202110202-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-BIOLOGY-G08-PART2

Biology Workbook_8_P_2.pdf 1 17-10-2019 19:38:47 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Table of Contents 1 25 6 BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION 46 7 DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 70 8 PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 93 9 PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 109 11 WHY DO WE FALL ILL? 110 PROJECT BASED QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL AS-BASED PRACTICE QUESTIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS

6. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION AND BIODIVERSITY 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology i. Biosphere reserve –are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems promoting con- servation of biodiversity with its sustainable use. ii. Biodiversity –refers to the variety within and between all species of plants, animals and micro–organisms and the ecosystems within which they live and interact. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND BIODIVERSITY 1

iii. Flora –refers to the plants of a particular region, habitat, or geological period. iv. Fauna –refers to the animal life of a particular region, habitat, or geological period. v. Deforestation –is the cutting down and removal of trees in a forested area. 1.3 Key Concepts i. Gooty Tarantula spider and Great Indian Bustard has been declared as the endan- gered species by our government. ii. The variety and variability seen in plants and animals is called biodiversity. iii. A variety of living organisms are present in an area and they vary in different aspects. iv. To understand the concept of biodiversity, we need to understand present scenario with that of past scenario for which Rampachodavaram is the best example in AP. v. When animals vanish forever from the earth it is said that the species has become extinct. vi. A plant or animal species existing in such small numbers that it is in danger of becom- ing extinct is called endangered species. vii. Red data book/Red list book is a book published by IUWC which contains the details of endangered and extinct species. viii. Few examples of endangered species are Lion, Red fox, Spotted chital deer, Cycas, Nepenthes, Sandal wood tree etc. ix. Plants or animals species found restricted to a particular area of a country are called endemic species. For example, Kangaroo is restricted to Australia similarly Kiwi to New Zealand. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. How can you say that forests are biosphere reserves? Give reasons. [Refer to TB page 98 Q2] A. i. An area which is set aside, minimally disturbed for the conservation of the re- sources of the biosphere is called a biosphere reserve. ii. Of all the ecosystems, the forest ecosystem is the most notable biosphere reserve as they are protected zones with minimum disturbances. iii. Biosphere reserves are protected by the government regarding the following: SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND BIODIVERSITY 2

(a) Poaching and hunting are prohibited. (b) Illegal destruction of trees for any purpose is prohibited. Q2. What do you understand about the terms (a) extinct species (b) endangered species (c) endemic species? [Refer to TB page 99 Q3] A. i. Extinct species: The plants and animals that have vanished from the earth for ever are called extinct species. Eg. Woolly Mammoth, Dodo bird. ii. Endangered species: Vanishing is a warning signal about the organisms whose number has declined rapidly and the species might be wiped off from the earth in near future. Such organisms are called endangered species. Eg. Leopards, One–horned Rhinoceros. iii. Endemic species : The plants and animal species belonging to a particular area (zone), region or country, restricted to that region are called endemic species. Eg. Kangaroos are endemic to Australia; Kiwi bird is endemic to New Zealand. Q3. Observe the figure given below (Refer to diagram in TB) and answer the questions that follow: [Refer to TB page 98 Q1]in box (i) What do the areas with colour codes indicate? 3 (ii) Which areas show maximum biodiversity loss? (iii) Which area show minimum biodiversity loss? (iv) From 2010 –2050 what difference do you find in the state of biodiversity? (v) What steps would you suggest to conserve our biodiversity? SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND BIODIVERSITY

A. i. The colour code areas indicate that by 2050 the loss of biodiversity will witness un- precedented climate changes. Nearly 13 million natural ecosystems will be without any original species. ii. The red coloured areas indicate maximum biodiversity loss. iii. The non coloured (or white) areas show minimum biodiversity loss. iv. Between 2010–2050, the Earth’s natural resources will be limited to grasslands, mountains, arid and semiarid areas. v. Steps to conserve biodiversity: • Maintenance of environmental stability through preserving and necessarily restor- ing the ecological balance. • Restoration of degraded habitats to their natural state. • Checking soil erosion, prevention of floods and droughts by afforestation. • Preserving genetic diversity. • Rehabilitation of endangered and threatened species and their restoration to pro- tect their position in their former habitats. • Development of research and monitoring facilities, which will provide scientific un- derstanding towards biodiversity, its preservation and conservation. • Public understanding and support for biodiversity conservation, which is very im- portant. Q4. Identify the endemic and endangered species and write them against the pictures. [Re- fer to TB page 99 Q5] A. 4 i. Tiger –Both Endangered and Endemic species ii. The Great Indian Bustard –Endangered species iii. Nepenthes –Endangered species iv. Lion –Endangered species v. Peacock –Both endangered and Endemic species vi. Single horned Rhinoceros –Endangered species SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND BIODIVERSITY

1.5 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Make a list of animals/birds seen now and 30 years ago. Take the help of your elders and write a few reasons for their disappearance. [Refer to TB page 99 Q8] A. Given below is the table showing some species that have disappeared or are endan- gered. Flora Name of the species and Fauna Orchids species, sandalwood tree, cycas, Plants several medicinal plants, Rauvolfia serpentina etc. Animals Leopard, Indian Lion, Wolf, Red Fox, Red and Birds Panda, Tiger, Desert Cat, Hyena etc. Gharial, Tortoise, python, green sea turle etc. Peacock, Great Indian bustard, Pelican, Great Indian horned bill etc. Gold monkey, Lion tailed macaque, Nilagiri Langoor, Loris. The reason for their disappearance is excessive human exploitation and intervention. Q2. Select an area in your locality. Observe the animals (living and visiting) for a day. Pre- pare a list and plot a graph. [Refer to TB page 99 Q9] A. Students’ Activity Guidelines: i. Select any plot in your area. Record all the living species found within 10 m of the plot in every direction. ii. Observe the animals who are local inhabitant of that area and those who are visit- ing the area frequently as well as less often . iii. Is there any correlation between the number of visits and number and type of animal visiting that area. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND BIODIVERSITY 5

1.6 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. What do you understand by biodiversity? How can you say they have variations? [Refer to TB page 99 Q14] A. i. The variety and variability seen in plants and animals are called Biodiversity. ii. It is applied to the variety of species and ecosystems found on our own planet earth. iii. Biodiversity includes all life forms such as plants, animals, microorganisms on land, water, and air in which they live and interact. It is also known as biological diversity. iv. A variety of living organisms are present in an area and they vary in different as- pects. Variations may occur even in similar types of organisms. v. Variation is the term used to define the differences in plants and animals of same species or other species. vi. There are variations that are visible in the habitat they live, their adaptations and habits. Not all organisms can survive in the same environment. vii. The biotic and abiotic factors are also responsible for the variation. viii. Within the same environment, variations in terms of adaptations within a species or among different species determine the success in their survival. Q2. Most of our diversity is being lost due to human activities. Suggest a few ways to protect them. [Refer to TB page 99 Q15] A. Human activities such as agricultural practices, industrialization, over exploitation of nat- ural resources, lifestyle etc. are main reasons for the loss of biodiversity. Some suggestions to protect biodiversity include: i. Illegal poaching, hunting and encroachment should be prohibited. ii. Deforestation should be replaced by afforestation. iii. Endangered species must be taken care of in their habitats. Care should be taken to increase their number. iv. Pollution in any respect should be reduced, we must put a check on animals dying due to air, water and soil pollution. v. Biosphere reserves, sanctuaries and national parks should be increased in num- ber. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND BIODIVERSITY 6

SESSION 2 ORIGIN AND VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology i. National park – is a large area hitched to conserve the wild life, particularly the wild animal species in their natural habitat. ii. Sanctuary – is a place where conservation of species takes place with an objective of allowing human activity in a limited way without affecting the habitat. iii. Migration – refers to the movement of birds for nestling from one region to another to avoid extreme cold and scarcity of food. iv. Invasive alien species – is a plant or animal that is not native to a specific location (an introduced species); and has a tendency to spread, which is believed to cause damage to the environment and other species present in its surroundings. v. Conservation – is the act of preserving, guarding or protecting. It may refer to preservation of biodiversity, environment, and natural resources, including protection and management. vi. Recycling – is a process to convert waste materials into reusable materials to prevent waste of potentially useful materials. SESSION 2. ORIGIN AND VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSER... 7

2.3 Key Concepts i. If any non–native species is introduced outside its natural habitat and if it spreads or invades, it is called an invasive alien species. ii. Project tiger which was launched in1972 has helped in increasing number of tigers from 2000 in 1973 to 3800 today. iii. All the organism in nature influence each other in some way or the other, there is a need to protect all of them. iv. A national park is a large area to conserve the wild life in their natural habitat. For example lions, tigers, rhinoceros etc. v. A sanctuary is a place where conservation of species takes place with an objective of allowing human activity in a limited way without effecting the habitat. One such example is the Pakhal sanctuary, Warangal. vi. Movement of birds from one region to another for food and shelter is called migration and such birds are called migratory birds. vii. Paper should be used thriftily as it is made from trees. Using more paper causes more deforestation, hence paper has to be recycled. 2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What is the scientific reason behind birds’ migration? [Refer to TB page 98 Q4] A. Migration of birds from high altitudes during the winter enables them to i. Avoid cold and stormy weather. ii. Avoid short day light hours available for the search of food. iii. Avoid those conditions that bring about a scarcity of food, such as freezing of water and snow surrounding the ground. In summers, they return to high altitudes due to availability of suitable nesting areas, long day hours for the search of food and abundant food supply by spring vegetation. SESSION 2. ORIGIN AND VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSER... 8

Q2. What is the need of conducting a biodiversity meet? Collect information about these meetings, when and where it was conducted and its agenda also. [Refer to TB page 99 Q6] A. i. Biodiversity meets are the need of the hour as they bring about awareness regard- ing why biodiversity is in jeopardy and how we can save the coming generations from becoming unaware of the existence of many animals and plants. ii. This leads to taking measures on how to conserve biodiversity. Recently a biodi- versity meet named UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was organized at Hyderabad during October 1–19, 2012. iii. The agenda concentrated on three primary areas –conservation, access and ben- efit of sharing and sustainable development. 2.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. Nowadays we find animals like leopards and bears intruding into our living places. Why do you think that happens? State a few reasons for it. [Refer to TB page 99 Q7] A. i. All the living organisms are interdependent in a food web with a definite trophic level. In the intricate food web, the function of every organism is important. ii. In the forest ecosystem, decrease of forest area due to deforestation results in food scarcity for herbivores like deer. Decrease in number of deer will lead to scarcity of food for leopards and bears. iii. So, in search of food they come out of the forest and enter the domestic area and kill the domestic animals. iv. Deforestation is the major cause which results in clearing of their habitat. There- fore, animals like leopards and bears intrude nearby living places. 2.6 Information Skills and Projects Q1. When tree is considered as an ecosystem, record the flora and fauna connected with it. [Refer to TB page 99 Q10] A. Students’ Activity. SESSION 2. ORIGIN AND VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSER... 9

Q2. Browse through the internet or books on wildlife and gather information on bird sanctu- aries in India. Prepare a list of birds migrating to India. [Refer to TB page 99 Q11] A. Students’ Activity. Students may browse the given links: i. www.walkthroughindia.com/wildlife/top–10–famous–bird–sanctuaries–of–india ii. study4success.in/list–of–bird–sanctuaries–in–india–pdf–download Q3. Visit your local forest office and collect the data of local flora and fauna. [Refer to TB page 99 Q12] A. Students’ Activity. Hints: i. www.thehindu.com Cities Hyderabad ii. forests.telangana.gov.in/WildLife/WLIndex.aspx iii. www.indianbotsoc.org/admin/uploaded/1%20T.%20Pullaiah.pd SESSION 2. ORIGIN AND VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSER... 10

2.7 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Where do you find most of the biodiversity on the Earth? Draw AP map showing maxi- mum biodiversity areas. [Refer to TB page 99 Q13] A. Biodiversity refers to all the life forms on earth. We mostly find maximum biodiversity in tropical rain forests. It is an example of biodiversity which typically possess a great number of diverse species. Students’ Activity. 2.8 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. When you see a park, sanctuary or a zoo with many kinds of plants and animals, how would you express your happiness? Write a few lines on them. [Refer to TB page 99 Q16] A. i. A park or sanctuary or a zoo has many kinds of plants and animals. Watching them for real instead of only looking at them on television or reading about them in books is a very exciting feeling. ii. Some of them may even be very rare species which we might not have seen before. iii. We will have a better idea of their habitat and suitable climatic conditions for them. By watching and observing them, we might also learn about their eating habits and the way they are treated. iv. Different kinds of birds making chirping sounds and numerous species of trees and plants would make our trip memorable and refreshing. Q2. Prepare an essay to give a talk on biodiversity and conservation. [Refer to TB page 99 Q17] A. i. “Biodiversity or biological diversity is the richness in species of all living micro and macro organisms occurring in a given habitat.” According to the World Resources Institute, “Biodiversity is the variety of the world’s organisms, including their genetic diversity and the assemblage they form.” ii. If one observes the surroundings, we find different kinds of organisms which vary in size, form and habits. The variation of life at various levels of biological organi- zation is termed as biodiversity. SESSION 2. ORIGIN AND VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSER... 11

iii. Biodiversity includes not only many species that exist, but also the diversity of populations that make up a species, the genetic diversity of individual life forms, and the many different habitats and ecosystems around the globe. iv. The use of the term biodiversity throws importance on our need to conserve not just particular animals, but the diversity of life around the world, including many plants and animals. v. There are many campaigns going on at local, national and international levels to balance the needs of human populations with the protection of endangered and threatened species. vi. Nature has varied forms of creation (plants and vegetation (flora), fauna (animals), insects, birds and microorganisms etc. vii. If all these survive, life would be smooth for all species on earth. Biodiversity would mean that there is a need for diverse biological varieties to coexist without the threat of extinction. viii. Human beings should restrain from actions that would erode species but do every- thing to protect them from extinction. This will not only protect the environment but also enable smooth human survival as well. Q3. Rani said, “Conservation of biodiversity starts from our home.” Is she correct? How do you support her? What will be your action regarding this? [Refer to TB page 99 Q18] A. i. Rani is absolutely correct. Reducing usage of paper, decreasing the usage of plastic, reusing the glass tins, redirecting water used for washing to plants etc. are all means by which we can conserve biodiversity directly or indirectly. ii. Reducing usage of paper –As paper is made from trees, trees are cut down to make paper. If paper is properly utilised, written on both sides and recycled, felling down of trees can be reduced, thus conserving biodiversity. iii. Reducing usage of plastics and reuse of glass tins results in lesser pollution in the ecosystem, which makes for a safer and healthier environment for all living beings. iv. Conservation of water by all possible means is important as sources of fresh wa- ter are very less and water is a very essential resource, without which life is not possible. SESSION 2. ORIGIN AND VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSER... 12

2.9 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. When we take steps towards conserving the tiger, what are the other things that have to be conserved? [Refer to TB page 99 Q19] A. i. The project tiger clearly shows that it is not just saving the tiger but conservation of the flora and fauna related to the tiger is also very important. If a tiger has to be saved its food web should be protected. ii. The tiger depends on deer for food. If the tiger disappears, the deer population will increase and will compete for a limited flora of the area. Some may die due to starvation. iii. If deer disappears, the grasses and plants will spread and flourish and the tigers will starve and die due to no food. iv. Thus, we can infer that all organisms in nature influence each other in some way or the other, so we need to protect all of them. Protecting forests from human interference will make it easier to conserve tiger. Q2. Prepare some slogans or a pamphlet to make people aware about conservation of bio- diversity. [Refer to TB page 99 Q20] A. i. Truth be told, Biodiversity is worth more than gold. ii. Biodiversity we must keep, so in the future we don’t weep. iii. Biodiversity is the way, so don’t let nature go astray. iv. Don’t let species go extinct, in this world we are all linked. v. One by one they can all disappear, only then will you shed a tear? vi. All for one and one for all, keep Biodiversity or our future may fall. vii. The more variety, the better society. viii. Biodiversity is the key, so we can all live in glee. SESSION 2. ORIGIN AND VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSER... 13

—— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. State true or false. [Refer to Session 6.2 ] (i) The success of the Project Tiger was achieved by enforcement of strict anti-poaching measures and scientific conservation practices. [ ] (ii) Moths should be protected for the conservation of biodiversity of plants. ] [ (iii) Recycled paper cannot be used for writing. [] (iv) If humans wish to rule this diverse bio–world he must serve with humility. ] [ (v) Conservation of deer resulted in a decrease in number of tigers. [ ] 2. Match the following. Column B [(Session 6.2)] a. Causing deforestation Column A b. Led to decrease in crows i. Hyderabad pigeon ii. Project Tiger c. Kolleru and Pulicat lakes iii. Conservation of biodiversity iv. Hub for migratory birds d. An important issue to protect our naturefor the future generations. v. Wasting paper means e. Increased number of tigers from 2000 to 3800 CHAPTER 6. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION 14

3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 6.2 ] (vi) What is Invasive Alien Species? (vii) List two reasons for an organism to get endangered. (viii) What is a National park? 4. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 6.2 ] (ix) activities are not allowed in any form in national parks. (x) To escape from Siberian cranes migrate to India. (xi) To make 1 ton of paper trees have to be cut down. (xii) Water hyacinth is an example of . (xiii) At present there are tiger reserves in our country covering an area of 5. State true or false. . [Refer to Session 6.1 ] (xiv) No two individuals have 100% similarities, even though they are twins. ] [ (xv) About 50% of lizards are endemic to Western Ghats of India. [ ] (xvi) Although microorganisms show diversity, we cannot consider it as biodiversity as mi- crobes are invisible in nature. [] (xvii) When animals vanish forever from the earth they are called extinct species. ] [ CHAPTER 6. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION 15

(xviii) Red data books symbolize endemic species. [] 6. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 6.1 ] (xix) Forests are reserves. (xx) Like the visible world, microbial world is also . (xxi) The variety and variability seen in plants and animals are called . (xxii) To understand the concept of , we need to observe present scenario with that of past scenario. (xxiii) Illegal poaching, hunting and encroachment should be . Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 6.2)] Why do scientists tell us to conserve small insects like bees and but- terflies? 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 6.1)] What does the Red Data Book published by the IUWC symbolize? Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 6.1)] Write a note on the biodiversity in Ramagundam 70 years ago. How did the erection of a thermal power plant affect it? AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 6.2)] What questions you would like to ask when you see Siberian cranes in India? CHAPTER 6. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION 16

AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 6.1)] Describe the process of evaluating diversity in human? Long Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 6.2)] How to make recycled paper from waste newspapers? AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 6.2)] Collect information on project tiger for a project report. AS5-Communication through drawing and model making Very Short Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 6.1 ] (i) Complete the given flowchart by filling up A. Long Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 6.2)] Identify the plant in the image below. How does it affect biodiversity? . 17 CHAPTER 6. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION

AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Very Short Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 6.1 ] (i) Write down the contribution of ecologist E. O. Wilson. Short Answer Type Questions 17. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 6.2)] Appreciate the role of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in con- serving wild life. Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 18. Choose the correct answer. (i) Which of the following are endangered species? (A) Wild Cat (B) Indian Street Dog 18 CHAPTER 6. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION

(C) Indian Black Pig (D) Broiler Hen (ii) Which of the following creatures damages nature and its biodiversity indiscrimi- nately? (A) Shark (B) Lion 19 CHAPTER 6. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION

(C) Leopard (D) Human being (iii) Assertion: Now–a–days cities like Hyderabad lack natural scavengers. Reason: In cities like Hyderabad, invasion of pigeons has led to a decrease in crows. (A) Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is correct explanation for Assertion (B) Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not correct explanation for Assertion (C)Only Assertion is correct (D)Only Reason is correct (iv) Which of the following is/are endemic species? (A) Lion (B) Hyderabad Pigeon (C) Peacock (D)Both B and C CHAPTER 6. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION 20

(v) When an animal vanishes forever from the earth it is said that the species has become (A) extinct (B) endangered (C) endemic (D) threatened (vi) Assertion: Tigers have a role in the food web. Reason: Lions don’t have any role in the food web. (A) Assertion and reason are correct and reason is correct explanation for assertion (B) Both assertion and reason are wrong (C)Assertion is correct and Reason is wrong (D)Only Reason is correct (vii) In which year World Biodiversity meet was conducted in Hyderabad? . (A) 2011 (B) 2012 (C) 2013 (D)None of the above years (viii) Many plants and animals are widely distributed throughout the world. But some of them are restricted to some areas only. What are these animals and plants called? (A) Extinct species (B) Endangered species (C)Endemic species (D)Threatened species (ix) Read the statement below and draw relevant information from it. (AS4) \"We should use paper thriftily as it is a product which is made from green source\" (A) For making a ton of paper only one tree is required (B) Wastage of paper leads to loss in biodiversity (C)Wastage of paper is not related to deforestation. (D)None of the above CHAPTER 6. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION 21

(x) Which of the following species is considered under flora? (A) Pelican (B) Nilgiri Languor (C) Gharial (D)Rauvolfia serpentine (xi) According to the list released by International Union of Nature and Zoological Society of London, which of the following are threatened species found in Andhra Pradesh? (A) Indian Roller and Dove (B) Indian Roller and Ongole Ox (C)Indian Bison and Sparrow (D)Gooty Tarantula, and The Great Indian Bustard (xii) Assertion: Some birds from faraway places migrate to Kolleru and Pulikot lake of Andhra Pradesh. Reason: In olden days people believed that these migrated birds are divine. (A) Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is correct explanation to Assertion. (B) Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is not correct explanation to Assertion. (C)Assertion is correct and Reason is wrong (D)Both Assertion and Reason are wrong (xiii) According to E.O. Wilson (ecologist), per day how many species are becoming extinct? (A) 24 (B) 27 (C) 29 (D) 22 (xiv) No two humans have same (B) height and Weight (A) iris and finger print (D)none of the above (C)hair length and nail length CHAPTER 6. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION 22

(xv) Assertion: This earth belongs to all the animals and plants, but every organism doesn’t have equal right to live as human being. Reason: Human being is only a part of the nature. He is not the most important on earth. (A) Assertion is correct and Reason is wrong (B) Both Assertion and Reason are correct (C)Both Assertion and Reason are wrong (D)A is wrong and R is correct. (xvi) Government of India launched project to save tiger in the year: (A) 1971 (B) 1972 (C) 1973 (D) 1974 (xvii) Kiwi bird is endemic to which country? (A) New Zealand (B) Australia (C) India (D) Africa (xviii) Which of the following birds migrate from Siberia to India in winters? (A) Seagulls (B) Ostrich (C)Siberian cranes (D) Flamingoes (xix) Non–native species are also called (A) threatened species (B) alien species (C)endangered species (D)none of the above (xx) Which of the following is a large area hitched to conserve wild life with no human activity? (A) Museums (B) Herbarium (C)National parks (D) Sanctuaries CHAPTER 6. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION 23

(xxi) W.W.F. stands for (B) World Wildlife Federation (A) World Wildlife Forest (D)World Wild Protection Force (C)World Wild Force (xxii) According to which ecologist does nearly 10,000 species or 27 species per day become extinct every year? (A) Aristotle (B) Birbal Sahni (C)E.O. Wilson (D) Linnaeus (xxiii) Conservation of wild–life with an objective of allowing limited human activity without disturbing the habitat takes place in a (A) national Park (B) sanctuary (C)zoological Park (D)botanical Garden CHAPTER 6. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION 24

7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS SESSION 1 ECOSYSTEM AND INTERDEPENDENCE 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. ECOSYSTEM AND INTERDEPENDENCE 25

1.2 Terminology i. Habitat – The area or type of environment in which a particular kind of animal or plant usually lives. ii. Ecosystem – is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interactingas a system. iii. Xerophytes – Plant species that get adapted and survive the dry climatic conditions. Examples: Cactus, Opuntia. iv. Food Web – is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what–eats–what in an ecological community. v. Producer – An autotrophic organism that serves as a source of food for other or- ganisms in a food chain. Producers include green plants, which produce food through photosynthesis, and certain bacteria that are capable of converting inorganic sub- stances into food through chemosynthesis. vi. Consumer – An organism that generally obtains food by feeding on other organisms or organic matter due to lack of the ability to manufacture own food from inorganic sources. SESSION 1. ECOSYSTEM AND INTERDEPENDENCE 26

vii. Decomposers –are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, and in doing so, carry out the natural process of decomposition. 1.3 Key Concepts i. A British botanist A.G Tansley coined the term Ecosystem in the year 1935. ii. An ecosystem is made up of group of living things and their environment. Living things like plants, animals and microorganisms are known as biotic components whereas soil, water, sunlight etc. are called abiotic components of ecosystem. iii. One can observe the interdependence between plants and animals for feeding, for space, reproduction and shelter etc. They are also interdependent on abiotic compo- nents like air, water, soil etc. iv. Food chains have three levels which include producer, consumer and decomposer. v. Producers are the one like algae, several plants etc. prepare their own food using sunlight. vi. Consumers derive their energy by eating producers or other plant eaters. vii. Decomposers which are also called as recyclers feed on wastes, debris of plants and animals or other remains after they die. viii. Organisms affect their environment to meet their needs. If the changes are minor, the ecosystem is stable. Some changes like too many birds eating insects reduce the insects’ population quickly. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Define an ecosystem. Explain it with a suitable example. [Refer to TB page 112 Q1] A. Any habitat of nature that includes plants and animals and non–living substances which interact to produce materials that can be exchanged between living and non–living parts of the habitat is called an ecosystem. (or) The living community, together with the physical environment forms an interacting sys- tem called the Ecosystem. SESSION 1. ECOSYSTEM AND INTERDEPENDENCE 27

Forest is an example of ecosystem. The various biotic and abiotic components of forest ecosystem are discussed below: Biotic components: a. Producers: Mangrove, spirogyra,euglena, oscillatoria, blue–green algae, ulothrix etc. These are termed as producers. They prepare their food with the help of sunlight and other materials. b. Consumers: Shrimp, crab, hydra, protozoans, mussel, snails, turtle, daphnia, brittle worm, tube worm etc. These are termed as consumers. They depend on other living organisms and get their energy from them. c. Decomposers: Detritus feeding bacteria etc. These are decomposers. They recy- cle dead plants and animals into chemical nutrients like carbon and nitrogen that are released back into the soil for plants. Abiotic components: Salt and fresh water, air, temperature, soil etc. are the abiotic components of a forest ecosystem. Q2. Explain how diversity of living organisms helps in enriching any ecosystem. [Refer to TB page 112 Q2] A. Ecosystem is enriched by diversity of living organism as: i. Diversity of organism forms different food chains. ii. Interaction of food chains and availability of food is increased. iii. As the availability of food is increased, the need of individual organism is fulfilled. iv. Sources of survival and life challenges are improved. Q3. What happens when two animals having similar habits share one ecosystem? [Refer to TB page 112 Q3] A. i. The functional role or the specific position of a species within the community is called its ‘ecological niche’. The ecological niche includes not only the space oc- cupied by an organism, but also its role in a community. ii. The habitat of an organism may be compared to the address of a person, and the niche to his profession. SESSION 1. ECOSYSTEM AND INTERDEPENDENCE 28

iii. A lizard and a frog can compete for a similar food they eat such as a small in- sect. Competition is found in two different species or within the same species. iv. When the niches overlap to a large extent, competition results in the elimination of one species. So if two animals have similar habits, the stronger one will remain and weaker one is eliminated from that place. Q4. What is the difference between habitat and ecosystem? [Refer to TB page 112 Q4] A. Habitat: i. A habitat is the ecological or environmental area where an organism lives. ii. The habitat of an organism actually represents a particular set of environmental conditions for its successful growth. Ecosystem: i. The living community, together with the physical environment forms an interacting system called the Ecosystem. ii. An ecosystem can be natural or artificial, temporary or permanent. Q5. Who am I? [Refer to TB page 112 Q5] i. I am the base of food chain ii. I depend on plants and animal iii. I breakdown the remains of dead plants and animals A. i. Plants/Producer ii. Consumer iii. Decomposer Q6. Which of the following is producer? and why? [Refer to TB page 112 Q6] (a) fox (b) fungus (c) chicken (d) grass A. Grass is the producer as it can prepare its own food through the process of photosyn- thesis using sunlight and carbondioxide, hence it is called as producer. SESSION 1. ECOSYSTEM AND INTERDEPENDENCE 29

Q7. What do you understand by the term food web? Describe your own food web with the help of a diagrammatic representation. [Refer to TB page 112 Q7] A. i. Food chains in natural conditions never operate as isolated ones, but are intercon- nected with each other forming some sort of interlocking pattern, which is referred to as a food web. ii. For example: In grazing food chain of grasslands, in the absence of rabbit, grass may be eaten by mouse. The mouse in turn may be eaten directly by hawk or by a snake first, which is then eaten by hawk. Thus in nature there are alternatives, which all together constitute some sort of interlocking pattern –the food web. 1.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. An ecosystem had mice. What happens if a more cats were added to it? [Refer to TB page 112 Q8] A. i. Suppose there are many mice in a cat habitat. When a cat family eats mice, it helps to keep the number of mice in check; they increase in number faster than cats and so help to keep the cat habitat and the whole ecosystem healthy and stable. ii. But if there are too many cats eating mice, the mice population reduces quickly. In no time, there will not be enough food for the cats. iii. In this situation, some cats will have to leave the area or may die. This would result in imbalance in the ecosystem. SESSION 1. ECOSYSTEM AND INTERDEPENDENCE 30

1.6 Information Skills and Projects Q1. List out producers (plants, bushes trees), consumers (herbivores, carnivores) and de- composers that you observed in your agriculture field or school garden. [Refer to TB page 112 Q9] A. Producers: The observed producers were grass, plants, bushes and small trees present along the side of the agriculture field. Consumers: In the bushes and on the grass, rabbits were found which are herbivores. Some carnivores like dogs, snakes and hawks were also there. Decomposers: The decomposers like bacteria and some other microorganisms were also present. 1.7 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. In grassland ecosystem, rabbit eats only plants. They eat plants faster than the plant can grow back. What must happen to bring the ecosystem into balance? [Refer to TB page 112 Q10] A. Two possible things can happen: i. Some rabbits might leave the area or die and allow the plants to grow. This brings the ecosystem back into balance. ii. Secondly, if some carnivores are introduced to this ecosystem, they will eat a few rabbits. This will reduce the population of rabbits allowing the plants to grow back. Q2. Plant, tiger, rabbit, fox, hawk. Did you find any connection among the above list of things. If we remove rabbit from the list what will happen? [Refer to TB page 112 Q11] A. They form a food chain as: i. Plant → Rabbit → Eagle, Fox, Tiger. ii. In this food chain, the plants prepare food by the process of photosynthesis. iii. They are eaten by rabbit as its food. iv. These rabbits become food for eagle, fox or tiger. v. If rabbits are absent, the eagle, fox or tiger won’t get their food and may starve and die. SESSION 1. ECOSYSTEM AND INTERDEPENDENCE 31

Q3. What do you understand by interdependency of animals and plants? How do you ap- preciate? [Refer to TB page 112 Q12] A. i. Any ecosystem is made up of groups of living things like plants, animals and mi- croorganisms (biotic components) and others like soil, water, sunlight etc. (abiotic components). ii. All these organisms live together and interact with one another in many ways. There is a feeding relationship between plants and animals and interdependence also occur among them. iii. The oxygen released by the plants is taken in by the animals and the carbon diox- ide released by the animals is used by the plants during photosynthesis. iv. They are also interdependent for space, reproduction, shelter etc. biotic and abiotic components are also interdependent. v. Everybody appreciates the interdependence among biotic and abiotic compo- nents. Without abiotic components, biotic components cannot survive. Similarly without biotic components, abiotic components cannot form in nature. SESSION 1. ECOSYSTEM AND INTERDEPENDENCE 32

SESSION 2 TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM 33

2.2 Terminology i. Rodents –are small furry mammals whose teeth never stop growing. The rodent species includes mice, rats, squirrels, beaver etc. ii. Flora and Fauna –The plants of a particular region, habitat, or geological period is called as flora and the corresponding term for animal life is fauna. iii. Adaptation –is the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment. iv. Thermophile –is an organism, a type of extremophile that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between 41 and 122 °C (106 and 252 °F). Many thermophiles are ar- chaea bacteria. Thermophilic eubacteria are suggested to have been among the ear-liest bacteria. v. Mangroves –are trees, shrubs, palms or ground ferns, generally exceeding one half meter in height that normally grows above mean sea level in the intertidal zone of ma- rine coastal environments and estuarine margins. A mangrove is also the tidal habitatcomprising such trees and shrubs. vi. Energy Flow –is the amount of energy that moves through a food chain. vii. Nocturnal –is something that is active or happens during the night. An example of a nocturnal animal is bat. viii. Biotic components –are living things that shape an ecosystem. ix. Abiotic components –are non–living, chemical and physical parts of the environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Interaction of biotic and abiotic factor have resulted in the formation of different ecosys- tem. ii. The main ecosystem present in the biosphere are grassland ecosystem, forest ecosys- tem, desert ecosystem, fresh water ecosystem, marine ecosystem. iii. Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystems on earth, deriving nourishment from terrestrial fresh water and tidal salt waters. iv. The species composition of desert ecosystem is much varied and typical due to the extreme temperatures. v. Forest ecosystems have unique environment and are categorised based on the type and ages of trees, climate and soil. vi. The existence of living world depends upon the flow of energy and circulation of ma- terials through the ecosystem. SESSION 2. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM 34

—— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. State true or false. [Refer to Session 7.2 ] (i) There is nothing wrong in bringing about changes in an ecosytem. ] [ (ii) A habitat is shared by different types of plants and animals. [ ] (iii) An ecosystem can be temporary or permanent. [] (iv) Mangroves are the forests that grow in back waters low depth areas of sea shore. [] (v) 36% of absorbed solar energy is spent in heating water and land and in evaporating water. [] 2. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 7.2 ] (vi) is called the ship of the desert. . (vii) The energy source of the ecosystem is ecosystems. (viii) Xerophytic conditions are present in . (ix) Energy flows from to (x) The biotic component of an ecosystem is its . CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 35

3. Whom do you appreciate for . . . ? Column B [(Session 7.1)] a. Producers Column A i. For coining the term ecosystem ii. For being food for others b. Habitat iii. For being main source of energy for all c. Decomposers living things iv. For being dwelling place for animals d. Sun and plants v. For recycling soil nutrients e. A.G Tansley 4. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 7.1 ] (xi) In which system interrelationship between biotic and abiotic factors can be studied as a part of it? (xii) What shows us the interdependence between biotic and abiotic components in the form of nutrients and energy? (xiii) What is the dwelling place for plants and animals called? (xiv) Name the level of the food chain at which living things eat other living things to get energy. (xv) Rajini said that pond and forest are habitats, but Arjun argues that they are ecosys- tems. Who do you think is correct? 5. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 7.1 ] (xvi) The word ecosystem was coined by . CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 36

(xvii) The plants which derive energy by the process of photosynthesis are called . (xviii) The terminal organism in the food chain is a . (xix) Organisms that feed on plant and animal remains are . than (xx) A habitat is than an ecosystem, and a biome is an ecosystem. Short Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.2)] Why do we find fewer amounts of decomposers in desert ecosystems? What are these types? (ii) [(Session 7.2)] Classify different ecosystems. (iii) [(Session 7.2)] Write about the adaptations in desert plants. 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] What are the factors that can change an ecosystem very quickly? (ii) [(Session 7.1)] What are the levels in a food chain? (iii) [(Session 7.1)] ‘Some changes in a community of organisms affect other organisms’. Do you support this statement? Explain your answer with the help of an example. Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] How do changes occur in an ecosystem? AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] Why have ecologists classified ecosystems on different bases? CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 37

(ii) [(Session 7.1)] An ecosystem had deer. If more tigers were added to it, what would happen? AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Very Short Answer Type Questions Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.2)] Write down the difference in observation of biotic components while investigating desert ecosystem and mangrove ecosystem. Long Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] How can we study an ecosystem? AS4-Information skills and projects Short Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] Observe the food web given in the figure below. Explain where the food web starts and ends with examples. 38 CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS

(ii) [(Session 7.1)] Read the paragraph below and answer the given questions. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem). i. What do you understand by term ecosystem? ii. Does an ecosystem have a definite size? iii. Is earth considered as an ecosystem? iv. List out the abiotic factors in an ecosystem. v. How are biotic and abiotic factors liked together? (iii) [(Session 7.1)] Define food web. What happens when plants and animals die in a food web? AS5-Communication through drawing and model making Very Short Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 7.1 ] (i) Draw a flowchart representing simple food chain. Long Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.2)] Observe the picture of pond ecosystem below and answer the following questions. CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 39

i. If all of the small fish in the pond system died one year from a disease that killed only the small fish, what would happen to the algae in the pond? Explain your answer. ii. What would happen to the large fish? Explain why you think so. iii. What will be the impact of greater algal growth on abiotic factor such as water? AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Very Short Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 7.2 ] (i) What factor / factors can be appreciated for varied species composition of desert ecosystem? Short Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] How do you appreciate nature which has a lot of biodiversity in an ecosystem? AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Long Answer Type Questions 17. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] Why do we require energy in the ecosystem? CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 40

Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 18. Choose the correct answer. (i) are instrumental in bringing about changes in ecosystem (A) Monkey (B) Tiger (C) Birds (D) Humans (ii) The approximate solar energy absorbed in the atmosphere is (A) 57% (B) 59% (C) 60% (D) 40% (iii) Artificial ecosystem: (B) River (A) Forest (D) Pond (C)Crop field (iv) is a basic unit of nature. (B) Ecosystem (A) Habitat (D)Food web (C) Biosphere (v) In the energy flow chart NU indicates (A) Total energy input (B) Net primary production (C)Energy not assimilated by consumer (D)Energy not used CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 41

(vi) Decomposers are also called (A) producers (B) consumers (C) recyclers (D)secondary producers (vii) Which of the following ecosystems is rich in flora and fauna? (A) Mangrove (B) Forest (C) Desert (D)All of these (viii) Which of the following can be a starting point for a food web? (A) Spirogyra (B) Amoeba (C) Insect (D) Deer (ix) In which of the following ecosystems numerous creeks and canals are found? (A) Desert (B) Mangroves (C) Forest (D) Aquatic (x) In which systems we study about the changes occurring in the habitat, like organisms moving away from the habitat or entering the habitat? (A) Biome (B) Hydrosphere (C)Ecological system (D)None of the above (xi) Why do succulents store water in their stem? (A) To increase the rate of transpiration (B) To become fluffy (C)For use during the time of water scarcity (D)To increase buoyancy CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 42

(xii) Coringa mangrove is named after the river (A) Ganga (B) Corangi (C) Godavari (D) Kaveri (xiii) The largest ecosystem present on earth is (A) habit (B) habitat (C) biosphere (D) stratosphere (xiv) Which of the following can change an ecosystem? (A) Powerful storms (B) Tsunami (C) Humans (D)All of these (xv) A living community cannot live in (B) isolation (A) hydration (C) dilation (D) congregation (xvi) Which of the following is abiotic component? (A) Salt (B) Freshwater (C) Air (D)All of these (xvii) Energy accumulated by plants in an ecosystem is called (A) consumption (B) primary production (C)secondary production (D)none of these (xviii) What is the relationship between plants and animals? (A) Hunting (B) Capturing (C) Feeding (D)None of the above CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 43

(xix) The word ecosystem was coined by (A) Haeckel (B) Aristotle (C) Tansley (D) Louis (xx) are the main flora in a forest ecosystem. (A) Trees (B) Flowers (C) Creepers (D)None of the above AS4-Information skills and projects 19. Choose the correct answer. (xxi) In the given diagram, what are the abiotic factors? (A) Water (B) Water, Air, Soil (C)Frogs and Deer (D) Plants CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 44

AS5-Communication through drawing and model making 20. Choose the correct answer. (xxii) Which of the given diagram represent a group of consumers? (A) (B) (C) (D)Both B and C CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 45

8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - PREPARING THE SOIL AND SOWING OF SEEDS 1.1 Mind Map Ploughing Levelling SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - PREPAR... 46

1.2 Terminology i. Crop Production –refers to the growing of staple food crops, fruits, nuts and other food crops and commercial crops. ii. Global Grain –Rice is the prime, most essential and important staple food crop, also called as ‘global grain’. iii. Ploughing –An implement or machine designed to move earth, snow, or other mate- rial by means of a strong blade. Ploughing makes soil loosen and soft, so that air and water can be transported easily. iv. Plots –are small pieces of ground, generally used for specific purposes. v. Levelling –makes the field flat, and the surface smooth using leveller. vi. Sowing –refers to planting seed(s) by scattering it on the earth. vii. Sprouting –A sprout is a small growth on a plant such as a little new bud. viii. Seed dispersal –is the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant. ix. Broadcasting –is the method of dispersing seeds by sprinkling. x. Seed Drill –is an instrument used to sow seeds in the soil. xi. Nursery plot –is an area of cultivated soil used for growing plants on before they are planted out, or for sowing seed. 1.3 Key Concepts i. The plants which are grown in large number to get useful food products are known as crops and the process of growing crops is called agriculture. ii. Crops that takes 180 days and above for harvesting are called long term crops. Few examples are jowar, red gram etc. iii. Crops that takes 100 days and below for harvesting are called short short–term. Few examples are green gram, black gram etc. iv. The crops grown in rainy season are termed as Kharif crops. Paddy, Chili, Sugarcane, Jowar, Cotton etc. are the crops grown in rainy season i.e., from June to October. v. The crops grown in winter season are called Rabi crops. Wheat, Maize, Coriander, Barley etc. are the crops grown in winter season i.e., from November to April. vi. Crop production is based on the flowering of plant. vii. Short night duration plants are the one where flowering will be more when the night duration is less than 12 ½ hours. viii. Long night duration plants are the one where flowering will be more when the night duration is more than 12 ½ hours. ix. In some plants night duration is not at all a reason for flowering. They can flower anytime during the year. x. Cultivation of paddy involves a series of activities. They are: preparing the soil, sowing seeds, transplantation, applying water and manures, weeding, harvesting and storing. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - PREPAR... 47

xi. Plough is used for ploughing which helps to loosen the soil and help in easy trans- portation of air and water. xii. A leveler is used for leveling the soil with this water and nutrients can be reached to every part of the land. xiii. Selection of good quality seeds is essential for good yield of crop. Good quality seeds will be winkle free, round in shape and heavy. xiv. National Seed Development Corporation of India preserves and promotes different varieties of seeds and supplies them to farmers. xv. There are different methods of sowing seeds –Broadcasting, using seed drill or by paddy planter. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. State reasons why wheat is cultivated in Kharif? [Refer to TB page 139 Q1] A. i. Wheat takes 8–10 weeks for growing. ii. After the growth of the plant, flowering starts. If grown in kharif season, by that time it would be winter season. iii. The duration of night would extend more than 12 ½ hours. iv. The flowering would not take place properly at that time. Hence, wheat is not cultivated in kharif season. Q2. Ramaiah’s field is flattened. Somaiah’s field has many ups and downs. Who will get more crop? [Refer to TB page 140 Q2] A. i. Ramaiah’s field is flattened. By levelling the soil, water and nutrients can reach to every part of the land. ii. As the soil is levelled, it is also ideal for sowing the seeds and planting. iii. Somaiah’s field has many ups and downs, water and nutrients cannot reach all the parts of the field. So, he will not get a good produce from his field. iv. Ramaiah will, therefore, get more produce than Somaiah. Q3. What are the advantages of ploughing? [Refer to TB page 140 Q3] A. The various advantages of ploughing are: SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - PREPAR... 48