202110715-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-ENGLISH-G07-FY_Optimized

10.1 The Story of Cricket Reading Comprehension Extracts Extract 1: One of the peculiarities of cricket is that a test match can go on for five days and still end in a draw. No other moderm team sport takes even half as much time to complete. A football match is generally over in an hour-and- a-half. Even baseball completes nine innings in less than half the time that it takes to play a limited-overs match, the shortened version of modem cricket! (i) Mention an oddity of cricket. (ii) What is the duration of a football match? (iii) How much time does a baseball match take to complete nine innings? (iv) Which game is the shortened version of modem cricket? (v) Give the meanings of the following: a. peculiarity b. version Extract 2: The origins of Indian cricket are to be found in Bombay and the first Indian community to start playing the game was the small community of Zoroastrians, the Parsis. Brought into close contact with the British because of their interest in trade and the first Indian community to westernise, the Parsis founded the first Indian cricket club, the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay in 1848. Parsi clubs were funded and sponsored by Parsi businessmen like the Tatas and the Wadias. (i) Where did cricket originate in India? (ii) Which was the first Indian community to start playing cricket? (iii) Which cricket club did the Parsis form? (iv) When and where was Oriental Cricket Club established? (v) Give the meanings of the following: a. founded b. funded 37

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Reading Comprehension (Unseen Passage) I. Read the following passage and answer the time when the Old Sun dies and when the Sun questions that follow: of the New Year is born, framing the longest 1. What is the Winter Solstice? It’s the night of the year. The birth of the New Sun is astronomical moment when the Sun reaches thought to revive the Earth’s aura in mystical the Tropic of Capricorn. We have our shortest ways. It gives a new life to spirits and souls day and longest night of the year in the of the dead. The prehistoric monument, Northern Hemisphere. Regardless of what the Newgrange built in Ireland around 3200 weather is doing outside your window, the B.C., is associated with this festival. This site Solstice marks the official start of the winter consists of a large circular mound with a stone season. In 2018, the winter solstice occurred passageway and interior chambers. When the on Friday, December 21st. Sun rises, the chamber is flooded with sunlight 2. The term “solstice” comes from the Latin on the Winter Solstice. words sol (sun) and sistere (to stand still). 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate phrases This is because, during the solstice, the angle from the passage. between the Sun’s rays and the plane of the a. The Winter Solstice is the astronomical Earth’s equator appears to stand still. So what does that mean, exactly? Upon the winter moment ____________________________. solstice, the Sun appears at its lowest in the b. Stonehenge in England is believed _______ sky, and its noontime height seems to stay the same for several days. During this, the ______________________________. Sun’s gradual decrease in the sky becomes c. The birth of the New Sun revives the Earth’s completely opposite. That is why many cultures believe it to be a “rebirth” of the Sun aura by giving ___________________. as the hours of daylight become longer. 2. Answer the following questions in brief: 3. While we celebrate the Winter Solstice, those living in the Southern Hemisphere will be, at a. Describe the origin of the term “solstice” as the same time, marking the Summer Solstice. described in the passage. That’s because while our half of the globe is inclined away from the Sun, their half is b. Why do many cultures believe solstice to be inclined toward it. Being tilted away from a “rebirth” of the Sun? the Sun, brings us shorter days and colder temperatures. c. What makes it possible the celebration of 4. Early man kept track of the days by observing Winter Solstice and the Summer Solstice at the Sun as it “moved” across the sky and the same time? cast shadows during the day and at different times of the year. In fact, historians believe d. Which prehistoric monument is associated Stonehenge in England was erected to keep with the festival “Light of Winter,”? track of the Sun’s yearly progress. The Winter Solstice has played an important role in 2. Find the words which mean the same as cultures worldwide from ancient times until following: today. In fact, many of the customs, symbols, a. On-going (paragraph 2) and rituals associated with Christmas are b. set-up (paragraph 4) actually associated with Winter Solstice c. atmosphere (paragraph 5) celebrations of ancient Pagan cultures. 5. “Light of Winter,” is one such seasonal festival. II. Read the following passage and answer the This festival is still celebrated by many people questions that follow: and is probably the oldest seasonal festival 1. Home is where the heart is. And the kitchen of humankind. In their traditions, the Winter with its delicious aromas is the heart of many Solstice is thought of as a time of death and a home. Ruskin Bond still remembers the rebirth when Nature’s powers and our own aromas of his Grandmother’s kitchen. As souls are renewed. It marks the moment in kitchens went, it wasn’t that big. It wasn’t big as the bedroom or the living room, but it was big enough, and there was a pantry next to it. What made it fabulous was all that came out of it: good things to eat like kababs and curries, chocolate fudge and peanut toffee, jellies and gulab jamuns, meat pies and apple pies! 38

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 2. Granny was the best cook in the world. If Granny was the best cook in the world, I must have been the boy with the biggest appetite and I was very lucky, because not every boy has a grandmother who can cook like an angel. 3. Every winter when I came home from boarding school, I would spend at least a month with Granny before going on to spend the rest of the holidays with my parents in Assam, where my father was the manager of a tea estate. The tea gardens were great fun, but my parents couldn’t cook. They employed a khansama – a professional cook. 4. So I was always glad to go to Granny’s place for the holidays. She was glad to have me too, because she lived alone most of the time. Not entirely alone, though… there was a gardener, Kanta, who lived in an outhouse. And he had a son called Mohan, who was about my age. And there was Suzie, the Siamese cat with bright blue eyes, and a mongrel dog called Crazy because he ran in circles round the house. 5. So Granny wasn’t really alone. All the same, she was glad to have me. She didn’t enjoy cooking for herself, she said – she had to cook for someone. And although the cat and the dog appreciated her efforts, a good cook likes to have a boy to feed, because boys are adventurous and ready to try the most unusual dishes. 6. Whenever Granny tried out a new recipe on me, she would wait for my comments and reactions, and then make a note in an exercise book. These notes were useful when she tried it out on others. “Do you like it?” she’d ask, after I’d taken a few mouthfuls. “Yes, Gran.” 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate phrases from the passage. a. The fabulous thing about granny’s kitchen was the ___________________________. b. The author called himself very lucky because________________________________ c. The thing the author missed at his parents’ place in spite of the tea gardens being fun was ________________________ 2. Answer the following questions in brief: a. Why does the author say that “So Granny wasn’t really alone.”? b. What used to make Granny glad to have the author with her? c. Why does she use to take notes while trying out a new recipe on the author? 3. Find the words which mean the same as following: a. Fragrances (paragraph 1) b. desire for food (paragraph 2) c. uncommon (paragraph 5) PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) Writing: I. You woke up today and it seemed to be a usual day. You got ready to go to school but after that everything went wrong. II. Write a story using the clues given in the box. Coming back-noticed two suspicious-looking men enter a shop-holding a big bag-three customers- one of them had a child with her-saw a public telephone booth-dialled the police emergency line-kept an eye on the movements-heard the terrified screams of the customers-robbery was in progress-police officers arrived-daily newspapers reported the capturing-reported by a mysterious girl who heroically called the police-did not want to brag-happy and relieved to know that nobody was injured. 39

1. Parts of Speech Learning Objectives • Use these different parts of speech correctly in sentences. At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • Name and explain eight parts of speech. • Identify different parts of speech along with its associated components. Concept Map Place Time Manner Degree Proper Common Collective Material Abstract ADVERB Definite Personal Time Possessive NOUN Indefinite Place Reflexive ARTICLE Relative Emphatic PRONOUN Direction Interrogative Demonstrative Indefinite Distributive PARTS PREPOSITION Agent Main OF CONJUNCTION Instrument Coordinating SPEECH Auxiliary VERB INTERJECTION Subordinating Transitive Intransitive ADJECTIVE Surprise Descriptive Joy Interrogative Greeting Possessive Numeral Demonstrative 40

1. Parts of Speech Key Points • EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH There are eight parts of speech in the English language. 1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Verb 4. Adjective 5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection Noun Pronouns Name of a person, place, animal, thing or idea Words used in place of noun to avoid repetition. Examples: Rahul, India, dog, table, hope Examples: I, we, you, they, him, her, its etc. • Ritu uses a blue pen for her notes. • I want her to dance with me. Adjectives Verb Describes, modifies or give more information about Shows an action or state of being a noun or pronoun Examples: go, speak, eat, is, has, look etc. Examples: cold, two, first, my, happy etc. • I listen to her and repeat it. • The pretty girl has a pink hat. Adverb Preposition Modifies a verb or another adverb Shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to Examples: slowly, very, always, well etc. another word. Examples: at, on, in, from, with, about • Yesterday, I finished my work fast. • I left my book in the cupboard for you. Conjunction Interjection Join two words, ideas, phrases together and shows A word or phrase that expresses a strong emotion. It how they are connected starts with a small exclamation. Examples: and, but, because, therefore, yet etc. Examples: Ouch! Hey! Oh! Alas! • I was tired and sleepy yet I finished my • Wow! We won the match. homework. 41

1. Parts of Speech Work Plan CONTENT PRACTICE SHEET PS-1 1 Recapitulation of the eight parts of speech PS-2 PS-3 2 Self-test Self-evaluation Sheet 42

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Read the following statements and say whether true or false. i. Proper nouns begin with capital letters. ii. Nouns name persons, places, animals, things and ideas. iii. Pronouns substitute for nouns. iv. Verb shows the relationship of noun or pronoun to another word v. Adverb modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. vi. Noun modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb vii. Interjections help in expressing emotions. viii. Mount Everest is a common noun. ix. Adjective stands for name of a person, place, thing, or idea. x. In the sentence ‘She is the winner’, ‘winner’ is the pronoun. xi. Preposition is a word used in place of a noun xii. In the sentence ‘Ram talked quickly’, the adverb is ‘quickly’. xiii. Conjunctions join words together. xiv. Pronoun expresses action or being. II. Underline the nouns in the following sentences. 1. I took out my new computer out of the box. 2. Our team played a great game yesterday. 3. Her mom and dad sat and watched the film. 4. The newspaper asked people to vote for their favourite TV programme. 5. Each of us has agreed that we all love the new house. 43

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Write a proper noun next to each common noun below. 1. Country ___________________ 2. Month ____________________ 3. River     ____________________ 4. Day      ____________________ 5. City      ____________________ 6. Teacher’s name _____________________ 7. Pet’s name ______________________ II. Read the following short story and answer the questions that follow. One day a small bear was walking slowly through the woods. He was sad because he had lost his soft teddy. He lost it yesterday when he was run- ning quickly through the dark wood. He had been jumping over small stones, big logs and wet pud- dles. He was now looking for his teddy. He looked un- der huge bushes, tiny twigs and behind tall trees. He lifted up heavy stones and moved tiny peb- bles, but still no teddy. After lots of looking, he saw a very wet and dirty teddy sat in a big puddle. The small bear was very happy and skipped home with a huge smile on his face. 1. In each blank, add an adjective or the noun from the passage. The first one is done for you as an example. 1. ________________ bear- Small bear 2. Soft ________________ 3. ________________ wood 4. ________________ stones 5. Big ________________ 6. ________________ puddles 7. Huge ________________ 8. Tiny ________________ 9. Tall ________________ 10. Dirty ________________ 11. ________________ smile 44

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Read the following sentences and underline the verbs. 1. He tried to repair the car, but failed. 2. The singers laughed as they forgot some of the words. 3. The car went fast and the tires screeched. 4. The cook forgot to add salt in the curry. 5. Students brought their lunches to the playground. II. Circle each pronoun, and underline the noun it refers to. 1. Rimu found her missing bicycle and rode it all the way home. 2. The teacher brought the video to school, and played it for the students. 3. Kunal says that he likes to wash his car on weekends. 4. The computer is mine, but the whole family uses it. 5. The divers found pieces of gold and brought them back to the boat. III. List whether the word in bold is a preposition, conjunction, or interjection. An example is provided. Wow! I never thought your team would win! - Interjection 1. I play the piano and she loves to sing along. 2. He likes oatmeal for breakfast, but I prefer bread and egg. 3. He walked towards the sound of the voice. 4. She exclaimed, “Oh! I forgot you were there.” 5. Our cat loves to sleep under the bed. 6. He hardly studied at all, yet he managed to pass the test. 7. She stood out among all the classmates. 8. I like reading books and taking the dog for a walk. 45

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Choose the correct answers to the following II. Identify the part of speech for the highlighted words questions. (10 Marks) and write in the blank given. (10 Marks) 1. Which of the following words is an example of a 1. We went to the mall last night. PREPOSITION? ______________________ (a) Into  (b) If  (c) Many  (d) You 2. He asked me to go to the party with him. 2. Which of the following words is an example of an ______________________ INTERJECTION? (a) Soon  (b) When  (c) Ouch 3. The school will be closed on Monday. (d) Within ______________________ 3. Which of the following words is an example of a 4. My brothers will be here next week. CONJUNCTION? ______________________ (a) And  (b) Run  (c) Below  (d) Her 5. She will be here tomorrow. 4. Which of the following words is an example of a ______________________ VERB? (a) Tastes  (b) Late  (c) Not  (d) Slowly 6. I remain awake till late and finished the book. ______________________ 5. Which of the following words is an example of an ADJECTIVE? 7. I’ll see you in three hours. (a) Geeta  (b) Below  (c) Fifteen ______________________ (d) Wait 8. He is the fastest runner in the school. ______________________ 9. Surprised at his wisdom, everyone was surprised. ______________________ 10. He went to see the doctor because he wasn’t feeling well. _____________________ 6. The attendant CLOSED the door. (a) Noun  (b) Pronoun  (c) Verb  (d) Adverb 7. Farmers had VERY poor crops this year. (a) Adjective  (b) Pronoun  (c) Verb (d) Adverb 8. EVERYONE met at the field house. (a) Noun  (b) Pronoun  (c) Adjective (d) Adverb 9. Have you heard the GOOD news? (a) Noun  (b) Adjective  (c) Verb (d) Adverb 10. The cat knocked a vase OFF the shelf. (a) Noun  (b) Pronoun  (c) Verb (d) Preposition 46

2. Types of Phrases Learning Objectives • Define a clause • Differentiate between a phrase and a clause. At the completion of this chapter, the students will • Use phrases and clauses more effectively in their be able to: • Define a phrase. writing. • Differentiate between types of phrases. Starter Activity READ THE FOLLOWING EXCAHANGE OF DIALOGUES BETWEEN TWO PEOPLE: Ram: In the evening. Mohan: what do you mean? Meena: because I was ill Ritu: oh! That’s why you didn’t come to school yesterday. Let us examine the above activity. A noun phrase acts as a noun (a word that names a • The group of words ‘in the evening’ does not make person, place, thing, or idea) in a sentence. Examples: any sense. It does not have any subject as well as a • The confused tourist was lost. verb. It’s a phrase. • The lost puppy was a wet and stinky dog. Recapitulation: • The government hospital has recently seen many In your previous class, you have already learnt about PHRASE. cases of chickenpox. Definition: A group of related words which do not • Working hard is the key to success. have a subject or a verb. So they cannot be used • It suddenly became a cool, wet afternoon. alone, but you can use them as part of a clause/ In the above examples, the highlighted group of sentence, where they are used as parts of speech. words are noun clauses. Noun clauses generally Phrases are units of meaning that can be put answer the question ‘what’. together to make up sentences. A noun phrase can be a single word-just the noun-or • The other statement ‘because I was ill’ is a clause more than a word. It can function in several different because it makes sense, though not a complete ways in a sentence. sense. Besides it has a subject (I) and a verb (was). • The yellow house  is for sale. (The yellow house- Recapitulation: In your previous class, you have learnt about CLAUSE. Subject, is – verb) Definition: A clause is a group of words that has • The white snow covered the field. (The white snow- subject, a verb and a predicate. Please note: Every sentence has a subject, a verb. Subject, covered – verb) So every sentence is a clause. But every clause is • I want  a pink frock. (a pink frock- Object, want not a sentence because every clause may not make complete sense. -verb) Today our lesson is about • Should we buy  the red car? (the red car- Object, 1. Different kinds of phrases. 2. Difference between a phrase and a clause want -buy) • She lives in the yellow villa. (the yellow villa –Object Key Points to the preposition ‘in’, verb-lives) Three kinds of phrases: • There are biscuits on the table. (the table –Object 1. Noun phrase to the preposition ‘on’, verb-are) How to identify a noun phrase: A noun phrase includes a noun and may include articles, possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, adjectives. Noun: dog Articles: a dog, the dog Possessive nouns: Reena’s dog, the neighbour’s dog, 47

2. Types of Phrases the police officer’s dog So we can use an adverb phrase instead of a single Possessive pronouns: our dog, her dog, their dog adverb. Adjectives: that dog, the big dog, the spotted dog Adverb Phrases describing How 2. Adjective phrase • He did his work surprisingly well. An adjective phrase acts as an adjective (describes a • They prayed in total silence. noun or a pronoun) in a sentence. Adverb Phrases describing Where Examples: • He parked his car near the edge. • The toy is made of plastic. (describes the noun-toy) • She danced across the floor. • He is a man of courage. (describes the pronoun-he) Adverb Phrases describing Why • The movie was not too interesting. (describes the • I studied further to understand better. • He fought to end discrimination. noun-movie) Adverb Phrases describing When • Eating out is usually not very healthy should be • Finish your work as quickly as possible. • An accident happened yesterday afternoon. avoided. (describes the noun-eating out) • Beaming with joy, she hummed a song. (describes 48 the pronoun-she) How to identify an adjective phrase: If the phrase describes the noun or subject of a sentence, then it is an adjective phrase. • Seema is a sweet girl. In the above sentence, the adjective ‘sweet’ describes the noun ‘Seema’. Seema is a sweet, intelligent, beautiful girl. Now it is an adjective phrase. 3. The Adverb Phrase An adverb phrase acts as an adverb (a word which modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb) in a sentence. Examples: • My mother speaks in a polite way. (in a polite way- adverb phrase, speaks - verb) • She drives with great care. (with great care-adverb phrase, drives – verb) • Please go into the store. (into the store-adverb phrase, go – verb) • The plane flew over the field. (over the field-adverb phrase, flew – verb) • At every turn, problems blocked his path. (at every turn-adverb phrase, blocked – verb) How to identify an adverb phrase: Adverb phrases typically answer the questions how, where, why or when something was done. Read the following sentences: I parked the car. (No adverb or adverb phrase) I parked the car here. (Adverb-here) I parked the car right here. (Adverb phrase - right here) I parked the car right here under the bridge. (Adverb phrase - right here under the bridge)

2. Types of Phrases 4.  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PHRASE AND A CLAUSE: Study this table to understand the difference between a phrase, a clause and a sentence. Phrase Clause A phrase is a group of words. A clause is a group of words. It does not make a complete sense by itself.. It may or may not be dependent on something else for complete meaning. It has no subject or verb It has a subject and a verb. Example: On a wooden chair. Example: That chair is made of wood. Study the following sentences and look at the highlighted parts.   1. Although I was invited to the party, I didn’t want to go. Although I was invited to the party – Clause 1 I didn’t want to go – Clause 2 To the party – phrase 2. We invited the neighbor to the party even though we don’t like him. We invited the neighbor to the party – Clause 1 We don’t like him – Clause 2 To the party- Phrase 5.  TRANSFORMATION OF A PHRASE INTO A CLAUSE We can change a phrase into a clause by adding a subject and a verb to it. Examples: He worked hard to pass the examination. (Phrase) He worked hard so that he can pass the examination. (Clause) MORE EXAMPLES: I will show you what to do next. I will show you what you should do next. Please tell me how to learn a foreign language. Please tell me how I can learn a foreign language The words like what, how as shown in the above examples are called conjunctions. Work Plan CONTENT PRACTICE 1 Phrase and clause SHEETS 2 Self-test PS -1 PS -2 PS -3 Self-evaluation sheet 49

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Read the following statements and identify each as a clause or a phrase. Look at the example given for you . He works hard every day. – Clause 1. After a good day 2. If I need to call you. 3. Before the next light 4. Because it’s the right thing to do. 5. As soon as possible 6. This car’s not working 7. Working for himself 8. Whenever it gets cold 9. If they want to talk to me 10. Towards the north 11. In front of the building 12. Jumping up and down on the bed 13. Until the next time 14. I don’t know the answer 15. Turn off the computer II. Use the following phrases in sentences of your own. Look at the example given for you. Some time ago - I listened to an interview on a radio program some time ago. 1. On the blackboard 2. Some time ago 3. For her children 4. Towards the door 5. In the swimming pool 50

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Read the following sentences and identify the adverb phrases. Look at the example given for you. I hope to win the first prize. Noun phrase- to win the first prize. 1. I tried to solve the puzzle 2. Did you enjoy reading this book? 3. The boy wants to go home. 4. The thief refused to answer the question. 5. The boy denied stealing the money 6. I will hate to do such a thing. 7. He wished to talk to his manager. 8. The man loves helping poor people. 9. Have you ever tried to climb a tree? 10. He refused to answer my question. 11. He promised to get me something. 12. Why do you want to meet him? 51

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Identify the adjective phrases in the following sentences and write the noun it modifies. Look at the example given for you. He is a man of honour Adjective phrase – a man of honour Noun- man 1. I saw an elephant with a long tusk. 2. He was wearing a ring made of gold. 3. I met a girl with brown hair. 4. My dad bought a car of red colour. 5. A man with a long beard came to see me. 6. We visited villages with lots of greenery. 7. It was a day full of fun. 8. My mother bought a cake made of nuts and fruits. 9. I saw a dog covered in mud. 10. She lost a necklace made of diamond. II. Rewrite each sentence, changing the adjective into a phrase describing the nouns. Look at the example given for you. The King wore a golden crown. - The King wore a crown made of gold. 1. He lived in a stone house. 2. She wore a diamond necklace. 3. That was a brave act. 4. He is a courageous man. 5. My dad is an honourable man. 52

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Identify whether the group of words is a phrase 3. The lady  whose purse was stolen  reported to or a clause. Look at the example given for you. the police.  (10 Marks) Where the water is warm. 4. After listening to the students, I changed my Ans: Clause mind about the test. 1. Into the icy water. 5. After the game, we went out for ice cream. 2. Of great heroism. 6. Ram’s cat went missing on the last stormy night. 3. To the store, the park, and the library. 7. They all started walking toward the building. 4. The sounds carried down the hallway of the empty building. 8. Ritu was waiting in front of the movie theater. 5. Before we can go to the school. 9. Whenever I don’t have any homework, I like to read a book. 6. Soon breaking apart. 10. When you open the cupboard, you will many 7. Otherwise, a ship would have arrived earlier. books of your interest. 8. Sinking in less than three hours. 9. When the flag was unfurled. 10. Many lifeboats were not filled. II. Identify whether the highlighted group of words is a phrase or a clause. Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks) Opening the gate, Ram let the dog into the yard. Phrase 1. It is too bad that Ms. Geetha will not be teaching next year. 2. The player who hits the goal will be the Man of the match. 53

3. Nouns, Gender and Number Learning Objectives • Make singular nouns plural by various ways. • Identify and understand abstract nouns. At the completion of this topic, the students will be • Use different aspects of nouns in their writing able to: • Define the term ‘Noun’. correctly. • Identify the opposite gender of given nouns. • Match male names to the corresponding female names. • Explain the difference between singular and plural nouns. Concept Map Countable Uncountable nouns nouns NOUNS TYPES OF NOUNS Names of people, places, 1. Proper and common animals, things and ideas 2. Singular-plural nouns 3. Collective 4. Personal-possessive 5. Gender Nouns Key Points 4. Material noun: Names of materials or substances which different things are made of. I. In the above concept map, we will find many Examples: flour, cement, iron, steel, wood etc. aspects associated with NOUNS. 5. Abstract Noun: Names of ideas, feelings, Recapitulation: in your previous class, you have qualities, actions or states which can neither be already learnt the following. seen nor touched. Examples: love, happiness, honesty, livelihood etc. NOUN is a naming word. It is a part of speech which names people, places, animals, things and Today our lesson is about the following aspects of ideas-----qualities. Examples: John, Singh, Ameri- NOUNS ca, china, elephant, chicken, fear, strength etc. 1. Gender 2. Number You have also learnt about the following kinds of 3. Abstract Nouns nouns: 4. Countable & Uncountable Nouns 1. Proper noun: Names of particular people or places and things. Examples: Mohan, Geeta, America, India, Bruno, Taj Mahal etc. 2. Common noun: Naming words that are common to people, places, things and animals of the same kind. Examples: boy, girl, doctor, town, city, dog, car and so on. 3. Collective Noun: Name of a group of persons, places, animals or things. Examples: a library of books, a team of players and a family of four. 54

3. Nouns, Gender and Number II. GENDER: Examples: There are FOUR GENDERS. • The sun is so scorching now that we cannot go 1. Masculine Gender: out. A noun is said to be in the Masculine gender if it refers • The death is cruel. He is as certain as tomorrow. to a male person or animal. For example: Man, lion, hero, boy, king, horse and actor etc. In these sentences the words “sun” and “death” have Examples: been used as Masculine-gender nouns. 3. Objects noted for their beauty, gentleness and • A boy is playing in the play-ground. • My uncle is still a bachelor. grace are used as feminine-gender nouns. 2. Feminine Gender: The moon, the earth, spring, charity etc. are feminine- A noun is said to be in the feminine gender if it refers to gender nouns. a female member of a species. For example: Woman, Examples: lioness, heroine, girl, mare and niece etc. The moon is looking so beautiful tonight. Examples: The earth is becoming a patient as her health is being • A girl is playing in the play-ground. spoilt by us. • The heroine of this movie is not from India. Examples of Masculine and Feminine Nouns: 3. Common Gender: MASCULINE GENDERS-----FEMININE GENDERS A noun is said to be in common gender if it refers to either to a male or a female. For example: Child, 1. Bachelor----- Spinster student, friend, candidate, servant etc. 2. Dog----- Bitch Examples: 3. Drone------ Bee • A child is playing in the play-ground. 4. Horse----- Mare • A friend in need is friend indeed. 5. Nephew----- Niece 4. Neuter Gender: 6. Wizard----- Witch A noun is said to be in the neuter gender if it refers to a 7. Heir----- Heiress lifeless object. Plants, insects and many other animals 8. Poet----- Poetess are counted as nouns of neuter gender, though they 9. Shepherd----- Shepherdess are not lifeless. For example: Chair, table, tree, star, 10. Emperor----- Empress cockroach, ant etc. 11. Prince----- Princess Examples: 12. Lion----- Lioness • Computers have changed our lives completely. 13. Bull----- Cow • Trees help in cleansing the air. 14. Tiger----- Tigress III. Points to Note: 15. Actor----- Actress 1. Collective nouns, even if they refer to living-beings, 16. Uncle----- Aunt are used as neuter-nouns. 17. Monk----- Nun Examples: 18. Gentleman----- Lady • The army is doing a wonderful task. 19. Duck----- Drake • The police was called at the accident place. 20. Peacock ----- Peahen In these sentences the nouns (army and police) refer to only living-beings. But they are used only as neuter- IV. WAYS OF FORMING THE FEMININE GENDER: nouns. By using an entirely different word. 2. Objects noted for their power, strength, and Masculine Genders-----Feminine Genders violence are used as masculine gender nouns. The sun, summer, time, death etc. are masculine- 1. Boy ----- girl gender nouns. 2. Man ----- woman 3. Husband ----- wife 4. Father ----- mother 5. Brother ----- sister 6. Son ----- daughter 7. Horse ----- mare 8. Monk ----- nun 9. Buck ----- doe 10. King ----- queen 11. Cock ----- hen 55

3. Nouns, Gender and Number 12. Dog ----- bitch When we want to refer to the quantity of an 13. Drake ----- duck uncountable noun, expressions such as a bit of, 14. Earl ----- countess a piece of, an item of or words for containers and 15. Gander ----- geese measures can be used. 16. Gentleman ----- lady Examples: 17. Nephew ----- niece 18. Uncle ----- aunt • He bought a very expensive piece of furniture. By adding a syllable ‘-ess’ to the masculine gender • She always has some exciting bits of news. • We will need five bags of cement. Masculine Genders-----Feminine Genders • There is a litre of milk in the fridge for you. 1. Baron ----- baroness • I bought you a bar of chocolate. 2. Count ----- countess VI. NUMBER: 3. Giant ----- giantess Singular Nouns: When the noun refers to one thing. 4. Heir ----- heiress Countable nouns have both singular and plural forms. 5. Host ----- hostess Examples: 6. Lion ----- lioness A flower, an egg, a city, an orange, a child 7. Poet ----- poetess Plural Nouns: When the noun refers to more than one 8. Priest ----- priestess thing. Uncountable nouns and mass nouns do not 9. Duke ----- duchess normally have a plural form. 10. Emperor ----- empress Examples: 11. Prince ----- princess Flowers, eggs, cities, oranges, children 12. Tiger ----- tigress How to make plural nouns: 13. Waiter ----- waitress By adding ‘s’ 14. Master ----- mistress 1. Cat ----- cats 2. dog----- dogs A compound noun is made up of more than one noun 3. tree ----- trees or other words. When changing the gender of such 4. chair -----chairs nouns, a part of the compound noun is changed, while 5. balloon ----- balloons the other part remains the same. 6. car----- cars 2. Nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, take –es as suffix Masculine Genders-----Feminine Genders to form plurals. 1. Grandfather ----- grandmother 1. bus ----- buses 2. Manservant ----- maidservant 2. bush-----bushes 3. Landlord ----- landlady 3. pass ----- passes 4. Peacock ----- peahen 4. bench ----- benches 5. Salesman ----- saleswoman 5. box ----- boxes 6. Washer man ----- washer woman 6. church------churches 3. Nouns ending with a consonant followed by-o, V. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS: takes – es as suffix to form plurals Countable Nouns: They refer to things which can be 1. hero -----heroes counted. We use a, an, a few, many, etc. with countable 2. potato-----potatoes nouns. 3. mosquito-----mosquitoes 4. volcano-----volcanoes Examples: 5. tomato-----tomatoes a car, three cars 4. Nouns ending with o preceded by a vowel, take –s my cousin, my two cousins as suffix to form plural. a book, many books 1. radio-----radios a city, several big cities 2. folio----folios Most common nouns and collective nouns are 3. stereo----stereos countable. 4. studio----studios Uncountable Nouns: Nouns that cannot be counted. 5. ratio----ratios We use some, a little, much with uncountable nouns. 56 Examples: Some information, a little progress, Some water, much salt in curry Some equipment, some luggage

3. Nouns, Gender and Number 5. Nouns ending with y, plural is formed by dropping • Information the y and adding ies as suffix. • homework 1. Army----armies • Jewellery 2. body-----bodies • Luggage 3. lady-----ladies • Bread 4. cherry-----cherries • Clothing 5. baby-----babies 14. A few countable nouns are always used in the plural forms. 6. Nounsendingin–for-fe,pluralisformedbydropping Examples: f or fe and adding suffix –ves to it. • Spectacles 1. calf-----calves • Goods 2. elf----elves • Trousers 3. half-----halves • Alms 4. leaf-----leaves • Socks 5. life-----lives • Binoculars • Scissors VII. EXCEPTIONS: • tongs 7. Some of the singular nouns may also form the 15. Some nouns have the same form whey used as singular or plural plural by simply adding –s. Examples: chief-----chiefs • Deer giraffe-----giraffes • Sheep roof-----roofs • Fish 8. Some of these nouns take both forms in the plural. • Agenda hoof-----hoofs/hooves • Hair scarf-----scarf/scarves • Moose 9. Some nouns are made plural by changing vowels. 16. Some nouns appear singular (i.e. without an –s 1. man-----men ending) but they are plural 2. foot-----feet Examples: 3. tooth-----teeth • Cattle 10. Plurals of numerals and abbreviations are formed • Police by adding –s as suffix • Gentry The 1980s were the golden period of the Indian • Clergy cinema. • People CDs and DVDs are storage devices. • Cavalry 11. Plurals of compound nouns with prepositions are 17. Some nouns appear plural (i.e. with an –s ending) formed by adding –s as suffix or by changing the but they are singular. head word of the compound noun. Examples: 1. Father-in-law-----fathers-in-law • News 2. Officer-in-charge-----officers-in-charge • Billiards 3. Passer by-----passers by • Physics 4. Commander-in-chief----- Commanders-in-chief • Measles 12. Plurals of compound nouns are formed by adding • Mathematics –s to the last word. 18. Nouns of foreign origin 1. Credit card-----credit cards • Cactus----cacti 2. Polar bear-----polar bears • Bacillus----bacilli 3. Post office-----post offices • Focus----foci 4. Tea bag-----tea bags • Axis----axes 13. A few nouns which might be thought as countable, • Oasis----oases do not have a plural form. • Curriculum----curricula Examples: • Scales 57 • Furniture

3. Nouns, Gender and Number • Memorandum----memoranda IX Abstract Nouns can be Formed From Adjectives: VIII. ABSTRACT NOUNS: Nouns denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than ADJECTIVE ABSTRACT NOUN a concrete object, e.g.  truth,  danger,  happiness, education, experience, hatred, help, knowledge, life, able ability love, sleep, time, understanding. Examples: angry anger 1. Truthfulness is a great virtue. beautiful beauty 2. Honesty is the best policy. 3. Childhood is the best time of life. brave bravery 4. I have my own ideas and opinions. 5. He is a man of bravery. different difference difficult difficulty envious envy great greatness happy happiness Uncountable Use Countable Use hungry hunger Good education is the She had a very expensive best investment. education at a convent kind kindness (education in general) school. (the time one person long length Love is a great feeling. spent at school) (love in general) I have a love of poetry. honest honesty (a specific liking for They have a quiz something) new newness about general The job requires a knowledge. knowledge of computers. strong strength (knowledge in general) (a specific type of thirsty thirst Time passes quickly. knowledge) (time in general) We had a great time at unique uniqueness grandparents’ place. (a specific period of time) weak weakness wide width wise wisdom 58

3. Nouns, Gender and Number X. HOW TO FORM ABSTRACT NOUNS FROM ADJECTIVES: 1. Add-‘ness’ Examples: • Ready - Readiness  • Happy - Happiness  • Weak - Weakness • Sad - Sadness  • Mad – Madness 2. Add – ‘ity’  Examples: • Responsible - Responsibility • Possible - Possibility • Scarce - Scarcity  • Hilarious - Hilarity • Probable - Probability  3. Add – ‘ance’ or ‘ence’ Examples: • Independent - Independence. • Important - Importance  • Silent - Silence  Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET Nouns Nouns, gender, countable and uncountable PS-1 nouns, number, abstract nouns and their PS-2 Self-test formation from adjectives PS-3 Self-evaluation Sheet 59

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Change the gender in the following sentences. Look at the example given for you. She met that girl at the club. – He met that boy at the club. 1. This lady is rowing a boat. 2. He told his teacher the truth. 3. The cow ate the green grass. 4. A tiger is a savage animal. 5. Her friend is a good actress. 6. My aunt sent me a present. 7. The wizard transformed the little boy into a peacock. 8. My nephew is meeting his headmaster this morning. 9. The waiter served food to the groom. 10. My uncle is still a bachelor. II. Identify the words if they are masculine, feminine, neuter, or common gender noun. 1. Hunter 2. Applicant 3. Computer 4. Mare 5. Police-man 6. Governess 7. Teacher 8. Son-in-law 9. Ant 10. Doctor PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Decide whether these nouns are countable (C) 14. Successful candidates will join the training or uncountable (U). Look at the example given camp.   for you. The children are playing in the garden. - U 15. I met some nice people in my apartment.   1. I drink milk in the morning.  60 2. I prefer tea after getting up.  3. Scientists say that the environment is threatened by pollution.  4. My mother uses butter to prepare cakes. 5. There are a lot of windows in our classroom.  6. I need some glue to fix this vase. 7. The waiters in this restaurant are very professional.   8. My father drinks two glasses of water every morning.  9. The bread of that bakery is delicious. 10. Drivers should be careful on slippery roads. 11. Some policemen are controlling the traffic. 12. I bought three bottles of water for our picnic.  13. I would like some juice please!

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Point out the nouns in the following sentences ministers of India. Prime ministers is a/an and say whether they are common, proper, ________________________ collective or abstract. • Common noun 1. Always speak the truth. Truth is a/an • Proper noun _______________________ • Abstract noun • Common noun II. Form abstract nouns from the following • Proper noun adjectives. Look at the example given for you. • Abstract noun Bitter- Bitterness 2. Honesty is the best policy. Honesty is a/an 1. Strong ___________________________ 2. Wide • Collective noun 3. Decent • Common noun 4. Humble • Abstract noun 5. Long 3. King Akbar was famous for his wisdom. Akbar 6. Vacant is a/an ________________________ 7. Cruel • Proper noun 8. Young • Common noun 9. Sweet • Abstract noun 10. Prudent 4. A committee of five was 11. Dark appointed. Committee is a/an 12. Wise ____________________________ 13. Good • Common noun 14. Brave • Collective noun 15. Human • Proper noun 16. Ignorant 5. We saw a fleet of ships in the harbour. Fleet is 17. Proud a/an _____________________________ 18. Free • Common noun 19. Just • Collective noun 20. Poor • Proper noun 6. He gave me a bunch of grapes. Bunch is a/an 61 _________________________________ • Common noun • Collective noun • Abstract noun 7. Varanasi is on the river Ganga. Ganga is a/an _____________________________ • Proper noun • Common noun • Abstract noun 8. Cleanliness is next to godliness. Cleanliness is a/an _____________________________ • Common noun • Proper noun • Abstract noun 9. Wisdom is better than riches. Wisdom is a/an ________________________________ • Collective noun • Common noun • Abstract noun 10. Rajiv Gandhi was one of the greatest prime

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following.  (10 Marks) II. Write the feminine form of the following. The first one is done for you as an example. 1. A group of people, animals or things is known as a _______________. (10 Marks) Husband-wife 2. Which among these is incorrect? 1. Gentleman _______________________ a pack of cards, a pack of bees, a school of 2. Shepherd _______________________ 3. Emperor _______________________ fish, a pride of lions 4. Horse _______________________ 5. Waiter _______________________ 3. Name the four types of genders. 6. Widower _______________________ 7. Uncle _______________________ 4. Which among these is odd? Why? Man, Boy, 8. Nephew _______________________ Sir, Uncle, Grandfather, Aunt 9. Boy _______________________ 10. Peacock _______________________ 5. Which among these is odd? Why? Woman, Girl, Madam, Aunt, Grandfather 6. What is common among these? Doctor, Teacher, Cousin, Neighbour 7. Which of these is the correct definition of an adjective? • An adjective is a word that describes an action. • An adjective is a word that is used in place of a noun. • An adjective is a word that describes a noun. 8. If bachelor is masculine, feminine is _______________. 9. An eraser belongs to the common or neuter gender? 10. Say the collective forms of the nouns given below: Sheep Butterflies Birds Children Soldiers 62

4. Pronouns and Types Learning Objectives At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • Define the term Pronoun. • Differentiate between different types of pronouns and their usage. • Identify pronouns as a part of speech • How to join two sentences by using relative pronouns Concept Map INDEFINITE EMPHATIC DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS PRONOUNS PRONOUNS SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS PRONOUNS DEMONSTRATIVE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS PRONOUNS RELATIVE PRONOUNS Key Points object or group of things. EXAMPLES: He, I, she, you, it, they, me, him etc. I. In the above concept map, you can see various Personal pronouns stand for three persons: types of pronouns. In your previous class, you have already read about various kinds of PRO- 1. First Person (the person who speaks) – I, we, NOUNS. me, us Today we will take a quick review of pronoun and its 2. Second Person (the person who is spoken to) - types. You DEFINITION: The word which replaces a noun in a sentence is called a PRONOUN. A pronoun helps us 3. Third Person (a person or a thing which is spo- to avoid unnecessary repetition in our writing and ken about) – she, he, it, they, her, him, them. speech. EXAMPLES OF PRONOUNS: I, me, mine, myself, she, EXAMPLES: her, hers, herself, we, us, ours, ourselves. 1. We will be friends forever. Let us take a quick recap of various types of 2. The inspector took him in custody. PRONOUNS. 3. What are you doing? II. TYPES OF PRONOUNS Personal pronouns for people: I, you, he, she, we, 1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS they, me, you, him, her, us, them A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or Personal pronouns for things and animals: it, they, them 2. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS A possessive pronoun describes a close possession/ 63

4. Pronouns and Types ownership or relationship to a noun. EXAMPLES: what, which, who, whom, whose etc. EXAMPLES: His, yours, hers, mine, ours, theirs, mine 1. I wonder what we’re doing tomorrow. etc. 2. Which colour do you prefer? EXAMPLES: 3. I’m wondering who will be at the party. 1. This project file is mine. 7. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 2. I like the idea of hers very much. Demonstrative pronouns are used to indicate nouns. 3. The very first name in the merit list was yours. EXAMPLES: this, that, these and those 3. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 1. This is my mother’s ring. A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun which refers back to 2. That looks like the car I used to drive. the subject of a sentence or clause. 3. Such was her command over the English lan- EXAMPLES: himself, myself, herself, yourself, ourselves etc.) guage. Please note that a reflexive pronoun always acts as an OBJECT (You have already learnt about OBJECT-the 8. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS one who receives the action.) Indefinite pronouns are used to refer to some persons EXAMPLES: or things that are not definite or specific. EXAMPLES: all, anything, something, each, every, 1. The driver did not come so I had to drive the car some, any, many, one, everything everybody, etc. myself. 1. All are welcome to come to my birthday party to- 2. You can win any situation if you have trust in night. yourself. 2. Everyone knows it is impolite to point at some- 3. He hurt himself with the knife while cutting the one. vegetables. 3. Does anybody have a clue where the dog went? 4. RELATIVE PRONOUNS A relative pronoun joins two sentences and refer back 9. DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS to a noun before it. When a pronoun refers to people or things one at a EXAMPLES: who, whom, whose, which, that time, it is called a distributive pronoun. 1. Jaipur which is called the pink city, is the capital EXAMPLES: each, every, either, neither of Rajasthan. 1. Each new day is different. 2. Either girl can do that. 2. This is the boy whose work I was telling you 3. Neither answer is correct. about. III. COMBINING TWO SENTENCES USING A RELATIVE 3. Pay heed to what I say. PRONOUN 5. EMPHATIC PRONOUNS EXAMPLES: An emphatic pronoun is used for highlighting, stress- 1. The boy solved the puzzle. He was praised by the ing or emphasizing the noun or pronoun that comes teacher. before it. The boy who solved the puzzle was praised by EXAMPLES: myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, the teacher. themselves, ourselves 2. The parcel reached me this morning. My brother sent it. 1. I myself checked all the paid bills. (‘myself’ em- The parcel which my brother sent reached me phasizes ‘I’) this morning. 3. This is the house. Jack built it. 2. You yourself can write that article. (‘yourself’ This is the house that Jack built. emphasizes ‘you’) 4. Bring me the file. The file is on the table. Bring me the file which is on the table. 3. He himself attended that lecture. (‘himself’ em- 5. We met a girl. The girl had lost her way. phasizes ‘he’) We met a girl who had lost her way. 6. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. 64

4. Pronouns and Types Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET PS -1 CONTENT PS -2 PS - 3 Pronouns Pronouns and their types Self-evaluation Self-test sheet 65

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate indefinite pronoun. Look at the example given for you. She wants to live ____________  by the sea. (Somewhere/Nowhere) Ans: somewhere 1. She put ____________in the box, all the things that she had. (Nothing/Everything) 2. Does ____________have a phone charger? (nobody/anybody) 3. We went ____________this weekend. We stayed at home. (nowhere/anywhere) 4. ____________lives in that house. It’s empty. (Nobody/somebody) 5. ____________was really friendly, all the teachers as well as the students. (Everyone/ somebody) 6. ____________going really well and so I’m really happy. (Everything/nothing) 7. She doesn’t want ____________to help her. (nobody/anybody) 8. I must have left my keys ____________!  (somewhere/nowhere) 9. Would you like to eat____________? (nothing/something) 10. ____________ unusual happened. It was a very ordinary day. (Nothing/something) 2. Write whether the highlighted words in the following sentences are reflexive or empathic pronouns. 1. My father cooked the food himself. _______________ 2. I myself served food to the guests. _______________ 3. She praised herself for the success. _______________ 4. They dressed themselves in funny costumes. _______________ 5. The bird itself built the nest in the mango tree. _______________ 6. Selfish people think only of themselves. _______________ 7. You should complete your work yourself. _______________ 8. She pushed herself in the trouble. _______________ 66

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate personal ourselves yourselves themselves) pronoun. Look at the example given for you. 7. My mother often talks to _______________. My name is Ritvik. __________ am an Indian. (him it she I) (Myself yourself himself herself itself Ans: My name is Ritvik. I am an Indian. ourselves yourselves themselves) 8. Rohit and Raj, if you want more milk, 1. _________ need to follow me closely. (You He help _______________. (Myself yourself She It) himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves) 2. Rahul, Suraj and Mukesh grew tired as 9. My sister and her friend collected the ________ had to wait for long for the bus. stamps _______________. (Myself yourself (Them he they it) himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves) 3. Palvinder watched the children carefully as 10. Geeta blames _______________ for the _________ crossed the road. (them him they loss. (Myself yourself himself herself itself us) ourselves yourselves themselves) 4. Hold the bag please while I put the things in 3. Write the Possessive Pronouns matching the ________. (him it she I) following. Look at the example given for you. I: Mine 5. Bhavya and I are going soon so you can come 1. We: ____________ with _________ .(we them they us) 2. You: ____________ 3. they: ____________ 6. Thank you for helping ________. (me he she 4. He: ____________ they) 5. She: ____________ 6. It: ____________ 7. I wonder why dad rushed off. Did you upset _______? (he him we they) 8. _______ hope those flowers are for me. (We Them I Him) 9. Open the door. It’s ______. (I they me she) 10. Govind wanted his son to follow ________. (he they I him) 2. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate reflexive pronoun. Look at the example given for you. My mother stitched this blue shirt _______________. (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves) Ans: herself 1. Meera did her homework _______________. (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves) 2. We treated _______________ to some cold drink at the party. (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves) 3. Rahul, did you take the photo by _______________? (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves) 4. I wrote this poem _______________. (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves) 5. He cut _______________ with the knife while chopping vegetables. (Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves) 6. The lion can defend _______________. (Myself yourself himself herself itself 67

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Use relative pronouns to fill in the blanks. Look at the example given for you. The woman _________ attended the interview is waiting outside. Ans: who 1. I am sure about the person _________ stole the book. 2. I am not very sure about the tune _________ is being played. 3. These are the cookies _________ Mary made. 4. All the fruits _________ were in the bowl are rotten now. 5. She met the person _________ she wrote a letter to last month. 6. I have a neighbour _________ dog is very dangerous. 7. The man _________ came first in the 100-metre race broke the world record. 8. At the zoo, there is a parrot _________ can talk to the people. 9. Do you know the woman _________ son is a famous actor? 10. I really like the suit _________ you bought for the wedding! 11. It was very sad to see the bird _________ wing was broken. 12. Do you like the new plants _________ I bought for the living room? 13. Look at that dog _________ is chasing its own tail! 14. This is the newest phone _________ you can buy in the shops. 15. I need someone _________ can fix my washing machine. 2. Combine the following sentences with the help of relative pronouns. 1. The boy solved the puzzle. He was praised by the teacher. 2. The parcel reached me this morning. My brother sent it. 3. This is the house. Ram built it. 4. Bring me the file. The file is on the table. 5. Once upon a time there lived a giant. The giant was very powerful and cruel. 6. The dog bit the burglar. He was trying to break into the house. 68

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and underline the • Relative  pronoun in each. (10 Marks) • Emphatic • Indefinite 1. What do you want to get as gift on your • Interrogative  birthday? • Demonstrative 3. Everyone must finish the breakfast. 2. He never hurts his good friends. • Personal   • Reflexive 3. That pen is hers. • Possessive  • Distributive 4. This is my sweet home. • Relative  • Emphatic 5. Nobody was happy in the conference room. • Indefinite • Interrogative  6. To whom you give credit for this work? • Demonstrative 4. The person who stayed with me last night 7. I may buy either of these two gifts. was my best friend. • Personal   8. I myself heard his remarks. • Reflexive • Possessive  9. I baked the bread myself. • Distributive • Relative  10. Your doll is old but mine is new. • Emphatic • Indefinite II. In each of the following sentences a pronoun • Interrogative  has been underlined. What type of pronoun is • Demonstrative it? (10 Marks) 5. Each of the students have participated in the 1. They themselves went to the market and drama act. bought it. • Personal   • Personal   • Reflexive • Reflexive • Possessive  • Possessive  • Distributive • Distributive • Relative  • Relative  • Emphatic • Emphatic • Indefinite • Indefinite • Interrogative  • Interrogative  • Demonstrative • Demonstrative 6. This is the matter that they were talking about. 2. Neither of them plays well. • Personal   • Personal   • Reflexive • Reflexive • Possessive  • Possessive  • Distributive • Distributive • Relative  • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative  • Demonstrative 69

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 7. Who won the race yesterday? • Personal   • Reflexive • Possessive  • Distributive • Relative  • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative  • Demonstrative 8. She mended the car herself. • Personal   • Reflexive • Possessive  • Distributive • Relative  • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative  • Demonstrative 9. They are playing football together. • Personal   • Reflexive • Possessive  • Distributive • Relative  • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative  • Demonstrative 10. Which is your shirt? • Personal   • Reflexive • Possessive  • Distributive • Relative  • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative  • Demonstrative 70

5. Adjective-Degrees of Comparison Learning Objectives • rewrite the sentences with different degrees of comparison without changing the meaning. At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • forming adjectives from nouns, adverbs and • identify the three degrees of comparison of other adjectives. adjectives. • use adjectives in their writing in a creative way. • form and use the positive, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison of regular and irregular adjectives. Concept Map COMPARING ADJECTIVES COMPARING ADJECTIVES CAN BE FORMED IN THREE WAYS POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE FORM FORM FORM As…………as -er More -es Most In your previous class, you have already learnt that we can make comparison between nouns with the help of three forms of the adjective. (Recapitulate that adjective is a word which qualifies • Travelling by train is better than travelling by bus. a noun. It gives more information about the noun). • The pink dress is prettier than the yellow one. • This information is more reliable than the one I Key Points heard on the news channel. Today we will take a quick recap of the three degrees of comparison. 3.  The Superlative Degree  I.  THREE DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES The superlative degree compares a person, thing, 1. The Positive Degree activity or quality with the group. The Superlative The positive degree of an adjective makes no Degree expresses the highest degree. comparison. • The blue whale is the biggest of all animals found • A healthy mind resides in a healthy body. • It is a ripe mango. on the earth. • My dad bought a beautiful car. • Mount Everest is the highest peak in the Himalayas. 2.  The Comparative Degree  • Diamond is the hardest of all the substances. The comparative degree compares two people, things, actives or qualities. II. SOME EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Bright brighter brightest Bold bolder boldest Clever cleverer cleverest Cold colder coldest Fast faster fastest 71

5. Adjective-Degrees of Comparison POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Great greater greatest ill worse worst High higher highest far farther farthest Kind kinder kindest well better best Long longer longest late later latest Small smaller smallest little less least Strong stronger strongest much more most Sweet sweeter sweetest many more most Tall taller tallest near nearer nearest Young younger youngest old older oldest Brave braver bravest old elder eldest Fine finer finest III. THE COMPARISON TAKES PLACE IN THREE TYPES Large larger largest IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS: Nice nicer nicest Simple simpler simplest 1.  By using as……as and not……than Wise wiser wisest White whiter whitest Examples: costly costlier costliest Snow is as white as milk. (Use of positive degree) dry drier driest Milk is not whiter than snow. (Use of comparative easy easier easiest degree) happy happier happiest heavy heavier heaviest 2.  By using not so …… as and ……than lazy lazier laziest wealthier wealthiest Examples: wealthy bigger biggest Meetu is not so hardworking as Neetu. (Use of big dimmer dimmest positive degree) dim fatter fattest Neetu is more hardworking than Meetu. (Use of fat hotter hottest comparative degree) hot thinner thinnest thin bigger biggest 3.  By using no other, any other, of all big dimmer dimmest dim fatter fattest Examples: fat hotter hottest No other student of the class is as hardworking as hot thinner thinnest Renu. (Use of positive degree) thin Renu is more hardworking than any other student of more active most active the class. (Use of comparative degree) active more attractive most attractive Renu is the most hardworking of all the students of attractive more beautiful most beautiful the class. (Use of superlative degree) beautiful more brilliant most brilliant brilliant 4.  By using very few, most other, one of the more careful most careful careful more most Examples: Very few historical monuments are as famous as the courageous courageous courageous Taj Mahal. (Use of positive degree) more cunning most cunning The Taj Mahal is more famous than most other cunning more difficult most difficult historical monuments. (Use of comparative degree) difficult more famous most famous The Taj Mahal is one of the most famous historical famous more faithful most faithful monuments. (Use of superlative degree) faithful more proper most proper proper more popular most popular 5. By using at least as……as, not……than some popular more splendid most splendid other, not ….. of all splendid worse worst Examples: bad worse worst Some flowers are at least as fragrant as sunflower. evil better best (Use of positive degree) good Sunflower is not more fragrant than some other flowers. (Use of comparative degree) Sunflower is not the most fragrant of all the flowers. (Use of superlative degree) 72

5. Adjective-Degrees of Comparison IV.  FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES V.  FORMING ADJECTIVES FROM NOUNS By adding following suffixes NOUN ADJECTIVE SUFFIX EXAMPLES -able, -ible comfortable, readable, incredible, hero heroic invisible wind windy -al, -ial comical, normal, musical, industrial, child childish presidential beauty beautiful -ful beautiful, harmful, peaceful, VI.  FORMING ADJECTIVES FROM VERBS wonderful VERB ADJECTIVE -ic classic, economic, heroic, romantic read readable -ical aeronautical, alphabetical, political talk talkative -ish British, childish, Irish, foolish use useful -ive, -ative active, alternative, creative, talkative Like likeable -less endless, motionless, priceless, timeless -eous, -ious, spontaneous, hideous, ambitious, -ous anxious, dangerous, famous -y angry, busy, wealthy, windy Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET Degrees of comparison, rewriting PS -1 CONTENT sentences without changing the PS -2 Adjectives meaning, formation of adjectives PS - 3 Self-test Self- evaluation sheet 73

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Fill in the blanks by changing the words in the bracket into adjectives. The first one is done for you. The room was painted in _____________ (difference) colours. Ans: The room was painted in different colours. 1. I made myself ______________ (comfort) on the sofa. 2. Some bells are _____________ (music) and others are not. 3. It was a _____________ (child) thing for her to do. 4. They presented the dishes in a very _____________ (creation) way. 5. These days choices are _____________ (end). 6. It isn’t as _____________ (danger) as it looks. 7. It gets cold and _____________ (wind) in winter. 8. He calls me a chatterer but he himself is very _____________ (talk). 9. After the picnic, everyone was _____________ (anxiety) to get back home. 10. His rule proved _____________ (harm) to the country. 11. It had been a _____________ (fool) thing to climb up the tree. 12. It is still a _____________ (fame) famous school. 74

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the blanks with suitable adjectives by choosing the most appropriate option from the ones given below. 1. There are ___________ boys in the field. 2. I like a ___________ pen. 3. It’s a ___________ tree. 4. The ship sustained ___________ damage. 5. He is a man of ___________ words. 6. This is a ___________ wire. 7. She has ___________ hair. 8. I have read the ___________ books. 1. (a) such (b) several (c) none (d) every 2. (a) finer (b) finest (c) fine (d) most fine 3. (a) taller (b) smaller (c) littler (d) tall 4. (a) heavy (b) heavier (c) heaviest (d) a lot of 5. (a) fewer (b) little (c) few (d) fewest 6. (a) active (b) live (c) wet (d) dry 7. (a) shiny (b) shinier (c) shiniest (d) more shiny 8. (a) worse (b) much (c) best (d) all II. Fill in the following boxes. Write the Answer Write the Answer comparative opposite. form: new younger long cleaner nice darker big more boring good hotter fat happier modern easier friendly smaller famous cheaper 75

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Rewrite the sentences given below using different degrees of comparison according to clues given in the bracket. Look at the example given for you. Shakespeare is the most famous of all writers in English. (as……as) Ans: No other writer in English is as famous as Shakespeare. 1. Iron is more useful than any other metal. (the most) 2. I earn as much money as Ram. (not……than) 3. China is larger than India. (as……as) 4. Greenland is the largest island in the world. (than any other) 5. Air is lighter than water. (as……as) 6. I am taller than my brother. (as……as) 7. Shyam is the strongest boy in the class. (than any other) 8. Gold is more precious than any other metal. (most) II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate degree of adjective. Look at the example given for you. Her dress is _______________ (pretty) than mine. Ans: Her dress is prettier than mine. 1. Cheetahs are the _______________ (fast) animals we can find. 2. Eating fruits and vegetables is _______________ (healthy) than eating fried snacks. 3. I find milk _______________ (good) than coffee. 4. China has _______________ (many) people than any other country in the world. 5. The blue whale is the _______________ (heavy) animal in the world. 6. Travelling by train is _______________ (comfortable) than travelling by bus. 7. The Nile is the _______________ (long) river in the world. 8. History is _______ (difficult) than Geography. However, it is _________ (interesting). 9. Antarctica is one of _______________ (cold) places on Earth. 10. Switzerland is one of the _______________ (rich) countries in the world. 76

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Complete the following table by filling correct options. (10 Marks) POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE 1 close 2 Hotter Closest 3 lazier 4 5 Elder More 6 7 Most interesting 8 Few 9 Holier 10 Most wonderful II. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate degree of comparison. Look at the example given for you.  (10 Marks) My father is hardworking. My uncle is _________________ (hardworking) than him. Ans: more hardworking 1. The test in Physics was easy, but the test in Biology was _________________ (easy) than it. 2. Lucy is clever girl in the class but Carol is _________________ (clever) of all. 3. Kerala is sunny. Do you know any place as _________________ (sunny) as that? 4. Arun is a successful politician, but his sister is _________________ (successful) than him. 5. I live in a large family but my grandfather lived in a _________________ (large) one. 6. We have only little time for this exercise, but in the examination we will have even _________________ (little). 7. There are many beautiful flowers in the garden but this flower is _____________ (beautiful) one. 8. The _________________ (pretty) woman won the beauty pageant. 9. He has lost weight and looks _________________ (thin) than before. 10. Have you visited the old fort? It is the _________________ (old) fort we visited during our holidays? 77

6. Articles and Determiners Learning Objectives At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • Define the terms “Article” & “determiner”. • Identify determiners within sentences. • Use determiners accurately within sentences. Starter Activity ARTICLES POSSESSIVES DEMONSTRATIVES A An My, Your This His, Her That The Its, Our These Their, Whose Those NUMERALS ORDINALS QUANTIFIERS One Two First Many, few, some, every, much, a Three Second lot of, any, less four Next last Key Points II.  FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF DETERMINERS: • Articles: a, an , the RECAPITULATION: In your previous class you have • Demonstratives: this, that, these, those already learnt about ‘Article’, which is one of the • Quantifiers Determiners. An article, like an adjective, modifies the • Possessives: my, your, his, her, its; our, their, whose noun. It adds to the meaning of the noun. An article 1. ARTICLES is always used before a noun or an adjective that INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A AND AN modifies the noun. Today our lesson is about DETERMINERS. 1. They do not refer to particular nouns. ‘A’ is used I. DEFINITION: A determiner is a word that introduc- before nouns beginning with consonants (other than a, e, i, o, u) EXAMPLES: a stamp, a desk, a es a noun. It always comes before a noun and also TV, a cup, a book, a university (Although ‘univer- comes before any other adjectives used to describe sity’ starts with the vowel ‘u’, it is pronounced as the noun. a consonant sound, a uniform, a union • Once there was a bunny. The bunny went home. • There were many cookies in the box. I ate the 2. ‘An’ is used before singular countable nouns be- chocolate cookie. ginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or vowel sound. • The metal cans are recyclable. EXAMPLES: an apple, an elephant, an issue, an orange, an honest man, (vowel sound) an hour, an heir 3. They can be used only with singular countable nouns that are unspecified. EXAMPLES: A chair, a boy, an elephant, an orange 4. We don’t use articles before uncountable nouns. 78

6. Articles and Determiners 5. We use articles for expression of quantities. EX- EXAMPLES: AMPLES: a dozen, a gallon, a couple, a lot • The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean. • The Ganges is a holy river. 6. Used for expression of numbers EXAMPLES: a million, a thousand, a hundred 6. The name of newspapers: EXAMPLES: 7. Used before a noun in exclamatory sentences EXAMPLES: What a beautiful home!, What a • My father reads the Times of India. lovely girl! • I sent an article to the editor of the Hindustan EXAMPLES: Times. 1. My father is a professor in a university. 7. The names of holy books 2. I am an Indian and I love my country. EXAMPLES: 3. The man lost his legs in an accident. • The Ramayana is the holy book of the Hindus. 4. My uncle is an MLA. • I began to read the  Bible  long before I could 5. Swati takes an egg and an apple for breakfast. 6. An honest man is loved by all. understand it.  7. My uncle bought an ox and a buffalo from the 8. Certain nouns to represent them as a class: fair. EXAMPLES: 8. A dozen of apples means twelve apples. 9. I will call you in an hour. • We should help the poor and the needy. 10. My neighbour is an Australian. • The rich have always lived in luxury. 9. Certain nouns to represent as a nation, a party or a DEFINITE ARTICLE ‘THE”: community 1. A singular noun which is used to represent the EXAMPLES: • The French are sophisticated. (this means we are whole class. referring to the French people) EXAMPLES: • The Sikhs are brave. 2. DEMONSTRATIVES: Demonstrative determiners • The dog is a faithful animal are used as pointers of a particular noun in order • The fox is a cunning animal. to indicate the position or location of a noun in the 1. The noun we have already spoken about. sentence. EXAMPLES: Examples: here, there, this, that, these, those, etc. • He gave money to a little boy and the boy bought 1. This – is used with singular nouns when referring to an object that is close to the speaker toys for himself. • This car is parked very close to my driveway. • We saw an old man in the park. The man was • Is this Reena’s dog? • This book is mine. looking worried. 2. That – is used with singular nouns when referring 2. Superlatives (the highest quality or degree of an to an object or person that is far to the speaker • That house across the street is really beautiful. adjective-large, larger, largest) or any other adjec- • Is that your book on the teacher’s table? tive which makes the noun very particular one. • That house is not his. EXAMPLES: 3. These - is used with plural nouns when referring to • Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the world. an object that is close to the speaker • This is the best option available with us. • These trees are looking so green. 3. The names of planets, stars and satellites • Are these your dogs? EXAMPLES: • These books are not mine. • The earth is round. Those - is used with plural nouns when referring to an • The moon appears in the night. object or person that is far to the speaker 4. Ordinal numbers (first, second, fourth, tenth etc). • I really like those mountains. EXAMPLES: • Are those Reena’s friends? • He got the first position in the class. • Those boys do not live here. • The second boy in the third row is my brother. 5. The name of rivers, seas and oceans 79

6. Articles and Determiners Note: The distance of an object or person doesn’t • Every men was running. - Incorrect have to be physical. ‘All’ collectively talks about the whole group. 3. Quantifiers: They are used in the sentence in order • All milk was spoiled. to express the quantity such as many, few, enough, • All men need money. little, much, most, any, some, any, etc. • All cats love milk. Quantifiers like little, a bit of, a lot of, a large amount With plural uncountable nouns- of etc. are used to quantify uncountable nouns. • I need all of the sugar. • I want my coffee with a little cream on top. • Who drank all of the juice? • Add few ice cubes to your milk. • You need all of you courage! • The bank received a large amount of complaints. Use of ‘half’ as a Distributive Determiner Quantifiers like few, several, a large number of etc. • Half of his money goes to charity. are to be used with countable nouns. • He ate half of the banana. • He gave me few advices before leaving. • I gave him half of the sugar I had. • He had several mangoes in his fridge. • Half of them were on holiday. • Ronit has a large number of collectible items. • They invited half of their relatives to the Quantifiers like some, plenty, any, lots of, no etc. can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns. wedding. • I don’t have any sugar with me. For measurements ‘half’ is used prefixed with ‘a’ or • I don’t have any mangoes in my fridge. ‘an’. For Ex- • Ronit has plenty of collectible items. 4. Interrogatives: They are used to ask questions • Bring half a kilo tea from the market. such as what, which, whose etc. and are always fol- • May I have half a cup of tea please? lowed by the noun. • Every day he walks for nearly half a mile. • What time did you reach here? • I eat half an apple every morning. • Which school do you study? Use of ‘both’, ‘either’ and ‘neither’ as Distributive • Whose shirt are you wearing? Determiners 5. Possessives: They are different from possessive • Both my cars are black. pronouns (can be independent or can stand alone) • Either of the books was worth keeping. and used in the sentence to express ownership of a • I would love to dine at either of the hotels. noun. Some of the possessive determiners are like • Either man was courteous. his, her, my, mine, our, their, your, etc. • Neither car is working. For example: • Neither of the dogs barked. • This is her house. • Either of men was dancing. • My mom is very simple and kind. • Neither of the cows gives milk. • I am going to receive your mother. 6. Distributive Determiners: They give information 80 about the noun in a clause or sentence. They may refer to a group or every individual in the group. Some of the examples/words/list of distributive de- terminers are- each, every, all, either and neither, etc. ‘Each’ and ‘Every’ talk about the individual members of a group. • Each child was laughing. • Every child was laughing. • He got each man out safely. • He got every man out safely. ‘Every’ on the other hand cannot be used with plural nouns. • Every children were laughing. - Incorrect

6. Articles and Determiners Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET Articles & Determiners and their uses PS-1 CONTENT PS-2 Articles PS-3 Self-test Self-evaluation sheet 81

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Fill in the blanks with suitable interrogative c) Which pronouns. Look at the example given for you. d) That 1. ———————- did you invite to deliver the 10. ——————– do you want to see? speech? a) Who a) Who b) Whom b) Whom c) Which c) What d) Whose d) Whose 11. ——————– did he come here for? 2. She asked ——————- I preferred, tea or a) Why coffee? b) What a) Who c) Whom b) That d) Who c) Which II. Fill in the blanks with suitable possessive d) Whom pronouns. Look at the example given for you. 3. Of ———————- are you speaking? We live here. This is _______ house. a) Who Ans: We live here. This is our house. b) Whom c) Whose 1. Hey, you! Is this _________ book? d) None of these 2. We study in a hostel. _________ parents live 4. ——————- do you want to do? a) What in Mysore. b) Which 3. Please give it to me. This is _________ guitar. c) That 4. Is he younger or older? How old d) Whom 5. ———————- shall I give this to? is_________ sister? a) Whom 5. You went to Jaipur last year. Where b) What c) Whose does _________ team play this year? d) Which 6. She is celebrating her birthday so she sent an 6. ——————- of these books will you take? a) Which invitation to _________best friend. b) Whom 7. Your school is great. Are those c) That d) Whose _________ teachers? 7. I don’t know —————— of them will actually 8. He has cut _________finger. get it? 9. The children finished _________game. a) Whom 10. The hotel has _________ own swimming b) What c) Which pool. d) Whose 8. ———————- said these words? a) Who b) Whom c) What d) Which 9. Of ——————— boy are you speaking? a) Whom b) Who 82

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the correct demonstrative pronoun from the box. Look at the example given for you. This That These Those I really like ___________ restaurant. Ans: I really like this restaurant. 1. I prefer ___________ books to __________ ones over there. 2. ___________ chair is a lot more comfortable than ___________ one. 3. Would you rather have ___________ chocolates or ___________ box of candies? 4. For the price of ___________ dress, you can buy __________ two other nice dresses over there. 5. I hope that ___________ summer will be nicer than ___________ weeks of rain we had last year. 6. ___________ boys over there have a football match with ___________ boys here. 7. I like ___________ film a lot more than ___________ one they showed last week. 8. You can’t compare ___________ movies from the fifties and sixties to ___________ movies of today. II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate quantifiers: little / a little / few / a few. 1. We must be quick. We have _________ time. 2. Listen carefully. I’m going to give you _________ advice. 3. Do you mind if I ask you _________ questions? 4. This town is not a very interesting place to visit, very _________tourists come here. 5. ‘Would you like milk in your coffee?’ ‘Yes, please _________.’ 6. This is a very boring place to live. There’s _________ to do. 7. ‘Do you ever go to your native place?’ ‘Yes, I go there _________times every year.’ 83

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Circle the article or articles in each sentence below. I had a good sleep. Ans: a 1. Have you considered the plan of action? 2. Did the dog disappear over-night? 3. I have an infection in my foot. 4. The man forced the crowd to leave. 5. The principal gave the speech to the students. 6. I have a beautiful garden in front of my house. 7. He has the courage to be successful. 8. What is the title of the novel? 9. I caught a fish in the lake. 10. We took a shelter at the cottage. 11. Did the medicine work properly? 12. That was a terrible mistake! II. Insert articles in the following passage wherever necessary. Put a cross where an article is not required. Right now I am looking at ______ picture of Ramya. She is not at ________ home in ______ picture. She is at ______ park. She is sitting on ______ bench. She is eating her lunch. Some boys and girls are running in ______ park. A squirrel is sitting on ______ ground in front of ________ Ramya. The squirrel is eating ______ nut. Ramya is watching ______ squirrel. She always watches _________ squirrels when she eats her lunch in ______ park. Some ducks are swimming in ______ pond in ______ picture, and some birds are flying in ______ sky. ______ policeman is riding ______ bike. Near Ramya, ______ family is having ______ picnic. They go on ______ picnic every week. 84

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Choose the correct form in the brackets. Look these, that, those) books I left in the library? at the example given for you. (10 Marks) 2. ____________ (the, a, an) sun rises from the (Apples / The apples) are good for you. east. Ans: Apples are good for you. 3. The doctor advised me to eat ____________ 1. Look at (apples / the apples) on that tree! (the, a, an) apple every morning. They’re very large. 4. There aren’t ____________ (much, many, a 2. (Women / The women) are often better lot) students in the library. teachers than (men / the men). 5. I haven’t got ____________ (some, any, 3. We had a very nice meal in that restaurant. many) pictures in my bedroom. (Cheese / The cheese) was especially good. 6. She gave a chocolate to ____________ (any, 4. (Life / The life) would be very difficult all, each) child. without (electricity / the electricity). 7. I’ve got to finish ____________ (any, many, all) my work before I go to sleep. 8. ____________ (this, these, that, those) oranges are delicious! 9. My mother doesn’t drink ____________ (much, many, a lot) coffee. 10. I always keep ____________ (some, any, many) money in my purse for emergencies. 5. (Skiing / The skiing) is my favourite sport but I also like (swimming / the swimming). 6. (Second World War / The Second World War) ended in 1945. 7. Do you know (people / the people) who lived next door? 8. Are you interested in (art / the art) of (architecture / the architecture)? 9. (All books / All the books) on the top shelf belong to me. 10. Two of the biggest problems facing our society are (crime / the crime) and (unemployment / the unemployment). II. Choose the correct determiner. Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks) This is ____________ (the, a, an) same man I met yesterday. Ans: This is the same man I met yesterday. 1. Could you bring me ____________ (this, 85

7. Subject Verb Agreement Learning Objectives • identify the subject in a sentence and determine the verb that agrees with it. At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • write correct sentences according to the rules. • recall the definition of a subject and a verb. 1. You have a pet dog. 2. She has a pet dog. Starter Activity 3. They have a pet dog. 4. You look nervous today. Write down the following sets of sentences: 5. She looks nervous today. 1. I am a student. 6. The players look nervous today. 2. He is a good musician. 3. We are great friends. 4. I go for a walk every day. 5. Mohan goes for a walk every day. 6. We go for a walk every day. Notice the SUBJECTS in bold and VERBS underlined in the above sentences. You can clearly see how verbs according to the subjects, take a different form. Today our lesson is about Rules of Subject Verb Agreement. Key Points In the above sentence, ‘A study on African countries’ is a phrase but will be treated as a Singular subject I. The subject (Noun/Pronoun) and verb are the and takes a singular verb ‘shows’ whereas ‘people’ is most important elements of a sentence. The sub- a plural subject and takes a plural verb ‘live’. ject may be singular or plural. The verb in a sen- More examples: tence must agree with the subject in number and person. • The outlook of different people changes from time to time. Number: The verb must be singular if the subject is singular and the verb must be plural if the subject • A hundred kilometres is a long distance. is plural. Rule 3: Nouns connected by conjunction ‘and’ working as a subject, will be plural and take a plural Person: The person of the subject can be first (I, verb. we), second (you), and third (he, she, it, they). Examples: The verb changes according to the number and • My uncle and aunt are arriving today. person of the subject. • Rahul and his friends want to go on a tour. • Apples and mangoes are my favourite fruits. II.  RULES OF SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: Rule 4: If the conjunction ‘and’ is replaced by Rule 1: Singular subjects need singular verbs, while together with/ along with/ accompanied by/ as well plural subjects require plural verbs. as, it will not affect the verb. The words used before Examples: these expressions are the subjects. Examples: • I am an excellent tennis player. • Vivek, along with his brothers is going to the • We are excellent tennis players. • Geeta is an excellent tennis player. city. (‘His brothers’ is not the subject of this • Alex plays well for his school team. sentence.) • They play well for their school team. • Maya as well as her friends is studying for the Rule 2: When the phrases function as a subject, they test. have no effect on the verbs. • Rahul accompanied by his parents is planning Examples: a trip to America. • A study on African countries shows that many people live below the poverty line. 86