Active English Coursebook 4

Spelling A. Read the words below. They have the double letters mm. hammer community summit mammal shimmer trimming swimmer command commit common stammer communicate B. Read the clues and complete the crossword with words from the word list above. 12 H 3 4I 5M 6 L 7 Across Down 2. A person or animal that swims 1. A tool used for driving 4. A group of people living in the in nails same place 5. Say something with difficulty, 2. Shine repeating the first letter of words 3. Order 6. An animal that nurses its babies 5. The highest point of with milk a hill or mountain 7. Occurring, found or done often © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 99

Listening Listen to the sentences. Write 1 to show which action came first and 2 to show which action came next. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 100 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

Speaking The villagers are expressing thanks to Ryan. We really appreciate what you have done for us. Now we can have clean water easily. Thank you You’re most very much welcome. for raising money to build the well for us. Tina is expressing thanks to her uncle. You are welcome. I hope you like it. Thank you for the lovely birthday present. Try it out Your partner has just found your lost notebook. Role-play how you would express thanks. Take turns to do this activity. © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 101

Writing A report provides information about an event that has already happened. Here are some points to keep in mind when you write a report. The title should be catchy and attention-grabbing. The report usually answers the questions who, what, where and when. Write a report for your school magazine about the Teacher’s Day celebrations in your school. Use the points given below to write your report. When and where was the event held? How and by whom was the venue decorated? Who participated in the event? How many performances were there? Give details of the performances. How did the teachers react? Did anything go wrong during the event? Did you enjoy the event? How would you make the event better? Give your report a catchy headline. Write your name and date below the headline. W B Unit 8, pages 45–46 102 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

Review What did you learn? Tick. An abbreviation is the shortened form of a word or phrase. An acronym is an abbreviation consisting of the first letters of three or more words. These letters are pronounced as a word. We use the past perfect tense to refer to something that happened in the past before the time we are talking about. We use the past perfect tense to describe the action that took place first and the simple past tense to describe the action that took place later. We use the past perfect continuous tense to show an action that was going on in the past when a second action took place. We use the past perfect continuous tense for the action that was going on in the past and the simple past tense for the second action. Some words are spelt with the double letters mm. Project Work Get into groups of five. Each group makes a class newspaper that can be read by family and friends. Paste or draw pictures for some of the news stories. Write headlines that will attract readers. Give the newspaper an interesting name. © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 103

9More Than an Artist Before you read What special talents do you have? What talents do you wish you had? Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was born on 15 April 1452 in Vinci, a town close to Florence in Italy. His father was Piero da Vinci, a notary, and his mother was Caterina, a peasant woman. As a child, da Vinci was taught basic reading, writing and maths. However, he showed incredible artistic talent at a young age. He would observe plants, animals and how things work. He spent a lot of time and put a lot of effort into making paints. He would look for different minerals, plants and animal products, and then grind them up to make new pigments for his paints. When he was just fourteen years old, he painted a realistic picture of snakes spitting fire and gave it to his father. At the age of fifteen, da Vinci became an apprentice of Andrea del Verrocchio, a well-known artist and sculptor of Florence. Under his direction, da Vinci studied anatomy, and was attached notary: a person who performs certain legal duties sculptor: an artist who makes figures (sculptures) out of stone, wood, metal or plaster pigment: substances used for colouring and painting anatomy: a branch of science which studies the apprentice: someone who is learning from a skilled bodily structure of humans and other living things master, usually for a fixed period with low wages 104 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

to a hospital where he dissected and studied corpses to Why did da see how bones, muscles and joints work. Vinci study Da Vinci received his first independent commission around corpses? 1482, to paint The Adoration of the Magi. Soon after that, he sent a letter to Ludovico il Moro, the Duke of Milan, asking for a job. In that letter, da Vinci wrote very little about his artistic talent. Instead, he emphasised his abilities as an inventor and military engineer. His letter included sketches of many fantastic machines which could be used in warfare. Da Vinci successfully convinced the Duke and went on to live and work in Milan for the next seventeen years as an inventor, scientist, engineer, painter, architect and sculptor. His desire to fulfil these different roles reflected his belief that art and science should be united, and an artist should know and express the laws of nature. The Vitruvian Man, The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa are da Vinci’s most famous works of art. He completed the Vitruvian Man around 1490. In 1498, he painted The Last Supper, which depicts a biblical event and shows the different reactions of the twelve disciples of Jesus when he announces that one of them would betray him. In 1503, after his return to Florence, da Vinci was commissioned to paint the Mona Lisa. This painting of a lady with a mysterious smile was What are da Vinci’s completed sometime between 1505 and 1507 and is most famous works probably the most famous painting in the world. of art? dissected: cut up so the anatomy can be studied desire: a strong feeling of wanting something corpses: dead bodies of humans reflected: showed commission: an order to produce something, such depicts: shows as a work of art, specially for someone biblical event: event from the Bible disciples: followers emphasised: gave special importance to abilities: skills © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 105

Starting from the 1300s, there was a period of great change in Europe. This period was called the Renaissance, when old ideas and ways of life were replaced by new ways of looking at the world. Da Vinci was an important part of Where and when this movement. He has been called a genius and a did the Renaissance Renaissance man. Like a Renaissance man, he tried take place? to gain knowledge in different fields and developed his abilities as fully as possible. In addition to being an artist, he was also a mathematician, inventor, engineer, scientist and anatomist. His observations and inventions, recorded in notes and drawings, include designs of flying machines, war machinery and mechanical dolls like modern robots. Although he never published his papers and notebooks in his lifetime, they show the extent of his learning and genius, as well as the diverse nature of his projects. Da Vinci had many contemporaries who were also important figures of the Renaissance. One of them was Michelangelo Buonarroti, who was born in Caprese, Italy, on 6 March 1475. Michelangelo was a prodigy who is What is best known for his magnificent sculptures and Michelangelo most frescoes. His most famous works are the huge marble famous for? sculptures, David and the Pieta, and the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel. He also designed the dome of St Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City. Michelangelo’s style was very different from da Vinci’s. His figures were strong, muscular and full of life. Every muscle extent: size and scale magnificent: grand and beautiful diverse: very different from each other frescoes: watercolour paintings done on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling contemporaries: living at the same time prodigy: a young person with extraordinary skills or qualities 106 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

and sinew was carefully crafted to achieve a lifelike effect. Da Vinci, on the other hand, created figures using a style that blended light and shade, so that there were no harsh edges. Both men used their knowledge of human anatomy but they applied it in different ways. Leonardo da Vinci died on 2 May 1519 in Amboise, France. Michelangelo died in Rome in 1564, after a short illness. After you read Which famous person do you really like? What do you like about him or her? Reading Comprehension A. Read the sentences below. Write T for True and F for False. 1. Da Vinci was born in Rome. 2. The Duke of Milan was convinced by da Vinci’s letter. 3. Da Vinci painted The Last Supper in 1498. 4. Da Vinci and Michelangelo were artists belonging to the Renaissance period. 5. Michelangelo was an apprentice of Verrocchio. 6. Michelangelo designed the dome of St Peter’s Basilica. B. Answer the following questions. 1. What was da Vinci’s belief about art and science? 2. How do you think da Vinci’s father reacted to his painting of snakes spitting fire? sinew: connecting tissue harsh: rough blended: mixed 107 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

3. Why do you think the Duke of Milan hired da Vinci? 4. Leonardo da Vinci was much more than a painter. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. 5. Do you think it is better to be good at one particular thing or should we try to learn as many things as possible? Why do you think so? C. Check your understanding of Finding Similarities and Differences. 1. Complete the table. Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo City of birth Country of birth Occupation Most famous works Style of figures 2. Complete the sentences. a. Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were born in different , but in the same . b. Da Vinci’s famous works are , while Michelangelo’s famous works are . c. Both da Vinci and Michelangelo studied , but they applied their knowledge in different ways. d. Da Vinci died in but Michelangelo died many years later in . 108 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

Vocabulary Leonardo da Vinci was only taught basic mathematics. Leonardo da Vinci was only taught basic maths. Maths is a clipped word. A clipped word is the shortened form of a longer word. Some of these words are informal, that is, they are only used while speaking but not in formal writing. Here are some more examples of clipped words. Original word Clipped word Original word Clipped word influenza flu refrigerator fridge gymnasium gym rhinoceros rhino vet champion champ veterinarian ad examination exam advertisement Fill in the blanks with the longer version of the clipped words given in the brackets. The (phone) rang. Dad told Mum that Sia had won the first prize in the science competition. The prize was a (bike). Mum smiled. She was always amazed at how hard the (teen) worked in the (lab). His (photo) would be all over the newspaper tomorrow. W B Unit 9, page 47 Try it out Pair up with a classmate. Take turns to name a clipped word. Your partner says the original word and makes a sentence with it. © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 109

Grammar Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo are two artists we are proud of, aren’t we? He hasn’t arrived, has he? A tag question is a short question added at the end of a statement. It is used to ask for agreement or to confirm information. When the statement is positive we use a negative tag. When the statement is negative, we use a positive tag. We put a comma after the statement just before the tag question. Match the statements with the tag questions. 1. You haven’t had your lunch, a. does she? 2. James is eating a mango, b. have you? 3. She doesn’t speak Spanish, c. aren’t they? 4. The children are playing d. isn’t he? basketball, W B Unit 9, pages 48–49 Mary visited the art museum last Monday, didn’t she? That was a bee, wasn’t it? These are not yours, are they? The pronoun in the tag question must match the subject of the sentence. The pronoun for this and that is it and the pronoun for these and those is they. 110 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns. 1. Cinderella wasn’t invited to the ball, was ? 2. You went to Justin’s place last summer, didn’t ? 3. We had a great time at the concert, didn’t ? 4. Elephants don’t swim, do ? 5. This mango is ripe, isn’t ? W B Unit 9, pages 48–49 You are delighted to have Kevin in your class, aren’t you? They weren’t able to swim, were they? Mandy will finish her painting soon, won’t she? The statement and the tag question have the same tense and verb. The builders went to the construction site this morning, didn’t they? Children like to paint, don’t they? If the statement has an action verb, the tag question uses the verb do. Fill in the blanks with the correct tag questions. Remember to add a comma where needed. 1. Your baby sister loves apple juice 2. Theo lives in New York 3. She didn’t watch the programme last night 4. She finished her meal W B Unit 9, page 49 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 111

Spelling A. Read the words below. They have the double letters ss. mess blessing toss express impress discuss lesson massage necessary dessert message assist possess massive successful B. Fill in the blanks with words from the word list above. 1. a dirty or untidy state of things: 2. have something belong to you: 3. something learned by students: 4. talk with someone about something: 5. very big: 6. throw something into the air: Listening Listen to the sentences. Number the question tags correctly. 1. doesn’t he? 4. aren’t I? 7. won’t you? 2. didn’t she? 5. shall we? 8. is it? 3. did they? 6. don’t they? 9. do they? 112 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

Speaking Pair up with a classmate. Each person chooses one picture to talk about. Cover the picture you have not chosen. Ask your partner questions to find out similarities and differences between the pictures. Remember to use tag questions. For example, you can say, Three birds are sitting on a branch, aren’t they? Your partner will look at his or her picture and reply, Yes, they are./No, they are not. AB Try it out Get into groups of three. Imagine you are sitting in a railway compartment. Make conversation with the other passengers. For example, This train is late, isn’t it? © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 113

Writing A biography is a recount of a person’s life written by someone else. Here are some points to keep in mind when you write a biography. The title of the biography should tell who the recount is about. The introduction must give background information about the person. Decide which events you want to give more details about. Mention where and when these events happened and the sequence in which they happened. In the conclusion mention the highlights of that person’s life and why he or she is worth remembering. Biographies are usually written in the past tense. Read the biography below. Super Simone Simone Ashley Manuel was born on 2 August 1996, in Sugar Land, Texas, in the USA. She started swimming when she was four years old. Simone has participated in and won many national and international tournaments. She won the gold medal in the 100 metre freestyle event at the Rio Olympic Games in 2016. She also won the silver medal in the 50 metre freestyle event there. Simone is the first African-American female swimmer to win an individual medal at the Olympics. Her victory is special because it shows that people of all races can succeed if they work hard. She is an inspiration for future generations of African-American women. Write a short biography on your favourite sportsperson or artist. Remember to give your biography a suitable title. W B Unit 9, pages 50–51 114 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

Review What did you learn? Tick. A tag question is a short question added at the end of a statement. It is used to ask for agreement or to confirm information. When the statement is positive we use a negative tag. When the statement is negative, we use a positive tag. The pronoun in the tag question must match the subject of the sentence. The statement and the tag question have the same tense and verb. If the statement has an action verb, the tag question uses the verb do. Some words are spelt with the double letters ss. Project Work Make a scrapbook describing your favourite artist. Paste pictures related to him or her in your scrapbook. © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 115

10 A Magical Journey Before you read What are you afraid of? Who do you go to when you are afraid or have a problem? Making New Friends A young girl called Dorothy and her pet dog, Toto, are blown away by a strong wind from their farm in Kansas to a strange and magical land. Dorothy must travel to the Emerald City to meet the Wizard of Oz who can help her return home. On the way, Dorothy and Toto meet and make new friends. Cast Dorothy Lion Scarecrow Toto Tin Man Scene A jungle with a cottage. A road paved with yellow bricks runs through. Dorothy and Scarecrow come out of the cottage. Dorothy has a basket of bread. Toto is running around the trees. Dorothy : (She stretches her arms and rubs her eyes.) We must go and search for water. Scarecrow : Why do you want water? scarecrow: an object dressed like a human figure that is paved: covered with bricks or stones filled with straw and placed in fields to scare birds away © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 116

Dorothy : To wash my face clean, and to drink, so the dry bread will not stick in my throat. Scarecrow : It must be inconvenient to be made of Why does flesh, for you must sleep and eat and Scarecrow feel it is drink. However, you have brains, and it inconvenient to be is worth a lot of bother to be able to made of flesh? think properly. (They walk together a few steps and find a little spring of water. Dorothy washes herself, drinks some water and eats her breakfast. Suddenly, they hear a deep groan.) Dorothy : What was that? (She takes a few Tin Man steps and finds a man made of tin standing perfectly motionless and holding an axe in the air.) Did you groan? Can I do anything for you? : Get an oilcan from my cottage and oil my joints. They are rusted so badly that I cannot move them at all. (Dorothy goes to the cottage, gets the oilcan and oils Tin Man’s joints.) Tin Man : (He sighs happily and lowers his axe.) Thank Why did Tin Man you. I have been holding that axe in the air thank Dorothy? ever since I rusted suddenly. How do you happen to be here? inconvenient: causing difficulty or discomfort rusted: metal damaged by exposure to bother: trouble water or moisture © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 117

Dorothy : We are on our way to the Emerald City to Tin Man Dorothy see the Great Wizard of Oz. Tin Man : Why do you wish to see the Great Oz? : I want him to send Toto and me back home to Kansas, and Scarecrow wants him to put a brain in his head. : Do you suppose Oz could give me a Why do you heart? If you will allow me to join your think Tin Man party, I will also go to the Emerald City wants a heart? and ask Oz to help me. (Just then, Scarecrow stumbles into a hole. Dorothy helps him get up.) Tin Man : Why didn’t you walk around the hole? Scarecrow : (cheerfully) I don’t know, maybe What does because my head is stuffed with straw. Scarecrow have I do not have a brain. instead of a brain? Tin Man : Oh, I see. I had brains, and a heart also. So, having tried them both, I should much rather have a heart. Scarecrow : I shall ask for a brain instead of a heart, for a fool would not know what to do with a heart if he had one. Tin Man : I shall take the heart, for brains do not make one happy, and happiness is the best thing in the world. (Enter Lion. He jumps onto the road, roaring loudly. With one blow of his paw he sends Scarecrow spinning, strikes Tin Man and then opens his mouth to bite Toto.) Dorothy : (She rushes forward and slaps Lion upon his nose.) Don’t you dare to bite Toto! You ought 118 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

to be ashamed of yourself, a big beast Why does like you, to bite a poor little dog! You are Dorothy call nothing but a big coward. Lion “a big coward”? Lion : (He hangs his head in shame and wipes a Tin Man Dorothy tear from his eye with the tip of his tail.) I was Lion Dorothy born that way, I suppose. Whenever there is Lion danger, my heart begins to beat fast. : Perhaps you have heart disease. If you do, you ought to be glad, for it proves you have a heart. I am going to the Great Oz to ask him to give me a heart. : I am going to ask him to send Toto and me back to my home in Kansas. : Do you think Oz could give me courage? My life is simply unbearable without a bit of courage. May I go with you? : You will be very welcome, for you will help to keep away the other wild beasts. It seems to me they must be more cowardly than you are if they allow you to scare them so easily. : They really are but that doesn’t make me any braver, and as long as I know myself to be a coward, I shall be unhappy. (Exit all) –Based on L. Frank Baum’s The Wonderful Wizard of Oz After you read Why do people sometimes pretend to be what they are not? coward: someone who is not brave unbearable: hard to tolerate or accept © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 119

Reading Comprehension A. Find words from the text that mean the same as the following. 1. soft part of a human body that consists mainly of muscles and fat: f h 2. not moving: m ss 3. make a deep sound when in pain: g n 4. a container for oil: o c 5. point(s) where two parts of a structure are joined: j (s) B. Answer the following questions. 1. “Why do you want water?” a. Who says this and to whom? b. What reply does the speaker get? c. Why does the speaker not need water? 2. “Did you groan? Can I do anything for you?” a. Who says this? b. Who is groaning? Why? c. How does the groaning stop? 3. Who do you think is the bravest in the group? Why do you think so? 4. If you could ask the Great Wizard of Oz to change one thing in your personality, what would it be? Why? 120 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

C. Check your understanding of Sequencing. [] [] 1. What happens while Dorothy is eating breakfast? [] [] 2. What happens immediately after Tin Man says that [] happiness is the best thing in the world? 3. Number the sentences in the correct order. Scarecrow stumbles into a hole. Dorothy finishes her breakfast. Dorothy slaps Lion upon his nose. Dorothy finds a stream. Dorothy oils Tin Man’s joints. Vocabulary Dorothy asked, “Did you groan?” Dorothy warned, “Don’t you dare to bite Toto!” We use different words to report what we or other people say. Reporting word How it is said declared firmly and forcefully sighed softly because we are sad, tired or relieved boasted ordered loudly firmly and strongly exclaimed suddenly or loudly because we are excited or shocked © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 121

Fill in the blanks with reporting words from the table. 1. Lion sadly, “I was born that way, I suppose.” 2. Tin Man , “Happiness is the best thing in the world.” 3. “You must keep your promises to us!” Dorothy. 4. “I am the strongest animal in the jungle,” Lion. 5. “Go and kill the Wicked Witch,” the Great Wizard of Oz. W B Unit 10, page 52 Grammar Dorothy said, “We are on our way to the Emerald City.” reporting verb Dorothy said that they were on their way to the Emerald City. We use direct speech to show the exact words spoken by someone. We put quotation marks around these words. We use indirect or reported speech to report what another person has said. Here are some rules we follow when we change direct speech to indirect speech. We remove the comma and the quotation marks. We change the words I, you, our or we to he, she, their or they. We change the tense if the reporting verb is in the past tense. We often use that after the reporting verb or word. Can, will, may and must become could, would, might and had to. Complete the sentences. 1. “I am tired,” said Mrs Brown. Mrs Brown was tired. 122 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

2. “It is definitely going to rain,” declared Mr Alonso. Mr Alonso declared it was . 3. “We went to Rome,” said Flo and Thomas. Flo and Thomas they had gone . 4. “I may be late,” Mother said. Mother she might be late. W B Unit 10, page 53 Try it out Pair up with a classmate. Take turns to say a sentence. Then, ask your partner to change it to indirect speech. Scarecrow said, “I do not have brains.” Scarecrow said that he did not have brains. Tin Man said to Dorothy, “I need a heart.” Tin Man told Dorothy that he needed a heart. We often use the reporting verbs said and told in direct and indirect speech. We use said when we do not mention the person spoken to. We use said to or told when we mention the person spoken to. The reporting verb said to changes into told in indirect speech. Change the following sentences into indirect speech using said or told. Write them in your notebook. 1. She said to her brother, “Water the plants.” 2. Tyler said, “I am the strongest boy in the class.” 3. “I am going to the gym,” Kate said to her brother. 4. Gina said, “I haven’t finished breakfast yet.” 5. “I didn’t understand the lesson,” Miguel said to his teacher. W B Unit 10, page 53 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 123

Spelling A. Read the words below. They begin with the letters sm, sn and sp. smile smooth smart smoke smear snug snorkel snip snore sneak spill sparkle splendid spare spend B. Read the clues and complete the crossword with words from the word list above. 1 Across 3. Air produced by burning something 2 5. Not rough 3M 6. Wonderful Down 4 R 1. Spread 5 2. Clever 4. To raise the corners of your mouth when you 6 L are happy Listening Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks with the correct reporting words. “Can you not give me brains?” Scarecrow. “You do not need them. You are learning something every day,” the Great Wizard of Oz. “That may be true,” Scarecrow, “but I shall be very unhappy unless you give me brains.” 124 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

The Great Wizard of Oz , “I cannot tell you how to use them, though. You must find that out for yourself.” “But how about my courage?” Lion. The Great Wizard of Oz , “You have plenty of courage.” Speaking Here are some expressions we can use when we ask for directions. Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to...? Can you give me directions to...? Garden Happy Homes What’s the best way to get to...? Cinema Hospital Where is the...? Hall We can use these phrases to reply. Museum Chemist Hotel Library go straight ahead Super JN Public turn left/right Market School across the road You are here Look at the map. Number the directions in the correct order to show the way to the garden. The first one has been done for you. 1 Go straight along this road. The garden is at the end of the road. Turn left after you reach the chemist’s. When you reach the end of the cinema hall, turn right. Try it out Get into groups of three. Use the map given above to ask for directions to some other place. © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 125

Writing We write a diary to keep a record of events that are important to us. If we have an opinion about any person or event, we write it in our diary. We do not usually share our diary with anyone else. We can make a diary entry every day or we can do it once in a while. While making a diary entry, you can use the tips given below. Always begin with the day and date. Record the events in the order in which they happened. Remember to include who, how, what, where and why. Write using pronouns like I, you, we, they, he, she. Read this entry adapted from a very famous diary, Anne Frank’s The Diary of a Young Girl. Saturday, 20 June 1942 Day and date It’s strange, writing a diary. Of course, I’ve Use pronouns like written things before, but who will be interested I, you, we, they, in the thoughts of a thirteen-year-old schoolgirl? he, she. Well, does it matter? I need a diary because I haven’t got a friend. No Present tense one will believe that I am completely alone in verbs to talk the world! And I’m not. I have loving parents and about how you a sixteen-year-old sister, a good home and about feel at the time of writing thirty people that I can call friends. But I haven’t got that one, true friend who understands me. So this diary can be my new friend. Imagine that you are Toto. Make a diary entry to record the events of the day when you met Tin Man and Lion. W B Unit 10, page 54 126 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

Review What did you learn? Tick. We use different words to report what we or other people say. We use direct speech to show the exact words spoken by someone. We put quotation marks around these words. We use indirect or reported speech to report what another person has said. We often use the reporting verbs said and told in direct and indirect speech. We use said when we do not mention the person spoken to. We use said to or told when we mention the person spoken to. Some words begin with sm, sn and sp. Project Work Get into groups of five. Take turns to act out the play in class. You may make masks of the various characters so that the audience can identify each one. © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 127

11 My Amazing Grandmother Before you read What is your hobby? What hobbies do people usually have? Grandma Climbs a Tree How old was My grandmother was a genius. You’d like to know why? Granny when she Because she could climb trees. Spreading or high, last climbed a tree? She’d be up their branches in a trice. And mind you, When last she climbed a tree, she was sixty-two. Ever since childhood, she had this gift For being happier in a tree than in a lift; And though, as years went by, she would be told That climbing trees should stop when one grew old And that growing old should be gone about gracefully, She’d laugh and say, ‘Well, I’ll grow old disgracefully. I can do it better.’ And we had to agree; For in all the garden there wasn’t a tree She hadn’t been up, at one time or another (Having learned to climb from a loving brother When she was six) but it was feared by all That one day she’d have a terrible fall. The outcome was different while we were in town She climbed a tree and couldn’t come down! in a trice: very quickly 128 outcome: result gracefully: in a respectful way © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

After the rescue, How do The doctor took Granny’s temperature and said, you think ‘I strongly recommend a quiet week in bed.’ Granny felt? We sighed with relief and tucked her up well. Poor Granny! For her, it was like a season in hell. Confined to her bedroom while every breeze Whispered of summer and dancing leaves. But she held her peace till she felt stronger, Then sat up and said, ‘I’ll lie here no longer!’ And she called for my father and told him undaunted That a house in a treetop was what she wanted. My Dad knew his duties. He said, ‘That’s all right You’ll have what you want, dear, I’ll start work tonight.’ With my expert assistance, he soon finished the chore: Made her a tree house with windows and a door. So Granny moved up, and now every day I climb to her room with glasses and tray. She sits there in state and drinks juice with me, Upholding her right to reside in a tree. –Ruskin Bond After you read Would you like to live in a tree house? Why or why not? confined to: not allowed to leave (a particular place) chore: task held her peace: remained silent in state: like a queen undaunted: not afraid to continue doing something reside: live in a particular place © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 129

Reading Comprehension A. Circle the correct answer. 1. Why does the poet call his grandmother a genius? a. She could climb trees. b. She was a scientist. c. She could build a tree house. 2. How many trees in the garden had Granny climbed? a. all b. none c. one 3. From whom did Granny learn to climb trees? a. from her father b. from her brother c. from her grandson 4. What was the different outcome? a. Granny fell from a tree. b. Granny could not climb down a tree. c. Granny refused to get out of bed. 5. Where did Granny want her house to be built? a. in the town b. in the hills c. in a treetop 130 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

6. With whose expert assistance was the treehouse built? a. the poet’s b. the doctor’s c. the brother’s B. Answer the following questions. 1. Why does the poet’s family sigh with relief? 2. Do you agree that Granny was young at heart? Give reasons for your answer. 3. If you had someone like Granny in your family, would you encourage her to do what she loved to do? Explain your answer. C. Check your understanding of Drawing Conclusions. Say whether the following conclusions are True or False. Give examples from the text to support your answer. Conclusion True/False Example from text 1. The poet loves Granny. 2. The poet’s father is a dutiful son. Granny enjoys 3. spending time indoors. © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 131

Vocabulary And that growing old should be gone about gracefully, She’d laugh and say, ‘Well, I’ll grow old disgracefully.’ A prefix is a letter or a group of letters that is added to the beginning of some words to form a new word. We add prefixes such as dis-, un-, im- and in- to some words to make their opposites. A. Add prefixes to the words given in the box to make their opposites. Then, write them on the blanks below. agree appear fair friendly movable comfortable correct possible direct like visible healthy B. Fill in the blanks with the opposites you made. 1. Molly and her twin look so similar that it is almost to tell one from the other. 2. The rainbow began to fade and after some time it completely. 3. The chair did not have any cushions. It was very . 4. We learnt about direct and speech in class today. 5. Junk food should be avoided because it is . W B Unit 11, page 55 132 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

Grammar My grandmother was a genius. The doctor took Granny’s temperature. Abby’s grandmother loves vanilla ice cream. A group of words that has meaning but does not make complete sense is called a phrase. (subject) (verb) Climbing trees should stop when one grew old. (clause) A group of words that has a subject and a verb is called a clause. A clause may form a sentence on its own or it may form part of a sentence. A clause that forms part of a sentence usually begins with a word such as and, but, when, where, that, if, because, unless or why. A. Read each group of words below. Write P for Phrase and C for Clause. 1. Because she could climb trees 2. At the top of the hill 3. Like the rustling of leaves 4. When she last climbed a tree 5. In the garden © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 133

B. Match the clauses with the phrases. Clause Phrase 1. Janet is having her a. all day long. breakfast 2. The children swam b. from the tray. 3. I thanked them c. at 9 a.m. 4. Ali was called to the d. in the kitchen. principal’s office 5. The boy took an egg e. for their kind act. C. Complete the sentences using suitable clauses from the box. but it mews when it is angry because it was going to rain why the dog is growling when Andy finished his homework and she saw a bunch of giggling children 1. , he went out to play. 2. The teacher entered the class . 3. I don’t know . 4. Diana carried an umbrella . 5. My cat purrs when it is happy . W B Unit 11, pages 56–58 Try it out Pair up with a classmate. Write down two phrases. Ask your partner to change them into sentences. Take turns to do this activity. 134 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

Spelling We usually add -ing, -ed or -en to a verb to change its form. When we do this, we double the final t for one-syllable verbs with a short vowel sound. pat patting wet wetting vet vetted A. Read the words below. knitted rotten setting batting potted dotted letting rotting getting hitting B. Add -ing, -ed or -en to the verbs given in the box. Then, use them to fill in the blanks below. sit set shut rot bat cut 1. The gulls flying just above the ocean with the sun in the background is a beautiful scene. 2. The shopkeeper was down the shop when we reached. 3. Steve very well but we still lost the match. 4. The woodcutter is the trees. 5. Can you see that old man in his armchair reading a book? 6. The fruits at this stall are all . Let’s go to another shop. © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 135

Listening Listen to the sentences and fill in the blanks. The words in the box will help you. formal appear healthy honest patient complete 1. You have given me work. Please it. 2. Eating fruits and vegetables is but eating junk food is . 3. Please wear clothes for the ceremony. You may change into clothes later for the party. 4. This magician can make several rabbits and magically. 5. Damian is an man. I refuse to believe he would do anything . 6. My brother hates to wait for anything. He is very but my sister is very . Speaking Here are some expressions we can use to make or answer a phone call. Hello. May I speak to…? Can I leave a message? Can I call back later? 136 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

Girl : Hello, may I speak to Dr Nathan, please? Receptionist : Hello, this is Medi Clinic. The doctor is busy in a meeting. May I know who is calling? Girl : I’m Maya. My grandmother is unwell. Could we come to see him now? Receptionist : I’m afraid he will be busy till 3 p.m. today. Girl : Can I leave a message? Please tell him my grandmother is unwell. She is sixty-five years old. I would like to make an appointment to see him as soon as possible. Receptionist : He will be able to see you at 3.30 p.m today. Is that okay? Girl : Yes, that is fine. Please make an appointment in the name of Mrs Angelo. Thank you. Receptionist : You are welcome. Try it out Pair up with a classmate. Imagine that you see someone fall down and hurt himself or herself. Role-play how you will call the doctor. Take turns to do this activity. Writing We write messages for many purposes such as to note down important information, to ask someone to do something or to apologise for something. A message should be brief. It can include phrases. It can be written without verbs, nouns, pronouns and articles. Read the phone conversation below. Mrs Cook : Hello, I am Mrs Cook. May I speak to Mrs Gonzalez? Ramon : Hello, Mrs Cook. I am Ramon. Mrs Gonzalez is not here at the moment. Would you like to leave a message? © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 137

Mrs Cook : Yes. Would you please tell her that we have a meeting at the Country Club tomorrow at 10 a.m.? Please tell her we can go together and ask her to return my call if possible. Ramon : May I have your number, please? Mrs Cook : Sure, it is 123456789. Ramon : Thank you, Mrs Cook. I will leave a message for Mrs Gonzalez. Mrs Cook : Thank you, Ramon. Bye. Now, read the message that Ramon left for Mrs Gonzalez. 12 June 2016 Mrs Gonzalez Mrs Cook called – meeting at Country Club tomorrow at 10 a.m. – wants to go with you – please call her at 123456789 Ramon Read the phone conversation below. Then, write a message for Mr Thomas. Mr Pitt : Hello, may I speak to Mr Thomas? You : I’m sorry, he is not at home. Would you like to leave a message? Mr Pitt : Please tell him that Andy Pitt called and that he should call me back. My phone number is 10002000. You : I’ll tell him. Mr Pitt : Thank you. When will he be back? You : I’m not sure. Mr Pitt : Okay. Please tell him to call me before 9 p.m. Bye. 138 W B Unit 11, page 59 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

Review What did you learn? Tick. A prefix is a letter or a group of letters that is added to the beginning of some words to form a new word. A group of words that has meaning but does not make complete sense is called a phrase. A group of words that has a subject and a verb is called a clause. A clause may form a sentence on its own or it may form part of a sentence. A clause that forms part of a sentence usually begins with a conjunction such as and, but, when, if, because, unless and as soon as. We double the final t for one-syllable verbs with a short vowel sound when we add -ing, -ed or -en to the verb. Project Work Get into groups of five. Read other poems and stories by Ruskin Bond that deal with nature. Choose any one poem or story. Why do you like that poem or story and how has it inspired you? Talk about it to your class. © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 139

12 A Greek Hero Before you read How does one become a hero? What does a hero do? Tell the class about your favourite superhero. Perseus and Medusa Why did Perseus’s grandfather treat A long time ago, there lived a king called Acrisius in him and his mother Greece. It was predicted that his grandson would so cruelly? kill him one day. So, when his grandson Perseus was born, Acrisius locked him and his mother in a wooden chest and set it afloat. The chest drifted to the kingdom of Polydectes, who allowed them to live in his kingdom. However, when Perseus grew up to be a young man, King Polydectes took a dislike to him and decided to get rid of him. One day, Polydectes claimed that Perseus had What do you insulted him. However, he could not order his soldiers think Perseus to kill Perseus because it would offend many people. will do now? Being a host, it was his duty to take care of his guests. So he decided to give Perseus such a dangerous task that he would get killed anyway. The task was to fetch the head of Medusa. She was one of the three Gorgon sisters, the most dreadful creatures in the world. Medusa was the most horrible of them! Instead of hair, she had poisonous snakes on predicted: said or guessed that a particular thing claimed: said something without giving proof would happen in the future offend: make someone angry afloat: floating on water dreadful: causing fear, extremely bad drifted: carried slowly by water © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 140

her head. Anyone who looked at her, even if it was by accident, would immediately turn to stone. Perseus was very worried. He could not refuse to do Why was the task as that would mean he was a coward. He Perseus prayed to the gods for help. Thankfully, the gods worried? took pity on him and came to his aid. Hades gave him a helmet that would make him invisible. Athena gave him a shield with such a smooth surface that it could act as a mirror and Zeus gave him a powerful sword. Hermes, the messenger of the gods, lent him his own winged shoes to help him fly. With a heavy heart, Perseus’s mother sent him off to find Medusa. Perseus was told that the only beings who knew where she could be found were the three wrinkly and ugly sisters, the Graiae, who lived on a cliff top. The sisters had only one eye and one tooth among them. When they heard Perseus coming, they were so excited that one of them dropped the eye. “Where’s the eye? Now none of us can see!” they wailed. Perseus saw the eye on the ground and picked it up. invisible: unable to be seen wailed: cried with a long high sound winged: with wings 141 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

“I have your eye,” he said. “Tell me how I can find Do you think the Medusa or I will throw it away.” Graiae sisters will The sisters replied, “You must travel three days east, answer Perseus? two days north, one day west and an hour to the south. Now, please give us back our eye.” Perseus gave the eye back and flew off. At last he came to the island where Medusa lived. He was lucky as Medusa was asleep when he landed some distance from her. He could hear the snakes on her head hissing and spitting. The snakes never slept at the same time and could feel that he was near. However, they could not see him because of the magic helmet. As he crept closer, he saw many statues of people who had been turned to stone. Perseus wondered how he was going to behead Medusa without looking at her. Then he remembered his shiny shield and decided to use it as a mirror. Looking at her in the shield, Perseus swung his sword and cut her head off. The snakes, however, did not die. So, taking great care, he put the head in a sack to take it to King Polydectes. As Perseus was flying over the sea in his magic shoes, he saw a girl chained to a rock and a huge monster swimming towards her! He flew swiftly down to the girl. She told him she was a princess who had been offered to the sea monster to appease the sea spirits. Her mother had Why were the offended them by boasting that she, Andromeda, sea spirits angry was more beautiful than they. Andromeda was truly with Andromeda’s lovely and Perseus fell in love with her. He freed mother? behead: cut off the head of spirits: imaginary creatures with appease: make peace by giving in to demands or wishes special powers 142 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

her by turning the monster to stone using Medusa’s head and the helmet of invisibility. Then, they went to the king, her father, who agreed to let them marry. After their marriage, Perseus and Andromeda set out for Polydectes’s kingdom. When they arrived at the palace, they found the king and his courtiers amusing themselves by teasing Perseus’s mother. They told her that her son would never return alive. Perseus was so angry that instead of giving Polydectes Medusa’s head in the sack, he took it out and showed it to him and his courtiers. They all turned to stone. Perseus then gave Medusa’s head to the goddess Athena and returned the weapons he had used to kill Medusa. After you read If Perseus were around today, what kind of things would you ask him to do to make your city safe? Reading Comprehension A. Match the names with the items. 1. Hades a. winged shoes 2. Athena b. one eye 3. Zeus c. shield 4. Hermes d. helmet 5. Graiae e. sword courtiers: people who have important positions in the court of a king or a queen © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 143

B. Answer the following questions. 1. Why couldn’t Polydectes order his soldiers to kill Perseus? 2. Who was Medusa? Why did Polydectes ask Perseus to get him Medusa’s head? 3. How did Perseus use the things given to him to kill Medusa? 4. How did Perseus use Medusa’s head to achieve his goals? 5. Why was it lucky for Perseus that Medusa was asleep when he found her? 6. Which action of Perseus shows that he loved his mother very much? 7. Do you think that Perseus was a hero? Give reasons for your answer. 8. If you were Perseus, which weapon of the gods would you have valued the most? Why? 9. What is your opinion of the gods in this story of Perseus and Medusa? What qualities do they have? 10. Do you pity Medusa or the Graiae sisters? Give reasons for your answer. C. Check your understanding of Making Predictions. 1. How do you think Polydectes felt when he saw Perseus return alive? 2. If Perseus finds out about how his grandfather had treated him, how do you think he will react? Would the prediction regarding his grandfather come true? 144 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

Vocabulary With a heavy heart, Perseus’s mother sent him off to find Medusa. (with great sadness) An idiom is a group of words put together to mean a different thing from the actual meanings of the individual words used. Here are some more examples of idioms. Idiom Meaning raining cats and dogs raining heavily with great success with flying colours be unsure about something have mixed feelings agree on something live independently and do see eye to eye things without help from others stand on his or her own feet Fill in the blanks with idioms from the table above. 1. Clem and Debbie about the offer. They can’t make up their minds if they should take it. 2. Adil was completely wet by the time he got home because it was . 3. Mira and her brother can’t on anything. They are always arguing. 4. Betty is an adult now. She should learn to and not keep asking her parents for money. 5. My sister had studied hard night and day. She passed the exam . W B Unit 12, page 60 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 145

Grammar Perseus declared, “I have beheaded Medusa!” Perseus declared that he had beheaded Medusa. When direct speech is changed to indirect speech, the tense of the verb usually changes. Here are some more examples of direct speech being changed to indirect speech. Direct He said,“I am hungry.” Indirect He said that he was hungry. Direct Gina said, “James is swimming in the sea.” Indirect Gina said that James was swimming in the sea. Direct She said, “Mr Benson has collected the parcel.” Indirect She said that Mr Benson had collected the parcel. Direct Amy said, “I ran all the way to the bus stop.” Indirect Amy said that she had run all the way to the bus stop. The table below shows how the tense of the verb changes from direct to indirect speech. Direct speech → Indirect speech simple present → simple past present continuous → present perfect → past continuous past perfect simple past past perfect 146 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5

“The Earth goes around the sun,” the teacher told us. The teacher told us that the Earth goes around the sun. Dad said, “Whales are mammals.” Dad said that whales are mammals. When direct speech is changed to indirect speech, the tense of the verb remains the same if the statement is always true. Perseus declares,“I have beheaded Medusa!” Perseus declares that he has beheaded Medusa. Colette says,“Melody is my best friend.” Colette says that Melody is her best friend. When the reporting verb is in the present tense, the tense of the verb does not change in indirect speech. Change these sentences from direct to indirect speech. Write them in your notebook. 1. “Bernard has finished his homework,” Bonnie announced. 2. The Graiae sisters wailed, “We lost our eye and we can’t see anything.” 3. Granny said, “Grandfather is walking in the garden.” 4. My teacher said, “Gravity is a force that occurs in nature.” 5. Uncle says, “Aaron is a well-behaved boy.” W B Unit 12, page 61–63 Try it out Pair up with a classmate. Make sentences stating two facts that are always true. Your partner writes down what you say using indirect speech. © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5 147

Spelling When adding -ing, -ed or -en, we double the final t of some verbs of more than one syllable when the stress is on the last syllable. emit emitting  regret regretted  forgot forgotten A. Read the words below. forgotten transmitted admitted allotted upsetting committed submitting permitted B. Fill in the blanks with words from the word list above. 1. Have you to bring your lunch to school today? 2. He spent twenty years in jail because he had a serious crime. 3. They us to park our car inside the building because we were special guests. 4. They spent a lot of time arguing among themselves and so were late in their work. 5. We should be careful about the water we drink as many diseases can be through water. 6. It was very to know that the parcel I sent home last week got lost in the mail. 7. The man that he stole the lady’s phone while she was busy tying her shoelaces. 8. The time for completing the assignment is three weeks. 148 © 2017 Scholastic Education International (S) Pte Ltd ISBN 978-981-47-8114-5