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PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Identify the prepositional phrases in the following sentences and say whether it is a prepositional phrase of adjective or adverb. Look at the given example. The book on the top shelf is mine. Ans: The book on the top shelf is mine. Preposi- tional Phrase of Adjective 1. It rained throughout the night. 2. The house across the street is mine. 3. The movie about his life was a huge success. 4. We all fought against the new rule. 5. The bulb in the drawing room has stopped working. 6. I checked the newspaper throughout the day. 7. The boys watched TV till midnight. 8. The article by my friend is well-admired. 9. She performed for a huge audience. 10. Our argument over that silly matter was laughed upon by our friends. 2. This is a complaint letter written by a student regarding the library services but he forgot to put the prepositions. Edit the following passage by inserting the correct prepositions as shown in the example. Before word after My recent exposure to working conditions and (a) exposure to working attitude the school library has left me (b) _______ _______ _______ disappointed so I am reporting this matter your (c) _______ _______ _______ office your kind attention and action. (d) _______ _______ _______ There is a problem discipline. Those (e) _______ _______ _______ given library duty leave home (f) _______ _______ _______ ahead time. This denies the students the (g) _______ _______ _______ use the facilities. Secondly, the silence (h) _______ _______ _______ which is required such a place in (i) _______ _______ _______ order facilitate undisturbed reading is also (j) _______ _______ _______ not there since students chat the reading (k) _______ _______ _______ area. Apart this, ringing phones and message (l) _______ _______ _______ tones are almost a permanent feature the (m) _______ _______ _______ library. 137

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. This a list of some famous proverbs. Let us II. Fill in each of the blanks with the correct revise the following proverbs by filling in preposition. Look at the given example.  with suitable prepositions. Look at the given (10 Marks) example.  Which cupboard did you put your clothes  (10 Marks) ______? Birds ______ a feather flock together. Ans: Which cupboard did you put your clothes Ans: Birds of a feather flock together. into? 1. Is this the businessman you read ______ in 1. People who live ______ glass houses the magazine? shouldn’t throw stones. 2. Where do you think the voices are coming 2. Charity begins ______ home. ______? 3. Don’t cry ______ spilt milk. 4. Don’t judge a book ______ its cover. 3. This is the building I was speaking ______. 5. Don’t put all your eggs ______ one basket. 6. A jack of all trades is a master ______ none. 4. I wonder what she is getting ready ______. 7. Look ______ you leap. 8. A stitch ______ time saves nine. 9. There is no smoke ______ fire. 10. Time and tide wait ______ no man. 5. I know what he was hinting ______. 6. You are again complaining ______ her. 7. Have you found the papers you were looking ______? 8. Why are you searching ______ my suitcase? 9. You can boil the water ______ this kettle. 10. Are you making tea ______ dad? 138

14. Phrases and Clauses • Understand types of clauses • Use different types of clauses effectively in their Starter Activity writing. At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: • Define a phrase, a clause. Concept Map Dependent CLAUSE: group of related Independent clause clause words containing a subject introduced by Subordinating conjunction introduced and a verb Coordinating by Conjunction Relative TYPES pronoun Noun Adjective Adverb Clause Clause Clause Key Points on its own and deliver the complete meaning. • He went away. Today our lesson is about phrases, clause and types • The boy was weeping. of clauses. Sub-ordinate clause/dependent clause: This clause Recapitulation: also contains a subject and a predicate but it cannot 1. DEFINITION: stand on its own. It is dependent on the Main Clause PHRASE:  A group of related words which does not to deliver the complete meaning. have a subject or a verb. So they cannot be used I saw a boy who was crying. alone, but you can use them as part of a clause/ I met my friend who had helped me a lot. sentence, where they are used as parts of speech. JOINING CLAUSES: Two or more than two clauses EXAMPLES: can be joined together with the help of conjunctions. • At the onset Recapitulation: A CONJUNCTION is a word which • Into the room joins two clauses together into one sentence that • On the table makes sense. • Across the road We can join two main or independent clauses with In the above sentences, you may find nouns but the the help of Coordinating Conjunctions. nouns are not doing any action (verb). They are all Examples: FANBOYS (For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) phrases. To join a main clause and a subordinate clause, a CLAUSE: A clause is a group of words that has Subordinating Conjunction is used. subject, a verb and a predicate. It can sometimes act as a sentence and gives a complete meaning. 139 TYPES OF CLAUSES Principal clause/main clause/Independent clause: It is the main clause of the whole sentence. It can stand

14. Phrases and Clauses Examples: So much so, that, when, My wallet consisting of some important documents where , which , what, how, whom, whose, whether, If , and money is lost on the way. (Adjective Phrase) provided, Provided that, Notwithstanding, as, as if, as 3. ADVERB CLAUSE: It works as of an adverb to some though, as much as, as far as, as soon as, as long as, Verb, Adjective or Adverb. so long as, according to, after, before, because, until, (a) Adverb clause of time: An adverb clause of time unless, for, in that, than that, now that, though, so that, in order that, wherever etc“. shows when something happens. It is usually TYPES OF SUB-ORDINATE CLAUSE introduced by time adverbs. Examples: before, 1. NOUN CLAUSE: A group of words having subject after, as, when, while, until, as soon as, since, no and a verb but it acts like a noun. It begins with words sooner than, as long as etc. such as how, that, what, whatever, when, where, • Mohan will go home when he has finished his work. whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, • Do not talk while she is delivering a lecture. whomever, and why. A noun clause can act as a • We will conclude the meeting after he comes. subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate, or • She had already left before I called up. object of a preposition. • He has not been well since he ate that food from • Whatever you say is fine with me. (As a subject) outside. • Can you tell me what the time is? (As an object) • There was silence as he took the mic in his hand. • I asked mother why Mohan has gone to the market. (b) Adverb clause of place: It points to place indicates the place about which the verb talks. It is usually (As an object of a preposition) introduced by place adverbs. Examples: where, • Joy is whatever gives us happiness. (As a predicate) wherever, whereas 2. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (ALSO KNOWN AS AN • Please keep it where you can find it. ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE): It does work of an adjective • Come back wherever you are. (qualifies a noun or pronoun) in relation to some (c) Adverb clause of purpose: It points to purpose other clause. and uses adverbs like that, so that, in order These clauses begin with a relative pronoun, which that and lest. connects them to the word they describe, such as: • We eat that we may live. that, where, when, who, whom, whose, which, why • He worked hard that he may clear the exam. • The pen that you took from me belongs to Ram. • Put on your warm clothes lest you should catch a • The place where he lives is far from here. cold. • I cannot remember the time when mobile phones (d) Adverb clause of cause or reason: It points to cause or reason. It is introduced by cause/reason were introduced. adverbs. Examples: Because, since, As, For, that • People who are smart follow the rules. • I was glad that I reached on time. • The lady whom you were talking to was my aunt. • Mom must take rest because she is tired. • I know someone whose father served in the army. • As he was not there, I left a message. • The plan which you avoided is a great success now. (e) Adverb clause of condition: It shows condition • I don’t know why she doesn’t like soups. and is introduced with adverbs like If, whether, REDUCING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO PHRASES unless, provided, on condition. The books that were borrowed from the library must • If it rains, we will not go out. be returned by 23rd March. (Adjective Clause) • You won’t pass unless you work hard. The books borrowed from the library must be • We will be able to finish the work provided that no returned by 23rd March. (Adjective Phrase) other obstacle comes now. The girl who is performing on the stage is my niece. • You can use my room so long as you don’t untidy it. (Adjective Clause) The girl performing on the stage is my niece. (Adjective Phrase) My wallet which consisted of some important documents and money is lost on the way. (Adjective Clause) 140

14. Phrases and Clauses • You can use my room as long as you don’t untidy it. • You need to take this medicine whether you like it or not. • Dad forgave me on condition that I won’t do it again. (f) Adverb clause of result: It points to what happens or what may happen as a result of the action. It begins with adverb clauses of result are: so that, in order that, so…that and such…that. • He spoke loudly so that everyone could hear him. • He spoke loudly in order that everybody would hear him. • It was so hot that we didn’t go out. • She spoke in such a low voice that nobody could hear her. (g) Adverb clause of comparison: This is of two types. 1. Adverb clauses of comparison of degree: It is introduced by words like ‘than’ or ‘as’. • Nobody loves me more than my mother does. • I work harder than my brother does. 2. Adverb clauses of comparison of manner: It is introduced by words like ‘as’. • You may do as you please. • The movie ended as the audience expected. Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS CONTENT Concept map and Key points Clauses and phrases PS-1 PS-2 PS-3 Self-test Self-evaluation Sheet 141

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Read the following pair of sentences and use II. Rewrite the following sentences by using the coordinating conjunctions FANBOYS (For, and, subordinating conjunction given in the bracket. Nor, but, or, yet, so) to join them. Look at the Look at the given example. given example. I waited. He returned from office. (till) He is ill _________ he is cheerful. Ans: I waited till he returned from office. Ans: He is ill but he is cheerful. 1. Go to bed. Brush your teeth. (after) 1. You follow the traffic rules _________ you will 2. I have to join coaching classes. I am weak in be caught by the traffic police. Math. (because) 2. She was angry, ____________ the teacher 3. We did not go out. It was raining. (since) spoke rudely with her. 4. I woke up. I saw that my aunt had come. 3. He begged for money, ___________ he also (When) wanted some clothes. 5. You finish your food. You cannot leave the 4. I worked out everything, ___________ I could table. (Until) not get the conclusion. 6. I was reading a book. The phone rang. 5. His hair was looking untidy___________ he (While) went to the hair salon. 7. You practice. You will not learn the dance 6. I didn’t attend the meeting, __________ did steps. (Unless) Mohan attend. 8. Do not go. I return from the market. (Before) 9. You need to study hard. You can do well in 7. I wanted to buy a red dress, __________ the shop did not have any. the exams. (So That) 10. I will be upset. You don’t accept my 8. You must study, _________ your concepts are not clear. invitation. (If) 9. The sky became cloudy _________ it did not rain. 10. I don’t like basketball __________ do I like cricket. 142

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Read the following sentences and identify II. Change the following adjective clauses to whether the subordinate clause is an adverb adjective phrases. Look at the given example. clause, adjective clause or noun clause. Look at The article which was published in the the given example. newspaper was extraordinary. They get good result who work hard. Ans: The article published in the newspaper was Ans: Adjective clause extraordinary. 1. I wouldn’t have fought if the fault was only 1. The rules that allow public to access this on my side. place have been changed. 2. That you should behave like this surprises 2. Did you get the message which concerned me. the special meeting? 3. His statement that he found the money on 3. We have an apartment which faces a park. the road was true. 4. She lives in a house which was built by her 4. I asked the boy what his name was. grandfather. 5. He who heads an institution is always 5. The fence which surrounds our house is worried. made of wire. 6. Childhood is the time when the values are 6. The scientists who are researching the instilled by the parents. causes of this disease have found a new clue. 7. People who are honest can be trusted. 7. The children who work hard get good results. 8. He will help me because he knows my 8. The Chief Minister comes from a city which is problems well. located on the bank of Ganges. 9. The child followed the mother wherever she 9. The people who were waiting for the bus went. were affected by the rain. 10. If I find the book in the library, I will borrow 10. Do you know the girl who is coming towards it. us? 143

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Combine the following set of sentences into an 8. ____________ he stood there for an hour, he adverb clause. Look at the given example. could not get the ticket. I always brush my teeth ____________ I go to • As bed. • Though • before • So • after • when 9. ____________ you discuss everything with Ans: before your parents, they will not be able to help you. 1. Please do not leave for the trip ____________ • If Meera arrives from the office. • Unless • until • Whether • up to • unless 10. Do not give up ____________ you get the desired results. 2. He hid the treasure ____________ nobody • until could find it. • unless • there • till • where • when II. Complete the following sentences by adding suitable noun clauses. Look at the given 3. She is ____________ cunning as a fox. example. • as I cannot understand ________________________ • so _________________________________. • than Ans: I cannot understand why she fought with me. 4. ____________ the owner was not there, the postman left the letter on the doorway. 1. They said ______________________________ • As ______________________________. • So • Therefore 2. I think _________________________________ ___________________________. 5. We work hard in life ____________ we may live comfortably. 3. He told me _____________________________ • so that _______________________________. • so • as 4. ______________________________________ ______________________ hurts me. 6. Ram was ____________ sick that he could barely stand. 5. You can eat ____________________________ • so ________________________________. • such • as 6. Can you guess __________________________ __________________________________? 7. ____________ you work for such longer hours, you may fall ill. 7. I feel certain ___________________________ • If _________________________________. • Whether • Unless 8. I do not know __________________________ __________________________________. 9. No one knew ___________________________ _________________________________. 10. My dad was glad________________________ ____________________________________. 144

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and identify II. Identify the underlined clause as a noun clause, whether the underlined portions are phrases or adverb clause or adjective clause in each of clauses. Look at the given example. (10 Marks) the following sentences. Look at the given Guns in the hands of the policemen were enough example.  (10 Marks) to disperse the crowd. Ans: Phrase Every day we throw away paper that we should 1. Opening the gate, Rahul took his dog out for be recycling. walk. Ans: Noun clause 2. I had guessed that his intention was not correct. 1. She always enquires to know why I am late from office. 3. Late for school, Rahul rushed to catch the bus. 2. Unless you participate you cannot predict about the result. 4. If you think you are capable, do not hesitate. 3. Goa is known for its beaches which are very 5. From out of nowhere, the stranger appeared beautiful. in front of Reena. 4. She took leave for a day because she was ill. 6. Many mistakes occur out of confusion. 5. If you had applied your mind, you would 7. By giving appropriate examples, we can have solved the puzzle. easily understand any topic. 6. She told me that she loved her job. 8. She told her story in order to get sympathy. 7. This is the house which belongs to my 9. They stared at each other and walked slowly. grandfather. 10. Good communication is important so that 8. Don’t go before I come. people can get your intent. 9. I wonder if he is available for the job. 10. What he did was appreciated by everyone. 145

15. Speech Objectives At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: • Differentiate direct speech from indirect & reported speech. • Use direct and indirect speech in writing. • Change different kinds of sentences from direct speech to indirect speech and vice versa. Starter Activity CHANGES IN REPORTED SPEECH (Direct Speech) (Indirect Speech) (the actual words a person says – (telling what a person said – inside quotation marks) no quotation marks) Simple Present → Simple Past Present Continuous → Past Continuous Present Perfect → Past Perfect Simple Past → Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous shall → should will → would may → might can → could must → had to Note: Would Should → These do not change Ought to in reported speech. Had better Might Used to Could OTHER CHANGES This → That These → Those Today → That day Yesterday → The day before Now → Then Tomorrow → The next day, the following day The day before yesterday → Two days before The day after tomorrow → Two days later, in two days’ time Next week → The following week Last week → The previous week In the above table, you can capture the basic changes which occur when we change from indirect speech to direct speech. 146

15. Speech Key Points wanted to know if Reena had met her relatives. Reena agreed and promised that she would show him some There are 2 ways of reporting what is spoken by a photographs. She further asked if he was going to the person: when the exact words are given it is called school the next day. Mukesh answered in affirmation Direct Speech otherwise it is called Indirect Speech. and suggested that they must not miss the first day of EXAMPLE: She said, “I am going to the market.” the school after the holidays. Reena bade him good (Direct Speech) bye and promised to see him the next day. She said that she was going to the market. (Indirect Speech) 3. CHANGES IN PERSON: 1. First person pronouns (I, we, me, mine, us, ours) 1.RULES (DIRECT SPEECH) 1. Use of a capital letter in the beginning of the normally change to the third person (he, she, they, his, her, their, him, her, them). speaker’s statement. The teacher told me, “I want to meet your father.” 2. Words like ‘said’/ ‘told’ and verbs introducing The teacher told me that she/he wanted to meet my father. the speech can go at the beginning as well as at the end of the sentence. In both the cases, we 2. There will be no change in the pronoun when the separate the words of the speaker by using a speaker reports his own words. comma (,). 3. We use quotation marks or inverted commas I said, “I am working in a bank.” (“…”) to introduce the words of the speaker. I said that I was working in a bank. Commas, full stops, question marks and other punctuation marks always go inside the inverted 3. Second person pronouns (you, yours) change commas. according to the person of the object of the Please note: The commonest reporting verbs in both reporting verb. direct and indirect speech are: say, tell, and ask. 2.RULES (INDIRECT SPEECH) He told her, “I will buy this dress for you.” 1. All inverted commas or quotation marks are He told her that he would buy that dress for her. omitted and the sentence ends with a full stop. I told her, “You are late for the meeting.” 2. Conjunction ‘that’ is added before the indirect I told him that she was late for the meeting. statement, ‘whether’ is used in case of ‘yes-no’ questions and no conjunction is needed in case of 4. Third person pronouns do not normally change. ‘wh’ questions. She said, “I owe money to him.” Example: (DIRECT SPEECH) She said that she owed money to him. Mukesh: What are you doing here? I haven’t seen you in the holidays. 4. CHANGES IN TENSE Reena: I’ve just come back from my native place. Mukesh: Did you enjoy the visit? DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Reena: I love my village. People are still so simple and loving. PRESENT TENSE Mukesh: Did you meet your relatives? Reena: Yes. I will show you some photographs. Are PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE you going to the school tomorrow? Mukesh: Yes. We must not miss the first day of the He said, “I love my He said that he loved his school after the holidays. country.” country. Reena: Good bye! See you tomorrow. (INDIRECT SPEECH) PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST Mukesh asked Reena what was she doing there and CONTINUOUS added that he hadn’t see her in the holidays. Reena explained that she had been just back from her native He said, “I am watching He said that he was place. Mukesh wondered if she had enjoyed the visit. TV.” watching TV. Reena told him that she loved her village and that the people were still so simple and loving. Mukesh PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT She said, “My brother She said that my brother has finished his work.” had finished his work. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Mohan said, “I have been Mohan said that he had studying since morning. been studying since morning. PAST TENSE PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT 147

15. Speech DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Rahul: Ram came yesterday. Rahul said that had come the day before. He said to me, “I went to He told me that he had Rahul: Ram will come tomorrow. cinema last night.” gone to cinema the night Rahul said that Ram would come the next day. before. CHANGES IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENTENCES Let’s see how we change different kinds of sentences PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT from direct to indirect speech. CONTINUOUS 1. ASSERTIVE SENTENCES: AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE They said, “We were They said that they had Geeta said, I love chocolates enjoying the meal at the been enjoying the meal Geeta said that she loved chocolates. restaurant.” at the restaurant. Ram said, I have not won a prize Ram said that he had not won a prize. PAST PERFECT (No change) 2. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES ORDER: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech She said, “I had not She said that she had are replaced by the word ‘ordered’. laughed at you.” not laughed at me. The manager said to the workers, “Leave the room at once.” FUTURE TENSE The manager ordered the workers to leave the room at once. FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE The teacher said to the boys, “Do not make a noise.” (NEGATIVE SENTENCE) He said, “I will read this He said that he would The teacher ordered the boys not to make a noise. book” not read that book. REQUEST: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are changed into requested. The words ‘Please/ FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Kindly’ are removed without any word in its place. I said to him, “I will be I told him that I would be The boy said to the shopkeeper, “Please give me waiting for you.” waiting for him. some milk.” The boy requested the shopkeeper to give him some FUTURE PERFECT TENSE milk. He said, “I will have He said that he would The son said to his father,” Please do not send me to finished the work by have finished the work school.” tomorrow.” by the next day. The son requested his father not to send him to Please note: If instead of “said”, in the direct speech, school. “says” is used, the tense in the indirect speech ADVICE: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech usually remains the same. are changed into advised. Direct speech: He says, “I visit the library every day.” The teacher said to him, “utilise your time.” Indirect speech: He says that he visits library every The teacher advised him to utilise his time. day. SUGGESTION: These sentences generally start with ‘Let us’. The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech 5. OTHER CHANGES IN WORDS are changed into ‘proposed to’ or ‘suggested to’. She said to her daughter, “Let us go to mall.” WORDS CHANGED INTO She suggested to her daughter that they should go to This That mall. COMPULSION: These sentences generally start with These Those “do not” He said to me, “Do not make haste.” Here There He forbade me to make haste. Now Then Sir/Madam Respectfully Today That Day Yesterday The Previous Day/the day before Tomorrow Following Day or Next Day Tonight That Night Good Morning, Good Greeted Evening, Good Day 148

15. Speech 3. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES Rules: Recapitulation: These kinds of sentences ask 1. Interjections (alas, aha, hurray, etc.) are used questions. (These include both Yes/No questions as well ‘Wh’ Questions.) along with sign of exclamation. “Where have you been?” he said. 2. Reporting verb, ‘said’ is always replaced He asked me where I had been. In yes/no questions, we use if or whether in the with exclaimed with joy, exclaimed with sorrow, indirect speech. exclaimed joyfully, exclaimed sorrowfully or “Will you come?” she asked me. exclaimed with great wonder or sorrow. She asked me if/whether I would come. He said, “Hurrah! I won a prize” She said, “Will you attend the party?” He exclaimed with joy that he had won a prize. She asked me whether I would attend the party. She said, “Alas! I failed in exam” 4. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES She exclaimed with sorrow that she failed in the Recapitulation: These sentences express our feelings exam. and emotions and we use mark of exclamation at the Ram said, “Wow! What a nice weather it is” end. Ram exclaimed with wonder that it was a nice weather. Work Plan He said, “Oh no! I broke my ankle.” He exclaimed with sorrow that he had broken his ankle. 5. OTHER KINDS OF SENTENCES (HOPE, PRAYER, WISH) D: My father said to me, “May you live long!” I: My father prayed that I might live long. D: She said, “I wish that I were rich!” I: She wished she had been rich. CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PRACTICE PERIODS SHEETS Starter activity and Key Points Direct & Indirect speech 3 PS-1 Self-test 1 PS-2 PS-3 Self-evaluation Sheet 149

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Complete the reported questions. Look at the II. Convert to reported speech. Look at the given given example. example. “What did you say?” - He asked me what _______ “Shut up, everybody!” said the teacher. _________________________________. Ans: The teacher ordered everybody to shut up. Ans: I had said 1. “Open the window, Ram.,” said Reena. 1. “Where are you?” - My friend asked me _____ 2. “Phone your mother right now.” the warden ___________________________________. told him. 2. “Which one will you buy?” – Mom asked him 3. “Don’t be late,” she warned him. ______________________________________ 4. “Don’t talk to any stranger on the way, 3. “Are you travelling soon?” - He wanted to Meera,” said the mother. know _________________________________. 5. “Don’t listen to a word he says,” she told me. 6. Mamta said, “Shyam, help me clean up your 4. “May I help you?” - The salesman asked me _____________________________________. room.” 7. Raghu said, “Shyam, Get out of my way.” 5. “Have you set your alarm 8. Dad said, “Boys! Stay away from the dog,” clock?” - Mom asked him 9. “Bruno, don’t scratch the sofa,” said Ram. ______________________________. 10. “Look after your sister,” said his father. 6. “Is Delhi the capital of India?” He asked his teacher _______________________________. 7. “Would you cook tonight?” - Ganesh asked her mother_____________________________. 8. “How long have you been standing here?” The clerk asked the visitor__________________. 9. “What do you do for your livelihood?” - She asked me _____________________________. 10. “Would you like a cup of tea?” – Reema asked the guest __________________________. 150

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Change the following conversation into II. Change the following exclamatory sentences reported speech. into reported speech. Look at the given Ms. Das: G opal, you aren’t doing well in class, and example. you probably won’t pass. He said, “Alas, I am destroyed”. Gopal: I know that, but I don’t have time to Ans: He exclaimed sadly that he was destroyed. study. Ms. Das: Why don’t you have time? 1. Raj said, “How clever you are!” Gopal: I have to take my sister to the hospital 2. The captain said, “Bravo, we have won the every day. In fact, I took her there last night. game!” Ms. Das: Are you the only one who can do that? 3. He said, “Good-bye, my friends”. Gopal: Both my parents work so there is no one 4. He said, “How sad the news is!” else. 5. Rahul said, “What a nice thing it is!” Ms. Das: T ake few days leave if you have family 6. My aunt said to me, “May you live long.” problems. 7. The visitor said, “Good morning. I am glad to Gopal: I may do that but my mother wants me to come to school every day. meet you.’ Ms. Das: Take care of your sister until she feels 8. You said to me, “How clever your action better. Gopal: She’s not sick. She is fine. was!” Ms. Das: W hy does she have to go to the hospital 9. He said, “Such a fool I am!” every day? 10. He said to me, “What a nice fellow your Gopal: She works there. She’s a nurse. brother is!” Ms. Das told Gopal that _____________________ and that _________________________. Gopal replied that ______________________ but _________________________. Ms. Das asked him ________________________. Gopal answered that ______________________. He further added that ______________________. Ms. Das asked him ______________________. Gopal answered that _______________ _________________. Ms. Das told Gopal _______________________. Gopal said that _______________________. Ms. Das told Gopal ________________________________. Gopal told Ms. Das that __________________________ and that ____________________. Ms. Das asked him ___________________. Gopal explained that ____________________ and that _________________________. 151

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Change the sentences from indirect to direct speech. Look at the given example. The woman said she couldn’t speak English. Ans: The woman said, “I can’t speak English.” 1. He told to me that he had never met us. 2. They told us they would travel the following day. 3. We told them that we were walking in the park. 4. She said that she had worked for the school for twenty years. 5. Mohan said that he had been trying to mend the wall since last Tuesday. 6. He said that he had been doing nothing at one o’clock. 7. The management said that the college would be closed down by the following year. 8. Mamta said she wished she could be independent. 9. He said that someone had been screaming in the garden. 10. Meera said that she would wash her hands first. II. Change the reported questions and requests into direct speech. Look at the given example. The doctor asked me to open my mouth. Ans: The doctor said to me, “Please open your mouth.” 1. Mom asked me if I was hungry. 2. The teacher asked the student what he wanted from him. 3. She requested me to help her sick child. 4. I asked them if they were waiting for me. 5. Father asked the child why he was crying. 6. The manager requested Mohan to join the company the following month. 7. Rahul asked his sister why she was interrupting him. 8. He asked his mother if he should lock the door. 9. She requested me to lend my laptop to her. 10. Reena told me not to eat so much. 152

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Complete the sentences in the reported speech. 4. “You used to exercise every day,” he said. Look at the given example. (10 Marks) He said I had used to exercise every day. “I admire you.” She said she ___________ me. 5. “I wish I was twenty years younger,” said Ans: She said she admired me. mom. 1. “It is too early.” - I said it ___________ too Mom said she wished she have been twenty early. years younger. 2. “I have replied to your email.” - He said that 6. “Answer the phone!” he told me. ___________ He told me I answered the phone. 3. “I met you yesterday.” - Shama told me she 7. “Where is Vivek?” she asked me. had met me ___________ She asked me where was Vivek. 4. “I cannot come.” - Meera said that 8. “Don’t shout at me,” he told me. ___________ He told me I didn’t shout at him anymore. 5. “I could fall down.” - He exclaimed 9. She said, ‘Hurrah! We have won the quiz.” ___________down. She said that they had won the quiz. 6. “I will give payment tomorrow.” - He said he would give payment ___________ 7. “The Himalayas are the highest.” - He said that the Himalayas ___________ the highest. 8. “I may lend you some money.” – Raj said ___________ some money. 9. “I have been reading a book.” - He replied that ___________ a book. 10. “You must rest.” - The doctor suggested that ___________. II. Compare the direct and indirect speech and 10. “I am waiting for someone,” he said. correct mistakes. Look at the given example.(10 He said that he is waiting for someone. marks) “I am not going to take this anymore,” said Seema. Seema said she was not going to take this anymore. Ans: Seema said she was not going to take that anymore. 1. “You have always been my best companion,” said Rahul. Rahul said that I was always his best companion. 2. “We never go to town,” said Raghu. Raghu said that they had never gone to town. 3. “I will talk to Ram soon,” she told me on Sunday. She told me on Sunday she will talk to Ram soon. 153

16. Voice Objectives At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: • How to use active and passive voice in their • Identify verbs in a variety of contexts. writing situations. • Analyse verbs to determine whether constructions • Choose verbs (active or passive) appropriate for is in active or passive voice. the audience and purpose of their writing Concept Map A ACTIVE: ACTIVE & PASSIVE: A sentence/claus SUBJECT+VERB+ PASSIVE OBJECT+VERB+ sentence/clause e in which the VOICE OBJECT SUBJECT in which we subject want to performs or causes the emphasize the action and the action object rather than the subject. The hunter killed the The lion was killed by lion. the hunter. Definition: Voice determines whether the subject accidents. performs or receives the action. 3. When the mentioning of the subject is not There are two types of voice in English grammar. 1. Active Voice: Subject performs the action. This necessary. • The burglar was arrested. voice is used in general writing. • Environment should be conserved.  Structure: Subject + Verb + Object Basic rules to change the voice Meera reads a book. • Interchange the places of subject and object. 2. Passive Voice: Subject receives the action. • The subject of active sentence becomes the Structure: Object + Verb + Subject A book is read by Meera. agent. Please note: When we change the voice, the meaning • Use of third form (past participle) of the verb. of the sentence does not change. Please note: The sentences with Intransitive Verbs Uses of Passive voice cannot be changed into passive voice. 1. To highlight the person or object that receives Recapitulation: an action rather than the person or object that Transitive verbs: These kinds of verbs require objects performs the action. after them. • The highways are being repaired. The lion killed the deer. (Active) • This palace was built in 1964. The deer was killed by the lion. (Passive) 2. When we don’t know or do not want to express Intransitive Verbs: These kinds of verbs do not who performed the action. require objects after them. • The window is left open. The sun rises in the east. (Voice cannot be changed) • Thousands of people get killed in road 154

16. Voice CHANGE OF SUBJECT Active Voice Passive Voice Active Voice Passive Voice She told me a story. A story was told by her. I Me She did not tell me a A story was not told by story. her. He Him She Her Did she tell me a story? Was a story told by her? You You Past Continuous Tense They Them was, were+being+3rd verb It It Active Voice Passive Voice We Us She was telling me a I was being told a story story. by her. Who Whom Please note: Sometimes there are two objects in She was not telling me a I was not being told a sentence. While changing the voice, we can make story. story by her. any one of the two objects, subject of the passive sentence. Was she telling me a Was I being told a story story? by her? Active: The waiter served the food to us. Past Perfect Tense Passive 1: The food was served to us by the waiter. had+been+3rd verb Passive 2: We were served food by the waiter. Active Voice Passive Voice CHANGES IN TENSES: They had raised Objections had been objections. raised by them. Simple Present Tense They had not raised Objections had not been is, am, are+3rd verb objections. raised by them. Active Voice Passive Voice Had they raised Had objections been objections? raised by them? Boys make noise. Noise is made by boys. Simple Future Tense Boys do not make noise. Noise is not made by boys. will, shall+be+3rd verb Do boys make noise? Is noise made by boys? Active Voice Passive Voice Present Continuous Tense He will give the money. Money will be given by him. is, am, are+being+3rd verb He will not give the Money will not be given Active Voice Passive Voice money. by him. Boys are making noise. Noise is being made by Will he give the money? Will the money be given boys. by him? Boys are not making Noise is not being made Future Perfect Tense noise. by boys. will, shall+ have been+3rd verb Are boys making noise? Is noise being made by boys? Active Voice Passive Voice Present Perfect Tense The company will have The quotations will have received the quotations. been received by the has, have+been+3rd verb company. Active Voice Passive Voice The company will The quotations will not not have received the have been received by She has told me a story. I have been told a story quotations. the company. by her. She has not told me a I have not been told a Will the company Will quotations have story. story by her. have received the been received by the quotations? company? Has she told me a story? Have I been told a story by her? Simple Past Tense was, were+3rd verb 155

16. Voice Please note: The following tenses cannot be changed into passive voice. 1. Present perfect continuous tense 2. Past perfect continuous tense 3. Future continuous tense 4. Future perfect continuous tense CHANGES IN MODALS: MODALS AUXILIARY VERB ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE IN PASSIVE VOICE She can bake a delicious cake. She cannot bake a delicious cake. A delicious cake can be baked by her. Can/ Could Can/Could+ be+ A delicious cake cannot be baked by 3rd verb Can she bake a delicious cake? her. Can a delicious cake be baked by Has to/ Have Has to/ Have They have to take an action. her? to to+3rd verb You must read this book. Must Must+3rd verb I may join this job. An action has to be taken. May may+be+3rd verb Might NO CHANGE This book must be read by you. Should NO CHANGE This job may be joined by me. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES (feelings and emotions like Do not drink too much coffee. command, order, advice, and request.) You are advised not to drink too much coffee. REQUEST: In passive voice, we start sentences with COMMAND OR ORDER: In passive voice, we start ‘You are requested to’. sentences with ‘Let or ordered to’ Please close the door. (Active) Open the window. (Active) You are requested to close the door. (Passive) Let the window be opened. Please lend me this book. Call the manager. You are requested to lend this book to me. You are ordered to call the manager. ADVICE: In passive voice, we start sentences with ‘You SUGGESTION: are advised to’. Help the needy and the poor. Do your work on time. (Active) The needy and the poor should be helped. You are advised to work on time. (Passive) Wear helmet for safety. Helmet should be worn for safety. Love the kids. (Active Voice) Respect parents. (Active Voice) The kids should be loved. (Passive Voice) Parents should be respected. (Passive Voice) Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Concept Map and Key Points Active & passive voice, recap of rules PS-1 PS-2 PS-3 Self-test Self-evaluation Sheet 156

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Change the following sentences from active to passive voice. Look at the given example. They were showing her round the house. Ans: She was being shown round the house by them. 1. We ought to treat our parents with more respect. 2. I had left my wallet behind. 3. You are to take this medicine daily. 4. The villagers considered him to be a noble person. 5. Rub this ointment on your arm every night. 6. Everyone avoids him. 7. The director himself praised Mohan. 8. He has served the army for thirty years. 9. The little boys were playing football in the garden. 10. You have messed up all my stuff. II. Change the following sentences from passive to active voice. Look at the given example. Meera had been left behind by the friends. Ans: The friends had left Meera behind. 1. This type of skin is shed by a rattle snake. 2. A lot of people have been benefitted by this project. 3. He will not be forgotten ever. 4. The new circular has been noted by all of us. 5. He was regarded as a hero by the people. 6. The teacher had been impressed by the little boy’s courage and determination. 7. An appointment had been made by me. 8. The goods have been delivered by lorry. 9. Calls were made by the many interested candidates. 10. The visitors are accompanied by a guide during the tour. 157

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the blanks with most suitable passive It ________ on the cover and a faint line ________ form. Look at the given example. with a pencil on your paper. The book ________ There was a car behind us last night. I think we so it does not move. A sharp pair of scissors ______ (follow). ________ and the paper ________ to size. The Ans: were followed book ________ and ________at the centre of the paper. The edges of the top and bottom of the 1. A riddle is something that ______ (can’t book ________ faintly ________. Then an extra ¼ solve). inch ________. The book ________ the paper. The paper ________ and the folds ________ a crease. 2. We couldn’t watch cricket yesterday. The The process ________with all the flaps. The match ______ (cancel). paper cover ________ around the book and the top cover of the book ________ carefully. A name 3. The problem ______ (fix). The machine is tag ________ to the cover. working now. 4. The guests ______ (hold up) by four masked men. 5. This monument is ______ (believe) to be over 500 years old. 6. The bus fares ______ (raise) three times this year. 7. The papers ________ (might/throw) away by the servants. 8. I learnt to cycle when I was very young. I ______ (teach) by my dad. 9. After ______ (arrest), the thief was taken to the police station. 10. Quite a number of illegal buildings ______ (demolish) recently. II. Read the following set of instructions and fill in the blanks in passive voice in an appropriate way. HOW TO COVER YOUR BOOK • To find the width of the book, lay the book open. • Put it on the cover and mark a faint line with a pencil on your paper. • Press your book down so it does not move. • Take a sharp pair of scissors and cut the paper to size. • Close your book and put it the centre of the paper. • Faintly mark the edges of the top and bottom of the book. • Then add an extra ¼ inch. • Take the book off the paper. • Fold the paper up to the spot marked and make your folds into a crease. • Repeat the process with all the flaps. • Wrap the paper cover around the book and tuck the top cover of the book carefully. • You can add a name tag to your cover. To find the width of the book, the book ________. 158

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Change the following group of words into passive voice as per the form of the verb given in the bracket. Look at the given example. English – speak – in this country. (PRESENT SIMPLE) Ans: English is spoken in this country. 1. This monument – build – in 1575 (PAST SIMPLE) 2. The highway – repair – at the moment (PRESENT CONTINUOUS) 3. The trees – cut down – last year. (PAST SIMPLE) 4. This room – paint – tomorrow (FUTURE SIMPLE) 5. When I came in – the fence– repair. (PAST CONTINUOUS) 6. This watch – repair – recently (PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE) 7. The car – drown – in the lake. (PAST SIMPLE) 8. The meeting – hold – in the main office. (PAST CONTINUOUS) 9. The curfew – enforce – because of tension (PRESENT PERFECT) 10. The banks – close – because of national holidays (FUTURE – SIMPLE) II. Identify whether the following sentences is in active voice or passive voice. Transform from active to passive and vice versa. Look at the given example. The garbage truck took away all the trash in the morning. Ans: Active. All the trash is taken away by the garbage truck in the morning. 1. Mohan was driving my car. 2. The lights in the room were switched on by Seeta. 3. The novel will be finished by him next week. 4. The class selected him the monitor. 5. Many people begin new projects in January. 6. Ms. Das is teaching the students algebra. 7. She bought ice-cream for the party. 8. All of the old magazines had been thrown out. 9. The door was broken down by the police. 10. Renu does all the work. 159

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and decide 3. After the first round, the applicants ______ to whether it is in active voice or passive voice. the main office. Look at the given example.  (10 Marks) • have taken • will take Ram was eating an apple. • will be taking Ans: active • will be taken 1. This landscape was painted by my 4. I _____ a free pass for a music concert. grandfather. • Has given • have been given 2. She opened the gift excitedly. • have given • will give 3. The packet was thrown away. 5. _____ the house _____ yet ? 4. They opened the door with a master key. • Is ... vacating • Has ... vacated 5. The man could not be seen anywhere • Has ... been vacated • Was ... vacate 6. Gyan was watching the birds. 6. These flowers ______ by my sister last year. 7. Reena found the car keys. • have embroidered • is embroidered 8. The pen had been lost by Mohan. • had been embroidered • can embroider 9. The child was given a warning earlier too. 7. All the final estimates ______ thoroughly. 10. He is using my phone. • should calculate • should be calculating II. Fill in the blanks with the correct option give. • should have calculated Look at the given example. (10 Marks) • should be calculated A function was held to celebrate the wedding 8. It was a light remark. It ______ seriously. anniversary. • is not taken • is not to take • Had held • is not to be taken • Holds • is not taking • Was held • Was to hold 9. This reference book ______ by the librarian himself. 1. What questions _____ you _____ in the • recommended exam? • were recommended • were ... attempting • have recommended • were ... attempted • was being recommended • are ... being attempted • have ... attempted 10. Every new application ______ carefully by the committee. 2. Gandhi’s biography _____ by a famous • is examined professor. • was examine • wrote • were examined • has written • has been examine • was written • writes 160

17. Connectors and Conjunctions • Identify different types of conjunctions and list them in different category. Objectives • Use them effectively in their writing. At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: • Define the term ‘conjunction’ Concept Map 161

17. Connectors and Conjunctions Definition: The conjunction is that part of speech CONJUNCTION EXAMPLE which helps us to join or connect two or more however We spent so much time on the than two words, phrases, or clauses in a particular project, however, the judges sentence. It helps in establishing a relationship in case didn’t like it. among these different parts of the sentence. in order to Take some money in case you Today we will learn kinds of conjunctions which are so that require it. classified according to the function they perform in a unless I want to work hard in order to sentence. until/till clear the entrance exam. Connectors are also called conjunctive words. These when He is learning French so that he words link two similar elements in a sentence. whenever can work in the embassy. 1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS while She won’t call me unless I call her These conjunctions link two clauses or phrases first. of equal value or equal status. They contain I have until/till Friday to prepare conjunctions FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) for my exam. Was she there when you came • I drank some water, for I was thirsty. (Works back home? here as because) She reads books whenever she has time. • Meera took her dress and wore it. While waiting for the food, we • He refuses to eat vegetables, nor will he chatted with each other. fruits. 3. CORRELATING CONJUNCTIONS  • He is thin but he is strong. Correlative conjunctions come in pairs. They help • We can go for a movie or we can stay at in correlating one sentence element to another. They include pairs such as “both/and,” “either/or,” home. “neither/nor,” “not/but” and “not only/but also.” • We all ought to grow old, yet we fear old age. • As/as – This dress is not as beautiful as the blue • It was raining so we could not go out. 2. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS  one. A subordinating conjunction is a word that connects • As many/as – There are as many roses as there are an independent clause to a dependent clause. Please note: When a dependent clause comes at sunflowers in the vase. the beginning of a sentence before the independent • Either/or – I want either the red dress or the blue clause, there is a comma between the two. However, when the independent clause comes first, there is no one. need to put a comma. • Both/and – I will buy both the dress and the CONJUNCTION EXAMPLE matching shoes. after I will leave after you come from • Whether/or – I couldn’t decide whether to buy the office. Although/ Although he failed last time, he blue dress or the red one. Though did not give up. • Neither/nor – I want neither the red dress nor the as As I was walking on the road, I saw him. blue one. as far as I trust him as far as he is • No sooner/than – No sooner than had I stepped concerned. as long as I will help you as long as you work out, it started raining. hard. • Not only/but also – I will not only buy the red as soon as Call me as soon as possible. because She told me her story because dress but also the matching shoes. she wanted my help. • Not/but – I will not buy the red dress but shoes before Please check your pockets before you go inside the hall. this time. even if Even if the sky falls down, I will go • Rather/than – He rather than preferred to stay at today. home go with them. • Such/that – Such was their friendship that no one could ever break it. • Scarcely/when – I had scarcely walked in when I heard my mother shouting. 162

17. Connectors and Conjunctions 4. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS  CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB accordingly additionally also anyway besides certainly comparatively consequently conversely elsewhere equally finally further furthermore hence henceforth however in addition in comparison in contrast incidentally indeed instead likewise meanwhile moreover namely nevertheless next nonetheless now otherwise rather similarly still subsequently then thereafter therefore thus undoubtedly yet • You must work hard; otherwise, your result will be affected. • Their car was bigger and therefore more comfortable. • No country, however rich, can afford the waste of its human resources. • Mother went shopping; meanwhile, I cleaned the house. Please note: Use a semicolon at the end of the first independent clause, followed by the conjunctive adverb, followed by a comma before writing the second independent clause. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS PS-1 Concept Map and Key Points Types of conjunctions PS-2 PS-3 Self-test Self-evaluation Sheet 163

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 8. Don’t call _______it’s something important. • Because I. Choose the correct alternative while filling in • Yet the blanks. Look at the given example. • Since My dad is boarding a flight ______ the rest of us • Unless will go by train. • and   9. Everyone was enjoying the fun _______ • as somebody got hurt. • even though   • Until • but   • Since Ans: But • Because 1. Our team will win the match _______ the • So weather remains stable like this. • If 10. I left the school _______I was 17. • But • Since • Although • Because • In order to • So 2. _______ you are new here, spend some time • When to go around. • since • until • because • despite 3. Keep quiet _______ go out. • Because • since • until • or 4. _______ he was very ill, he didn’t take any medicine. • since • until • though • because 5. The reviews about the movie were great _______ I watched it. • since • so • though • because 6. The cat caught a mouse _______ killed it.   • And • so • since • because 7. The rain was falling ______ I did not give up my walk. • And • Yet • since • because 164

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) II. Match the following sentences in the columns to make meaningful sentences. Look at the given example. 1 We wanted to see the movie A they found that it had been robbed. 1- H 2 People often eat junk food B or stay at home? 3 Shall we go for the football match C but it was too heavy. 4 We went to the seaside D though I like it very much. 5 I read through the book E because it is spicy and flavoured. 6 I cannot afford to buy this watch F And enjoyed ourselves very much. 7 Pick me up early, please G So that I could get some information. 8 I can show you the pictures H but there were no tickets available. 9 I tried to lift the table I If you would like to see them. 10 As they entered the house, J so we don’t get late for the party. 165

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Read the following passages and fill in the 2. Today’s youth has more freedom to find appropriate conjunctions as shown in the ______ exchange information. This is example below: possible ______ the invention of the 1. Malaysia lies in the tropics ______ is blessed Internet ______other forms of information with plenty of rain and sunshine. Many types technology. People are free to obtain of trees _____ plants grow here. ______ these information from different websites. ______ trees, there are some which bear delicious the previous generation did have access fruits. The durian is the “King of Fruits” to telephones, today’s youths often own which is an oval-shaped fruit about the size mobile phones, which gives them ______ the of a rugby ball. Its skin is green ______ yellow ability to speak with friends, ______ share ______ covered with many sharp thorns. pictures, music and videos with them easily. Inside, ______, the yellow flesh is soft and In the olden days, children had to ask their sweet. Its smell is very strong. The locals parents for money______ they needed to love the durian, ______foreigners find the buy something. Modern parents give their smell hard to bear. We are lucky to have children a lump sum monthly for their pocket such a huge variety of fruits. ______fruits money. Parents today are more educated like the papaya, pineapple, banana and star ______believe in teaching their children how fruit, they get imported fruits like apples to manage money from a young age. ______ and grapes, ______they are usually more they have decided on a reasonable amount expensive. ______we spend our money of allowance for their child, they leave it to mainly on local fruits. their child to decide on how to spend that money. ______, modern parenting allows youths more say in managing their money. 3. The following passage has not been edited. A conjunction has been omitted in each line. Write the omitted word along with the word which comes before and after it as shown in the example. Before word after Our journey uphill was a long twisting  (a) long and twisting one. We cycled till the top the view  (b) from there was spectacular remarkable.  (c) I challenged my friend to race riding  (d) down he protested. He warned me to slow  (e) down. I turned a deaf ear I was filled with  (f) excitement. I zoomed down. Trees bushes whisked (g) past me. I would certainly hurt myself I  (h) slow down. I applied the brakes they did not (i) respond. No sooner I came to a steep slope I ( j) found myself spinning on on down. I turned sharply (k) to avoid hitting a tree landed headlong into the (l) bushes. Luckily I didn’t injure myself it might not be (m) a soft landing it was surely a safer one! (n) 166

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Join each of the following pairs of simple sentences with, but, or & and. Look at the given example. The cat caught a mouse. The cat killed it. Ans: The cat caught a mouse and killed it. 1. This car is beautiful. This car is expensive. 2. The doctor tried his best. The patient died. 3. You must finish your work. You will not go to play. 4. She looked out. She saw Ram walking down the street. 5. I looked into the room. It was too dark to see anything. 6. Shall I keep it on the table? Shall I keep it on the bed? 7. I gave him the letter. I told him to post it. 8. He is very wealthy. He is not happy. 9. We were waiting for them. They didn’t turn up. 10. You can have tea. You can have lemonade. II. Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions. Look at the given example. The dog slept at our porch because it was raining heavily. Ans: because 1. Shut all the windows _________ the rain will not come in. 2. I returned his scooter to him _________came back at once. 3. The bell was not working _________ I decided to knock at the door. 4. _________ I was ready on time, I missed the bus. 5. The old man was very wealthy _________he was also very miser. 6. They had to stop the game _________it started raining heavily. 7. I have not taken your purse, _________have I seen it anywhere. 8. I went through the whole website _________ could not get the information I wanted. 9. I called my brother, but he was not in; _________ I left him a message. 10. The guests arrived _________she was preparing dinner. 167

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and point out the II. Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions. conjunctions in the following sentences. State Look at the given example. (10 Marks) whether they are coordinating or subordinating or correlative conjunctions. Look at the given She saw the bench was wet ______ she sat on it. example. (10 Marks) Ans: Yet You will succeed if you work harder. 1. The weather was cold and wet, ______, we Ans: If – subordinating conjunction had a great time. 1. My relatives arrived after I left for school. 2. The road is steep ________ narrow. 3. We know not what good ________ we have 2. I waited on the table till everyone finished the meal. lost it is. 4. She is gentle ________ kind to everyone. 3. I can’t lend you that book, for it is not 5. ________ my grandmother is old, she is available at the moment. energetic. 4. No sooner had I reached the school, than the 6. Ram was a strong athlete; ______ he failed to assembly started. win the race. 5. Give the child something to eat, else he will 7. The dress was not suitable for the occasion, fall sick. ________ she bought it. 8. The weather was not very pleasant ________ we stayed at home. 9. ________ you are back from your tour, we need to discuss the problem. 10. I don’t know ________I can spend that much money on a dress. 6. I will eat both vegetables and the fruits. 7. You can travel by train or you can board a flight. 8. Since the boy admitted his mistake, no action was taken against him. 9. My grandfather had shifted with us when I was a child. 10. I would rather remain hungry than eating junk food. 168

18. Figures of Speech Objectives SET 2 The clock struck midnight and the sky was as black At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: as ink. • To identify simile, metaphor, and alliteration in The new couch was as big as a bus and could hardly fit inside any room. poetry and prose She forgot her glasses and felt as blind as a bat • To critically appreciate a piece of poetry and The exam was a long never ending marathon. prose She works at a snail’s pace. • Use these devices effectively in their own compositions Starter Activity SET 1 The clock struck midnight and the sky was extremely dark. The new couch was massive and could hardly fit inside any room. She forgot her glasses and was not able to see anything clearly. The exam was very lengthy. She works very slowly. Read the above sets of sentences and compare them. • She is as pretty as a picture. (very attractive or You will find not much difference in the meaning but pleasant to look at) impact is certainly much more when we read the 2nd set of sentences. • Today clouds look like fluffy balls of cotton. The 1st set of sentences have been written in literal (clouds like balls of cotton) language. In the 2nd set of sentences, we find more colour and emphasis and they evoke more interest • Snowflakes like soft white feathers. (snow in us. When we use such colourful language which falling very softly) awakens our imagination, it is called figurative language. • a lawn like a green carpet (fine and lush green We use different figures of speech in “figurative grass) language” to achieve the desirable impact in the readers. • thin as a bookmark (extremely thin) Today our lesson is about some basic FIGURES OF 2. METAPHOR: A Metaphor is like a simile. Two SPEECH 1. Simile objects are compared, without the words ‘as or 2. Metaphor like’. It is an indirect comparison. 3. Personification • He was a lion in the battlefield. (brave like a 4. Alliteration lion) PURPOSE OF USING FIGURES OF SPEECH • Variety is the spice of life. (New and exciting 1. For adding beauty and variety-by using figurative experiences make life more interesting.) language. • She was a tower of strength in their trouble. 2. Clarity- a complex subject can be expressed (Great deal of support and comfort to others.) imaginatively and attractively. • He listened with a stone face. (A face which 1. SIMILE: A Simile shows a likeness or a direct shows no emotions.) comparison between two objects or events. A Please note: Both similes and metaphors link one simile is usually introduced with the words- like, thing to another. A simile usually uses “as” or “like” as, as……..so. whereas a metaphor doesn’t. It creates a relationship directly and leaves more to the imagination. Simile: You are like sunshine of my life. Metaphor: You are my sunshine. 3. PERSONIFICATION: In Personification, non-living objects, abstract ideas or qualities are spoken of as persons or human-beings. So in other words, we assign human qualities to a non-human 169

18. Figures of Speech object, animal, or an idea. • The tree leaves danced in the wind. (the branches were moving as if they were dancing) • The chair stood up straight and tall. (tall and upright looking chair) • The old and tattered house looked depressed. (old dilapidated house) • The wind howled during the rainstorm. (loud sound made by the wind) • Time flies when you are having a great time. (time passes quickly) 4. ALLITERATION: Repeated consonant sounds at the beginning of words. It is meant to be more than a tongue twister. It is used to emphasize something important that a writer or speaker would like to express. • The bouncing ball went high into the sky. (The “B” sound is repeated back to back) • Finally friends find Friday fun. ((The “F” sound is repeated back to back) • The quick cat climbed carefully. (The “K” sound is repeated back to back) • Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. (The “P” sound is repeated back to back) • She sells sea-shells down by the sea-shore. (The “SH” sound is repeated back to back) Please note: Alliteration is the repetition of sounds, not letters. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Starter Activity and Key Points Figures of Speech: Introduction PS-1 of Simile, metaphor, alliteration & PS-2 personification 170

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Write a noun for each adjective below that creates an alliteration. Look at the given example. Red ______ Ans: Red rose 1. brilliant __________________ 2. beautiful ____________________ 3. happy __________________ 4. gentle __________________ 5. cheap ___________________ 6. cooked _______________ 7. delicious ______________ 8. financial _________________ 9. flip _________________ 10. green __________________ II. Identify and explain the meaning of the personification in the sentences below. The feathers danced in the wind. Ans: Human quality of dance given to feathers. 1. The fire ran wild and spread really quickly. 2. The year raced by and before I knew, I was old. 3. The wind growled in the night. 4. My heart skipped a beat. 5. The yellow shirt yelled my name in the showroom. 6. The cookies screamed from the oven. 7. The lanes whispered quietly during the night. 8. The good news travelled fast through the school. 9. The opportunity knocked at his door. 10. The night was hostile and angry. 171

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) d) alliteration 9. Time flew faster than I expected. I. Circle the correct answer for each question below. The following expressions are example a) metaphor of what? Look at the given example. b) simile “As straight as an arrow” c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 10. The dark, cold and silent room. c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile Ans: simile c) personification 1. Love is blind. d) alliteration a) metaphor 11. The child’s tears were like raindrops. b) simile a) metaphor c) personification b) simile d) alliteration c) personification 2. “Lucky lady” d) alliteration a) metaphor 12. The sun is playing hide and seek with the b) simile clouds today c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 3. Your plants are begging for water. c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 13. The tornado consumed everything that stood c) personification in its way. d) alliteration a) metaphor 4. Her memory is cloudy since she cannot b) simile remember anything. c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 14. She was a kite, floating in her imagination. c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 5. “The city was a jungle.” c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 15. Our teacher is an encyclopedia of c) personification information. d) alliteration a) metaphor 6. Like a silent thief, the dog crept into the b) simile kitchen. c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 16. The wildfire ran far and wide across. c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 7. The lion licked his lips. c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile c) personification 172 d) alliteration 8. Her birthday was a storm of happiness. a) metaphor b) simile c) personification

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 17. She looks so good in these pictures, the camera just loves her. a) metaphor b) simile c) personification d) alliteration 18. Her life was a rainbow of experiences. a) metaphor b) simile c) personification d) alliteration 19. My thoughts fluttered from subject to subject like a butterfly. a) metaphor b) simile c) personification d) alliteration 20. My noisy sister was like a buzzing fly. a) metaphor b) simile c) personification d) alliteration 173

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