INTERNATIONAL MARITIME LAW

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Grinding or Comminution

• Comminutors can be used in anti pollution equipment to cut up and grind the coarse garbage into smaller sizes so that this will eliminate the problems caused towards unsettled garbage at sea. • A vertical rotating system is very common and a typical installation will usually have a revolving drum driven by a motor and inside it, there are multiple sets of moving teeth and shearing bars to tear apart the solids as it gets carried together with the wastewater flow. • Other designs of comminuting devices will have individual circular screen rotating in the opposite direction and as large solids passes through, it will be subjected to the shearing force exerted by both the outer and inner screens. • The small clearance between the moving and stationary screen will tear apart the solids reducing its size before it can pass through.

• A vertical rotating system is very common and a typical installation will usually have a revolving drum driven by a motor and inside it, there are multiple sets of moving teeth and shearing bars to tear apart the garbage. • Other designs of comminuting devices will have individual circular screen rotating in the opposite direction and as large solids passes through, it will be subjected to the shearing force exerted by both the outer and inner screens. • The small clearance between the moving and stationary screen will tear apart the solids reducing its size before it can pass through.



Grinding or Comminution Discharge of comminuted food wastes are permitted under MARPOL Annex V whilst the ship is en route. Such comminuted 2.10.1c or ground food waste must be capable of passing through a screen with openings ≤ 25 mm Outside special areas, ships operating ≥ 3nm from coast are urged to install & use comminuters which capable to yield waste into a particle size capable of passing through a screen with openings ≤ 25 mm Although unprocessed food wastes may be discharged beyond 12 nm, it is recommended that comminuters be used as they hasten assimilation into the marine environment. As food wastes comminuted with plastics cannot be discharged into the sea, all plastic materials need to be removed before food wastes are placed into a comminuter or grinder

2.10.1D BALLAST WATER TREATMENT PLANT Overview • A ballast tank is a compartment within a boat, ship or other floating structure that holds water. • A ballast water system allows a ship to pump water in and out of very large tanks and to carry a light or heavy load while maintaining ideal buoyancy and handling conditions in all situations. • A problem may arise when ballast water taken on by a ship contains unwanted marine organisms.



2.10.1D BALLAST WATER TREATMENT PLANT Ballasting operation layout http://www.lr.org/en/_images/229-77062_Understanding_Ballast_Water_Management_0314_tcm155-248816.0_August%202016.pdf

2.1D0e.-1baDllasting opeBraAtioLnLAlaySoTutWATER TREATMENT PLANT http://www.lr.org/en/_images/229-77062_Understanding_Ballast_Water_Management_0314_tcm155-248816.0_August%202016.pdf

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CHLORINATION https://www.slideshare.net/cmmindia2017/ballast-water-treatment-

ELECTROCHLORINATION https://www.slideshare.net/cmmindia2017/ballast-water-treatment-

ELECTROCHLORINATION https://www.slideshare.net/cmmindia2017/ballast-water-treatment-

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COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT BWMS https://www.slideshare.net/cmmindia2017/ballast-water-treatment-

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Garbage Management System Anti Fouling Systems Ballast Water Management Topic 11

2.11.1 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND (VOC) 2.11.1.1 VOC defined – substance easily vaporized at normal conditions and can enter atmosphere 2.11.1.2 VOC comprises of hydrocarbon, oxidized hydrocarbon and by-product organic compounds 2.11.1.3 List of VOC source of emissions 2.11.1.4 VOC emissions from ships could be due to incomplete combustion processes 2.11.1.5 Tankers may emit VOC during loading, washing and during voyage 2.11.1.6 VOC emissions rate depends on oil properties, mixing and temperature during voyage 2.11.1.7 Emission control a. Vapour pressure volatility b. Gas phase and volatility c. Vapour phase control and pressure setting d. Size and volume of vapour phase 2.11.1.8 Reg 15.6 of MARPOL requires crude oil tanker to have VOC management plan as per MEPS.185(59) guide to develop VOC management plan. 2.11.1.9 VOC management plan being specific to each ship 2.11.1.10VOCMP aimed at highlighting equipments required to comply with reg.15.6 of revised annex 15.6 and identify operational procedures to ship cofficer.

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2.11.1 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND (VOC) • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are compounds that easily become vapors or gases. • VOCs are released from burning fuel such as gasoline, wood, coal, or natural gas. They are also released from many consumer products: https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/chemicals-and-contaminants/volatile-organic-compounds-vocs

2.11.1 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND (VOC) Volatile organic compounds (VOC) – Regulation 15 • This regulation only applies to tankers. However, this regulation also applies to gas carriers only if the types of loading and containment system allow safe retention of non-methane VOCs on board or their safe return ashore. • There are two aspects of VOC control within this regulation. In the first, regulations 15.1 – 15.5 and 15.7, control on VOC emitted to the atmosphere in respect of certain ports or terminals is achieved by a requirement to utilize a vapour emission control system (VECS). • Where so required, both the shipboard and shore arrangements are to be in accordance with MSC/Circ.585 “Standards for vapour emission control systems”. A Party may choose to apply such controls only to particular ports or terminals under its jurisdiction and only to certain sizes of tankers or cargo types. • Where such controls are required at particular ports or terminals, tankers not so fitted may be accepted for a period of up to 3 years from the implementation date. Where VECS is so mandated the relevant Party is to notify IMO of that requirement and its date of implementation. • A Party regulating tankers for VOC emissions shall submit a notification to IMO. Notifications of VOC from Parties are available through GISIS ((Public users need to register to use GISIS). • The second aspect of this regulation, regulation 15.6, requires that all tankers carrying crude oil have an approved and effectively implemented ship specific VOC Management Plan covering at least the points given in the regulation. • Guidelines in respect of the development of these plans is given by resolution MEPC.185(59) and related technical information on systems and operation of such arrangements is given by circular MEPC.1/Circ.680. http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/Volatile-organic-compounds-(VOC)-%E2%80%93-Regulation-15.aspx

• VOCs in cargo tanks are caused by a build-up of positive pressure that occurs during loading, the loaded voyage to the discharge port and transit from discharge to the next load port. • During loading, the amount of VOCs into the inert gas tank atmosphere is linked to the oil's volatility, which is the tendency of a substance to vaporise. VOCs can be methane and non-methane (NMVOC). • As OCIMF informs, there are two generic approaches to VOC recovery, known as: • Active: Active systems include a compression steb followed by condensation, absorption and/or adsorption, and • Passive: Passive systems use vapour-balanced loading and unloading with VOC as blanket gas. https://safety4sea.com/ocimf-voc-emission-control-methods-for-oil-tankers/

The VOC emissions control methods, systems and procedures available for limiting VOC emissions from oil tankers while loading and during vessel transit are: • Reduced volatility • Cargo pipeline partial pressure • Vapour balancing • Thermal oxidation control • Absorption • Adsorption • Sequential transfer of tank • Membrane separation • Cryogenic condensation atmosphere • VOCON procedure.

However, as there are several types of VOC control methods on the market, and in view of the diversification of the cargoes, the paper recommends a robust risk assessment with the manufacturer. The risk assessment namely should: • encompass all the conditions that the installed VOC control methods will be certified to operate under, based on the potential safety hazards, • include the specific cargo operations the vessel may undergo, including fail safe conditions • determine personnel training requirements. https://safety4sea.com/ocimf-voc-emission-control-methods-for-oil-tankers/

2.11.2 GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. 2.11.2.1 Garbage management plan • MARPOL 73/78, ANNEX V, reg.9 – ships >400GT with ≥ 15px requires to carry GMP • Contents of GMP 2.11.2.2 Garbage Record book • ships >400GT with ≥ 15px plus fixed/floating platform are required to provide Garbage record book • Operations involved to fulfil the GRB • Various entries into GRB • Disposal criteria for cargo residues/ washing water residues









2.11.2.1 GARBAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN Factors contributes to marine pollution features not only sourcing from oil and harmful gas emissions but also garbage generated on-board ship during normal operation. Garbage elements are including plastic, synthetics, oil rags, cardboard boxes etc., which are equally harmful towards marine organisms and environment. 17

2.11.2.1 GARBAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN • Ship’s garbage refers to any kind of physical domestic and operational waste (excluding fish and parts thereof), food waste, generated during the normal operation and liable to be disposed continuously or periodically except those substances which are listed in other Annexes of MARPOL convention. • The Garbage Management Plan (GMP) is a complete guideline which comprises of a written procedure for collecting, storing, processing, and disposing garbage generated on-board ship as provided in Annex V of MARPOL. • Training must be delivered to staff for proper disposal and disposal 18 regulations at sea and special areas. http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/Garbage/Documents/Annex%20V%20discharge%20requirements%2007-2013.pdf

2.11.2.1 Garbage management plan HAJ_2012@NMIT DSM2305 19/5/2020 19

2.11.2.1 Garbage management plan • A GMP is mandatory for all ships above 400GT and on ships certified to carry 15 persons or more and written in the working language of the crew as per guidelines developed by the organisation. • The GMP is to be retained onboard as a record for a period of two years from the date of last entry. • A cum-responsible officer is assigned to maintain garbage management plan on-board. Chief officer usually assigned along with 2nd engineer (engine department). 20

2.11.2.1 Garbage management plan Overview Garbage Management Plan are developed following Regulation 10 of the Revised MARPOL Annex V GMP is to provide guidance to the Master and crew on the procedures for collecting, storing, processing and disposing of garbage, including the use of the equipment on board Garbage management plan contains a list of the particular ship’s equipment and arrangements for the garbage handling Specific garbage reduction procedures should be included in the GMP

2.11.2.1 Garbage management plan

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2.11.2.2 Garbage Record book Garbage Record Book exist in accordance with Regulation 9 annex V of MARPOL 73/78 The existence of the Garbage Record Book manages the ship waste. A record is to be kept of each discharge operation or completed incineration. This includes discharges at sea, to reception facilities. Each completed page of the Garbage Record Book shall be signed by Master of the ship. The entries in the Garbage Record Book shall be in English, French or Spanish as well as the language of the crew if it is other than one of these languages.

2.11.2.2 Garbage Record book

2.11.2.2 Garbage Record book ENTRIES IN GARBAGE RECORD BOOK When garbage is discharged into the sea • Date and time of discharge. • Position of the ship (latitude and longitude). • Note for cargo residue discharges, include discharge start and stop positions. • Category of garbage discharged. • Estimated amount discharged for each category in m3 • Initials of the officer in charge.

2.11.2.2 Garbage Record book ENTRIES IN GARBAGE RECORD BOOK (CONT’D) When garbage is discharge to reception facilities ashore • Date and time of discharge. • Port or facility , or name of ship • Category of garbage discharged. • Estimated amount discharged for each category in m3. • Signature of the officer in charge of the operation.