202110191-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G07-PART1

CHAPTER 5-EUROPE AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the text and comment on it. Columbus set out with three ships in 1942 to cross the Atlantic Ocean. After three months of sailing, he saw land ahead. Columbus thought that he had reached India. AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following questions: The Westerlies blow from the southwest to the northeast to the southwest. In other words, the two winds (westerlies and trade winds) blow in opposite directions all through the year. This helped Europeans to travel to and from America easily. They could go to America using the trade winds. i. In which direction the westerlies blow? ii. How did the westerlies help Europeans? iii. What type of winds are westerlies? iv. What is the impact of westerlies on Europe? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Do you think the loss of coast line affected Telangana government? CHAPTER 5. EUROPE 49

CHAPTER 5-EUROPE AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on a given map of Europe:– a) Black sea b) Ural Mountain c) Baltic Sea d) River Rhine e) Norway CHAPTER 5. EUROPE 50

CHAPTER 5-EUROPE (ii) Study the map and answer the following questions: Map 4: Europe Don R ASIA Caspian Sea Physical Caucasus Ural Mountains Volga R ARTIC OCEAN W Dvina R Dniper R Black Sea N Dvina Carpathian Agean Vistula R mts Sea Scandinavian Ranges Baltic Sea Oder R Danube R Elbe R mDoiunnatriaicnsAlps Adriatic Sea Rhine R Alps mts Po R Apennines Mediterranean Sea North R Sea Pennine Range Seine Pmyroeunneteasins Loire R Bay of AFRICA Biscay ATLANTIC OCEAN i. Name any four European rivers? ii. Name the mountains that are found in Italy iii. Which is the biggest river in Europe? iv. River Volga drains into which sea? v. Which river flows through Germany? CHAPTER 5. EUROPE 51

CHAPTER 5-EUROPE (iii) Study the map and answer the following questions: Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Asia Ural Pacific Mountains Ocean Europe Africa Equator Indian Ocean Australia i. Name the latitude that is shown in the map. ii. What are the boundaries of Europe? iii. Name the sea that is between Europe and Africa. iv. Name any two continents that are not given in the map. v. Name the continent that is in the south of the equator. AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Short Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Why were the old Mining towns and old factories closed down and why did new factories grow in new areas in Europe? Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 12. Choose the correct answer. (i) Which of the following is the island country in Europe? (A) France (B) Italy (C) England (D) Germany (ii) A landmass surrounded by water on three sides and land on one side land is called __________ (A) Peninsula (B) Island (C) Bay (D) Delta CHAPTER 5. EUROPE 52

CHAPTER 5-EUROPE (iii) This sea is a gulf. (B) Mediterranean Sea (A) Caspian Sea (C) Baltic Sea (D) Arabian Sea (iv) Which European country is surrounded by the sea on three sides and connected to the mainland on the fourth side? (A) Germany (B) Italy (C) England (D) Poland (v) Norway & Sweden are the part of peninsula. (A) Indian (B) Scandinavian (C) Arabian (D) Sinai (vi) _____________ parts of the sea enclosed by land on three sides. (A) Bay & Gulfs (B) Rivers & lakes (C) Peninsulas & islands (D) Mountains & plains (vii) When does spring begin in Europe? (B) June (A) March (D) January (C) December (viii) Crops mature in season. (A) Winter (B) Summer (C) Spring (D) Autumn (ix) Westerlies blow from the Atlantic ocean towards this continent. (A) Europe (B) North America (C) Asia (D) Africa (x) Gulf Stream originate at the . (A) Poles (C) Tropical region (B) Equator (D) Temperate Region CHAPTER 5. EUROPE 53

6. AFRICA SESSION 1 AFRICA – LOCATION, GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES AND CLIMATE OF AFRICA 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. LOCATION, GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES AND CLIMATE OF AFRICA 54

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA 1.2 Terminology 1. Savannas: Tropical grasslands of Africa 2. Plateau: An area of fairly level high ground 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Name the two large deserts of Africa. [Refer to TB page 66 Q3] A. 1) The Sahara Desert 2) The Kalahari Desert. Sahara desert lies in North Africa and Kalahari desert lies in the South Africa. Q2. Name two countries of Africa, where equatorial forests are found. [Refer to TB page 66 Q6] A. Republic of Congo and Gabon Q3. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to TB page 66 Q4] a. The Zone between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn is the zone of———- climate. b. The main vegetation of Savanna lands is –––––––––– c. The two main rivers emptying themselves into the Atlantic Ocean are –––––––and ––––––––––. d. The regions in Africa to the north of the Tropic of Cancer and to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn are –––––––––––––– climate. A. a. Warm climate (Tropic region) b. Tall grass or elephant grass. c. Volga and Congo d. Warm as well as cool (Temperate zone) 1.4 Key Concepts i. Africa, a large continent to the west of India, has extensive desert, dense forests and broad rivers. ii. It is a land of specific kinds of animals. Humans evolved first in Africa. iii. The world’s largest gold and diamond mines are in Africa. iv. Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa from where the river Nile arises. v. The northern region of Africa is a vast desert region known as the Sahara desert. vi. Nile is the river that makes life possible in most part of Northern Africa. vii. The Equator passes through Africa. This is the hottest part on the earth. Both Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn passes through Africa. This region is known as the temperate region. Central and western Africa get heavy rainfall. So, there are thick and dense forests in this region. viii. Savanna is the region that gets moderate rainfall. So, there is plenty of grass in this region and is the habitat for many animals. SESSION 1. LOCATION, GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES AND CLIMATE OF AFRICA 55

SESSION 2 AFRICA – PEOPLE AND THEIR CULTURE - AFRICA, EUROPE AND ASIA 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. PEOPLE AND THEIR CULTURE - AFRICA, EUROPE AND ASIA 56

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA 2.2 Terminology 1. Pastoralists: Persons who survive by rearing cattle on the grasslands and move from place to place for better pastures for their cattle. 2. Mines: Place from where natural resources like metals are dug out. 3. Savannas: Tropical grasslands of Africa. 4. Deserts: An arid region with very less or no vegetation. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. From Europe which sea does one have to cross to reach Northern Africa? [Refer to TB page 66 Q1] A. One has to cross the Mediterranean Sea to reach Northern Africa from Europe. Q2. State three difficulties that the Europeans faced in reaching the interior parts of Africa. [Refer to TB page 66 Q2] A. i. The Sahara desert. ii. Arid climate iii. Broken Coast line or Local Tribes Q3. What goods did the Europeans trade with Africa? What kind of agricultural produce did they promote for trade purpose? [Refer to TB page 66 Q7] A. i. Gold, copper and diamonds were traded. ii. Tea, coffee, rubber, tobacco etc. were the agricultural products. Q4. Who benefited from the slave trade? Why did America need slaves? [Refer to TB page 66 Q8] A. The Americans were benefited from the slave trade. It was to fulfil their needs for additional work on the land. In exchange for the slaves, the African tribal leaders accepted guns, iron objects, Liquor and clothes. The European traders also got profit by selling the slaves. In the 16th century, many Europeans began migrating to America and started cultivation. There was plenty of land in America, but not enough people to work on the fields. It was to fulfil this need for additional working hands in America that the slave trade from Africa began. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the last para of this lesson and comment on it. A. Student’s Activity SESSION 2. PEOPLE AND THEIR CULTURE - AFRICA, EUROPE AND ASIA 57

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA Mapping Skills Q1. Two political maps of Africa have been given in the chapter. Compare the two to find out which European country controlled the present day countries of Nigeria and Zimbabwe. [Refer to TB page 66 Q5] A. Britain an European country which once controlled the present day countries of Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Note : Nigeria and Zimbabwe are independent countries now. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How can you say that the slave trade is highly heinous? [Refer to TB page 66 Q9] A. i. The slave trade began when America was discovered by Christopher Columbus. America was seen a country of great opportunities. ii. America had good trade routes, lots of fertile lands and lots of natural resources. iii. Only thing missing was workforce. iv. People from coastal areas of Guinea and south Africa were caught by the tribal leaders, enslaved and then sold as commodity to Europeans in exchange of clothes,guns, liquor and iron objects. v. These slaves were loaded into the ships like cattle and deported to America which was quite far–off and many enslaved people used to perish by the time they reached the destination. vi. Due to inhuman behaviour, less food, working round the clock, lack of medicines and other care, many slaves died miserable deaths. vii. In 16th and 17th centuries, several European countries were engaged in slave trade and millions of slaves were taken to far off areas of north and south of America and nearby islands, viii. Finally, in 1860 this menacing slave trade ended and people were declared citizens of America but after millions succumbed to death. 2.4 Key Concepts i. The people here follow different lifestyles and languages. ii. Most of the people are tribals with hunting and gathering as a main occupation. Savanna is inhabited by pastoralists. iii. Agriculture is only on the river banks. iv. Like India, Africa also was a colony of the European nations. Africans were taken to other nations, to work in farms and factories. This was known as Slave Trade. SESSION 2. PEOPLE AND THEIR CULTURE - AFRICA, EUROPE AND ASIA 58

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. British colony a. Namibia ii. Dutch company b. Congo iii. French colony c. Egypt iv. German colony d. Oil refining in Nigeria v. Belgian colony e. Algeria 2. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Kilimanjaro a. River ii. Nyasa b. Mountain iii. Zambezi c. Lake iv. Kalahari d. Ocean v. Atlantic e. Desert 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Which is the largest lake in Africa? (ii) Which companies established control over the oil mining and refining in Nigeria? (iii) Which is the only river that crosses Sahara Desert? (iv) Which latitude passes through Africa? (v) Name the rivers of Africa. (vi) What are ‘Temperate Regions’? CHAPTER 6. AFRICA 59

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA (vii) Which trees are used for the extraction of oil? (viii) Which are the regions in Africa experiencing heavy rainfall? (ix) Name any three commercial crops that are grown in Nigeria. (x) In which year did Vasco da Gama reach India? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The originates from Lake Victoria. (xii) The River flows through Egypt. (xiii) Nigeria was under the rule until 1960. (xiv) The zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn is the region of the world. (xv) . is the largest producer of gold and diamonds. (xvi) A Portuguese named went around the southern tip of Africa and reached India. (xvii) is the most important natural resource of Nigeria. (xviii) The Cape of Good Hope is in . (xix) Oil refineries have been set up at and in Nigeria. (xx) The slaves were declared free citizens in America in . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How is River Nile helpful in Africa? (ii) What were the things accepted by the tribal leaders in exchange for the slaves? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Name the different types of vegetation found in Africa. CHAPTER 6. AFRICA 60

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following questions: The Europeans exported African timber, minerals etc.on a very large scale to Europe. In fact, the gold and diamond mines in southern Africa are still under the control of European companies. Zambia and Zimbabwe have priceless mines of copper. This mineral has long been an important export item. The Europeans did not stop with exporting the resources of Africa. They established plantations to grow tea, coffee, rubber, tobacco etc. These products were also exported to Europe. i) Name some European countries that reached Africa to colonize it. ii) Name any two plantations that were exported to Europe. iii) Where are the priceless mines of copper in Africa? iv) How did the Europeans use the natural resources of Africa? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Explain the situation of slaves, when compared to present day workers. CHAPTER 6. AFRICA 61

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on a given map of Europe: a) France b) England c) Italy d) Germany e) Portugal AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How did Africa become the cradle of the humankind? Long Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What were the miserable conditions when Africans were enslaved and taken to North and South Amer- ica? CHAPTER 6. AFRICA 62

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 12. Choose the correct answer. (i) Which is the largest freshwater lake in Africa? (B) Lake Tanganyika (A) Lake Nyasa (C) Lake Victoria (D) Lake Baikal (ii) Which among the following latitudes passes through the middle of Africa? (A) Tropic of Cancer (B) Equator (C) Tropic of Capricorn (D) All of the above (iii) The slaves were declared free citizens in America in the year (A) 1947 (B) 1880 (C) 1860 (D) 1890 (iv) Chocolates are made from this product. (B) Coffee (A) Timber (C) Cocoa (D) Coconut (v) River Nile drains into the __________. (B) Mediterranean Sea (A) Red Sea (C) Indian Ocean (D) Atlantic Ocean (vi) The world’s largest gold mines are in _______. (B) Australia (A) Africa (C) Asia (D) Europe (vii) This region gets moderate rainfall. (B) Savanna (A) Temperate (C) Tundra (D) Torrid CHAPTER 6. AFRICA 63

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA (viii) Which of the following is an arid phyiscal feature with less or no vegetation? (A) Desert (B) Plains (C) Mountains (D) Plateaus (ix) The highest peak in Africa is_________ . (B) Mount Kenya (A) Mount Kilimanjaro (C) Mount Everest (D) Mount Meru (x) Most of Egypt is a _____________. (B) Lake (A) Plateau (C) Desert (D) Plain CHAPTER 6. AFRICA 64

7A. HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS: PART 1 SESSION 1 HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 1) – LIFE OF BASKET MAKERS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Raw material : The materials needed basically for making any product. 2. Eruka chepputa: Yerukula tribe’s women’s traditional profession of fortune telling. SESSION 1. LIFE OF BASKET MAKERS 65

CHAPTER 7A-HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 1) 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why did Polaiah’s family come to Kandukuru? Why does Polaiah have no right to vote in Kandukuru? [Refer to TB page 75 Q4] A. a) Polaiah’s family came to Kandukuru to sell baskets and earn money. b) Polaiah lives in a slum which does not have proper drainage, so it emits foul smell and breeds mosquitoes and flies. c) The Municipal Corporation officials evicted Polaiah and other basket maker families’ huts, but they built them again. d) So, people like Polaiah don’t have any identity or residence proof. e) In this way Polaiah has been denied voting rights and ration card in this city. Q2. Do you think people have enough earnings from work like basket making and weaving? [Refer to TB page 75 Q1] A. According to me, people do not have not enough earnings from basket making and weaving. The entire family members for generations have been under the poverty line. This is because, there has been de- pletion of forests, demand for basket making has reduced considerably. The cost of the raw materials and transportation charges also increased considerably. In the case of weavers, there is a stiff competition from power loom and mill made cloth. Moreover, synthetic yarn costs less than cotton or silk. Thus, both basket makers and weavers are unable to earn sufficient income to meet their family expendi- tures. Information Skills Q1. You may find crafts persons like Polaiah producing goods other than baskets. Meet two such persons and collect the following details and discuss them in the class. One sample is given for you. [Refer to TB page 75 Q5] A. Name of the Goods One or two From where all S.No crafts person produced important raw the raw material Polaiah Basket materials is available 1. Native Village Date palm leaves 2. Subbaiah Wood Wood Forest 3. Vasi Reddy Pottery Clay Nearby 4. Brahmam Weaver Thread, silk Agricultural land SESSION 1. LIFE OF BASKET MAKERS 66

CHAPTER 7A-HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 1) Q2. Prepare a list of goods which could have substituted the basket? Discuss with your parents before preparing the list? [Refer to TB page 75 Q2] A. List of goods which could have substituted the basket are Plastic basket, Plastic tray, Bamboo tray, Bamboo stand, Plastic bucket, Plastic bags, Woollen basket and Bags. 1.4 Key Concepts i. ‘Handicrafts’ means the production of useful and decorative things, completely by hand. ii. Bamboo products are best example of this, especially baskets. iii. People of Yerukula tribe are mainly involved in Basket Making. iv. The traditional profession of yerukula women is fortune–telling. v. These people speak a language “Yerukula basha”. vi. Basket making is also an important handicraft. vii. The spines of wild date palm (eatha chettu) leaves are used as raw material in making basket. viii. As the income from basket making is not enough, people migrate to towns from the villages. SESSION 1. LIFE OF BASKET MAKERS 67

CHAPTER 7A-HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 1) —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Yerukula a. Eatha chettu ii. Date palm iii. Andugula b. Tribe iv. Eruka chepputa v. Dharmavaram c. Sodhi d. Anantpur e. Kalwakurthi 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Who is Polaiah? (ii) What is Polaiah’s house made up of? (iii) What are the natural resources used in basket making? 3. Fill in the blanks. (iv) Polaiah uses the spines of wild leaves to make baskets. affects the livelihoods of people who are (v) traditionally dependent upon forests. (vi) Despite struggling hard, people of urban slums have been denied in the city. (vii) ‘Yerukula basha’ has words from Telugu, Tamil and languages. Long Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What are the problems of urban slums? CHAPTER 7A. HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 1) 68

CHAPTER 7A-HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 1) AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How can you say that with the depletion of forests ,the livelihoods of people depending on bas- ket–making are affected? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Look at the map and answer the following questions: i) How many districts can you identify in map? 69 ii) Which district is the smallest? iii) Name the village of Polaiah in Mahaboobnagar. iv) How far is Andugula from Hyderabad? v) Which mandal is seen in the above map? CHAPTER 7A. HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 1)

CHAPTER 7A-HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 1) Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 7. Choose the correct answer. (i) Andugula is about km from Hyderabad. (A) 40 (B) 45 (C) 60 (D) 55 (ii) Polaiah’s family makes __________baskets from one bundle. (A) 10 (B) 25 (C) 30 (D) 20 (iii) Poor people often have to live in areas without basic amenities. (A) Urban (B) rural (C) city (D) both urban and rural (iv) People of which tribe are usually into basket making in Andhra Pradesh ? (A) Yerukula (B) lunda (C) yanadi (D) koya (v) Which of the following material is not used in basket making? (A) Date palm leaves (B) Saal leaves (C) Cane (D) Bamboo (vi) Words from which of the following languages are not used in Yerukula bhasha? (A) Malyalam (B) Kannada (C) Telugu (D) Tamil CHAPTER 7A. HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 1) 70

7B. HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS: PART 2 SESSION 1 HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 2) – HANDLOOM WEAVERS IN DHARMAVARAM 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology • Achhu : The process by which two sets of yarns are entwined to form a fabric. • Patent : The exclusive right granted by government to an inventor or maker to manufacture, use or sell a product for a certain period of time and no other maker or manufacturer can copy the product or invention. Copying it is liable to stringent punishment and fine. • Tie and Dye: Making a pattern on a piece of cloth by tying string around colouring with dye. • Warp : Yarn that goes from top to bottom while weaving a cloth. • Weft : Yarn that go from left to right. • Ikkat : Term used for the particular style in which the silk saree is dyed. SESSION 1. HANDLOOM WEAVERS IN DHARMAVARAM 71

CHAPTER 7B-HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 2) 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Prepare the flow diagram depicting the organisation of production in basket making and handloom textile weaving. [Refer to TB page 75 Q8] A. (i) The flow diagram for basket making: Spines of Eatha tree → Use a knife to clean the leaf → Dry it in the sun → Making baskets → Taking them to the market to sell. (ii) Textile, weaving Silk yarn wound on a bobbin → Drying the yarn →Silk thread is prepared → Zari and design is bought → Warping Q2. Compare the similarities and differences between basket making and lkkat saree weaving and fill in the following table. [Refer to TB page 75 Q9] work Raw material used Tools used How goods are sold Basket making Handloom A. Raw Material used Tools used How goods are sold Work Wild date palm Knife Bobbin, Sells directly to the Basket making leaves. Maggam customer Sold to the Handloom Silk yarn, colour Loom, knife middle men cotton Thread SESSION 1. HANDLOOM WEAVERS IN DHARMAVARAM 72

CHAPTER 7B-HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 2) Q3. Should weavers procure raw–materials and weave silk sarees and try to sell them directly to the people What are the challenges in it? [Refer to TB page 75 Q7] A. They face number of problems: 1) A stiff competition from powerloom and mill made cloth. The cloth produced by the handloom weavers is more expensive and less in demand. 2) Their buyers are spread all over the world. They do not have direct contact with them. 3) So, they have to depend upon the middle men and merchants. 4) For new designs also, they have to depend upon middlemen. To reduce these problems the government started co-operative societies to supply raw materials and to sell their products. Challenges :–i) The weavers may not be given any role in taking decisions regarding the procurement of raw materials and sales of the cloth. ii) They may not get sufficient work from the society , through out the year. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Many new productst have replaced handicrafts. Identify them and try to find out where they are produced. Discuss how this could affect the lives of handicrafts persons. [Refer to TB page 75 Q3] A. 1) Plastic and metal products are replacing handicrafts. For example, wooden handicrafts are replaced by plastic toys. Clay pots are replaced by iron and steel buckets. 2) The plastic toys, iron and steel buckets and other items are produced in large scale in big factories. 3) Shikakai-Ritha seeds were once used for hair wash. Now-a-days soaps and shampoos are used. 4) Plates of palm leaf and Banana leaf were used for many purposes. Now paper-plates and plastic plates are used. 5) Silk and Cotton cloth is replaced by synthetics like nylon, terlin etc. 6) Handicrafts are costlier than mill made products. Hence, handicrafts persons cannot earn good profits, as their sales are less. This affects the lives of handicrafts person. Thus, the mill products have affected the lives of handicraft persons. SESSION 1. HANDLOOM WEAVERS IN DHARMAVARAM 73

CHAPTER 7B-HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 2) Mapping Skills Q1. List out various handicrafts with location in Andhra Pradesh and Prepare a chart. [Refer to TB page 75 Q10] A. Location Handicrafts Uppada, Dharmavarm, Siddipet, Chirala, Narayanpet, Handloom industry Guntur, Venkatagiri, Gadwal, Pullampet and Madhavaram Carpets and blankets Warangal, Eluru, Ghatkesar and Sirisilla Bidri Art Hyderabad and Secunderabad Kalamkari Machilipatnam in Krishna district Coir goods Konaseema in East Godavari district Bangles Papanaidupet, Srikalahasthi, Simhachalam and Gajulapalli Toys Kondapalli, Yetikoppaka and, Nakkapalli Mats Mahaboobnagar and Nellore Agarbatties Eluru, Vetapalem and Hyderabad Musical instruments Pithapuram, Bobbili, Jaggayyapet and Nuzividu Laces Narasapur and Palakole Brass art ware Pembarthi village in warangal district Stone sculpture art Durgi,Guntur district Lacquer craft Etikoppaka, East Godavari Dharmavaram sarees Dharmavaram, Ponduru, Venkatagiri SESSION 1. HANDLOOM WEAVERS IN DHARMAVARAM 74

CHAPTER 7B-HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 2) Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Why do you think patenting Dharmavaram silk Saree weaving would help weavers in and around Dharmavaram? [Refer to TB page 75 Q6] A. 1) Dharmavaram is located in Anantpur district the state of Andhra Pradesh. 2) The weavers here produce unique and traditional silk sarees that are a benchmark in craft industry. 3) Theweavers have to buy the raw materials needed for manufacturing these sarees. They also need to grow silk worms (Katcha pattu). 4) These sarees have a unique colour combination, contrast pallu and brocade border. 5) Due to its uniqueness Dhramavaram sarees have recently got patented in India. 6) This means no other handloom saree producers in the world can sell sarees in the name of “Dharmavaram silk sarees”. So these sarees only are sold in India and abroad at high prices. This would help weavers who put into time and effort to manuacture such sarees in and around Dharmavaram. 1.4 Key Concepts i. ‘Handloom’ means the production of cloth by using loom operated by hands, and not by machine. ii. Dharmavaram silk sarees have a unique design and colour combination. iii. Cloth can be manufactured today either by hand operated looms or by power looms or in large mills. iv. Silk worms from which silk yarn is made, grow on mulberry leaves. v. Wooden loom is the main tool for weaving. vi. Andhra Pradesh has the second largest number of handlooms in the country. vii. Weavers depend on middle men for consumers, new designs, etc., hence, they do not get right price for their hard work. Whatever middlemen offer, they have to accept. viii. The basket makers and handloom weavers face lot of hardships and remain poor throughout their life. ix. Co–operative societies are now helping the weavers in buying raw materials and arranging marketing, which definately going to change the pitiable conditions of these hard working community for better. SESSION 1. HANDLOOM WEAVERS IN DHARMAVARAM 75

CHAPTER 7B-HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 2) —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Maggam a. Curved frame ii. Panni b. Streets iii. Acchu c. Reed iv. Chitkasu d. Pit loom v. Warping e. Head shaft 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What happens to the thread if there is high temperature? (ii) Who are benefited in handloom industry? (iii) Why do Dharmavaram sarees seem to be expensive? (iv) What is the main tool for weaving? (v) Which sarees, made in Anantpur, are world famous? (vi) What is the function of co–operative societies? (vii) What are the raw materials required to make silk sarees? 3. Fill in the blanks. leaves. (viii) Silk worms, from which silk yarn is made, grow on (ix) Silk yarn is wound on a ______________. (x) __________________ the yarn is a long repeated process. CHAPTER 7B. HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 2) 76

CHAPTER 7B-HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 2) (xi) For weavers it is also important to know the plan of the to weave the saree. (xii) Rearing of is taken up by small farmers. (xiii) Handloom weavers face a stiff competition for ____________. Short Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Why are Dharmavaram silk sarees world famous? Give reasons? (ii) Describe the role of co–operative societies in helping weavers in Andhra Pradesh? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) How do you say middleman occupies an important position in the handloom industry? CHAPTER 7B. HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 2) 77

CHAPTER 7B-HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 2) AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on India map. A. Telangana B. Andhra Pradesh C. West Bengal D. Tamil Nadu E. Karnataka CHAPTER 7B. HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 2) 78

CHAPTER 7B-HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 2) Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 7. Choose the correct answer. (i) Which of the following revcieved a patent right in India? (A) Bandini (B) Silk (C) Pochampally (D) Cotton (ii) Weavers buy yarn and colours from the ____________ . (A) city (B) town (C) industries (D) market (iii) Designs are marked on special sheet of ____________ with specific notations. (A) knives (B) paper (C) cloth (D) wood (iv) Dissolving iron filings in _____________ produces black colour. (A) petrol (B) kerosene (C) vinegar (D) sodium (v) In which district is Dharmavaram located? (B) Adilabad (A) Anantapur (C) Warangal (D) Medak CHAPTER 7B. HANDICRAFTS AND HANDLOOMS (PART 2) 79

8. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SESSION 1 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION – INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - ITS BEGINNING 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Organisation: An organized group of people with a particular purpose, such as a business or government department. 2. Urbanisation: The process of making an area more urban. 3. Slums: A neglected, unclean and overcrowded urban street or district inhabited by very poor people. SESSION 1. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - ITS BEGINNING 80

CHAPTER 8-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Correct the false statements. [Refer to TB page 83 Q1] Under the putting out system. a) Spinners took wool to the weavers. b) Unlike in guild system traders controlled what product was to be made. c) All work was done by the same group of people. Under the guild system, a) All small farmers were allowed to learn weaving. b) Weavers determined prices and quality of the products. A. Under the putting out system: a) The cloth traders took wool to the weavers. b) True. c) The works were divided and not done by the same group. There were different groups, who got specialized in a particular part of production. They participated in the production activity, only to that part. Under the Guild system: a) The works were classified and divided. The group was trained in only one aspect of production, they never allowed others to do the same. b) True. Information Skills Q1. Read the para ‘Urbanaisation and Slums’ of page 82 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 83 Q11] A. Student’s Activity 1.4 Key Concepts 1. In the olden days, families of craft persons produced goods. 2. With the emergence of towns, they began to specialize in different parts of crafts production. 3.They made associations called guilds. 4. During 1500 to 1800, the European traders introduced ‘putting out system’ . 5. They started giving advances to small farmers and artisans in far off places, to produce textile goods. SESSION 1. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - ITS BEGINNING 81

SESSION 2 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION – EMERGENCE OF FACTORY SYSTEM 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. EMERGENCE OF FACTORY SYSTEM 82

CHAPTER 8-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 2.2 Terminology 1. Revolution : Sudden change in a process, tradition, method etc. 2. Production : Producing goods etc. for the utilisation of people on a large scale. 3. Factory : A place where goods are manufactured on a large scale. Eg:–Textiles factory. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Putting out system is better than factory based production of textiles. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answers. [Refer to TB page 83 Q2] A. 1) Every system has its own merits and demerits. 2) Putting out system is time-consuming. 3) It is always added to the expenditure. 4) In the factory, production is done under a single roof. 5) It is cost effective and time-saving. 6) But it creates employment to a large number of people. Q2. Why is it necessary for governments to enact laws to improve the working conditions? [Refer to TB page 83 Q7] A. 1) The owners of the companies are interested mainly in making profit. 2) So, they need not concentrate on the working conditions. 3) But this could cause severe problems for the people who work there. 4) It is the duty of the government to make sure that the working conditions are safe and hygienic. 5) So, the Government should enact laws. Q3. How will increase in the wages of the workers affect industrial production? [Refer to TB page 96 Q4] A. 1) Better payment leads to better life. 2) The workers shall be motivated to do hard work. 3) This could help in increase of production. Q4. Why did the factory owners pay low wages and force workers to work for longer hours? [Refer to TB page 96 Q5] A. 1) Factory owners were those who had invested their money in the factory. 2) They always wanted to make maximum profit that they could. 3) For this they paid — less wages to the workers. 4) At the same time, they were forced to work for longer hours. 5) Due to the arrival of machines, only a few people were required to work and the others were expelled. 6) Thus, it creates unemployment and a lot of workers were in search of work. SESSION 2. EMERGENCE OF FACTORY SYSTEM 83

CHAPTER 8-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Why do you think the working conditions in factories should be improved? [Refer to TB page 83 Q6] A. 1) Workers are the people, who help the owners to earn a very good profit. 2) At the same time, they earn their living as well. 3) If the working conditions are bad, people may not like to work there, as that could be dangerous for their health / life. 4) This would seriously affect production. 5) The workers should be provided with facilities like minimum fixed wages, reasonable working hours, insurance, provident fund, medical facilities etc. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Why are children not allowed to work in factories? [Refer to TB page 83 Q8] A. 1) Today’s children are tomorrow’s citizens. 2) So they need to learn a lot and get educated. 3) If they go to factories or jobs, they miss education. 4) It affects not just their future, but also that of the nation. 5) Again, they are too young to work. 6) Article 24 of Indian Constitution prohibit child labour. 7) Child labour is also a kind of exploitation and it is against the directive principles and fundamental rights. So, children should not be employed in factories. 2.4 Key Concepts i. In the beginning, the workers went to different units of production, to produce goods. ii. Slowly they developed a system, by which these units were brought under one roof, called manufactories. iii. By 1750, machines were introduced in production of goods. iv. James Watts’ invention of steam engines and its successful usage led to the invention of many other machines, which made work–process of producing clothes very easy. v. Since these machines could be operated by even unskill workers, lots of women and even children were employed and had to work under harsh conditions. vi. The situation was pitiable, living conditions were unhealthy. SESSION 2. EMERGENCE OF FACTORY SYSTEM 84

SESSION 3 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION – FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO INDUSTRIALISATION 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 1. Nuclear energy : Energy produced by splitting or fusing of nuclear atoms. This is non–conventional. SESSION 3. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO INDUSTRIALISATION 85

CHAPTER 8-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 3.3 Improve Your Learning Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. If Kruthika argues, “railways in India were built only for the benefit of the people by the colonial rulers”, what can you provide to counter it? [Refer to TB page 96 Q3] A. 1) It could be true, that the colonial rulers built railway in India, for their advantage. 2) But Indians also have benefited from that. 3) It had provided a transportation revolution here. 4) It had helped in mobilizing Indian products to various parts of India. 5) More over, they were more permanently built. Mapping Skills Q1. Locate the following places on the world map [Refer to TB page 96 Q10] a) England b) Portugal c) France d) Spain A. SESSION 3. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO INDUSTRIALISATION 86

CHAPTER 8-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Transport system helps the industry — justify this statement in the context of Industrialization. [Refer to TB page 96 Q9] A. 1) Industries need two things. a) Raw material b) Market 2) Both of these could be near the factory. It will need transportation, to get the raw materials and to take the products to the market. 3) Along with that, the huge machinery, the people / workers working there etc, all need transport. 4) Thus, transport system helps to import raw materials to export manufactured goods and to bring the cheap labourers to the urban areas or to the factories. 3.4 Key Concepts i. The factory system of production also emerged during this time. Machines replaced crafts persons and even non–skilled people began to evolve in production. ii. These factories engaged even women and children to work, with fewer wage. They had the worst working conditions as well. iii. Development of further energy sources, like thermal and hydro electricity, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear energy etc. further enhanced productivity. iv. Not only coal and steam but also thermal hydro electricity, petroleum, natural gas etc. were used to run the machines. v. The invention of locomotive by George Stephenson and aircraft. vi. Industrial Revolution led to urbanisation i.e., shifting of people from the villages to the towns. vii. In the newly emerging towns, people had to live in and make shift houses which had neither sanitation nor other facilities. SESSION 3. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO INDUSTRIALISATION 87

CHAPTER 8-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. James Watt a. Road ii. John Loudon McAdam b. Give colour to cloth iii. Wright Brothers c. Steam engine iv. Dyers d. Clean and thicken the cloth v. Fullers e. Aircraft 2. Match the following. Column B a. early 20th century Column A b. 1840s i. Roads c. 18th century ii. Aircraft d. around 1750 iii. Steam engine e. 1750–1850 iv. Emergence of 'factory system' v. Beginning of the 'machine age' 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Name the small workshops that brought the craftspersons under one roof. (ii) What do you call the phase in which more people entered craft production? (iii) What are the countries, whose resources are used for the benefit of another country, called? (iv) Name the various sources of energy used in Industries. (v) In the beginning of Industrial Revolution why did people migrate from villages to towns and cities? (vi) What do you mean by Urbanization? CHAPTER 8. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 88

CHAPTER 8-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (vii) How many people were engaged in each stage of production? (viii) Who invented steam engine? (ix) What helped the peasants to make a living? (x) When did the factory system emerge? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) invested the necessary money and paid salary to Watt. (xii) In the industrial workers of Europe had to face several hardships. (xiii) In the place of sample tools and manual power, system emerged. (xiv) Manufactories phase is called . (xv) countries exploited the colonies in other continents. (xvi) made goods were cheap and durable. (xvii) became common scenario in towns and cities. (xviii) The needed for producing cloth was grown in India and America. (xix) was one of the colonies of England. (xx) Production was carried out in a place called . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Why were people unable to produce more cloth to meet the demand? (ii) Draw the flow chart of the steps in making cloth. (iii) Compare capitalist system with guild system. CHAPTER 8. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 89

CHAPTER 8-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following questions: Under putting out system,a cloth trader in Britain purchased cotton from a supplier and carried it to the spinners. Then, the yarn was taken by the trader to the next stage of production to the weavers.The cloth was then taken to the fullers and finally to the dyers who gave it colour. These different activities could be done in different parts of the country. But, the finishing was done in London before it was sold in other countries. i) What does the paragraph deal with? ii) Mention the steps in making cloth. iii) What was the system adopted by Britain? iv) Who produces yarn? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Study the map and answer the following questions: A world map showing colonies of European countries in 1800 90 i) Name some countries that have coastal areas. ii) Name few coastal countries which were colonized by the British. iii) Name some European countries that had colonies in 1800. CHAPTER 8. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

CHAPTER 8-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION iv) Name the countries that colonized the major areas of South America. (ii) Locate the following on a world map. (a) Netherlands (b) Turkey (c) Germany (d) Belgium (iii) Locate the following on a world map. a) Asia (b) Africa (c) Australia (d) North America CHAPTER 8. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 91

CHAPTER 8-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (iv) Locate the following on a given world map: (i) Sri Lanka (ii) Bangladesh (iii) Nepal (iv) South Africa (v) Nigeria AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What are the causes of child labour? Why did the parents force a child to work? (ii) Describe the challenges before the factory system of production. CHAPTER 8. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 92

CHAPTER 8-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 9. Choose the correct answer. (i) Who invented the steam engine? (B) James watt (A) Wright brothers (C) John Loudon (D) John Stocker (ii) Under the putting-out system the finishing work was carried out here by the British__________. (A) Tokyo (B) Kolkata (C) London (D) New York (iii) The small workshops were called ____________. (A) Manufactories (B) Proto industrialization (C) Guilds (D) Heavy industries (iv) Who invested the necessary money and paid a salary to Watt? (A) John Loudon (B) Boulton (C) Wright brothers (D) Paul Smith (v) All the facilities needed for production were owned and managed by _______________ . (A) Capitalists (B) Workers (C) Inventors (D) Traders (vi) In which phase did the control of the trader over the craftspersons increase? (A) Proto – industrialization (B) Manufactories (C) Putting out system (D) Agriculture (vii) Cramped shelters in emerging towns led to _____________. (A) Urbanisation (B) Growth of factories (C) Fight for civic rights (D) Epidemics CHAPTER 8. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 93

CHAPTER 8-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (viii) Which of the following marked the beginning of the ‘machine age’? (A) Breaking of the machines (B) Use of the machine (C) Boycott of the machines (D) Replacement of machines (ix) The countries whose resources were used for the benefit of another country are called ___________. (A) Factories (B) Company (C) Colonies (D) Allies (x) Boulton was an______________. (B) Scientist (A) Industrialist (C) Engineer (D) Mechanic CHAPTER 8. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 94

9. PRODUCTION IN A FACTORY - A PAPER MILL SESSION 1 PRODUCTION IN A FACTORY: A PAPER MILL – SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE OF FISHING COMMUNITIES 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Platform : A raised level surface or structure formed with planks, boards etc. 2. Conveyor belt : An endless moving belt for carrying articles or materials in a factory. 3. Fibre line : The wood which is made into fibre pieces. 4. Label : Small piece of paper for attaching to an object. 5. Softwood trees : Trees which are soft could not be used for making furniture but are used for making match sticks, agarbathis etc. 6. Raw material : Things used for the production of a particular commodity. SESSION 1. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE OF FISHING COMMUNITIES 95

CHAPTER 9-PRODUCTION IN A FACTORY: A PAPER MILL 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Imagine that you wish to start a leather or textile factory. What are the aspects you will have to consider for setting up a mill? [Refer to TB page 92 Q1] A. i. Availability of raw material. ii. Availability of better modes of transportation. iii. Availability of energy resource and water. iv. Pollution free equipment. v. Number of workers labourers to be allotted. vi. Humid climate. vii. Good market facilities. Q2. Explain the process of paper making in your own words. [Refer to TB page 92 Q2] A. There are five stages in paper production. i) Chipping: The large wood pieces brought as raw material are cut into small pieces. ii) Making of wood pulp : The chips are boiled with some chemicals and then made into fibre with pulp. Then, they are whitened without any dust. iii) Spreading the pulp . This is the important stage. The pulp is spread with uniform width and length, thickness, over a cylinder. Then the water evaporates. iv) Pressing, drying and rolling : The drying pulp is pressed by rollers to smoothen it,this is further dried, to make paper. Paper is made into rolls and sheets as well. v) Cutting : The paper is cut according to the size required. SESSION 1. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE OF FISHING COMMUNITIES 96

CHAPTER 9-PRODUCTION IN A FACTORY: A PAPER MILL Q3. Fill in the following table. [Refer to TB page 92 Q4] Shifts A. B. C. A. Timings Shift 6:00 AM to 2:00 PM. A 2:00 PM to 8:00 PM. B 8:00 PM to 6:00 AM (NIGHT SHIFT) C Q4. What are the suggestions stop pollution caused by industries? [Refer to TB page 92 Q6] A. i. Recycling the used material, for raw material. ii. Adopting methods of production with less pollution. iii. Implementing distillation & purification plants. iv. Attempts are being made by the government to tackle the problems one such effort is to keep indus- tries away from cities and towns. v. Factories should install effluent treatment plants to which all the wasted water with chemical is sent. vi. More and more plants are to be grown to get fresh air. SESSION 1. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE OF FISHING COMMUNITIES 97

CHAPTER 9-PRODUCTION IN A FACTORY: A PAPER MILL Q5. Compare the production of baskets by crafts persons and production of paper with reference to the follow- ing. (i) Workplace (ii) Tools/machines (iii) Raw materials (iv) Workers (v) Market (vi) Owners. [Refer to TB page 92 Q9] A. Paper Baskets 1. Paper can only be made in a Paper mill which requires big Baskets can be woven in a land. small place. 2. Paper making first of all requires lorries to collect raw The raw material for material like wood from forests and delivered at the paper baskets are are spines of factory date palms which can be brought by a single person from villages to town. 3. Big machines are required for chipping woods, making Basket maker just cuts the wood pulp and rolling and flattening the wooden pulp. spine of date palm with the help of knife and dries it in the sun. 4. Collection of raw material of wood is a big work. Collection of raw material is fairly easy as compared to paper. 5.Paper Mills have to maintain a large workforce as the No workforce required. requirement is big and work is done round the clock in shifts. 6. The selling or marketing the paper is done in various cities Baskets are sold on the on a large scale. They have depots on various cities and pavements of big or small papers are dispatched according to the orders of customers. cities. The maker only sells Paper is also exported to countries Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, them. Malaysia, Singapore Nigeria etc. 7.Paper Mill is not really owned by one person but few The maker of the baskets is partners who invest large amount of money and also borrow the seller and owner both. from banks. The profit is shared by the partners equally. Q6. There is a paper mill at Rajamundry in East Godavari district. Why do you think it is not established in the district headquarters? Discuss. [Refer to TB page 92 Q10] A. (i) Factories need to be located near the places where raw–material is available. (ii) This is very essential for the successful running of the company. (iii) As far as a paper mill is concerned soft wood is the major raw-material. (iv) They are available in the forest, not at the district headquarters. So, Rajamundry paper mill is established in East Godavari district, District headquarters are highly inhabited places,The pollution from paper mill may effect them. SESSION 1. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE OF FISHING COMMUNITIES 98