7. Subject Verb Agreement Rule 5: if two singular nouns refer to the same person neither. or thing, verb must be singular. Examples: Examples: • Everybody wants to lead a happy life. • The chairman and the owner of the company • Something is better than nothing. has arrived. (The chairman and the owner of the • Nobody lives in that house. company refers to the same person) • Neither of you is going for the party. • Each student has to make a project. • The poet and novelist is dead. Rule 13: When a sentence begins with ‘there’ the verb Rule 6: Certain nouns sound plural in form but agrees with the noun or pronoun that follows it. singular in meaning take singular verb. Examples: Examples: • There are dogs barking in the street. • There is a cow grazing in the field. • The news was false. Rule 14: When the subject contains the phrase ‘a lot • Mathematics is an interesting subject. of’, ‘one of ’it will be singular and take a singular verb. Rule 7: If two singular subjects (compound subjects) Examples: refers to one idea then the verb may be singular. • A lot of mosquitoes have gathered here. Examples: • A lot of water is needed for this project. • Slow and steady wins the race. • One of the students was selected for the final • The long and short of the problem is this. Rule 9: Some nouns are always plural. These match. nouns have two parts. Examples: Scissors, shorts, • One of my sisters is getting married next year. eyeglasses, pants, jeans, trousers, etc. Rule 15: When the subject contains the phrase ‘a Examples: number of’, it will be plural and takes a plural verb. • My trousers are in the suitcase. If it contains ‘The number of’, it will be singular and • My eyeglasses are dirty. takes a singular verb. • These scissors have become blunt. Examples: Note: If these words are preceded by the phrase a • A number of dancers are coming to the party. pair of, they will be regarded as singular subjects. • The number of dancers coming to the party is Examples: • A pair of jeans is needed by me. 12. • A pair of scissors was lying on the table. • A number of people prefer cricket to football. Rule 10: When a name of a country, a book or a film • The number of days in this month is 31. is made up of a noun phrase, which has a plural head Rule 16: When a compound subject is treated as a noun, it will take a singular verb. single unit, it takes a singular verb. Examples: Examples: • The United States is a big country. • Bread and butter is a popular breakfast. • The Arabian Nights is a famous book. • Dal and roti is a north Indian dish. Rule 11: When a plural number represents a single Rule 17: When two or more subjects are connected quantity for distance, weight or money, it takes a by either … or, or, neither … nor, the verb agrees with singular verb. the number and the person of the nearest subject. Examples: Examples: • Ten kilometres is a long distance. • Neither Reena nor his brothers are going to the • Ten kilos is a heavy weight to carry. Rule 12: Some nouns are always singular. When these party. nouns become the subjects, they always take singular • Either Reena and Meeta or I am doing it. verbs. • Neither the boys nor we are responsible for it. Examples: each, every, anybody, anyone, anything, Rule 18: When either or neither are subjects, they nobody, no one, nothing, somebody, someone, always take singular subjects. something, everybody, everyone, everything, either, Examples: • Either of the two has done this. • Neither of them was present in the meeting. 87
7. Subject Verb Agreement Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET PS-1 CONTENT PS-2 PS-3 Subject Verb Agreement Rules of Subject Verb Agreement Self-evaluation Self-test sheet 88
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Rewrite the following passage after changing the verb in agreement to the subject. The beaver, Canada’s national animal, have some unusual characteristics. One unusual fact about beavers are their large size. It weigh from 13 to 35 kg. It spend a lot of time in the water. Its feet is large and webbed for swimming. The wide and flat tail of beaver help it to swim. Thick underfur keep the beaver warm and dry, even in very cold water. Beavers has been known to stay under wa- ter in icy ponds for as long as fifteen minutes. They also has long teeth which grows all their lives. They uses these powerful teeth to cut down trees for food and shelter. Beaver is one of the few an- imals that change its own environment. Beavers creates ponds by building dams with roots, sticks, mud and stones. II. Use the form of the verb in bracket that agrees in number with the subject. Look at the example given for you. John ________ going to the mall after school today. Ans: is 1. This football game _______ one of the most entertaining ever. (be) 2. The players ________ one of the toughest opponents of the year. (have) 3. All the players _____________ the game very excited. (start) 4. Today, players ____________ very excited to play all the time. (be) 5. The players _______________ all focused during the game. (is) 6. My family _____________ to see the games as much as possible. (go) 89
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of verb. Choose the answers from the options given in the brackets. Look at the example given for you. Ramesh_____________ going to the mall after school today. (is/are) Ans: is 1. One of my friends______________ gone to Delhi. (has/have) 2. Each of the boys______________ given a present. (was/were) 3. Neither of the contestants ______________ able to impress the jury. (was/were) 4. Oil and water ______________not mix. (does/ do) 5. He and I ______________ at the University together.(was/were) 6. Slow and steady ______________ the race. (win/wins) 7. Neither he nor his brother ______________ any right to the property.(has/have) 8. No prize or medal ______________ given to the boy, though he stood first in the examination. (was/were) 9. Either Meetu or Naresh ______________ responsible for this. (is/are) 10. Neither the warden nor the students ______________ given any explanation for this. (has/have) II. Underline the correct verb in these sentences. Look at the example given for you. Every boy on the team (show, shows) good sportsmanship. Ans: shows 1. One of the boys (was, were) late for the game. 2. Each of the apples (was, were) ripe. 3. Everyone (cheer, cheers) when the clown comes on the stage. 4. One of my favorite food (is, are) pudding. 5. No one except Geeta and Renu (was, were) excited. 6. Neither you nor he (play, plays) the game correctly. 7. Each player (try, tries) to win the game. 8. One of the slices (smell, smells) burned. 9. Neither he nor she (walk, walks) to school. 10. Learning to drive is easy if one (concentrate, concentrates). 90
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Underline the correct verb in these sentences. 1. Either way (is, are) correct. 2. Unless every one of the players (cooperate, cooperates), the team will fail. 3. Each (seek, seeks) a job to do. 4. Neither of the teams (has, have) a perfect record. 5. (Has, Have) someone called me? 6. One of these dogs (has, have) fleas. 7. Every one of these houses (was, were) built this year. 8. Nobody from the team (has, have) arrived. 9. It was impossible because everybody (was, were) gone. 10. Nobody at school (know, knows) about this. 11. I am sure everyone (draw, draws) better than me. 12. Anybody from the four classes (has, have) a chance. 13. Somebody from among my friends (expect, expects) to call. 14. Someone from each class (attend, attends) the meeting. 15. One of you (work, works) too hard. 91
Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Choose the correct form from the grammar. II. Rewrite the following sentences after Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks) correcting the verb according to the Some of the children (stops, stop) at the ice cream subject. Look at the example given for you. shop every day. (10 Marks) Ans: Some of the children (stops, stop) at the ice cream shop every day. Music soothe me. 1. Neither Gahana nor her friends (is / are) Ans: Music soothes me. going to have a party. 1. My mother bake cake on my birthday every 2. A number of students (have / has) received scholarships this year. year. 3. All of the money (was / were) found. 4. Every man and woman (has / have) the right to 2. Ram and Shyam is fighting again. vote. 5. The number of car accidents (is / are) 3. They never takes bus to work. increasing every year. 6. Both corn and wheat (is / are) grown in India. 4. The people who own that house has no car. 7. Most of our furniture (is / are) in storage 8. My new pair of trousers (is / are) in the 5. One of these boys have a set of books. cupboard. 9. The Chinese (was /were) drinking tea in the 6. Rahul and his brother is painting the fence. year 2000 B.C. 10. The police (is / are) on the alert for the 7. Both of my essays is brilliant. escaped criminal. 8. One of my uncles work in an engineering firm. 9. Ritika and Julie has gone to the movie show. 10. Both of my daughters is doctors. 11. Every one of the boys receive the chocolate. 12. There is two buckets in my bathroom. 13. This box of toys belong to Vivek. 92
8. Auxiliaries and Modals Learning Objectives • Define modals and identify them. • Differentiate between the modals used for At the completion of this topic, the students will be able to: permission, possibility, obligation, and necessity. • Define auxiliary/helping verbs and identify them. • Use these verbs correctly in their writing. • Understand how helping verbs work. Concept Map VERB Main Verbs Auxiliary Verbs Primary Auxiliaries-be, Modal Auxiliaries or have, do Modals In your previous class, you have already learnt about the following types of verbs: Main Verb: The Main Verb shows the action or state of being of the subject. Auxiliary verbs/Helping Verbs: The words which help the main verbs to complete their meanings are called the Auxiliaries or the Helping Verbs. USES OF PRIMARY AUXILIARY VERBS: Key Points PRIMARY USES EXAMPLES AUXILIARIES Today we will learn about types of Auxiliary or Helping Verbs. Be In the formation Tia is reading. I. Auxiliary verbs are of two types: of continuous Boys are playing in the 1. Primary Auxiliaries (different forms of verbs do, tense ground. I am cooking food. be, have) In the formation She is helped by her of passive voice friend. Food is being cooked PRIMARY PRESENT PAST TENSE by me. AUXILIARIES TENSE Be Is, am, are Was, were Do To make They do not work Do Do, does did negative and hard. Have Has, have had interrogative Do they work hard? sentences They did not work hard? Did they work hard? Have Formation of She has done her perfect tenses homework. The boys have finished their dinner. PRIMARY AUXILIARY WORKING AS MAIN VERBS She is singing a song. (‘is’ working as a helping verb) She is here. (‘is’ working as a main verb) I have sent a letter to him. (‘have’ working as a helping verb) I have a car. (‘have’ working as a main verb) 93
8. Auxiliaries and Modals 2. MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS MODAL VERB USAGE EXAMPLE I can do several things at the same time. Can Ability Miracles can happen. You can go now. when something is possible Can you come for a minute? She said she could pay for us as well. Permission Could you move your bag, please? It could be that he missed the train. informal requests It may rain tomorrow. May I speak? Could past form of “can” He said he might change his mind. This might fail. polite requests You must obey the law They left so early, they Possibility must be home by now. You mustn’t smoke in here. May Possibility I shall see him tomorrow. Let’s continue, shall we? ask or give permission (formal) What should I do? Might past form of “may” You should stop thinking about it. We should be back by midnight. Possibility Prices will go up next summer. Must you have to do it It’s alright, I’ll pick it up. it’s very logical or He told me he would come. very likely to happen What would you do if you were him? Would you please sit down? must not/ mustn’t you are not allowed to do it Would you like some tea? I would like a piece of cake. Shall future for “I” and “we” You ought to apologise. questions and suggestions for “I” and “we” Advice Will what is likely or Would expected to happen future action or states ought to (not plans) promises and intentions past form of “will” imagined situations for polite requests, offers and invitations to say what you want to do or have the right thing to do Modal auxiliary verbs express permission, possibility, certainty, necessity, ability and suggestion. They never change form. A complete list of modal auxiliary verbs follows: • Can/Could • May/Might • Must/have to • Ought to • Shall/Should • Will/Would • Used to 94
8. Auxiliaries and Modals 1. CAN/COULD: They are used to express a variety of 3. SHALL/SHOULD/OUGHT TO ideas in English: 1. Future tense with ‘I’ and ‘We’ 1. Ability • We shall overcome this difficult moment. Present and Future: • I shall prepare a project for the science Examples: exhibition. • Mayuri can dance very well. 2. Offer of assistance or polite suggestion • I can help you with this tomorrow. • I can’t speak French. • Shall we go for a walk? (sure of a positive Past: answer) Examples: • When I was a child, I could climb trees. • Shall I invite my friends for the dinner? • I was so excited that I couldn’t sleep. 3. To express a command (with second and third 2. Possibility Examples: person pronouns) • You can catch the flight if you leave now. • You shall not lie. • He can’t meet you now. He is in meeting. • She shall obey my orders. Examples: 4. To express a threat. (With second and third • The rain could cause flood the river this year. • She couldn’t be the one, who broke this vase. person pronouns) 3. Ask permission / give permission • You shall regret this. Examples: • They shall pay dearly. • Can you borrow your pen? 5. To express determination. • You can borrow my car. • You shall apologize. • Could I have your number? • Each one of one shall have a story book from 4. Make a suggestion • You could take the morning train to the town. me. Should 2. MAY/ MIGHT 1. Past tense of shall 1. Formal permission/prohibition • Meera said, “I shall be on time.” • You may start your exam now. • Meera said that she should be on time. • You may not park your car here. 2. A prediction or expectation that something 2. Polite request • May I know your name please? will happen • May I get a glass of water for you? • The assignment should be finished on time. 3. Possibility • I shouldn’t be late. The train usually arrives on • India may win the match. • He is a good orator so he may get the first time. 3. To give advice position. • We may not buy this house as it is very expensive. • You should take medicines on time • He might have become a doctor. (past • He should check that document before signing possibility) it. • My father might buy this car. (remote possibility) • You shouldn’t discourage him like this. 4. To make a suggestion (when there is no better 4. Moral duty • You should help the needy and the poor. alternative) • One should respect the parents. • You may as well come inside. It is going to rain. 5. Condition • I might as well take an off on Saturday. There’s • Should you need anything else, please call this no work to be done anyway. number. • Should you meet him, ask him to call me. 6. Used with lest to convey advice or caution • I am holding her hand lest she should fall. • Walk carefully lest you should slip. Ought to 1. Obligation • You ought to listen carefully. 95
8. Auxiliaries and Modals • We ought to leave now. • I dare not to perform on such a big stage. 2. To express the likelihood of something hap- 5. WILL / WOULD pening. 1. To express simple future • My uncle ought to be here by now. • The journey ought to take about a day. • My son will pick you up at 7:00am. 3. Ought to + have + past participle of main verb • My mother won’t be happy with my results. 2. Instruction is used to express regret that something was • All the students will assemble at 7 am sharp. not done or done. • You will wear a formal dress for the occasion. • I ought to have called up earlier. 3. Habit • You ought to have offered to help. • He will do nothing but talk. • Every time I ask him how he’s doing, he won’t 4. MUST, HAVE TO, NEED TO, NEEDN’T 1. Necessity or requirement answer me Present and future: 4. Command • You must have a license to drive any vehicle. • Will you be quiet now? • She has to fill this application for admission in • Will you stop moving your chair? 5. Result the college by March 10th. • If you work hard, you will get good marks. • I need to leave early for the office tomorrow. • If he comes late, he will be punished. Past: • I had to work late last night. 6. Promise • I needed to drink take medicine for my • I will always remember you. • I will help you with your assignment. headache. 2. Conclusion 7. Determination • We will work hard and pass the examination. • She has lived in Paris for years. Her • I will bring the trophy to the school French must be very good. Would • He has fleet of expensive cars. He must be a rich 1. Past tense of will in indirect speech. man. • Renu said, ‘I will wait until you return.’ 3. Strong possibility/probability • Renu said that she would wait until I return. • He has practiced a lot. He must win the match. 2. Willingness and determination • I have studied hard this year. I must stand first. • She said that she would wait for me. • I would have my own way. 4. Prohibited or forbidden 3. Habitual action in the past • You must not drive over the speed limit. • After dinner we would all sit in the hall and chat • You mustn’t leave medicines in open. for a while. Need • My grandmother would tell me many stories of 1. To express obligation the past. • I am fine. You need not worry about me. 4. Polite request • I need to finish this work. 2. To express necessity • Would you drop me at the bus stand? • Children need to be obedient and disciplined. • Would you, please, call me a taxi? • You needn’t take these medicines. 5. Conditional possibility 3. To express compulsion • If I had wings, I would fly like a bird. • Need you be so rude to me? • If I were the Prime minister, I would lower taxes. • Need they come with us? 6. USED TO Dare 1. To express discontinued habit 1. To give challenge • We used to watch many movies during our • He dares me to go alone in the dark room. college days. • I dare you to compete with him. 2. Confidence • My dad used to go for swimming when he was • She dare not to say a single word to me. young. 96
8. Auxiliaries and Modals 2. Habitual action in the past • My grandmother used to spend hours feeding the sparrows. • He used to read lots of books in his school life. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET Auxiliaries and Modals Auxiliaries and Modals - types PS-1 PS-2 Self-test PS-3 Self-evaluation sheet 97
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modal auxiliary verbs according to the instructions given in the bracket. Look at the example given for you. My grandmother is eighty-five, but she ……………… still read without glasses. (Ability) Ans: can 1. __________I come with you? (Permission) 2. __________ you help me with my homework, please? (Polite request) 3. There was a time when I __________ run very fast. (Past ability) 4. You __________ not add more sugar. It is already too sweet. (Necessity) 5. We __________ reach late else we will not be allowed to enter the hall. (Prohibition) 6. It is raining outside so I __________ stay at home. (Intention) 7. I __________ buy you the pink frock next time. (Promise) 8. __________ you mind if I borrowed your car? (Permission) 9. __________ you take care of my dog for a day? (Polite request) 10. Our country __________ become a developed nation by 2025. (possibility) II. Fill in the blanks with one of the following words: will, won’t, would, wouldn’t. Look at the example given for you. _________ you please help me lift this box? Ans: Will 1. I ______ like to order a large pizza for myself. 2. The principal _______ be pleased to hear that a window pane has been broken. 3. _______ it be okay if I stayed here tonight? 4. When I lived in Delhi, I________ call my mother as often as I do now. 5. The order ______ be shipped out tonight. 98
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the blank with the correct auxiliary verb from the bracket. Look at the example given for you. I _________________ understand how to solve this problem. (don’t, wasn’t, been, does, have) Ans: Don’t 1. What ________________ the students doing when you entered the class? (was, were, are, did, been) 2. Manu ________________ always wanted to ride a bike. (was, doesn’t, has, is, have) 3. Where __________________ you go for your school picnic? (were, been, are, did, does) 4. Why do you think she __________ give you the notes like she said she would? (didn’t, is, hasn’t, has been, have) 5. My mom _____________ going to be happy when she hears that I have got the first position. (will, don’t, is, didn’t, has) 6. Karuna _____________ want to go for the dinner outside; she wants to eat at home instead. (doesn’t, isn’t, wasn’t, hasn’t, was not) 7. I _________________ like the comedy show. It was not funny. (did, have, been, didn’t, haven’t) 8. Why _______________ we go for dinner tonight? (weren’t, been, don’t, is, was) 9. Where _____________ you going when I saw you last night? (were, was, is, do, did) 10. My brother ________________ reached yet; he’s late as usual. (are, were, has, hasn’t, wouldn’t) II. Make sentences of your own with the following modals following the instruction in the bracket. Look at the example given for you. Could (request) Ans: Could you help me set the table, please? 1. Can (ability) 2. May (permission) 3. Might (slight possibility) 4. Must (compulsion) 5. Would (polite request) 6. Used to (past habit) 7. Ought to (obligation) 8. Should (advice) 9. Shall (future tense) 10. Will (promise) 99
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the right modal verb. 1. There are plenty of dresses you ____________ (haven’t, hasn’t, don’t, didn’t) worn yet. You ____________ buy any. (mustn’t, needn’t, should not, may not) 2. It’s a hospital. You ____________ honk. (mustn’t, needn’t, should not, may not) 3. Mohan had been working for more than 11 hours. He ____________ (must, need, had better, mustn’t) be tired after such a long day. He ____________ (may, should, must, had better) prefer to get some rest. 4. I ____________ (could, might, can, must) play guitar well when I was a child. Now, I ____________ (may, can, must, need) just play few tunes. 5. The teacher said we ____________ (can, needn’t must should) do this exercise on our own as it is for practice. But we ____________ (could, need, needn’t must) take help if we require so. 6. ____________ (must need may can) you stand on your head for more than a minute? No, I ____________. (may not, can’t, needn’t) 7. If you want to learn to speak English fluently, you ____________ (could, need, needn’t must) to work hard. 8. Take your hat. It ____________ (need, should, mustn’t might) become very sunny later. 9. You ____________ (need, shouldn’t, mustn’t might) scatter books in your room. 10. People ____________ (couldn’t needn’t mustn’t may not) pluck the flowers in the garden. 11. Drivers ____________ (could must may) stop when the traffic lights are red. 12. ____________ (may must should will) I ask a question? Yes, of course. 13. You ____________ (couldn’t needn’t mustn’t may not) go to pick her up. She is taking a bus from the airport. 14. ____________ (can need should may) you speak English? Yes, I ____________. (shouldn’t mustn’t may not can) 100
Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Correct the following sentences and rewrite II. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the them. Look at the example given for you. following modals. Look at the example given (10 Marks) for you. (10 Marks) Gyan said that he might have gone to Pune next year. Can/can’t, could/couldn’t, be able to, may/may not, Ans: Gyan said that he will go to Pune next year. might/might not, shall, should/shouldn’t, must/ 1. My brother has to walk to school yesterday must not, have to, don’t have to, need to as his bicycle got punctured. 1. You ________ take your car for service. The 2. The performance have been cancelled. brakes are squeaking. Ans: must 1. If you are sick, you ________ go to work. You will spoil your health. 3. We would have went to Delhi but the trip was 2. Drivers _______ stop at red lights. cancelled. 3. You _______ finish the assignment today. You 4. My mom told me that she might have baked can finish it tomorrow. a cake for my birthday tomorrow, if she has 4. You ______ stay here after 10 pm. time. 5. ______ we move into the living room? 6. You ______ trouble yourself. I am fine. 5. Aunt said she might have leave before dinner. 6. They have called a taxi. They can go to the market. 7. When my sister fell ill, I have called the 7. You _____________ park in front of the gate. doctor. 8. You ________ eat so many sweets. It will spoil 8. The boys should not had made so much your teeth. noise. 9. Where _________ you go if you had that 9. I could be very happy when I get promoted to much money? VIII. 10. I’m sorry. I _______ help you. I don’t know 10. You can’t be very proud of your son winning how to do it. so many prizes. 101
9. Finite and Non-Finite Verbs Learning Objectives At the completion of this chapter, the students will • Distinguish between the different forms of non- be able to: finite verbs – participle, gerund, and infinitive. • Identify finite and non-finite verbs. • Be able to use verbs correctly in their writing. Starter Activity 1. I asked him to write an application. 2. We ask them to finish their meal. Observe the following set of sentences: 3. I like reading. 1. I play 4. He loved reading. 2. We played 3. You were playing 4. He had played for the school team. You can see that in the first set of sentences, the verb “play’ changes according to the person and time (tense). Whereas in the second set of sentences, verbs ‘to write’ and ‘reading’ do not change. Recapitulate that in our lesson Parts of Speech, we learnt that VERBS are the words that show the action or state of being of the subject. Key Points acts as the subject of the verb is.) • I enjoy reading. (Here the gerund reading acts as Today our lesson is about FINITE AND INFINITE VERBS the object of the verb enjoy.) I. FINITE VERBS • I am interested in singing. (Here the gerund DEFINITION: Verbs that have different forms in different tenses and also change their form when singing acts as the object of the preposition in.) there is a change in the number or person of the 2. INFINITIVES: They are the first form of the verb. subject. Examples: come, work, is, am, break, stop etc. They are usually used with the marker ‘to’. Exam- Examples: ples: to sing, to dance, to run, to work, to look etc. Examples: • He goes to school every day. • To read is interesting. (to read- infinitive • They went to the mall today. • Mohan and his wife go to the office by bus. functioning as a noun, is- finite verb) • The monkey jumps from one branch to another. • I have an idea to help you study. (‘to help you • The boy jumped for the ball. • My brother serves in the army. study’- functions as an adjective, modifying the • They serve in the army. noun idea, Have-finite verb) • My brother served in the army. 3. PARTICIPLES Definition: A form of a verb that is used in a sen- II. NON-FINITES tence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb Definition: The verbs that do not change their form phrase, and then plays a role similar to an adjective when the number or person of the subject changes. or adverb. THREE TYPES OF NON-FINITES: TWO TYPES OF PARTICIPLES PRESENT PARTICIPLES 1. Gerunds • He kept me waiting. 2. Infinitives • After playing for an hour, he went home. 3. Participles • My daughter is watching a documentary. 1. GERUNDS: They end in –ing. Examples: singing, (Watching is used with is to form the present dancing, running, working, looking etc. continuous tense.) Examples: • I go running every morning. • Painting is my hobby. (Here the gerund painting • I heard someone singing. Since the gerund and the present participle have the same form (verb-ing), sometimes it can be confusing how to differentiate between gerund and a present participle. 102
9. Finite and Non-Finite Verbs DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GERUND AND PRESENT 2. PAST PARTICIPLES PARTICIPLE Past participles are formed from verbs. Past participles (just like present participles) can be used FUNCTION OF EXAMPLES as adjectives or used to form verb tenses. They have GERUND various endings, usually -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n. (Always works as a Hiking is an exciting sport. Examples: noun) What I really like is reading Broken window Subject detective books. Painted frame Complement She suggested going for a Destroyed bridge movie. Object of a verb He ran out of the room FUNCTIONS OF PAST PARTICIPLE without saying a word. 1. To form the perfect aspect Object of a Could you give up lying and Examples: preposition start telling truth? Object of a We had no drinking water • We have lived happily. prepositional verb left. • They have helped me. Part of a compound • I had gone to work. noun 2. To form the passive voice • Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming FUNCTION OF PRESENT EXAMPLES PARTICIPLE in 1928. Continuous aspect I wasn’t listening. • He always needs to be told what to do. What have you • The vase was broken by me. Adjective been doing? 3. Used as adjectives The medical • I was really bored during the journey. Participle clauses test revealed • She’s interested in history. some worrying results. • My mother is frightened of spiders The man driving the car was not injured. Having nothing left to do, I left for home. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE Verbs SHEET Self-test PS-1 Finite and Non-finite verbs and their types PS-2 PS-3 Self-evaluation sheet 103
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Find out the finite and non-finite verbs in the sentences given below. Look at the example given for you. I like to play with my dog. Ans: Finite – like; non-finite – to play 1. He gave me an apple to eat 2. It was a documentary to see. 3. I wish to buy some books. 4. Barking dogs seldom bite. 5. He is about to leave. 6. It is time to start. 7. He was wearing a torn shirt. 8. He had his shirt ironed. 9. They got the house painted. 10. Finding the gate open, the man went inside. II. Correct the error in each sentence. Look at the example given for you. You should not make important decisions without think carefully. Ans: You should not make important decisions without thinking carefully. 1. Rather than go to sleep, you should finish your homework. 2. You should ask others for help instead of think to do everything alone. 3. More examples can be seen now for compare the two systems. 4. It is worth to learn how to speak English. 5. Parents often try to stop their children from make a mistake. 104
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Change the verb into either the gerund (-ing) or the infinitive (with ‘to’) form. The first is done as an example. I don’t want (go) out tonight. Ans: I don’t want (go) out tonight. (going) 1. She avoided (tell) her friends about her plans. 2. I would like (come) to the function with you. 3. I enjoy (have) a cool bath in the morning. 4. She kept (talk) during the lecture. 5. I am learning (speak) English. 6. My friend helped me (carry) my bags. 7. My mother has finished (cook). 8. Mohan decided (study) history. 9. He requested (come) with us. 10. I promised Vivek (help) him you the next day. 11. We planned (go) to the cinema, but in the end we stayed at home. 12. She agreed (bring) the book to the school. 13. We hope (visit) our native place in the summer vacation. 14. She suggested (go) to the museum. 15. I don’t want (leave) yet. 105
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Complete the following sentences with the right forms of the verb. Look at the example given for you. The doctor is ___________________ (attend) to the injured people. Ans: Attending 1. The giant allowed the children ___________________ (play) in the park. 2. My favourite pastime is ______________________ (play) guitar. 3. We saw some children ______________________ (play) in the rain. 4. Let me _______________ (buy) you a cup of coffee. 5. My mother likes _________ (listen) to the radio while she irons the clothes. 6. Mr Sharma is looking forward _________ (meet) all his friends again. 7. I know you are going ___________________ (have) lots of fun. 8. I prefer _________ (travel) by train. 9. Do you want _________ (come) to the shop with me? 10. Neeta’s worried about _________ (hurt) herself on the slide. 11. The taxi-driver refused _________ (carry) my luggage up the stairs. 12. ______________________ (hunt) wild animals is prohibited in this country. 13. How long do you expect _________ (stay) in Chandigarh? 14. _________ (learn) any language is not a quick thing. 15. You don’t need _________ (leave) today. You may stay here tonight. 16. My boss and I agreed _______________ (meet) at 4 o’clock. 17. Don’t forget _________ (take) your umbrella with you. 18. My parents are planning _________ (go) abroad. 19. They are planning _________ (bring) me a bicycle. 20. She promised _________ (return) it as soon as possible. 106
Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and identify the 5. He is about to leave. verb whether it is finite or non-finite. Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks) 6. It is time to start. 1. Paul walks to work every day. Ans: Walks-finite 1. Manya does her homework every day. 7. He was wearing a torn shirt. 2. My sister is doing her homework at the 8. He had his shoes polished. moment. 3. They are writing a letter. 9. They got the roof repaired. 4. She speaks English Chinese very well. 10. Finding the door open I went inside. 5. He has a big car. 6. The plan has been examined today. 7. She tried to help him. 8. It is useless to to cry at problems. 9. Finding the gates widely open, the postman went inside. 10. He had his car cleaned. II. Find out the finite and non-finite verbs in the sentences given below. (10 Marks) 1. He gave me a chair to sit. 2. It was a sight to see. 3. I want to buy some clothes. 4. Barking dogs seldom bite. 107
10. Sentences-Simple, Complex and Compound Objectives At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: • Differentiate between three different sentence structures. • Construct different sentence structures correctly. Starter Activity Read the following sets of sentences: 1. Rahul waited for the train. (“Rahul”-subject, “waited”–verb) The train was late. (“train”-subject, “was”– verb) Both are independent clauses. 2. Rahul waited for the train but the train was late. (“Rahul”-subject, “waited”–verb, “but”-conjunction, train- subject, was-verb) (Rahul waited for the train-independent clause, train was late-independent clause) 3. Rahul waited for the train which was late. (“Rahul”-subject, “waited”–verb, “which”-relative pronoun) (Rahul waited for the train-independent clause, which was late-dependent clause) In the above set of sentences, the Sentence 1 is the example of a Simple Sentence, Sentence 2 is the example of a Compound Sentence and the Sentence 3 is the example of a Complex Sentence. Key Points independent clause since it can stand by itself or can be a part of a compound or complex sentence. Recapitulation: 2. Compound Sentence: It is a sentence made up CLAUSE: A clause has a subject and a predicate as a of two independent clauses. These two clauses are group of words, but that will not be considered as a connected to one another with a conjunction. full sentence. The clause can be of two types. There Please note: The best way to remember the are two kinds of clauses: conjunctions which join to make compound sentences is FAN BOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) 1. Independent Clause: It contains both a subject • The honest man did not take the money, for he and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentence. A sentence can contain more than two clauses joined did not find it to be right. (‘For’ here works as with the help of conjunctions such as or, for, nor, so, because) yet, and, but. • The house is big and it is not very expensive. We went to New Delhi and visited the Rashtrapati • The guest did not eat food nor did he take tea. Bhawan. • The house is beautiful but it was very expensive. 2. Dependent Clause: It contains both a subject and • Let us cook dinner at home or we can go out to a predicate and cannot stand alone as a sentence. It dine. is always a part of a sentence, on which it depends for • He worked really hard yet he could not clear the meaning. exam. • He worked hard so he got good marks. THREE KINDS OF SENTENCES: 3. Complex Sentence: It is a sentence made up of SIMPLE, COMPOUND, AND COMPLEX an independent clause and one or more dependent 1. Simple Sentence: It has the most basic elements clauses connected to it. Some of the conjunctions that make it a sentence: a subject, a verb and a used for making complex sentences are after, completed thought. although, as, because, before, even though, if, since, • Many tourists visit Taj Mahal every year. though, unless, until, when, whenever, whereas, • It is built on the southern bank of the Yamuna wherever, while etc. • He went to the mountains so that he could River. regain his health. A simple sentence can also be seen as an • Unless he works hard, he cannot clear these exams. 108
10. Sentences-Simple, Complex and Compound • The child was crying because he was lost in the 3. Simple sentence into a complex sentence: By crowd. enlarging a phrase into a dependent clause. • I could not go to school due to my illness. • Although he loved the city, he disliked the traffic • I could not go to school because I was ill. and the crowd. • He pleaded for his innocence. • He pleaded that he was innocent. Please note: • She is an excellent painter. When the dependent clause go first in a sentence, a • She is a painter who is excellent. comma should be used to separate the two clauses. 4. Complex Sentence into a Simple Sentence: • Whenever he goes to his village, everyone • Although I was ill, I attended the meeting. • In spite of my illness, I attended the meeting. comes to welcome him. • When the students saw the principal, the students When the independent clause comes first, a comma should not be used. became silent. • I could not meet him since I was busy in a • Seeing the principal, the students became silent. • Tell me your address. meeting. • Tell me where you live. TRANSFORMING SENTENCES 5. Complex Sentence into a Compound Sentence: 1. Simple sentence into a compound sentence: By • Though he is poor, he is honest. enlarging phrase or word into a clause. • He is poor, but he is honest. • He worked hard to clear the exam. • As soon as the train stopped, we got down. • He worked hard and cleared the exam. • The train stopped and we got down. • In spite of coming here, she didn’t see her • As she was ill, she did not come. • She was ill, so she did not come. grandmother. 6. Compound Sentence into a Complex Sentence: • She came here but did not see her grandmother. • The weather was bad and the match was stopped. • The teacher praised the boy for his honesty. • Since the weather was bad, the match was • The student was honest so the teacher praised stopped. him. • I saw a child and he was crying. 2. Compound sentence into a simple sentence: • I saw a child who was crying. • He was guilty, and he ran away. • Study hard and you will get good marks. • Being guilty, he ran away. • If you study hard, you will get good marks. • He worked hard, so the teacher praised him. • The teacher praised him for his hard work. • She studied hard and got good marks. • She studied hard to get good marks. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Starter activity and Key Simple, compound and complex points sentences PS - 1 PS - 2 Self-test PS - 3 Self- Evaluation Sheet 109
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Read the following sentences and add a second II. Complete the following complex sentences by sentence to make a compound sentence. Look adding an appropriate dependent clause to it. at the given example. Look at the given example. Mohan looked through the window and ________ It started to rain before _____________________ ______________________________. ________________________________. Ans: saw a car parked outside. Ans: It started to rain before we could leave for the trip. 1. I first avoided him, but ___________________ ___________________. 1. When__________________________________ _________, it ran away in fear. 2. Ram wanted a stylish haircut so ___________ ___________________________. 2. Rahul was extremely happy because _______ ____________________________. 3. She fell down on the road and ____________ __________________________. 3. I will clean the room while ________________ ___________________________. 4. He decided to go to his mom’s house for ____ ______________________________. 4. Reena will not get admission in the college unless ________________________. 5. Ram left early from home yet _____________ _________________________. 5. Once _______________________________, I saw the surprise. 6. Meera should be more attentive in the class or _____________________________. 6. Wherever ___________________________, he calls his mom twice in a day. 7. Seema doesn’t like reading books nor ______ ______________________________. 7. Although ____________________________, she didn’t understand our problem. 8. Our team wants to win the game so________ ____________________________. 8. Since _____________________________, I had to take shelter under the tree. 9. He told the whole story to the police but ____ _______________________________. 9. Reena works very hard whereas ___________ _________________________. 10. The boys behaved themselves very well and _______________________________. 10. She didn’t go to the doctor even though ______________________________ . 110
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Change the following simple sentence to II. Change the following complex sentences into complex. Look at the given example. simple. Look at the given example. I was excited to hear of my dad’s coming home He accepted that he was rude. soon. Ans: He accepted his rudeness. Ans: I was excited when I heard of my dad’s com- ing home soon. 1. Tell me where the exhibition will be held. 2. I have no time where I can help you. 1. No one knew the time of arrival of the flight. 3. People who live in glass houses should not 2. He requested his friends to come to his help. 3. Deceived by his own friends, he felt very sad. throw stones. 4. I would be very thankful to be helped in my 4. When the students saw the principal, they assignment. ran away. 5. The thief broke into the house in midnight to 5. I was shocked when I noticed his avoid being seen by anyone. stubbornness. 6. They took every care against the failure of 6. After I finish my research on space, I will the plan. publish a paper. 7. The puzzle was too difficult to be solved. 7. She is a person who is a lover of animals. 8. Let’s take a walk after having dinner. 8. I am not going to the function unless my 9. The principal knew him to be a hard working mother comes with me. boy. 9. They must hope that there will be better 10. We saw a pond full of fish. times. 10. He performed so well that everyone was surprised. 111
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Combine the following pairs of simple II. Change the following compound sentences into sentences to make compound sentences using simple sentences. Look at the given example. appropriate conjunctions. Look at the given She came home and baked a cake. example. Ans: Coming home, she baked a cake. Reena loves to read books. Reena loves to paint. Ans: Reena loves to read books and paint. 1. Rahul is not only handsome but also intelligent. 1. Rahul will share his toys with his brother. Rahul will be scolded if he doesn’t. 2. Ram is poor but he never begs for money. 3. You must leave on time or you will miss the 2. Go to the bed early. You want to wake up on time. flight. 4. He was scared and he ran away. 3. Meera wanted to participate in the 5. Reena worked hard so her parents praised competition. She did not want to say it. her. 4. You must pass your test. You will not be able 6. She came to her village and met her old to go for the trip. friend. 5. She is a clever girl. She cannot solve the 7. You must cooperate with others or you will riddle. not be allowed on the team. 6. We reached home. We ate dinner. 8. I will go to the office and will reply to his 7. I won the competition. I was not satisfied email. with my performance. 9. He was ill, but he appeared for the exam. 8. The thieves looted the house. They set fire to 10. The team must practice every day otherwise it. they will lose the match. 9. He is rich. He is unhappy. 10. You must complete your work. You will not be paid. 112
Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Study the following sentences and identify II. Form compound sentences by using whether they are simple, complex or appropriate conjunctions (FANBOYS). Look at compound. Look at the given example. the given example. (10 Marks) (10 Marks) Life is a bed of thorns. Meera has an appointment at three o’clock Ans: Simple _________ she must leave early. 1. My tooth hurt through the night. Ans: so 2. The nurse came and opened the door. 1. I would like to buy this house _________ it is 3. She felt a slight pain when the doctor gave too expensive. her an injection. 2. My mother was going to the market 4. As we passed by a stream, I made the _________ wanted me to accompany her. mistake of going too near the bank. 3. Mohan stayed in a hostel for 6 months 5. My father bought a new car one day. _________ felt homesick for a long time. 6. It was Sunday so the roads were not very 4. Would you like tea _________ would you busy. prefer coffee? 7. The journey took us two hours. 5. I crossed the road ___________ I wanted to avoid her. 6. My mom doesn’t drink milk ___________ does she drink coffee. 7. Should we start the meeting __________ wait for everyone? 8. He didn’t want to go to office ___________ he went anyways. 9. Everyone was busy ____________ I decided to go alone. 10. He ran out of money ___________ he decided to close the shop. 8. After some searching, I entered a darkened room. 9. He wanted to run but was unable to do so. 10. She opened her eyes and gave me a smile. 113
11. Conditional Clauses Learning Objectives • Form different forms of conditional clauses accurately and express themselves more At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: effectively. • Identify the different forms of conditional clauses. Starter Activity FORM TIME EXAMPLE If + present…present Present He doesn’t get sick if Study the following table. Present/Future he takes medicines NAME Present/Future regularly. Past If she studies hard, she Zero conditional will pass the test. If he won the lottery, he First conditional If + present, will + verb would leave his job. Second conditional If I had called my friend, Third conditional If + past, would +verb he wouldn’t have gotten If + had = past perfect angry with me. + would have + past participle Key Points and yellow. Zero conditional is used when the result is always Conditionals sentences are with two clauses: an ‘if’ going to take place. clause and a main clause. The clause with ‘if’ denotes Please note: The ‘if’ in this conditional can be the (can be introduced by “unless” too) and the other replaced by ‘when’. is the consequence or the result. If the words “if” or • When you exercise, you can become fit. “unless” appear at the beginning of a sentence, there • You will get burned when you touch fire. is normally a comma separating both clauses. • When water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. • If I go to bed early, I will be able to get up on time. (If • You can get green colour when you mix blue and the words ‘if’ and ‘unless’ appear at the beginning, yellow. comma is needed) 2. The First Conditional: The first conditional • I will be able to get up on time if I go to bed early. sentence is created with simple present tense after ‘if’ (If the words ‘if’ and ‘unless’ appear at the end, no and simple future tense in the other clause. comma is needed) • If I am ill, I won’t go to the school. • Unless she works hard, she will not be able to clear • If she studies hard, she will get good result. the exam. • If I have enough money, I’ll help the poor and the • She will not be able to clear the exam unless she works hard. needy. Please note: The word “unless” involves a negative • My uncle will be late if the flight is delayed. meaning, so one of the clauses needs to change from The first conditional is used to talk about things negative to positive or vice versa. which might happen in the future. We describe the Types of conditional sentences: possibilities, which could easily come true. 1. The Zero Conditional: A zero conditional sentence 3. The Second Conditional: The second conditional is created with two verbs in simple present tense sentence is created with simple past tense after ‘if’ (both in the ‘if clause’ and ‘main clause’). and ‘would’ and the basic form of the verb in the • Unless you exercise, you cannot become fit. other clause. • You get burned if you touch fire. • If I become President of India, I would change the • If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. • You cannot get green colour unless you mix blue social security system. • Reena would travel all over the world if she were rich. • You would pass the exam if you ever worked hard. 114
11. Conditional Clauses (You never work hard, so this won’t happen) • If you hadn’t been so lazy, you wouldn’t have become • If I were you, I would tell the teacher about this fat. incident. • We wouldn’t have missed the flight if we had left early. The second conditional is used to talk about things • I wouldn’t have been tired if I had gone to bed earlier. which are probably not going to be true or in present, The third conditional is used to talk about things which they are impossible. already occurred in past to describe situations that didn’t 4. The Third Conditional: The third conditional happen so we imagine the result in these cases. sentence is created with past perfect tense after ‘if’ FORMING CONDITIONAL CLAUSES (First, Second, and and ‘would have’ + past participle (3rd form of the Third Conditional) verb) in the second part of the sentence. 1. First conditional: If I have enough money, I will buy a • She would have got admission in that college if she had big car. cleared the test. (She didn’t clear the test so didn’t get 2. Second conditional: If I had enough money, I would admission) buy a big car. Work Plan 3. Third conditional: If I had had enough money, I would have bought a big car. CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS PS – 1 Starter activity and Key points Conditional Clauses PS – 2 PS – 3 Self-test Self-evaluation Sheet 115
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Rewrite the following sentences after changing II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words according to the form mentioned in the bracket. according to the form mentioned in the Look at the given example. brackets. Look at the given example. If Raghu (not/be) casual towards studies, he If mom ___________ (drink) too much coffee, (pass). (Third conditional) she ___________ (suffer) from acidity. (First Ans: If Raghu hadn’t been casual towards stud- conditional) ies, he would have passed. Ans: Drinks, will suffer 1. If the day (not/be) so hot, we (go) for a picnic. 1. If you ___________ (empty) your pocket (Third conditional) carefully, you ___________ (not/lose) your keys. (Third conditional) 2. If mom (have) money with her, she (buy) the dress for me. (Second conditional) 2. If you ____________ (want) to come, __________ (call) me before 5:00. (Zero 3. If you (not/come), I (not/go) either. (First conditional) conditional) 3. If the children ___________ (be) in bed, I 4. If Ramesh (sleep) better last night, he (not/ ___________ (tell) them a story. (Second feel) so sleepy during the meeting. (Third conditional) conditional) 4. If Sheela ___________ (not/be) so stubborn, 5. If you (heat) ice, it (melt). (Zero conditional) the teacher___________ (have) forgiven her 6. If Reena (have) spare time, she (keep) more mistake. (Second conditional) plants in her garden. (Second conditional) 5. If I ___________ (not/go) to Delhi, I 7. If my grandfather (not/eat) on time, he ___________ (go) to Chennai.(Third conditional) (become) irritable. (First conditional) 8. If I (not/go) to bed on time, I (be) sleep till 6. If one ___________ (go) to the library, one ___________ (be) well-read. (Zero late in the morning. (First conditional) conditional) 9. If you (want) a new dress, you (need) money. 7. If we ___________ (not/fight) in the morning, (Zero conditional) we ___________ (come) together. (Third 10. If Ram (not/speak) good English, he conditional) (not/join) the marketing team. (second 8. If the kids ___________ (start) early, it conditional) ___________ (be) less stressful. (Second conditional) 9. If I ___________ (not/go) to the marriage, I ___________ (not/have) so much fun with relatives. (Third conditional) 10. If Seema ___________ (know) that I like chocolate, she ___________ (give) me some more. (Second conditional) 116
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Finish the following sentences with an 2. Rewrite the following sentences after making appropriate conditional clause. Look at the the first conditional clauses. Look at the given given example. example. If we go for holiday this year, She (cook) dinner if you (go) to the supermarket. _____________________ Ans: She will cook dinner if you go to the super- Ans: we will visit Agra. market. 1. If the weather didn’t improve yesterday, 1. They (go) for a trip if they (have) money. ____________________________. 2. Seema (be) late if she (not/hurry). 3. Mom (take) a taxi if it (rain). 2. I had been to bed early, __________________ 4. I (not/eat) if Sheela (not/cook) for me. _________________________________. 5. If I (get) a chance, I (try) for a new job. 6. If he (be) chosen, he (try) for modelling. 3. _____________________________ if we get 7. If they (be/not) friends, they (stop) talking separated. with each other. 4. If you finish your food, 8. If I (earn) enough wealth, I (build) an old age _____________________________. home. 5. If Meera didn’t want to go out last night, 9. If she (not/come) late, she (be) promoted. _____________________________. 10. If we (win) this contest, we (travel) the world. 6. _____________________________ if mom called him up. 7. _____________________________ if they are invited. 8. _____________________________ if she had got a job. 9. If you mix red and blue, _____________________________. 10. _____________________________ if he doesn’t pass this exam. s this exam. 117
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Rewrite the following sentences after making II. Rewrite the following sentences after making the second conditional clauses. Look at the the third conditional clauses. Look at the given given example. example. If dad (have) a better job, we (be) able to buy a If you (not/argue) in the morning, we (not/miss) bigger house. the bus. Ans: If dad had a better job, we would be able to Ans: If you hadn’t argued in the morning, we buy a bigger house. wouldn’t have missed the bus. 1. If Reena (speak) perfect English, she (get) 1. If my parents (arrive) earlier, they (meet) my into a good job. new friend. 2. If we (live) in Delhi, I (learn) Hindi. 2. Mom (be) happier if dad (stay) at home. 3. If she (get) the subject of her choice, she 3. If he (become) a singer, he (be) a famous (take) admission in this university. person. 4. Mohan (be) happier if he (have) more friends. 4. If she (go) to a dance school, she (become) a 5. They (buy) this house if they (like) to stay great artist. here. 5. If we (not/go) to the party, we (miss) meeting 6. Meera (have) more money if she (not/spend) them. so much on clothes. 6. If he (not/take) the job, he (not/travel) so 7. Manu (come) to dinner if he (have) time. 8. Mom (call) the aunt if she (have) her number. much. 9. They (go) to Shimla on holiday if they (like) 7. We (not/be) friends if we (not/go) to the same cold weather. college. 10. We (not/be) late again if we (leave) early 8. They (be) late if they (not/board) the first from home. bus. on holiday if they liked cold weather. 9. She (not/meet) Manu if she (not/go) to Delhi. 10. We wouldn’t be late again if we left early 10. She (call) you if she (not/forget) her phone at from home. home. 118
Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and identify II. Rewrite the following sentences after making whether the ‘if’ clause is first conditional, the zero conditional clauses. Look at the given second conditional or third conditional. Look at example. (10 Marks) the given example. (10 Marks) If we (sleep) late, we (be) tired the next day. If I lived in New Delhi, I would see my aunt more Ans: If we sleep late, we are tried the next day. often. Ans: Second conditional 1. If my brother (cook), he (burn) the food. 1. If you hadn’t eaten all that cake, you 2. You (get) sunstroke if you (not/wear) a hat on wouldn’t have fallen sick. the beach. 2. Plants die if they don’t get enough water. 3. If children (not/eat) well, they (not/be) energetic. 3. If she had learnt French, she would have joined the French embassy. 4. If you (touch) an electric socket with wet hands, you (get) a shock. 4. If dad wasn’t so tired, we would go out for dinner. 5. If children (eat) too many sweets, they (get) cavities in teeth. 5. If you select the present, I will pay for it. 6. If Meera doesn’t quit her job, she will get 6. The children (get) overweight if they (not/ promotion soon. play) outside. 7. If I went out yesterday, I would go to the 7. If it (rain), the grass (get) wet. theatre. 8. If you (speak) rudely to him, he (get) 8. If we had not seen each other yesterday, we annoyed. wouldn’t have fixed the meeting. 9. Lots of people (come) if Guptas (throw) a 9. If public transport is efficient, people stop party. using their cars. 10. Aunt (buy) expensive watches if she (go) 10. If we waited there, we would be late. shopping. 119
12. Tenses I take. Objectives I am taking. I have taken. At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: I have been taking. • Identify the verb and tense in a sentence. • Write a sentence using the past, present, or future tense. Concept Map PRESENT PAST TENSES FUTURE I took. I shall/will take. I was taking. I had taken. I shall/will be taking. I had been taking. I shall/will have taken. I shall/will have been taking. Key Points 1. Simple Present Tense To denote scientific facts, universal truths RECAPITULATION: A VERB is a word that is used to • Water boils at 100 degrees. convey what the subject of the sentence is, does or To denote work done on daily basis. has. The verb ‘take’ changes the form in the above • I brush my teeth twice a day. sentences according to the time of the action they 2. Present Continuous denote. The form of an action with respective time is To express an action taking place at the time of called TENSE. speaking. 1. Today our lesson is about TENSES. • Meera is reading a book in the library. DEFINITION: Tenses refer to the state of the verb. To denote an action that is going to take place in the The state or tense of the verb explains the time of the near future. action. • They are going to stage Shakespeare’s play this There are three major tenses in English. These year. include past, present and future. Each of these tenses 3. Present Perfect can explain an event that occurred in the past, an To show an action that started in the past and has event that occurs in the present, or an event that will just finished. occur in the future. • They have completed the project. 1. PRESENT TENSE It is divided further into four kinds. 120
12. Tenses To show an action when the exact time of the action Subject + v1 + s/es + object is not known. She dances. • They have visited New York many times. Subject + does not + v1 + s/es + object To express an action that started sometime in the She does not dance. past and is still continuing. Does + Subject + v1 + s/es + object • He has already worked on this project for 6 Does she dance? Does + Subject + not + v1 + s/es + object years. Does she not dance? 4. Present Perfect Continuous Subject + is/am/are + v1 + ing + object This tense shows the action which started in the past She is dancing. and is still continuing at the time of speaking. Subject + is/am/are + not + v1 + ing + object • I have been working in this firm for ten years She is not dancing. is/am/are + Subject + v1 + ing + object now. Is she dancing? is/am/are + Subject + not + v1 + ing + object SYNTAX OF PRESENT TENSE FORMS: Is she not dancing? Subject + has/have + v3 + object Assertive She has danced. Subject + has/have + not + v3 + object Simple Present Negative She has not danced. has/have + Subject + v3 + object Interrogative Has she danced? Negative has/have + Subject + not + v3 + object Interrogative Has she not danced? Assertive Subject + has/have + been + v1 + ing + object She has been dancing. PRESENT Negative Subject + has/have + not been + v1 + ing + object Present Continuous She has not been dancing. has/have + Subject + been + v1 + ing + object Interrogative Has she been dancing? Negative has/have + she + not + been + v1 + ing + object Interrogative Has she not been dancing? Assertive Present Perfect Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative Assertive Present Perfect Negative Continuous Interrogative Negative Interrogative 121
12. Tenses 2. PAST TENSE 3. Past Perfect tense It is divided further into four kinds. To describe an action completed before a certain 1. Simple Past Tense moment in the past, usually a long time ago. If two To indicate an action completed in the past. It often actions happened in the past, past perfect is used to occurs with adverb of time. Sometimes it is used show the action that took place earlier. without an adverb of time. • The train had left before we reached the station. • I went to the library yesterday. To express an action that was completed before a Used for past habits or regular actions in the past. given point of time. • She took care of her mother till she was alive. • Dad had reached before the dinner time. 2. Past Continuous Tense 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense To denote an action going on at some time in the To denote an action that began before a certain point past. in the past and continued up to sometime in past. • Mohan was writing a novel last month. The second action or event may be started or may be To mark out an action of relatively longer duration in implied. the past. • Reena had been learning dance for 6 years. • When we reached the peak of the mountain, the cool wind was blowing. SYNTAX OF PAST TENSE FORMS: Assertive Subject + v2 + Object. Simple Past Negative She danced. Interrogative Subject + didn’t + v1 + Object. She didn’t dance. PAST Past Continuous Negative Did + Subject + v1 + Object? Past Perfect Interrogative Did she dance? Assertive Did + Subject + not + v1 + s/es + object? Past Perfect Did she not dance? Continuous Negative Subject + was/were +v1+ ing + Object. She was dancing. Interrogative Subject + was/were + not + ing + Object. Negative She was not dancing. Interrogative Was/were + Subject + ing+ Object? Assertive Was she dancing? Was/were + Subject + not + ing+ Object? Negative Was she not dancing? Subject + had + v3 + object. Interrogative She had danced. Negative Subject + had + not + v3 + object. Interrogative She had not danced. Assertive Had + Subject + v3 + object? Had she danced? Negative Had + Subject + not + v3 + object? Had she not danced? Interrogative Subject + had + been + v1 + ing + object. Negative She had been dancing. Interrogative Subject + had + not been + v1 + ing + object. She had not been dancing. Had + Subject + been + v1 + ing + object? Had she been dancing? Had + she + not + been + v1 + ing + object? Had she not been dancing? 122
12. Tenses 3. FUTURE TENSE A period of time following the moment of speaking or writing is called as future tense. It is divided further into four kinds. 1. Simple Future To tell us about an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after saying or in future. • Meera will perform on the stage tomorrow. 2. Future Continuous To talk about something that will be in progress at or around a time in the future. • He will be visiting the court tomorrow at 12 o’clock. In the example, the action will start in future (tomorrow) and action is thought to be continued till sometime in future. To express an action which will be going on at a specific time in the future. • He will be travelling in the train in the afternoon. 3. Future Perfect To say that something will be finished by a particular time in the future. • The students will have finished their work by Saturday. 4. Future Perfect Continuous To emphasize the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time or event in the future. • I will have been completing six months on this project by this weekend. 123
12. Tenses Assertive Subject + shall/will + v1 + Object. I shall dance. Simple Future Negative She will dance. Interrogative Subject + shall/will + not + v1 + Object. Negative I shall not dance. Interrogative She will not dance. Assertive Shall/Will + Subject +v1 + Object? Shall I dance? Negative Will she dance? Future Continuous Shall/Will + Subject +not + v1 + Object? Shall I not dance? Interrogative Will she not dance? Subject + shall/will + be+ v1+ ing + Object. Negative I shall be dancing. Interrogative She will be dancing. Subject + shall/will + not + be+ v1+ ing + Object. FUTURE Assertive I shall not be dancing. She will not be dancing. Future Perfect Negative Shall/Will + Subject + be + v1+ ing + Object? Interrogative Shall I be dancing? Negative Will she be dancing? Interrogative Shall/Will + Subject + be + + not+ v1+ ing Was/ were + Subject + not + ing+ Object? Assertive Shall I not be dancing? Will she not be dancing? Future Perfect Negative Subject + Shall/Will + have + v3 + object. Continuous I shall have danced. Interrogative She will have danced. Negative Subject + Shall/Will + not + have + v3 + object. Interrogative I shall have not danced. She will have not danced. Shall/Will + Subject + have + v3 + object? Shall I have danced? Will she have danced? Shall/Will + Subject + have + not + v3 + object? Shall I have not danced? Will she have not danced? Subject + Shall/Will + have + been + v1 + ing + object. I shall have been dancing. She will have been dancing. Subject + Shall/Will + have + not + been + v1 + ing + object. I shall have not been dancing. She will have not been dancing. Shall/Will + Subject + have + been + v1 + ing + object? Will she have been dancing? Shall/Will + Subject + have + not + been + v1 + ing + object? Will she have not been dancing? 124
12. Tenses Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS CONTENT PS-1 Starter Activity and Key Tenses and forms PS-2 Points PS-3 Self-evaluation Self-test Sheet 125
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Read the following sentences and correct 4. Passengers ______ to eat or drink in the the error in each of them. Look at the given metro. example. • are not allowed The boys watched television every night unless • was not allowed they have homework. • had not allowed Ans: The boys watch television every night unless • will not allow they have homework. 5. The newsperson reported that the fire 1. I am living in Chennai since last September. ______ under control after forty minutes. 2. I have been to my native place a month back. • is brought 3. The phone rung while I was watching TV. • was brought 4. She has received the courier last week. • can be brought 5. If Mohan had participated, he will win the • has been brought prize. 6. The people shopping in the mall ______ to 6. They have now reduce the number of leave the building immediately. • ordered highway projects. • will order 7. She saw a dark shadow and gives a loud • have ordered • have been ordered scream. 8. We ate pizza and also drunk a lemonade. 7. This school __________ many famous singers 9. After this incident occurs, we dared not go to perform in their functions. • are invited there again. • were invited 10. Has anyone ever tell you to close the door • has invited • will be invited before you go outside? 8. The roof may have been leaking for the past II. Choose the correct option given below. Look at few weeks but you do not have to worry the given example. about it any longer. It ______ now. When I went back to my village three years ago, I • Has not been leaking found no changes ______. • Has not leaking • are taken place • Is not being leaked • were taken place • Was not leaking • have taken place • had taken place 9. The price of petrol ______ last year, but I Ans: had taken place doubt whether it will remain so. • went down 1. Look! A thief ______ by policemen. • will go down • is chased • has gone down • is being chased • was going down • was being chased • has been chased 10. Geeta ______ watching horror films although she gets scared easily. 2. I’m sorry the car is not available any longer • like for sale. It ______ to a local guy. • likes • is sold • liked • was being sold • will like • has been sold • will be sold 3. Geeta ______ to the new branch a year back. • is transferred • was transferred • has been transferred • should be transferred 126
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Read the following passage. There is an error in II. Change the tense form in the following each line. Write the correct answer along with sentences as per given in the brackets. Look the incorrect word as shown in the example. at the given example. Make other necessary changes as shown in the example. Incorrect correct The pilgrims arrived at Varanasi last night. Anxiety runs high in London’s (a) runs (Simple future) ran Ans: The pilgrims will arrive at Varanasi tomor- Dulwich Hospital as row. doctors await the recovery (b) of a patient. The surgical 1. Every year my father drives to his office. procedure has been a (c) (Simple past) success but the patient later develop an infection. (d) 2. My brother is not studying medicine at the Antibiotics had little effect university. (Present perfect continuous) and the situation seems (e) hopeless. Fortunately, a 3. I heard you the first time you called me. young doctor recall (f) (Simple future) a traditional remedy use by native doctors (g) 4. Nowadays coaching centers play an in South Africa. With nothing important role in education. (Present perfect left to lose, he applies strips (h) continuous) of papaya fruit across the wound. Miraculously, it heal. (i) 5. I worry when I see my father cough so badly. This unorthodox success (Simple past) is ridiculed at by the medical (j) profession in the West. This 6. All my friends admire my good looking incident taken place in 1977 (k) brother. (Past perfect) but the doctors’ reactions are evidently an (l) 7. My aunt is kind towards the poor and needy. omen of things to come. (Past perfect) In the past, folk healing 8. This rule applies only to foreign workers in India. (Simple past) 9. The emergency meeting ended a while ago. (Simple future) 10. The child unintentionally broke the window pane. (Present perfect) is covered (m) in superstition and mysticism. 127
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Change the tense form in the following sentences according to the one in the brackets. Look at the given example. Make other necessary changes as shown in the example. I visited an arts exhibition last week. (Simple future) Ans: I shall visit an arts exhibition next week. 1. The injury was deep and healed slowly. (Simple present) 2. How often do you hear from her? (Simple past) 3. I have got a new car. (Future perfect) 4. When I arrived, the meeting had finished. (Future perfect) 5. He had driven through a red light. (Past perfect continuous) 6. They wondered about the whole incident. (Future perfect continuous) 7. He went from door to door selling cookies. (Simple present) 8. This is a needless trouble. (Simple future) 9. She returned to ask the teacher something. (Past perfect) 10. When she had cried, she began to feel better. (Simple present) II. Supply the appropriate tenses. Re-write the sentences if necessary. Look at the given example. It is not good to go out while it (rain). Ans: It is not good to go out while it rains. 1. I am glad you (use) a new pen today. Yesterday your writing (be) very untidy. 2. What you (do) when the thief (break) into your house? 3. Whenever mom (see) the lady living next door, she (walk) away quickly. 4. I (wear) a new suit for tomorrow’s conference. 5. (Go) you for the concert tomorrow? 6. We (go) to visit our uncle in Mysore next week. 7. What you (do) here? I (fix) the tap. 8. Some thieves once (enter) the museum to steal an old artefact. 9. When the owner (ask) the children what they (do) in his garden, they (run) away. 10. This house (need) repairs as it (begin) to fall to pieces. 128
Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Select the correct option in the brackets. Look at the given example. (10 marks) II. Read the following passage carefully. Fill in I don’t have much time these days. I (learn / am each blank with the correct form of the verb in learning) French. the bracket. (10 Marks) Ans: I don’t have much time these days. I am a) Tea is a beverage ___1___ (consume) by many learning French. past generations of people. What most people do not realize is that tea is ___2___ (make) from 1. When we entered the bank, we sensed leaves ___3___ (pick) from shrubs. Tea shrubs that something unusual (happened / had ___4___ (grow) in plantations. These shrubs will happened). begin to ___5___ (bear) crops when they are about four years old. Workers on tea plantations 2. If we had a little more money it (will / would) have to pick the leaves by hand. After the leaves be much easier to invest in a new business. ___6___ (gather), they are ___7___ (roast) at high temperatures. This process ___8___ (give) 3. He (is holding / holds) the post of principal in them their fragrance. The best tea is made from the new school. freshly ___9___ (grinding) leaves. There are many different ways of ___10___ (prepare) tea. Tea can be served either with or without milk. 4. It was such a friendly dog. It (will / would) b) In this modern age man _____1_____ (grow) often jump on to other people in excitement. to be heavily dependent on computers to carry out all kinds of jobs. In banking, for example, 5. I (think / am thinking) I am too old to wear computers _____2_____ (allow) for millions clothes like this. of transactions to be carried out _____3_____ (involve) large sums of money which would 6. If you do a little extra hard work you (will / otherwise _____4_____ (require) thousands would) clear the exam. of bank tellers. Computers _____5_____ (do) the job in a much shorter time and practically 7. Don’t disturb your dad. He (works/ is free of any errors. Computers _____6_____ (be) working) on a serious project. responsible for air traffic control and the running of trains to ensure that travel is made as smooth 8. I think he (is having / has) the flu. He is as possible. In factories, nowadays, computers shivering a lot. _____7_____ (operate) mechanical devices that _____8_____ (produce) goods we require for 9. He (is deserving / deserves) to win this everyday living in such quantities that would debate. He is by far the best orator. be otherwise impossible to achieve if these factories _____9_____ (were run) by humans alone. Perhaps the greatest advancements _____10_____ (has) made in the field of communications. 10. I (ate / have eaten) two big meals already this morning. 129
13. Prepositions Objectives At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: • Recall the definition of a preposition. • Understand and identify kinds of prepositions. • Understand prepositional phrases . • Write correct sentences using appropriate prepositions and prepositional phrases. Starter Activity WHEN? WHICH DIRECTION? • By the kitchen • To the PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES • Before break • From the WHERE? • During the match • Into the • Near the door • After dinner • Through the • Down the aisle • In the morning • Towards the • Under the table • In the evening • Across the • On the window sill • At night • To • In the oven • On Friday • From the • Against the wall • Until bed time • Up the • Above the clouds • On schedule • In that direction • Outside the house • In the red dress • Below the plane • With black tires • Underneath a box • With blonde hair • Beneath the surface • With mint chips • With the polka dots • In a new top • In high heels • In stripy trousers • With confidence Notice the three columns. They contain the which show where, when or how the action took prepositional phrases. place in a sentence. They also indicate relationships DEFINITION: A prepositional phrase is a group of between different words in a sentence. So as a part words that lacks either a verb or a subject, consists of speech, they are used to show position, location, of a preposition and a noun or a preposition and a direction, and time. pronoun. When they saw the principal, the students ran into Key Points the classroom. Let’s take an elevator to go down. Today our lesson is about Prepositions and They must have taken a short cut across the field. Prepositional Phrases. I am going to the dentist for a check-up. RECAPITULATION Definition: Prepositions are short words (at, in, on) 130
13. Prepositions PREPOSITIONS OF TIME, PLACE AND REASON PREPOSITION HOW IT’S USED EXAMPLE SHOWING TIME At exact times at 3 pm meal times at dinner parts of the day at sunrise age at age 21 By a limit in time by sunset in the sense of at the latest by the due date In seasons In the summer months in November years in1992 durations in the same year after a certain period of time in an hour On days of the week on Wednesday parts of the day on Friday night where the day is named dates on December 4th Ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago After a point in time that follows another after the game; point in time after the surgery Before a point in time that precedes before leaving; another point in time before breakfast; before2004 During something that happened/will during the night; happen in a specific period of time during war For over a certain period in the past For 2 years Past telling the time ten past six (6:10) Since from a certain period of time since1980; since the accident Throughout something that happened/will throughout the year; throughout happen continuously in a specific the ordeal period of time To telling time from an earlier time to ten to six (5:50) 1 pm to 3 pm a later time Until up to a certain point in time how until the end; long something is going to last until sunrise Up (to) from an earlier point to a later up (to) now point SHOWING PLACE At an object’s settled position or at the airport; position after it has moved at the ceremony meeting place or location point of at home; at the desk direction turning at the intersection a target throwing the ball at Rahul By close to by the school alongside of by the window In in an enclosed space in the garage; in an envelope in a geographic location in New Delhi in a print medium in a book; in a magazine 131
13. Prepositions HOW IT’S USED EXAMPLE for a certain side on the left PREPOSITION for a river/lake London lies on the Thames On for a floor in a house on the floor for public transport on a bus About for television, radio on the air; on TV around or outside of about town Above at but not exactly on about five feet tall related to about my father’s business After suspended higher than something above the door else above me in rank Against superior to Along pursuit chasing after the robbers Among a point further from an earlier the corner after the big house point Around leaning on against the door Before opposite to or facing against the wall Behind tracing the length of, without along the hallway; Below emphasis on the ends along the river From in the company of (three or more) among friends Into in a crowd among the masses Onto the end of a long list among other things Over location of something explaining a drive around the block period of time around 3 o’clock Through in the front in terms of space before the emperor; before God Towards on the back side of a point in space behind the car; behind her smile SHOWING REASON something lower than or below the stairs; below As underneath something else expectations Because of in the sense of where from a flower from the garden Due to enter a room/building go into the kitchen/house For movement to the top of something jump onto the table covered by something else “more put a jacket over your shirt than” over 16 years of age “getting to the other side” walk over the bridge overcoming an obstacle climb over the wall something with limits on top, drive through the tunnel bottom and the sides movement in the direction of go 5 steps towards the house something (but not directly to it) refer to the role or purpose of a As a waiter person or thing somebody/something is the reason Because of us for something somebody/something is the reason Due to bad weather for something Reason/purpose For money 132
13. Prepositions PREPOSITION HOW IT’S USED EXAMPLE In order to Reason/purpose In order to gain money In the hope that Expected result in the hope that prices will rise. Since Cause of something Since his departure With that in mind Purpose With that in mind, the college plans OTHER IMPORTANT PREPOSITIONS for topics meaning what about we were talking about you About For age she learned Russian at 45 At who made it a book by Mark Twain By rise or fall of something travelling prices have risen by 10 percent for (other than walking or horse- car, by bus From riding) In who gave it a present from Jane Of entering a car/taxi get in the car who/what did it belong to what a page of the book Off does it show the picture of a place On leaving a public transport vehicle get off the train walking or riding on horseback on foot, on horseback Out of entering a public transport vehicle get on the bus leaving a car/taxi get out of the taxi COMMONLY CONFUSED PAIRS OF PREPOSITIONS SINCE: Refers to a point after a specific time or event About & On: Mean regarding in the past. In sentences with since, we usually use They had discussion about money. (General/ordinary perfect tenses (Present perfect & past perfect) topics) • It has been raining since the morning. We attended a lecture on banking system in India. • Rahul has been working since 10 a.m. (Serious or academic topics) • They have been travelling since 2012. Above & Over: Mean ‘higher than’. FOR: Refers to an amount/duration/period of time There is no wealth above the wealth of health. (When or space. The amount of time could be seconds, one thing is not directly over another.) minutes, hours, days, months or even years. We can Our plane is flying above the clouds. use any tense. Let us cross over the river. (When one thing covers or • Last year, he travelled for 3 months. touches another.) • I will be travelling for 3 months now. He put on a sweater over his shirt. (NOT He put on a • I have been travelling for 3 months. sweater above his shirt.) PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES The temperature rises above 30 degrees (In Definition: A prepositional phrase is a group of measurements of temperature and height) words that lacks a verb or a subject, consists of You have to be over 18 to cast your vote. (In a preposition and a noun or a preposition and measurements of ages and speeds) a pronoun. Across & Through • on the counter Air can circulate freely through the tunnels. • in our house (Movement in a three dimensional space) They can act as adverbs or adjectives. Sailing across the Atlantic on a raft was an adventure. (Movement on a surface) 133 USE OF SINCE AND FOR
13. Prepositions As an adjective: They modify nouns and pronouns. • The book with the blue cover is mine. (modifies the noun book) • All the passengers aboard the flight were worried. (modifies the noun passengers) • The vase inside the box is mine. (modifies the noun vase) Other examples: Regarding the new rule, within the first pages, among many, in the box, under the bed, beside the pool, outside the field, below the table, about the clever fox. As an adverb: They modify adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs. • Going towards the market, Reena realised that she has forgotten the purse at home. (modifies the verb going) • I put my phone into the purse. (modifies the verb put) • Until today, I had never known that. (modifies the verb known) Other examples: Without an umbrella, up the stairs, upon a high shelf, down the road, against all odds, over the grass, during the recess, up the hill, off the road. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE Starter activity and Key SHEETS Points Recapitulation of prepositions, PS-1 Self-test commonly confused pairs, using since PS-2 and for, prepositions to talk about time, PS-3 place and reason, prepositional phrases ( functioning as adjectives and adverbs) Self-evaluation Sheet 134
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Read the following sentences and underline the prepositional phrases in each one of them. Look at the given example. Meera’s books were in her bag. Ans: Meera’s books were in her bag. 1. Please keep my shoes under the table. 2. They always sit in the back bench. 3. I was standing behind my father in the bank queue. 4. She found the phone in the dog’s bed. 5. The boy in blue car is my classmate. 6. It rained heavily in the afternoon. 7. The girl performing on the stage is my niece. 8. Today I will sleep on the sofa. 9. Please keep the book on my desk. 10. You can place it against the wall. II. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions given in the box below. Use each preposition only once. Look at the given example. since on by till before for at until within in during once Every day, my grandmother goes to the temple ______ 7 a.m. Ans: Every day, my grandmother goes to the temple at 7 a.m. 1. All parents should be seated in the auditorium ______ 5 p.m. 2. He has been driving ______ 5 hours. He must be tired. 3. We have to handover the project to the teacher ______ Tuesday. 4. She has been waiting for his call ______ Monday. 5. This lake had dried up ______ March last year. 6. You have to wait ______ Monday for the results. 7. ______ the Second World War, Japan was completely destroyed. 8. They waited for him ______ he came back from the school. 9. You cannot go to the classroom ______ the assembly. 10. On the International Yoga day, we had yoga session _____ 3 hours. 135
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the correct prepositions of place. Look at the given example. The boy was excited to see colourful balloons ______ the roof of his house. Ans: over 1. I didn’t want to miss the conversation of both Mohit and Rahul so I sat ______ them. 2. I decided to buy the house with the white gate ______ the end of the street. 3. There was a large crowd ______ the new mall. 4. There were many children ______ the beach. 5. There is a basement parking ______ the ground floor. 6. Please put your signature ______ the bottom of every page. 7. There are many elephants ______ this island. 8. He was standing ______ me in the queue at the ticket counter. 9. Please mount the new television ______ the wall. 10. The post office is ______ my house. It takes only 5 minutes to reach there. II. Fill in the correct prepositions of time. Look at the given example. Columbus made his first voyage _____ 1492. Ans: Columbus made his first voyage in 1492. 1. Most people do not work _______ Sundays. 2. The sky is clear that we could see bright stars _______ night. 3. It was very hot _______ the day. 4. The first man walked on the moon _______ 21 July 1969. 5. In the session, all were speaking _______ the same time. 6. Pandit Ravi Shankar became famous _______ the late 1950s. 7. He has just gone out. He will be back in _______ 20 minutes. 8. _______ Christmas, people exchange gifts and flowers with each other. 9. Many of these monuments were built _______ the Middle Ages. 10. He is a fast runner. He can run 100 meters _______11 seconds. 136
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