 2. Add – ‘ity’  Examples: • Responsible - Responsibility. • Possible - Possibility. • Scarce - Scarcity  • Hilarious - Hilarity. • Probable - Probability  3. Add – ‘ance’ or ‘ence’ Examples: • Independent - Independence. • Important - Importance  • Silent - Silence  Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED Nouns Noun kinds and how to form abstract PS-1 nouns from adjectives 2 PS-2 1 PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* Self-Evaluation Sheet 77

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Identify the nouns in the following sentences and tell their kind. 1. The book was lying on the table. 2. Love begets love. 3. We cannot live without water. 4. The jury has given its verdict. 5. The Hindus regard Krishna as an incarnation of Lord Vishnu. 6. Give up your bad habits. 7. The earth moves round the sun. 8. Wild animals live in forests. 9. The childhood of Ravi was full of misery. 10. All the girls were singing. 11. Gold is a precious metal. 12. Rice is the staple food of South Indians. 78

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Pick out the abstract noun in each sentence. Use its opposite in a sentence of your own. 1. The thieves escaped due to the carelessness of police. 2. The child was known for his kindness. 3. Truth always triumphs. 4. This foolishness cost him dearly. 5. He was full of sadness after his failure. II. Point out the nouns in the following sentences and state whether they are common, proper, collective, material or abstract. Look at the example given for you. The angry mob pelted stones at the police. Mob – collective noun; stones – common noun; police – collective noun 1. The lion is the king of beasts. 2. Honesty is the best policy. 3. You must always speak the truth. 4. Rama is my youngest sister. 5. Solomon was famous for his wisdom. 6. Birds make their nests in trees. 7. A committee was appointed to study the situation. 8. Greenland is the largest island. 9. The boys were congratulated for their performance. 10. He gave me a bunch of grapes. 11. The children sang the national anthem. 12. He owns a fleet of cars. 79

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Form abstract nouns from the following adjectives. Look at the example given for you . Long     Length i. Strong ————————– ii. Cruel ————————– iii. Bitter ————————– iv. Dark ————————– v. Wise ————————– vi. Good ————————– vii. Sweet ————————– viii. Free ————————– ix. Brave ————————– x. Ignorant ————————– II. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate collective noun. The first one is done as an example. i. A ­ flock  of birds ii. A ­_______________ of ships iii. A ­_______________ of cattle iv. A _­ ______________ of wolves v. A ­_______________ of bees vi. An ­______________ of ants vii. A ­_______________ of fish viii. A _­ ______________ of cards ix. A _­ ______________ of grapes x. A _­ ______________ of lions xi. A _­ ______________ of musicians xii. A _­ ______________ of drawers xiii. A ­_______________ of singers xiv. A ­_______________ of mountains xv. A ­_______________ of trees 80

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Circle the noun in each sentence. (10 Marks) 6. I added milk and sugar in the tea. Milk is a/an ..................................... 1. Look at the little dog. (a) Common noun 2. It sits in the grass. (b) Proper noun 3. They see an ant. (c) Collective noun 4. It digs up sand. (d) Material noun 5. What a big hill that is! (e) Abstract noun 6. I am a quick little pig. 7. Look at me run down the hill. 7. London is on the river Thames. London is a/ 8. My mom asked me to come back. an........................................ 9. Help your dad now. (a) Common noun 10. I can bring this big log to him. (b) Proper noun (c) Collective noun II. Choose the correct option and write it in the (d) Material noun blank provided. Look at the example given for (e) Abstract noun you. (10 Marks) 8. Cleanliness is next to godliness. Cleanliness 1. Always speak the truth. is a/an...................................... Truth is a/an ..................................... (a) Common noun (b) Proper noun (a) Common noun (c) Collective noun (b) Proper noun (d) Material noun (c) Collective noun (e) Abstract noun (d) Material noun (e) Abstract noun 9. Rishabh is a hardworking boy. Rishabh is a/ an........................................... 2. The school organised a farewell party. School (a) Common noun is a/an................................... (b) Proper noun (a) Common noun (c) Collective noun (b) Proper noun (d) Material noun (c) Collective noun (e) Abstract noun (d) Material noun (e) Abstract noun 10. He brought a piece of wood. Wood is a/an...... ................................. 3. King Solomon was famous for his wisdom. (a) Common noun Solomon is a/an.......................................... (b) Proper noun (a) Common noun (c) Collective noun (b) Proper noun (d) Material noun (c) Collective noun (e) Abstract noun (d) Material noun (e) Abstract noun 4. The regiment of soldiers showed their bravery in the battle. Regiment is a/an........... ....................... (a) Common noun (b) Proper noun (c) Collective noun (d) Material noun (e) Abstract noun 5. We saw a fleet of ships in the harbour. Fleet is a/an........................................... (a) Common noun (b) Proper noun (c) Collective noun (d) Material noun (e) Abstract noun 81

6. Pronouns and Types Learning Objectives At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • Define the term ‘Pronoun’. • Differentiate between different types of pronouns and their usage. • Identify pronouns as a part of speech. Starter Activity Copy down the following table on the board and ask the students to read out the content. A B Bunny rabbit lived in the forest. Bunny rabbit had Bunny rabbit lived in the forest. He had many friends. many friends. One day Bunny rabbit heard the loud One day he heard the loud barking of wild dogs. barking of wild dogs. Bunny rabbit was very scared. He was very scared. He decided to ask for help. He Bunny rabbit decided to ask for help. Bunny rabbit quickly went to his friend deer. But the deer was busy quickly went to his friend deer. But the deer was busy so he asked him to go to the bear. So he ran to the so the deer asked Bunny rabbit to go to the bear. So bear and asked for help. But the bear was hungry and Bunny rabbit ran to the bear and asked for help. But tired. So the bunny rabbit went to the monkey, the the bear was hungry and tired. So Bunny rabbit went elephant, the goat and all his other friends. He felt to the monkey, the elephant, the goat and all his sad that nobody was ready to help. other friends. Bunny rabbit felt sad that nobody was ready to help. Key Points Examples: He, I, she, you, it, they, me, him etc. o Personal pronouns stand for three persons: 1. In the above activity, we can see how reading 1. First Person (the person who speaks) – I, Paragraph A becomes difficult and boring if we repeat the same noun “Bunny rabbit” over and we, me, us over in a paragraph. To avoid this, we have made 2. Second Person (the person who is spoken use of “He” in paragraph B. to) - You • Noun is the name of a person, thing, place and 3. Third Person (a person or a thing which is animal. The word which replaces a noun in a sentence is called a PRONOUN. A pronoun helps spoken about) – she, he, it, they, her, him, us avoid unnecessary repetition in our writing and them. speech. o Usage of Personal Pronoun: Examples of pronouns: I, me, mine, myself, she, her, hers, herself, we, us, ours, ourselves. Person Personal pronouns 2. Types of pronouns subjects Objects a. Personal b. Possessive singular 1st person I Me c. Reflexive d. Relative 2nd person You You e. Emphatic f. Interrogative 3rd person He, she, it Him, her, it g. Demonstrative h. Indefinite plural 1st person We Us i. Distributive a. A personal pronoun refers to a specific person 2nd person You You or object or group of things. 3rd person They them Examples: 1. This car belongs to us. 82

6. Pronouns and Types 2. I won the award. 2nd person You Yourselves 3. The matter is between him and me. 3rd person They Themselves 4. Why are you crying? Examples: Personal pronouns for people: I, you, he, she, 1. John reminded himself that he had to work we, they, me, you, him, her, us, them Personal pronouns for things and animals: it, hard. they, them 2. You are old enough to dress yourself. 3. I found myself in a dark corner. b. P ossessive pronouns describes a close 4. The dog covered itself with dirt. possession/ownership or relationship to a noun. d. Relative pronouns joins two sentences and refers back to a noun before it. Examples: His, yours, hers, mine, ours, theirs, mine etc. Examples: who, whom, whose, which, that 1. The woman who is in the red saree is my Usage of Possessive Pronoun: mother. Person Possessive pronouns 2. The shirt which is in your hand is very subjects Objects expensive. 3. A chair is a piece of furniture which we use for singular 1st person I Mine sitting. 2nd person You Yours 4. I found the ring that I thought I had lost. 3rd person He, she, it His, hers, its plural 1st person We Ours e. Emphatic pronoun is used for highlighting, stressing or emphasising the noun or pronoun 2nd person You Yours that comes before it. 3rd person They Theirs Examples: myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, themselves, ourselves Examples: 1. This book is mine. 1. I myself went to check the gate. 2. That laptop is yours. 2. Ram himself washed the clothes. 3. These books are hers. 3. You yourself are responsible for low grades. 4. I have lost my books. I need yours. 4. The thieves themselves admitted their crime. f. Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. c. Reflexive pronoun is a pronoun which refers back Examples: what, which, who, whom, whose etc. to the subject of a sentence or clause. 1. Who is there at the door? 2. Which is your book? Examples: Himself, msyself, herself, yourself, 3. Whose is this pen? ourselves etc.) Please note that a reflexive pronoun always acts as an OBJECT (You have already learnt about OBJECT-the one who receives the action.) Usage of Reflexive Pronoun: Person Reflexive Pronouns Subjects Objects Singular 1st person I Myself 2nd person You Yourself 3rd person He, she, it Himself, herself, itself Plural 1st person We Ourselves 83

6. Pronouns and Types 4. Whom do you love the most in your family? g. Demonstrative pronouns are used to indicate nouns. Examples: this, that, these and those 1. Those are my neighbour’s dogs. 2. This is my bicycle. 3. These are cakes baked for my birthday. 4. That is my bag. h. Indefinite pronouns are used to refer to some persons or things that are not definite or specific. Examples: all, anything, something, each, every, some, any, many, one, everything everybody, etc. 1. Nobody attended the meeting. 2. Something is wrong there. 3. Everyone was smiling. 4. All looked happy. i. Distributive pronoun is a pronoun which refers to people or things one at a time. Examples: each, every, either, neither 1. Either of you is responsible for this. 2. Each of us should follow the school rules. 3. Every child got a chocolate on my birthday. 4. Neither of you can do this work. Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES Pronouns and their types ALLOTTED PS-1 CONTENT PS-2 3 PS-3 Pronouns 1 Self - Evaluation Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* Sheet 84

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Rewrite the following paragraph and replace the underlined words with appropriate pronouns. Ritu and Manish were brother and sister. One day Ritu and Manish returned from school. Ritu and Manish were very hungry and went straight into the kitchen. Ritu and Manish wanted to eat something. In the kitch- en Ritu and Manish saw a cat. The cat was drinking the milk, kept for Ritu and Manish. Manish ran out from the kitchen as Manish was scared of cats. Ritu was a brave girl. Ritu was not afraid of anything. Ritu took a stick and chased the cat away. The cat ran out. Manish saw the cat running away. Manish came back into the kitchen. Manish praised Ritu for Ritu’s courage. Ritu thanked Manish. II. Read the following sentences and fill in the gaps with appropriate pronouns. 1. ____________ am sitting on the sofa. (I, They, You) 2. ____________ are watching TV. (He, We, It) 3. Are ____________ from Delhi? (He, She, You) 4. ____________ is going home. (I, We, He) 5. ____________ are playing football. (They, He, I) 6. ____________ was a wonderful birthday party. (He, We, It) 7. ____________ are learning English. (She, We, I) 8. Is ____________ your sister? (She, He, You) 9. ____________ are swimming in the pool. (I, She, They) 10. Are ____________ in the class? (Is, She, You) 85

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Identify the underlined pronouns and name them from the box. Look at the example given for you. Personal Possessive Reflexive Relative Emphatic Interrogative Demonstrative Indefinite Distributive She can handle the situation herself. : Reflexive 1. You yourself must go to police station 2. These are my friend’s shoes.  3. This is my car. 4. He is the man who came to my house yesterday. 5. Whose books are these? 6. My friend hurt himself when he was the climbing the stairs. 7. Those are chameleons 8. Everyone is already here. 9. I begged him for more time. 10. He said he’d given me enough time already. II. Write the Possessive Pronouns matching the following. Look at the example given for you. A: Mine 1. You: ____________ 2. He: ____________ 3. She: ____________ 4. It: ____________ 5. We: ____________ 6. They: ____________ 86