Berita Shell 1989

dan ingat: keselamatan di jalan raya amat pen- Dengan semangat Penswastaan Malavsia, Raya Negara telah membahagikan jawatan- permainan ini juga membolehkan Shell beker- kuasa kerjanya kepada'Konsep Tiga P': Pen- ting kepada kita!\" seru Puan Azizah. jasama dengan pelbagai agensi kerajaan dan jabatan untuk mendapatkan bantuannya yang guatkuasaan, Perjuruteraan dan Pendidikan.\" \"Saya masih ingat betapa kecewanya saya tidak ternilai itu untuk menjavakan pertandin- gan ini. \"Kami berasa gembira kerana dapat memain- apabila menerima surat saman kerana kesala- Setakat ini, iiada program lain 1,ang dapat kan peranan mendidik golongan muda tentang han lalu lintas yang saya lakukan, tapi memang menandingi Permainan Lalu Lintas Shell. keselamatan dijalan rava melaluiprogram yang seronok dapat menvertainva!\" Puan Azizah Malah, belum ada usaha lain yang menvamai terancang rapi. Permainan Lalu Lintas Shell program kami ini pernah dibuat oleh mana- bukan sahaja bersifat memberi maklumat dan mengakhiri perbualannya. \"Memang seronok\". Victor Foo, Pengurus mana pihak lain sejak 30 tahun vang lalu. Men- mendidik, malah dapat membantu memupuk gapa pihak swasta seperti ShellMalaysia meng- semangat muhibah di kalangan berbagai-bagai Latihan dan Pembangunan Hiliran juga ber- hamburkan wang, masa dan tenaga yang be- pendapat demikian. Victor menvertainva pada gitu banyak semata-mata untuk projek seperti kaum di negara kita. Permainan Lalu Lintas Shell ini? \"Memang kami tidak dapat mengambilalih tahun 1958, iaitu semasa beliau mewakili Encik Jack Chan, Pengurus Hal EhwalAwam peranan Kerajaan atau Majlis Keselamatan Sekolah Rendah Kebangsaan Batu Road, \"Sava Hrliran menjelaskan: \"Majlis Keselamatan Jalan Jalan Raya menggalakkan pendidikan tidak sedar tentang betapa pentingnya Memupuk sikap bertanggungjawab di kalangan anak muda. keselamatan di jalan raya. Program kami inl keselamatan di jalan raya, sehinggalah kami hanva merupakan pelengkap kepada usaha menlalani latihan untuk permainan itu. Saya masih ingat bagaimana permainan ini dapat kerajaan. Permainan Lalu Lintas Shell hanya merupakan satu cara untuk mendekati bakal menyedarkan saya tentang betapa mudahnya pengguna jalan raya k1la,\" ujar Encik Jack. pejalan kaki dan penunggang basikal men- dapat kemalangan kerana mereka terdedah Yang penting bagi Shell ialah dapat kepada lalu lintas. Usaha menvedarkan diri terhadap betapa pentingnya keselamatan di mewujudkan persekitaran yang baik untuk memupuk kesedaran terhadap pentingnya jalan rava meninggalkan kesan vang tak mudah keselamatan di jalan raya. Kami telah menjalan- dilupakan apabila sala saya memandu kan pelajaran keselamatan di jalan raya setiap hari di 16 buah gelanggang Permainan Lalu Lin- sekarang. Sava masih ingat bagaimana sava tas di seluruh negara. ini merupakan teras diajar di dalam permainan itu,\" kata Victor. Keselamatan di jalan rava amat penting bagi program pendidikan keselamatan dijalan raya dinegara kita, Justeru itu, Shell memang layak untuk murid sekolah. Ekoran daripada Permainan Lalu Lintas ini mengadakannva 14 negeri (termasuk maka terbentuklah kelab keselamatan di jalan Wilayah Persekutuan) di Malaysia. Setiap tahun, sebanvak kira-kira 30 per- raya di sekolah-sekolah dan terbitlah buku mainan diadakan, yang melibatkan 15,000 'Panduan Keselamatan di Jalan Rava' (tajaan Shell) serta beberapa projek 1ain, untuk men- murid. Permainan ini memberipeluang kepada syarikat berinteraksi dengan orang ramai, didik bakal pengguna jalan rava. terutama kepada mereka vang masih muda, I\"Sava percaya usaha kami ini tidak sia -sia,\" kerana Shell dapat memupuk sikap ber- Encik rnengakhiri penjelasannva. tanggungjawab vang menjadi asas keselamatan di jalan raya. &, *?rEir-E+Jwffiffi:+ls'-' Bahasa isyarat digunakan unfuk memberi penerangan lalu lintas kepada murid-murid cacat pendengaran. 30 BERITA SHELL |anuary 1989

Manik Sarawak: Kalaulah manik-manik ini pandai bercakap, tenfu sekali berbagai kisah dapat diceritakan. MANIK YANG MEMPESOI{AKAN Pernah dipakai sebagai simbol taraf, manik-manik ini pernah dianggap sebagai tangkal pemberi rahmat, pelindung dan penyembuh penyakit dan untuk membeli hamba! Kalaulah manik-manik ini pandai bercakap, tenfu berbagai kisah dapat diceritakan. ernah dijumpai di tapak-tapak satu generasi ke satu generasi. Sama ada di- bukti alam pemikiran abstrak manusia, gali bahan purba. Sesetengah pakai sebagai perhiasan oleh mereka yang kaum pula menanamnya ber- hidup atau hiasan mereka vang mati, vang Walaupun pada hakikatnva tidak mempunvai sama si mati. Namun, biasa- nyata ia tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan kehidu- nya dipakai sebagai perhiasan atau tangkal pan manusia pada setiap masa. kuasa seperti yang diperlukan psikologi man- vang dipercavai mempunvai kuasa ghaib dan Itulah manik namanya. -usia kerana tidak dapat menghasilkan bu- Manik dianggap sebagaisatu daripada artifak -ruan atau mewujudkan kemesraan manik luar biasa. Kiniia merupakan warisan daripada tetap merupakan hasil seni yang menjadi pres- tej, azimal, perlindungan dan kecantikan. BERITA SHELL |anuary 1989 31

seuntai manik lelaki, dipercayai memiliki kuasa ghaib. Loceng-loceng tembaga buatnya dengan meleburkan batang-batang diganfung di antara manik-manik unfuk mencegah semangatmanik daripada kaca kecil kemudian menusukkannya ke dalam bertelagah antara safu sama lain. manik hitam. Itulah sebabnya mereka dapat mencipta berbagai-bagai manik lampu yang Itulah dimensi kesejagatan manik. warna biru tua hinggalah yang berwarna biru- berbentuk roset atau jalur. hijau. Darjatnya lebih tinggi daripada yang Daya tarikan manik meiampaui batas masa banyak warna yang digemari oleh suku-suku Namun kini, pembaca mungkin mengatakan dan ruang. Di Malaysia, manik ielah lama men- lain seperti suku Kenyah, Kayan dan Lun manik Sarawak itu kelihatan berasal daripada Bawang,\" ujar Heidi Munan, seorang pakar jadi sebahagian daripada hidup, terutama luar negeri. manik tempatan. kepada kaum pribumi di Sarawak. Malah ter- Dua jenis manik kaca satu warna yang men- \"Jika begitu, orang-orang Sarawak tidaklah khuatir sangat,\" uiar Encik Heidi. \"Memang, dapat bentuk tertentu manik yang lebih dike- jadi pujaan tiga suku kaum ialah manik lampu kita pasti kaca tidak pernah dibuat di Sarawak, nali sebagai'manik Sarawak.' Venetian dan manik millefiori (berbunga' tetapi jangan kita lupa bahawa di Sarawak Kebanyakan daripada manik yang terdapat bunga). sudah ada suku kaum yang sudah mengetahui di Sarawak dibuat daripada kaca, diikuti de- Nama 'manik lampu' diperolehi kerana seni ukir batu untuk menghasilkan manik- ngan manik yang dibuat daripada batu. Manik mdnik ini biasanya diperolehi daripada kilang batu yang paling menarik ialah ienis yang sea- manik batu. Lebih daripada 90 peratus manik- kan-akan batu hablur. Manakala yang kaca pula kaca yang membuat lampu atau barang-barang manik Sarawak dan Borneo datang melalui per- bentuknya berbeza-beza sama ada yang ber- niagaan. Lebih daripada lima ribu tahun yang warna-warni atau yang saiu warna. Satu lagi kaca meja. lampau, manik telah dibawa orang dari sejauh ukuran yang dapat membezakan manik kaca ini Lautan Mediterranean, Eropah, Asia Barat, ialah kegunaan dan kepopularannya di kalan- Pada hakikatnya, kebanyakan daripada China dan India.\" gan sesetengah suku kaum pribumi tertentu. manik lampu yang berwarna-warni itu bermula Dr. Thomas Chung, doktor perubatan yang \"sebagai contoh, orang Kelabit di kawasan juga pakar barang-barang permata yang ber- bukit Bario amat menghargai '1et silo', manik -sebagai artifak warna hitam semata yang tauliah dan pernah mengumpulkan pelbagai kaca lut cahaya satu warna daripada yang ber- ;enis manik Sarawak, bersetuju dengan pen- biasanya menjadiwarna latar manik satu warna dapat itu. Sarawak. Walau bagaimanapun, beliau masih belum pasti kerana menurutnya sepanjang yang be- Pada mula-mulanya dahulu, mereka mem- liau pernah lihat, belum pernah beliau menemui kepala manik lain yang menyerupai manik Sarawak, meskipun kepala manik Sarawak mirip dengan manik yang diperolehi di barat, daripada segi bahan yang digunakan, warna dan rekabentuknya. \"Manik kita benar-benar unik,\" tambah be- liau bangga. Mungkin kerana asal-usul manik Sarawak sukar ditentukan itu menjadikannya bertam- bah menarik dan cantik. Mungkin kerana kesukaran itu menyebabkan orang berfikir asal- usul manik ini bertemakan alam angkasa atau mitos. Tema yang apabila diturunkan menjadi kepercayaan turun-temurun generasi ke generasi. Menurut kata seorang tua Bidayuh kepada Heidi, kuasa itulah yang memberikan manik kepada seorang wanita yang suci. Di Kaliman- tan, orang percaya, orang PeremPuan yang meniala di sungai yang deras airnya sering mendapat manik yang berwarna biru. Heidi menceritakan peristiwa yang pernah dilihatnya sendiri semasa beliau menghadiri temasya Hari Gawai di Mukah. Beliau melihat - -manik taring babi rusa seakan-akan turun daripada angkasa. \"Keadaan masa itu orang seolah-olah tidak sedar, dan pada masa itulah manik itu turun daripada angkasa,\" jelas Heidi. Heidi memberitahu bahawa keadaan pada peristiwa itu berlaku masih boleh dipersoalkan kerana sebelum upacara itu bermula ada orang yang menunjukkan gading yang seumpama itu kepadanya. Walau bagaimanapun peristiwa benar berlaku dan dapat disaksikan oleh -sesiapa sahaja yang hadir dan itulah yang memusykilkan! 32 BERITA SHETL January 1989

Peristiwa seumpama itu juga ada dilaporkan apabila ditunjukkan kepada orang yang lemah kemerah-merahan tidak boleh dipakai! Manik semangat akan merosakkan orang itu,\" tambah oleh H,N. Evans semasa beiiau melawat ke Heidi. ini hanya digunakan untuk menghalau pen- Sabah. Beliau menulis: Pada zaman dahulu apabila langit rendah, Kinorohingan (nama Manik terpaksa dijaga dengan rapi apabila di- garuh buruk di dalam mimpi yang tidak baik. dewa) akan berkata, melalui wanita yang hubungkan dengan kuasa ghaib, atau diguna- Untuk membuang sialitu mereka melontarkan sedang melakukan rundukan (memuja ruh), kan untuk upacara pemujaan. Biasanya, manik sebutir manik itu keluar pintu setiap kali dia akan menaburkan pasir daripada angkasa. yang dipakai untuk tujuan ini dibezakan antara mereka mimpi buruk! Perempuan-perempuan itu akan memben- yang dipakai oleh lelaki dengan dipakai perem- Apabila mengganti untai baru juga mereka puan. tangkan tikar, dan apabila mereka membuka harus membuatnya dengan hati-hati. ikatan rambutnya, maka jatuhlah kinokogis Dayung Baris Sepan (pawang wanita) mem- (ma nik cangkera ng) daripada rambutnya itu. Untai manik mestilah dimatikan dan tidak beritahu Heidi bahawa, sebagai seorang boleh longgar. Mereka mestilah mempunvai Memang dongeng yang mengatakan manik pawang, beliau memerlukan manik untuk semangat yang tinggi untuk mengganti untai berasal daripada angkasa itu didapati sama de- menguatkan jiwanya apabiia berhubung de- baru. Kerja mengganti untai itu mestilah di- ngan kuasa ghaib. Menurutnya, tidak ada lakukan oleh orang tua yang berpengalaman ngan kuasa dan pantang larang yang dikena- orang lelaki yang berani mengusik maniknya. yang cukup. Bagi orang Bidayuh, mereka akan kan pada manik seumpama itu. Anggota pemuja kuasa ghaib perlu mempunyai maniknya sendiri dan tidak membenarkan mengadakan upacara untuk memberitahu de- Heidi mengulas, meskipun manik-manik itu orang lain 'mengusiknya kerana ditakuti wanya yang mereka perlu menggantikan untai penunggunya akan bangun dan menampar tidak mempunyai kuasa ghaib, namun ia mem- maniknya. Walau apapun yang berlaku, manik muka orang yang mencerobohnya! beri 'kekuatan' jiwa kepada orang yang orang lelaki tidak boleh dicampur-adukkan de- Kaum lelaki Selakau, biasanya tidak memakainya atau yang memilikinya, dan itulah ngan manik orang perempuan semasa memakai manik (walaupun lelaki suku lain sebabnya mereka dilindungi oleh kuasa ghaib. menggantiuntai iiu. memakainya). Seperkara yang menarik untuk diketahui Bagi orang Kayan dan Kenyah pula, pawang Apakah akibatnya apabila memakainya? (manang atau syaman) menggunakan manik ialah semasa menguntai manik upacara atau Sebagai menjawab pertanyaan Heidi itu, manang untuk mengubati penyakit. orang tua itu berkata: \"Ah, tak boleh! Dia jatuh manik ubat, sekurang-kurangnya terdapat ke lubang dihutan!\" \"Manik itu ada kuasa, dan mestilah di- sebiji loceng tembaga yang digunakan. Loceng Begitulah ceritanya, Meskipun kaum wanita itu dipercayai sebagai setegah, yang menyatu- bungkus dengan beberapa iapis kain kemudian dibenarkan memakainya, mereka hanya di- disimpan di dalam bekas khas dan hanya akan benarkan memakaiyang baik sahaja. kan supaya semangat manik itu saling berse- tuju. Apabila loceng itu lebih daripada satu, diambil oleh manang untuk upacara mengubati Contohnya, manik yang berwarna coklat locengJoceng itu mestilah mempunyai bunyi orang sakit. Manik itu akan hilang kuasanya yang harmoni! apabila dilihat oleh orang perempuan,\" kata Di kalangan orang Dayak Darat pula, Dr. Chung. terutama Kelabit, manik biru digunakan untuk \"Oleh kerana manik itu amat berkuasa, Suku kaum Lun Bawang (Murut) dan Kelabit lebih suka memakai manik kaca yang lut cahaya 3ir warna kuning ke warna biru. BERITA SHETL January 1989

memberi semangat padi supaya benih yang di- Alangkah indahnya rantai-rantai manik ini apibila dipakai' tanam itu akan mengeluarkan hasil yang baik. seorang perempuan Kelabit, di sebuah kam- sepenuhnya. Motif haiwan seperti anling dan burung untuk orang golongan pertengahan. Caranya ialah dengan merendamkan seuntai pung akan memakai peta (tengkolok bermanik Manakala hanya motif hidupan yang kurang kaca atau batu seperti jenis 'carnelian' vang ter- jelas sahaja boleh digunakan oleh golongan -manik biru yang tidak cukup panjang untuk pilih) seperti orang memakai makhota. Kerja kaumnya yang 1ain. dibuat kalung dan terlalu panjang untuk diiadi- membuat peta daripada manik batu atau kaca Namun, pada hari ini batas sempadan seum- -kan rantai tangan kemudian airnya direniis- pama itu hanya tinggal sebagai catatan sejarah vang sukar itu memerlukan kemahiran dan kan pada benih padi yang akan disemai. warisan manik Sarawak. keterampilan sese0rang. Tidak hairanlah kalau Sebaliknya, orang Selakau pula Percaya peta dipakai oleh golongan tertentu sebagai Di samping bentuk setiap butir manik yang bahawa apabila bayi melihat dan menyentuh satu kebanggaan. -cantik dan menarik itu, nilai asal usulnva, manik akan menguatkan semangatnya. Mereka Benda-benda lain yang bermanik meiam- ekonominya, pelanannya, kebudayaannya dan akan berasa gembira apabila melihat bayi cuba kegunaannva dalam masvarakat - itulah vang mencapaikalung manrk kaca biru yang dipakai bangkan taraf seseorang secara tidak langsung. menjadiertipada setiap butir manik itu sejak ia Coniohnya ialah pakaian wanita dan kain men- dikenali oleh nenek movang suku kaum di sini, ibunya. dukung bayi. Rekabentuk (manik berjahit atau dan menladinya identiti manik Sarawak masa bersulam) pada pakaian tersebut bergantung Dikaji daripada segi teorinya, sebab utama kini. orang memakai manik, Robert Bross, ahli pada taraf golongan yang memakainya. Terima kasih kepada Heidi Munan, Thomas -psikiatrik berkata bahawa melihat dan tidak Sebagai contoh, kain mendukung bavi, ingan. SChung dan Ramsay Ong. -menyentuh merupakan deria utama bayi. Hanya ingan milik golongan atasan sahaia yang Bayiyang tertarik pada manik itu menggambar- boleh mempunvai corak motif orang kan perasaan ingin dibelai seperti belaian susu dan puting susu ibunya semasa disusukan. Bidan daripada kalangan suku Selakau akan memakai rantai manik biru yang diikatkan pada pinggang semasa membidani ibu yang hendak melahirkan. Mereka percaya manik ini akan melindunginya daripada risiko tugasnya sebagai bidan yang akan menentukan hidup matinya seseorang bayi yang akan diiahirkan itu. Rantai manrk itu diberikan kepada mak bidan itu sebagai sebahagian daripada up- ahnva. Walau bagaimanapun, iika keluarga iiu tidak mempunyaimanik itu, atau tidak mampu untuk membelikannya, mereka terpaksa meminjamnya daripada orang lain. Selain daripada segi metafizik, manik dianggap sebagai mempunyai nilai kekayaan dan kecantikan kepada orang yang memilikinya, terutama bagi mereka pada zaman dahulu. Pada zaman dahulu, manik digunakan di dalam bidang perniagaan dan perdagangan barang-barang seharian seperti beras, takar atau sarang burung. Manik juga digunakan sebagai bayaran untuk membeli hamba. Lukut sekala, manik yang mahal, biasanva, dijual dengan harga yang tinggi oleh golongan elit orang Kenyah dan Kayan. Seuntai lukut sekal boleh ditukarkan dengan seorang hamba. Ternyata, manik yang berbeza lenisnya mempunyai nilai vang berbeza-beza menurut suku kaum. Sina Kerab Inan, seorang Perem- puan tua Kelabit di Bario mempunyai manik yang didakwanya bernilai seorang hamba, Walau bagaimanapun maniknya itu merupa- kan jenis 'catnelian', manik batu yang menyerupai hablur dan bukan ienis lukut sekala. Di samping mempunyai nilai komersiai, manlk merupakan simboltaraf yang membeza- kan satu kelas dengan satu kelas yang 1ain, di dalam sesuatu masyarakat suku kaum pribumi. Benda-benda yang bermanik menunjukkan taraf pemiliknya, kerana benda itu merupakan oblekyang meniadi sanjungan sesuatu golon- gan kelas atasan atau orang kaya. Contohnya, 34 BERITA SHELT January 1989

agi kira-kira 30 orang kakitangan 'Lumpur' Shell, menyediakan'lumpur' rsatu sumbe dan adunan 'lumpur' bukan per- Di bawah struktur keluli setinggi menara di rig kara mainan kanak-kanak. Ia penggerudian luar pantai terdapat sumber kekuatan yang satu pekerjaan. Mereka ditugaskan sebagai jurutera 'lumpur' ataupun iuruteknik di jabatan tidak disangka-sangka: Lumpur. Kimia Pengeluaran, Sarawak Shell Berhad/ Safu sumber kekuatan dari makmal ]abatan Pengeluaran Kimia. Sabah Shell Petroleum Company Ltd (SSB/ -Wim van Beest Ahli Kimia Berkenaan berapa banyakkah kegiatan SSPC). Tugas mereka dianggap penting. penggerudian dijalankan, memadailah di- Pengeluaran Kanan. Pertamanya, tugas mereka yang melibatkan nyatakan bahawa Shell, selaku pengeluar ham- hampir separuh jabatan Kimia Pengeluaran mata gerudi yang bertindak sebagai alat pemotong. Ia kelihatan seperti buku lima pir separuh pengeluaran minyak mentah merupakan sebahagian besar daripada rasaksa yang tidak mengandungi buku jari tetapi gigi logam yang teguh. (Ia mempunyai Malaysia, telah, selama menjalankan operasi kegiatan dalam jabatan. Kedua, tugas mereka bertahuntahun, menggerudi lebih daripada garis pusat dari enam hingga 24 inci). 600 telaga kemajuan sedalam 1,000 hingga memberi banyak sumbangan terhadap Mata gerudi ini dihubungkan kepada hujung 10,000 kaki di bawah dasar laut, menjangkau 630 kilometer pantai Sarawak dan Sabah! -penggerudian salah satu ciri kegiatan yang paip-paip gerudi buatan keluli, yang setiap Kebesaran kegiatan menggerudi setanding asas tetapi besar, di dalam mana-mana syarikat satunya sepanjang 30 kaki atau sembilan meter. pula dengan kos. Kos penggerudian merupa- Paip-paip gerudi boleh dipanjangkan dengan pencarigalian dan pengeluaran. menyambungkan sebatang paip kepada batang kan 80 peratus kos pencarigalian dan 50 peratus paip yang sedia dipakai, bergantung kepada Pada mulanya mungkin tidak begitu wajar kedalaman telaga yang hendak digerudi. kos kemajuan medan. separuh jabatan terlibat dengan 'lumpur'. Pada hujung sebelah bawah paip gerudi ter- Berlatar-belakangkan gambaran ini, kita kini Perlu diterangkan bahawa'lumpur' biasanya dapat kolar gerudi (paip yang lebih berat dan melihat bagaimana 'lumpur' memainkan ber- dimaksudkan kepada bendalir penggerudian berdinding tebal seberat sehingga satu tan tiap- yang digunakan di dalam proses pengeluaran tiap satu) yang mengarahkan keberatan atau bagai peranan yang akhirnya dapat minyak. Ia adalah nama yang telah digunakan kuasa ke dasar telaga. Keseluruhan paip gerudi memungkinkan kegiatan yang begitu meluas dan kolar gerudi dikenali sebagai talian gerudi dan mahal seperti penggerudian dijalankan, sejak zaman penerokaan dulu, bagi sistem putaran yang kini menggunakan media ben- - jika dicampur, semuanya seberat lebih 100 pada kederasan yang maksimum serta dengan dalir untuk membawa serpihan yang digerudi selamat pula. (Kadar penggerudian adalah re- tan! dari dasar telaga, ke permukaan, dengan mem- latif kepada jenis atau pembentukan batuan bersihkan lobang sambil proses dijalankan. yang perlu digerudi. Ia adalah di antara 60 Di zaman penerokaan dulu, air yang diguna- meter se jam hingga ke hanya 30 sentimeter se kan sebagai bendalir penggerudian, dipeiolehi jam jika pembentukan terdiri daripada batuan dari anak-anak sungai yang berhampiran yang keras). ataupun dari sumber-sumber lain. Air itu Fungsi pertama 1umpur' ialah untuk -biasanya berlumpur dan kelihatan lebih ber- memudahkan dan mempercepatkan penggeru- lumpur apabila ia telah dipamkan ke dasar telaga dan dikitarkan ke permukaan. Sebab dian telaga. Ia melakukan demikian dengan itulah ia dipang$l 'lumpur'. secara berkesan menjauhi segala bahaya atau Seperkara lagi yang perlu dijelaskan, 'lum- rintangan. pur' yang terdapat ini tidak semudah lumpur Geseran melembabkan pergerakan. Selain dalam ertikata biasa. Ia perlu disediakan men- itu, haba terik yang dikeluarkannya akan cepat gikut spesifikasi dari segi kepesatan dan kelika- sekali merosakkan alat (melalui pemakaian). tan (dua di antara sifat utamanya) bagi kegu- naan telaga individu. 'Lumpur' yang dikitarkan berterusan semasa menggerudi melincirkan talian gerudi, dan 'Lumpur' biasanya diperbuat daripada tanah menyejukkan mata gerudi. Menurut van Beest, liat, antara enam dan lapan bahan kimia yang fungsi penyejukan 'lumpur' sahaja boleh dari berlainan yang menjadi sebahagian silat yang 10 hingga 15 kali mengurangkan pergeseran diperlukan, dan air ('lumpur' ini biasanya di- yangberlaku pada mata gerudi. Bayangkanlah rujukkan sebagai'lumpur' berasaskan air). kos peralatan yang dapat dijimatkan! Menurut Ahli Kimia Pengeluaran Kanan Wim van Beest, 'lumpur' berasaskan air telah digunakan bagi kira-kira 80 peratus telaga SSB/ SSPC yang digerudi pada hari ini. Akhir sekali, perlu dinyatakan bahawa'lum- pur'yang terdapat pada hari ini bukanlah per- cuma. Tahun lepas, syarikat telah membelanja, kan kira-kira M$13 juta terhadap bendalir penggerudian sahaja. Apakah peranan lumpur ini di dalam kegiatan yang berbentuk fizikal seperti menggerudi? Untuk menghargai peranannya, satu gamba- ran perlu diberikan dari segi peralatan asas yang digunakan dan penggerudian itu sendiri selaku kegiatan di dalam proses pengeluaran. Peralatan untuk menggerudi terdiri daripada BERITA SHELL fanuary 1989 ,35

# 'Lumpur'- safu sumber kekuatan yang dihasilkan oleh makmal jabatan Kimia Pengeluaran. Dengan melekatkan tali gerudi kepada dind- perubahan tekanan boleh berlaku apabila mata Petanda-petanda yang kepecahan akan ber- gerudi menemui perangkap gas secara tidak laku dapat dilihat dari petanda tekanan di rig- ing lobang yang digali akan melembabkan rig penfigerudian. Satu lagi tanda bahaya ialah disangka-sangka di dalam pembentukan ba- peningkatan kadar penggerudian yang diiringi kemajuan penggerudian dan akan membuat- tuan apabila tekanan di dalam pembentukan oleh piningkatan aliran lumpur ke permukaan, kan telaga ditinggalkan begitu sahaja. Keadaan batuan di dalam lobang yang digali itu melebihi dengin itu menyebabkan paras bendaiir di ini disebabkan oleh kewuiudan serpihan geru- tekanan yang dihasilkan oleh ruang'lumpur'. dian atau kaparan lain yang mungkin bertabu- dalam tangki meningkat. Akibatnya, bendalir hidrokarbon dipaksa ran dan dinding lobang. keluar ke permukaan secara mendadak dan Pada praktiknya, apabila keadaan kepecahan ganas, yang bukan sahaja menyebabkan keru- disyakki, alat-alat pencegah kepecahan yang Penggunaan 'lumpur' di dalam Proses gian dari segi minyak dan gas, tetapi juga terdapat di dalam rig diperiksa. Satu perkiraan bahaya kepada para pekerja, kebakaran, dan bolehlah dijalankan bagi memastikan peruba- penggerudian meringankan masalah ini. Satu han kepesatan'lumpur' yang diperlukan bagi pencemaran kepada alam sekitar. ruang bendalir atau 1umpur' yang berterusan Punca untuk mengawal kepecahan ialah pen- mengawal telaga. dikelialkan di dalam lobang yang digali sambil Para juruteknik1umpur' di luar pantai mem- jagaan tekanan di dalam lobang yang digali. Iumpur'itu dikitarkan melalui ruang di antara 'Lumpur' adalah media yang berkesan bagi bantu mengawal keadaan. Mereka ber- tali gerudi dan lobang yang digali. Melalui mengekalkan tekanan kerana kepesatannya (di tanggungjawab melaksanakan berapa banyak kitarannya, ia membawa bersamanya serpihan antara sifalsifat lain) boleh disesuaikan. Ini di- kebeiatan 'lumpur' yang perlu ditingkatkan lakukan dengan menambahkan agen-agen untuk mencegah keadaan kepecahan daripada gerudian dan lain-lain serpihan ke permukaan. pemberat, untuk memberikan kecerunan yang Dengan cara ini, 'lumpur' membersih dan juga diperlukan untuk menyeimbang atau melawan terus maju. menerangkan lobang yang digali dan mem- perubahan tekanan di dalam lobang yang di- Penjagaan oleh lobang yang digali bukan bantu mencegah tali gerudi daripada terlekat. gali. sahaja penting bagi mencegah dinding telaga darifadl melekuk, tetapi ia Juga meniadikan Kepecahan merupakan bahaya Penggeru- dian yang paling dikuatiri. Ia berlaku apabila terdapat tekanan bertukar secara tibatiba di dalam ruang yang digali. Pertukaran atau 36 BERITA SHELL fanuary 1989

pengeluaran lebih ekonomik, memandangkan Jabatan kos yang telah dibelanjakan. yang menjadi penghubung 'Lumpur' membantu menjaga lobang yang digali dengan menyokong dan menstabilkan bahan kimia dinding lobang. Ia digunakan sebagai agen atu perkenalan kepada Jabatan dan suntikan, dan terhadap prestasi keseluru- pelepa dan melindungi dinding telaga dengan Kimia syarikat tentu sekali han instalasi pengeluaran. Matlamat jabatan Teknologi Pengeluaran \\- mewujudkan sarungyang tidak boleh ditelusi, j\\, sedikit sebanyak membuka mata ialah untuk menambahkan pengeluaran dan pada dinding. Dengan cara ini ia boleh men- pembaca terhadap -'hubungan memaksimumkan kenaikan minyak dan gas. Di gawaldan menghadkan kemasukan cecair dan sebalik itu, jabatan Kimia Pengeluaran juga gas dari pembentukan batuan ke lobang yang -bahan kimia' ke dalam satu bidang yang mempunyai tanggungjawab yang sejajar digali. Dengan itu dinding telaga diper- biasa dianggap satu proses fizikal pengeluaran terhadap aspek-aspek kimia pengeluaran. teguhkan dan ditutup rapi; kemungkinan ia minyak dan gas. Aspek-aspek ini adalah kompleks dan melekuk akan dikurangkan. Sebagai permulaan, dalam keadaan memerlukan tumpuan yang rapi, meliputi Di dalam peringkat-peringkat tertentu semulajadi minyak mentah dan gas adalah sen- dirinya satu campuran kimia, kebanyakannya keseluruhan kegiatan proses pengeluaran, dari semasa telaga digerudi, fungsi'lumpur' bagi mengandungi hidrokarbon. Kemudian bahan- kegiatan di peringkat permulaan (seperti menyokong dinding diambil alih dengan bahan kimia tertentu digunakan atau ditambah penggerudian) ke peringkat akhir pengenda- menyimenkan sarung keluli di dalam lobang di bahagian luar di berbagai peringkat lian minyak dan gas (seperti penyahidratan). yang telah digerudi, sebelum penggerudian di- pengeluaran untuk mendapatkan hasil-hasil teruskan semula. (Kali ini dengan mata gerudi tertentu. Akhir sekali, bahan-bahan kimia juga Misalnya, dari ketika sesebuah telaga itu di yang lebih kecil. Malahan, telaga digerudi merupakan keluaran sampingan operasi kami. gali (sama ada untuk tujuan pencarigalian atau supaya lobang yang digali akan semakin kecil apabila tiba ke bawah.) Walau apa pun asal-usulnya, penggunaan kemajuan), van Beest dan orang-orangnya ber- dan kehadiran bahan-bahan kimia ini dikawal Satu ciri yang jelas dari segi fungsi 1umpur' dengan rapi oleh jabatan Kimia Pengeluaran. tanggungjawab mengendalikan beberapa tugas ialah hakikat bahawa 'lumpur' itu membantu Ahli Kimia Pengeluaran Kanan, Mm van yang sangat penting berkaitan dengan .' menguatkan proses penggerudian. Dari segi fizikal, 'lumpur' membantu men- Beest, berkata, \"Melalui makmal kami dan ka- penggerudian, menyediakan telaga bagi tujuan gukuhkan dinding lobang yang digali, melin- jian luar terhadap penyelidikan dan analisa, pengeluaran, dan penyenggaraan telaga. Ini dungi dan menjaganya. kami bertindak sebagai badan pengawalmutu, termasuklah tugas-tugas menyedia, Dari segi ekonomi, fungsinya menyejukkan memberi nasihat dan mengesyorkan tindakan- mata gerudi, membersih dan menerangkan menyelidik dan menguji bahan-bahan yang tindakan yang wajar bagi merawat arus minyak lobang yang digali, dan menstabilkan tekanan dan gas apabila timbul keperluan. berkaitan dengan bahan kimia bagi: di dalam lobang yang digali, 'lumpur' memper- \"Kami membantu memastikan yang mutu, r sistem bendalir dalam lubang (seperti ben- cepatkan kemajuan proses penggerudian. De- dari segi prestasi, kos, dan keselamatan adalah seperti yang dijangkakan, serta keselamatan dalir penggerudian dan penyiapan) untuk ngan itu, banyak membantu menjimatkan kepada para pekerja dan alam sekitar, berkaitan membantu mempercepatkan penggerudian I \" masadanwangyangsebaliknyaakankerugian begitu sahaja menerusi berbagai bahaya dan dengan penggunaan dan kehadiran bahan- r pensimenan telaga minyak untuk men- rintangan. bahan kimia di dalam syarikat kita dipenuhi de- Akhir sekali, dari segi alam sekitar dan gukuhkan keadaan telaga, menyediakannya keselamatan,'lumpu/ (dan terutamanya'lum- ngan memuaskan.\" pur' yang rumusannya jauh lebih baik hari ini) untuk pengeluaran Tanggungjawab paling segera jabatan Kimia membantu para pengendali mengawal dengan r pencegahan pembentukan (batuan yang Pengeluaran ialah untuk bertindak sebagai'len- cukup segala bahaya yang berkait dengan teka- mengelilingi telaga) menjadi rosak bagi nan, seperti kepecahan, yang membawa ber- gan kimia' di dalam jabatan Teknologi bagaiakibatburukterhadapkeselamatan,harta menyenggara dan menjaga telaga Pengeluaran (sebuah jabatan di dalam fungsi o menggiatkan telaga bagi menaikkan jumlah _' benda dan alam sekitar. Kejuruteraan Peholeum). optimum minyak dan gas Dengan cara-cara ini juga, penggunaan 'lum- pur' adalah penting bagi mencapai kecekapan Tanggungjawab utama Teknologi Apabila minyak dan gas akhirnya dikeluar- penggerudian yang maksimum, selaras dengan kan, jabatan Kimia Pengeluaran mempunyai mutu keselamatan Shell. Pengeluaran ialah merancang aspek-aspek tek- peranan yang sangat penting di dalam Sungguhpun begitu, untuk melaksanakan nik, merekabenfuk telagatelaga pengeluaran segala fungsi tersebut, 'lumpur' perlu dirawat peringkat pemerosesan bendalir hidrokarbon dengan beful, untuk memenuhi keadaan ter- tentu setiap telaga. Seseorang perlu berada di sebelum ia sampai ke destinasi masing-masing F_ belakang segala perancangan, penyelidikan, di kilang penapis minyak atau loji gas: penghid- analisa dan ujian yang perlu dijalankan. Seseorang itu ialah para kakitangan jabatan 37 Pengeluaran Kimia. Di bawah penyeliaan van Beest, jabatan ini secara tunggal ber- tanggungjawab atas berbagai ciri pengawalan mutu'lumpur', dan penyediaan'lumpur' yang akhirnya kelak akan memberi kekuatan kepada 1umpur' untuk memainkan peranannya yang tidak dapat ditukar ganti, dalam proses $penggerudian. BERITA SHELT fanuary 1989

(Kiri) Jabatan Pengeluaran Kimia telah menjalankan analisis, penyelidekan dan ujian terhadap beratus-rafus bahan yang berkait dengan bahan kimia. yang ia akan menghasilkan prestasi penghidra- tan yang bermutu tinggi dan selaras dengan nilai wang yang dibelanjakan. Selain daripada itu, penilaian terhadap penyahemulsian baru sentiasa dijalankan untuk mendapatkan pre- stasi yang lebih baik dan kos yang lebih rendah' Mungkin perlu dinyatakan di sini bahawa, berbeza daripada amalan syarikat-syarikat minyak yang lain di rantau ini, SSB/SSPC melakukan pemerosesan di darat dan bukan pemerosesan luar pantai. Amalan ini mem- punyai dua faedah berbanding dengan pen- ghidratan luar pantai. Pertamanya penghidratan di darat adalah lebih ekonomik dari segi dan kos instalasi luar pantai: bagi pemerosesan di luar pantai, keupayaan dan saiz pelantar-pelantar pengen- dalian luar pantai perlu lebih besar bagi menampung instalasi tambahan yang diperlu- kan bagi pemerosesan. Keduanya, penghidratan di darat meren- dahkan pukulan alam sekitar terhadap pemerosesan minyak dan gas: di dalam pemerosesan luar pantai, air yang telah diasingkan dibuangkan ke laut menerusi sistem rawatan. Disebabkan oleh beberapa rintangan, pemerosesan minyak dan air tidak dapat di- lakukan secara optimum dan ini menghasilkan mutu air yang tidak baik, di mana terdapat kan- dungan minyak yang tinggi di dalam air yang dibuing, melebihi had yang dilulirskan, iaitu 100 miligram (minyak) dalam satu liter air. Satu bidang yang bukan utama, tetapi tidak kurang pentingnya, yang menjadi ratan. wap atau kabus, dalam gas. Proses pengasin- tanggungjawab jabatan Kimia Pengeluaran Minyak mentah dan gas yang dikeluarkan itu gan mesti dilanjutkan. ialah untuk memberi khidmat sokongan yang bercampur dengan air. Penghidratan ialah pro- Sejenis penyahemulsian (demulsifier) ditam- bahkan kepada emulsi minyak mentah. Ia ber- -cekap menjalankan penyelidikan dan ses mengasingkan air daripada cecair hidrokar- tindak dengan menstabilkan semula emulsi supaya tautan seterusnya membolehkan titisan analisa, memberi nasihat dan cadangan bon. halus air tumbuh (menjadi titisan yang lebih terhadap semua perkara yang berkaitan de- Dengan memetik contoh dari minyak; darjah besar). Baki air kemudiannya akan dapat ngan bahan-bahan kimia -kepada jabatan lain penghidratan menentukan mutu akhir minyak di dalam operasi syarikat. diasingkan dari minyak mentah dengan lebih mentah yang akan memenuhi spesifikasi Ini termasuklah penyelidikan makmal dan mudah. kajian luar bagi mengawasi bahaya-bahaya eksport. Tujuannya ialah untuk mencapai dar- alam sekitar. Berkenaan dengan ini, jabatan ini Di sebaliknya pula, gas dinyahidratkan de- jah penghidratan yang paling pantas dan ngan 'menggosoknya' dengan bahan kimia, beke{a rapat dengan jabatan Keselamatan. lengkap. Ini memerlukan nasihat rawatan glycol (sejenis penyerap air), di dalam menara penghubung. Pendek kata, jelaslah terbukti bahawa bahan kimia dari jabatan Kimia Pengeluaran. |abatan Kimia Pengeluaran menjalankan kegiatan-kegiatan jabatan Kimia Pengeluaran, Biasanya, setelah tempoh penetapan, ujian spesifikasi serta menganalisa tidak kira sama ada ia berkait secara langsung sebahagian daripada air akan diasingkan penyahemulsian dan glycol, bagi memastikan atau secara tidak langsung kePada daripada minyak mentah. Bakinya, yang men- pengeluaran, penting kepada komitmen Shell gandungi titisan-titisan halus air, wujud terhadap mutu dan keselamatan -bagi pernia- sebagai emulsi (air dalam minyak)atau sebagai gaan, kakitangan dan alam sekitarnya. 38 BERITA SHELI Ianuary 1989

Kakitangan Shell yang mengendalikan bahan kimia.



CONTENTS Number 8 o 211989 SHELTGAS 2 This 'modern genie'is an indispensable aid io the chefand industrialist alike. MULTI-PHASEPUMP 10 An innovation which promises to do the work of two pumps. Will the multi-phase pump deliver the goods? CREATIVE TIMEPIECES 1,4 Shell's commitment to promote Malaysian heritage and art ihrough its calendars. OH,DURIAN 19 Strange, how an ugly round fruit - with menacing spikes -has worked itself into the lives of Malaysians. COCK.FIGHTING 22 Intriguing tales and rituals surround this controversial pastime. INBRIEF 27 SHELTGAS 29 Keperluan serba guna setiap hari menjadi pembantu di dapur dan kilang. PAM BERBILANG FASA 34 Rekaan baru yang melaksanakan tugas dua pam serentak. Dapatkah pam berbilang fasa mencapai matlamatnya? MERAKAMMASA, 37 MENGABADISENI Komitmen Shell didalam menonjolkan warisan dan seni lukis Malavsia melalui kalendarnya. OH,DURIAN 40 Aneh, memikirkan bagaimana buah bulat lagi hodoh ini yang dipenuhi duri berbahaya telah menambat jiwakita. SABUNGAYAM 42 -Cover: Steady, blue flame the Berbagai kisah dan upacara dikaitkan hallmark of Shell Gas. dengan kegiatan vang penuh kontroversi ini. Editor: Phang Sow Yoong Editorial Office: Bangunan Shell, O O trmpur. Telephone: 03-2559144 Teler MA3M14/1v1A31813 |;;H#,;Ouiulr'Irr, Beita Shellisthe corporate magazine of Shell Companies in Malaysia and is published quarterly. Opinions expressed in the articles do not necessarily reflect those of any Shell company. Editors of newspapers 0r magazines are welcome to reproduce any artihe but a pior written approval should be obtained from the editor, except for editors in other Shell Companies who need only to acknowledge the source. This magazine is printed by Ling Wah Press Sdn Bhd at I Lorong SS 13/3D, Subang |aya Industrial Estate, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

.a. , iaBt'

i I

tPG-AVERSATILEFUET As hydrocarbon vapours -LPG is the short form for liquefied petroleum gas a ver- condense at various temp- satile fuel serving a variety of needs. erafures they are, thus, LPG can priwer the smallest domestic appliance or the trapped at different levels largest industrial plant. Its portability makes it usefuleven of the tower. in the world's remotest corner. PETROLEUM GASES The chef's delight DUAL PURPOSE Apart from centratheating, LPG is used for drying laun- KEROSINE dry and heating swimming pools. DIESEL The world's leading restaurants, hotels, confectioneries and food processing plants choose LPG because of its clean LUBRICANT flame which is easily controllable. As LPG can be stored in cylinders or piped into kiichens, -it eliminates the risk of power failure a taboo in the cater- ing industry. The farmer's ally Worldwide, LPG is the farmir's ally in boosting the quantity and quality of yields. As a source of heat and power, LPG is widely used for infra-red breeders in chicken farms, temperature controi of green-houses and tobacco curing. A boom to indushialists The sky is the limit, considering LPG's advantages:high temperatures, even heat, clean flame and uniform compos- ition. LPG is supplied to industrial sites via fixed storage instal- Iations. However, LPG can be aportable source of energy whenever the need arises. Industries which rely on LPG include metal-cutting workshops, ceramic kilns, glass works, paper-processing and textile factories. 'Building-block' chemicals LPG is an important raw material for the petrochemical industry as it can be thermally broken down to hydrogen (for ammonia), ethylene and other base 'building block' chemicals. Lead-free, pollution-free A safe automotive fuel, LPG has been used for years in the Netherlands, USA, Canada, Mexico, Korea,ltaly, Den- mark, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Automotive LPG is a lead-free gas which reduces air-po1- lution and is very cost-effective. Crude oil is heated to 350oC and piped into the fractionating tower FURNACE HOWCRUDE OI 4 BERITA SHELL Apdl 1989

ILLUMINATING KEROSINE That's how liquid gas looks like inside your shell cylinder. once the pressure is re- leased, LPG vapourises and flows into the burner, FROM CRUDE OIL COMES THE prise refinery gas, petrol, naphtha and, last MIRACLE FUEL but not least, the miracle fuel- LPG! IS REFINED LPG comes from crude oil which is ex- PROCESS AND PURIFY BERITA SHELT April 1989 tracted from the ground. It can also be proces- -Hold it the gas is not ready for the kitchen sed fiom natural gas from the fieids. yet! By refining crude oil, we get petroleum pro- The raw gas must be processed and purified ducts for daily use: liquefied petroleum gas, petrol, aviation fuel, kerosine, diesel, and to meet ShelYs high standards o( qua$. bitumen (asphalt and tar). During the processing, propane and butane The refining process is fairly simple. Crude are extracied for manufacturing LPG while ethane is distilied for the production of pet- oil comprises a mixture of hydrocarbons rochemicals. whichboil, vaporise and condense at different TIQUEFIED FOR EASY TRANSPORTATION temperatures. Thus, the various hydrocarbons in crude oil After these treatments, the gas is finally can be separated by gradual heating and con- ready for the market. For short distances, gas is transported by -densing a process called distillation. Crude oil is heated to 3500c and then piped pipelines which are, however, uneconomical into the fractionating tower which is stacked for great distances. with trays at regular intervals to facilitate dis- tillation. Unfortunately, most consumers are Vapours from the boiling oil ascend the thousands of kiiometres from the refinery. How do we solve this problem? tower. As the hydrocarbon vapours cooi and Liquefaction is the answer. The practicality Iiquefy, they are trapped at different levels. of gas lies in its ability to liquefy and shrink in Hydrocarbons with high boiling points con- volume under pressure. dense at the bottom of the tower. These in- clude the heaviest hydrocarbons such as as- Thus, large volumes of LPG can be trans- phalt and tar. ported in specialtankers to far-away markets. LPG can also be bottied into portable cylinders Trapped midway are kerosine and diesel, for domestic or commercial consumers. also known as middle distillates as they have intermediate boiling points. Hydrocarbons with low boiling points ac- cumulate at the top of the tower. These com-

BOTTIING LPG INTO commended, but anticipated. Anticipation is, in fact, a guiding principle CYTINDERS behind the design of Shell Gas cylinders. Next, let's take a look at a LPG filling plant. For example, to check gas leaks, Shell Gas Shell has five such plants in Malaysia: Port Dickson and Ipoh (in the Peninsula); Sapan- -cylinders are fitted with extra features gar Bay and Sandakan in Sabah; and Kuching safety caps and safety seals. Unique to Shell in Sarawak. Gas, the safety seals prevent tampering while thesafetv caps seal thevalveswhenthere- -It's 7.30 am but lorries with empty cylin- gulators are disconnected. -ders are already waiting outside the filling That brings us to a very important aspeci of plant. Once the gate opens, five lorries are Shell's business : safety! simultaneously allowed into the piant. Empty SAFETY. A TOP PRIORITY cylinders are then exchanged for fi11ed ones. In Shell, safety is a top priority of the man- Workers check the empty cylinders, setting agement, receiving the same attention as any aside the dented ones or those in need offresh important business issue. coats of paint. For safety reasons, repairs are done in a reconditioning plant located some \"safety is of equal importance to our other distance away from the filling plant. business objectives,\" states Sheil's safety po1- i.y. The rest of the rylinders move along a con- veyor belt to the rinsing booth where they are Safety loop thoroughly scrubbed. As such, Shell invests millions of ringgtt in A battery of tests are conducted on the cv- safety set-ups, training and education. linders to ensure thev are suitable for filling' Take for example Shell's LPG Safety Loop After thorough checkin'g, the cylinders are ready to be filled with LPC. As the gas is com- - a well-conceived plan wherebv safety infor- pressed into the qrlinders, it transforms into liquid under high pressure. mation is systematically gathered, analysed and circulated in the industrv. That's why Shell Gas cylinders have to be tougher than tough. They are also made to Accidents or near-misses related to LPG throughout the world are promptly reported -withstand rough handling a practice not re- to Shell's central office in London. There, the reports are scrutinised so that valuabie les- sons can be learnt and shared with Shell oper- ations worldwide. Filled cylinders are tested by leakage detectors before Research Top: Pufting the final touches they leave the filling plant. which give the yellow cylin- Research is another reason why She1l re- ders their unmistakable iden- mains in the forefront of LPG technology. The tity. Thornton Research Centre inU.K. isahot- house for LPG studies. Extensive data and RighL After thorough check- high level technology enable LPG experts to ing, the cylinders are filled at accurately predict how LPG behaves given this LPG carousel. any emergency situation. One example of how research has contri- buted to Shell's safety innovations is Sapan- gar Bay's mounded storage tank which is co- -vered with earth a simple yet effective pre- caution to contain accidental leakage. Exha mile Where safety is concerned, She1l always -goes the extra mi1e. Take another example Shell's installations in customets' premises. Shell fixes emergency closure vaives for re- mote control during LPG leaks even though it is not mandatory. In addition to hardware safety, Shellinvests a lot of resources in training, seminats, meet- rngs, publications and video recordings to promote safety awareness. The target audi- ence? Everbody involved in the LPG chain - Shell staff, dealers and customers. 6 BERITA SHELL Apdl 1989

''& ii-f-f:i ry% ii! ffi , ffi & E ; H & ...1 ry B t$}Hx ? .&:ill' .t*r ACF{IEVING i,PG'5 FU{.t p0lrH,htrTlAL k lriM ,,.!r& A mrracle fuel, LPC is the ensr,rti to i1r:- -1 iore:,t;rtion and pollution. it is lersati e, ,:leair ... -anLi portable u'hith acc0Llirl ilri. Lf t l',q out I stairding pcriormance \" '{rl Hou'ever, tor LPG h achrele it,q iri I pirtrn- ....,'1 r'.tl. ..tlcti tru-t l.e ihr' t,,rL\"'t' .. \\. \\r.l ' ',1 er,ervbodv As the leader in LPC technologr', 5hell is in the ioreiront of saietv innolations to help i-PG achieve rts iullpoientral. FoL, properlr'handled, LPC is a'good ser- lant'and a yery s,rfe iuel,

LPG Manager Leow Yan Seong. he'mastermind' behind Shell Gas operations throughout Malaysia is located on the fifth floor of Shell House in Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur. Here, business policies are formulated, sales targets are set, dealers are appointed, safety practices are monitoried and new ideas hatched. The 'mastermind'is none other than Liquefied Petroleum Gas Depart- ment, popularlv known as LPC Department. Headed by LPG Manager Leow Yan Seong, the department's manage- ment team comprises LPC Sales Manager Lau Chu Fong (Peninsular Malaysia), LPG Technical and Safety Manager Khaw Cheng Liang and LPG Operations Manager Raymond Ong. Marketing Chu Fong and his six marketing executives and representatives are re- sponsible for LPG sales throughout Peninsular Malaysia. Regionally, the market is divided into north, central, south and the east coast. Industrial clients comprise another important market sector. Technical and safety matters Cheng Liang is the man in charge of technicalmatters and safety educa- tion. In technical aspects, he is assisted bv two engineers. He also conducts safetv seminars among dealers and plans safety awareness campaigns among consumers. Operations Raymond is responsrble for LPG opera- tional activitles in Peninsular Malaysia. :\\r ,l;-;t;:Fd,,1 Reporting to Raymond are five operations superintendents and supervisors. Tajuluddin Mohd. Rashid is the superintendent of the LPG plant in Ipoh while Tan Bak Ann is re- sponsible for the one in Port Dickson. Together, they ensure that LPG rs safely and adequately supplied to dealers through- !r;:$L** out Peninsular Malaysia. tra- In fact, demand for ShellGas is so good that the LPG Department will be building a mod- ern, integrated LPG plant at Shell's latest 15- million ringgit Pasir Gudang installation in Johor. Its deep water harbour is ideal for establish- ing LPG importing facilities. With its well-de- veloped infrastructure and booming economy, Pasir Gudang is a wise choice for setting up another LPG plant to serve the Sever-growing market for Shell Gas. Sales Manager Lau Chu Fong (right) with marketing executives Lucas Tan (left) and Tan Kim Teik (middle). / The Dealer's Role BERITA SHELL Apdl 1989 IWE belieue in speedv service, As such, we have installed mobile phones in our de- livery vans to serve 0w custlmers befter We also believe in maintaining ow rcputation as the biggest and oldest dealer in for)Shell Gas. Hence, we ensure customers the lull weight of the gu they pay Mr Robert Leong (right), the general manaser of Ace Sdn Berliad r,r,hich has dealt solely with Shell Gas for the past 27 vears. With its headquarters located along Jalan Dang Wangi in Kuala Lumpur, Ace operates from six branches in the Federal Territorv, Selangor and Negri Sem bila n. I

?lpawWwwoaielyl KW ME EAR. AWAY Rom gowrcEs ot tGNrTr or{. c0 b)^A *Qxr LtcttlT rHE MLToll -...BErcPE YA, TUAI{ ME OF RErttoVE PE{dttArOP. TURM ME ON. AP.ff-, (IgE, AND FtY |EAL-PAOF *P. t Pectpv cuEd. Foz IEAIIAGE 1241<3 WtT,.+ N T4EDIATELY soA? soLufloN. csoae Irl^)lvs BUEBLES WILL I'EEP ME INFLATE IF IN TAI rPEPcb AtlY rca,t<eGe). UPAIGHT ONf I&T NQ.D I fNQParcronl Buv ttE FwM AuwoNsil DEALERS ONry. BERITA SHELT April 1989

it\", MUHI.PHASE PUMP One pump to do the work of two by Pang Ngan Yue This yeat, interest in the multi-phase pump is increasing as Sarawak Shell Berhad prepares for the first test of its kind on the pump in Asia. Expectations of the pump are high. But, will it deliver? 10 BERITA SHEIL April 1989

he multi-phase pump is capable of handling rrellstream fluids ranging from 100 per cent liquid to mixtures compdsing over90 per cent gas bv volume. Its use offers attractive economic possibilities and has con- srderable potential in marginal field development. 0i1 or gas does not emerge from the wellhead as a single product during production. Instead, various oi1, gas, water and sand mixtures are produced from the wellhead. This -mixed flow, comprising three states of matter gas, liquid -and solid is referred to as 'multi-phase flow'. With conventronal production methods, orl and gas re- quire separate handling which involves a c0nsiderable amount of equipment in the field:separatots, transfer pumps and compressors are but a skeletal representation of the equipment needed. Normallv, hydrocarbon fluids (multi-phase flow) pass from the wellhead into the separator where the oil is sepr- rated fiom the gas. From there, a transfer Pump convevs the oil rnto the pipeline for transportatron to the terminal, u'hile the gas rs handled bv a compressor. A single stage A multi-phase pump, which is capable of handling mir- tures of orl and gas straight from the u,ellhead in a single -stage, obviates the need for two pumps the transfer pump andthe complessol-and presentsanoptron whichisin- J;* s Multi-phase pump: ir A joint-venture project r In 1983, Shell (UK) together with two other major oil S companies in United Kingdom, investigated the feasibil- -5:z itv of pumping multi-phase wellhead mixtures. After re- viewing the various pumps available, it was decided that The multi-phase pump system being fabricated in Labuan. Smaller fields the twin-screw pump offered the best scope t'or develop- could be developed economically when the pump is in use. ment. The Engineering Developrnent Department closely monitors preparations The three oil companies, together with a U.K. screw' for the pump's test. From left to right: Ong Lai Ann (Mechanical pump manufacturer, Stothert and Pitt (now known as Multiphase Systems Private Limited Company), then Draughtsman), Heng Hock Cheng (Engineering Manager), Ahmad Zubir formed a joint-venture to {inance the development and (Planning/Concept Engineer) and Peter Bentley (Head, Engineering f)e- testing of multi-phase pumps for field applications. velopment). Financial assistance was also rcceived from the British Department of Trade and Industrv, under its 'Support for Innovation' scheme. The joint-venturc dealt with the manu{acture and testing of a multi-phase pump which is clesigned to meet the oil companies' specifications. This vear, interest in the multi-phase pump increases as Sarawak Shell Berhad (SSB) makes t'inal preparations for the first test of its kind on the pump by Shell. Based on the same twin-screw model, the pump will undergo a one- .vear, full-scale test in an actual ot'fshore operating situa- tion. Currently in its kbrication stage at Labuan, the pump, along with its associated support svstems, will be installed as a single-skid unit at Bokor Platform-B during the second quarter of the vear. The people which will prove to be the most critical judge of that are, undoubtedlv, the staff o{ the Engineer ing Development Department;William J. Farquhar, head of the Planning and Concept Engineering section and Project Engineer Ahmad Zubir, tor example, have been involved in the multi-phase project since 1987. BERITA SHELL April 1989 11

arguablv attractive. oiland gas mixture at discharge flange As the amount of equipment is reduced so willthe size and weight of the process facilities or installations. This is a par- ticularly athactive feature for offshore operations. Therein lies the potential for developing marginal or remote fields. This, in turn, means production increase. About 30 per cent of world oil production comes from offshore. This can increase considerably if marginal fields were to be developed: currently they are considered un- economic for development, and the only likely persuasion to do otherwise is substantially low development costs. In this respect, one possibility is to develop small or margi- nal fields as satellites to an existing field which willdouble as host. A satellite system, however, is only economically at- tractive if minimal equipment installation and personnel are required. No kack record With a multi-phase pump, total wellstream fluids in its un- stabilised state can be directlv channeled into the transport lines to the host or central production facilities. Equipment installation can thus be minimized, reducing costs in offshore installation as well. However, the multi-phase pump has no track record of performance or reliability. Though results from its test in England (1983) were encouraging, up to now, it has not been put to commercial application. Perhaps the closest it will come to that is the one-year test-trial to be conducted by Sarawak Shell Berhad (SSB) shortly. The final recognition of the multi-phase pump will be hard-earned, presenting a challenge to design engineering. Indeed, multi-phase flow places extra demands on the hvdraulic and mechanical performance of the pump. For example, the principle behind the t*in-screw hy- draulic pump is not new, but the one-step handling of liquid and gas demands continuous studies to improve the pump's hydraulic technique. The pump must prove its ability to produce a reasonably stable rate of flow phase for the oil and gas before it can be considered economically viable for field application. Additionally, the pump must possess high gas tolerance. A survey of new fields identified by the Shell Group as candi- dates for multi-phase pumping showed that most of them will require a pump that can handle high gas fiactions, in ex- cess of 90 per cent. Mechanical[y, the pump must be robust and be able to withstand hot, even corrosive, wellhead fluids and abrasion from a certain amount of sand in the flow. The pump must also cope with continuous-duty application. The multi-phase pump must also be durable and al1ow for maximum management (but minimal manning) of throughput, system pressure, high gas volume ratios and volumetric efficiency. Engineering design All these factors were translated into engineering design specifications and formulated as empirical benchmarks against which the twin-screw pump was originally tested in its 1983 trialin England. During that trialperiod, the pump, built with a capacity for 40,000 barrels per day of oil, gas and formation water, with 90 per cent gas volume fraction, was closely monitored. -After 3,300 hours of testing with 400 hours in conditions 12

oil and gas mixture THE TWIN-SCREW ROTOR of high sand concentration, and varying gas volume ratios at suction flange PUMP -between the range of 0-90 per cent the pump came Diagram traces the flow of oil and gas mixture through the pump through with no significant mechanical deterioration or re- ductron in hydraulic pedormance. The concept of the twin-screw pump is not new. It revolves around the mechanics of the In fact, more recent research has shown further improve- ment in its handling of high gas volume fractions; a97 per ancient Archimedean screw (a fluid screw cent gas v01ume fraction handling ability was registered. conveyor in which water or fluid is raised, or The trialto be conducted by SSB willtest the pump against transferred from one point to the next by the the following objectives: a gas volume fraction of 94 per cent, spiral motion of a screw furning on its axis). this time under actual operating conditions; longer testing time (9000 hours) with normalsand load (empirically defined Powered by a suitable driver, wellhead as five pounds per 1000 barrel); monitonng of fluid handling fluid is sucked into the pump at one end, through the nozzle at the inlet side. capability or actual crude 0i1 ploduced; and monitoring of Working on the positive rotary displace- over-effect on well performance. ment principle, a finite volume of wellhead fluid (which is proportionate to the speed of Wider vision the screw's rotation) is drawn by suction into the pump chamber with the rotation of the How willthe twin-screw multi-phase pump stand up to rts trlal in Sarawak waters? Obviously its success will confirm screw. the feasibilitv of multi-phase pump applications. With the scrolling of the twin-screw Holvever, important as the outcome of the test is, Shell's rotors, wellstream fluid is conveyed in the commitment to develop future multi-phase pump applica- tions does not lose sight 0f the wider vision: the prerequisite direction of the screw scroll flight in oppos- of a leader rn the industrv is not purelv fiscal. It is also asses- ing axial directions : from the suction to the sed bv rts initiatrve in the research and development of re- discharge nozzle of the pump through a re- serves t0 enhance oil and gas production. Shellwillcarry out sultant build-up of fluid pressure. such research and development programmes through cost- ffiefficient technological adr,ances.

The works of Malaysian artists need not be confined to art galleries or private collections. Through their calendars, Shell Companies in Malaysia bring Malaysian art to a wider audience, both locally and abroad. At the same time, these calendars remind us of our rich nafural and culfural heritage. by Tay Siew Siang ;ier;l 6€.t. 14 BERITA SHEtt Aptil 1989

uch-sought after before the new year begins, calendars need not be purely functional. I I U Theycanbeexcellentchannels for imparting information or forpromoting a theme or a cause. Shell Companies in Malaysia have been telling many worthwhile messages through their calendars. For the past 14 years, Shell calendars have been visible reminders of the company's support of art and promotion of Malaysia's heritage. \"Our calendars are not meant to advertise or just be decorative showpieces, but to pro- mote art and artists through a theme each vear,\" said John Wang Gen-sie, Public Af- fairs Adviser of Shell. \"At the same time, the contents must also reflect our parallel support of worthwhile subjects, issues or values,\" he continued. The pretty-picture Shell calendars over the years belie the thought and research that go into their production. The approach taken has always been conceptual. Fresh angle A page from Shell's 1985 calendar featuring the works of Malaysian artists. -Battered themes they may be preserva- 'Our calendars are not paintings of craftsmen at work by water- colour artist Khalil Ibrahim, the emphasis tion of wildlife, traditional crafts, old ar- meant to advertise or iust was on skills employed in producing tradi- chitecture, flora and fauna and traditional be decorative showpieces tional crafts. A hackneyed alternative would have been pictures of kain songket, batik, -wedding costumes but nonetheless al- but to promote art and artists...' mats or baskets. ways given a fresh angle through the unique treatment that singies out Shell calendars Similarly, dramatic photographs of old from others. buildings in Malavsia would have sufficed to For instance, colours and details dominate explore the theme of architectural heritage this year's calendar featuring paintings of for the 1987 calendar. traditional wedding costumes of major ethnic groups of Malaysia. The use of paint- ings instead of photographs lend a unique- ness to the calendar which aimed to pre- serve traditional wedding costumes for posterity. Etchings Melting pot John Wang Gen-sie, Shell Public Affairs Ad- Instead, Shellcommissioned Tlse Noor, an viser. artist proficient in etching and acquatinta, to Departing from the usual practice of ap- bring these buildings to life in her distinctive pointing one well-known artist to produce style. The result: a calendar that earned so paintings, six up-and-coming ones were much acclaim that till today, it is stilibeing commissioned. With each costume captured talked about. in an individualstyle, the calendar is indeed a \"beautiful, 12-month-long reminder of the The 24 etchings of old buildings produced colourful potpourri that has gone and is by Ilse for the calendar now grace the walls going into the melting pot of Malaysian cul- of the School of Oriental and Afiican Studies ture\". So described feaiure writer Cheryl Ng of University of London. Similar sets have in her write-up in The Sunday Star. also been presented to the Centre for Inter- national Briefing at Farnham Castle, Eng- In fact, the press had begun to laud Shell's land, and art galleries and museums in Hol- calendar even before the year started. \"The paintings are a fine combination of creativity 1and. and painstaking research,\" wrote Ooi Kok Chuen, New Straits Times art critic. Locally, the etchings have been presented to Sahabatsahabat Warisan Malaysia, sup- The same conceptual approach was ap- port of which the project was aimed, and National Art Gallery. parent in Shell's 1986 calendar. Featuring -Yet another of Malaysia's wealth flora BERITA SHELT April 1989 15

-and fauna was given a fiesh and enduring treatment when artist Yeoh Jin Leng was commissioned to paint rare wild flowers for the 1988 caiendar. As far back as the seventies, subtle treat- ment in Shell calendars has been the key. The first such calendar produced in 1975 fea- tured endangered animals and species near extinction. Then came the themes of marine life, flowers and birds. Obiet d'art The original paintings from the commis- sions over the years now form a commenda- b1e collection and are housed as objet d'art in Shell's offices throughout the country. Shell calendars are produced in limited editions, usually not exceeding 8,000 copies. \"They reach a select segment of society, in- cluding ministers and embassies here and abtoad,\" John added. Which makes good commercialsense as -well Shell calendars are not cheap to pro- duce. Apart from artists' fees, printing costs Adorning Shell's head-office is the Company's very own ob jet d'art collection. li'\":i i Preserving haditional wedding costumes for posterity. 16 BERITA SHELL April 1989

llse Noor's unique etching renders a mysterious aura to Melaka's Tranquerah Mosque. usually run high, attributed to the high qual- . ..blending aesthetics \"The themes are approved by top man- itv of imported paper used. Fees to design agement,\" said John. This way, we know consultants also top up the figures. and corporate obj ectives that they are consistent with the overall cor- porate aims and image of the company.\" Reprints of the paintings featured meant has always been a priority Winning top awards for design from the for framrng are also produced in limited Association of Accredited Advertising quantities. These are sent to recipients to- gether with the calendar. Agents, Malaysia, time and again speaks volumes about the reputation that Shell has While high costs quite certarnly point to the superior outputs, the choice of theme earned for its calendar. and mode of execution ensure the required For blending aesthetics and corporate ob- standards. Towards this end, the Public Af- jectives has always been a priority and what fairs function of Shell dedicates much ef- better testimony than a product that is dis- played on the walls of offices and homes the iorts. A rolling programme of themes for at year round. Ieast three consecutive years ahead is plan- ned and calendars can be executed as early as two years ahead. ::rifi*'E*,!'9r:.ffiSe+ Top: 'Craftsmen at work' by Khalil Ibrahim BERITA SHELL Apdl 1989 (1985 calendar). Left: 'Rare flowers' by Yeoh fin Leng (1988 calendar). RighL 'Malaysian birds'produced in conjunc- tion with World Wide Fund for Nature Malaysia, formerly known as World Wildlife Fund Malaysia (1983 calendar).

,jl ': t,';J' ::::i:i l l i:\" 11 :': i ,-i', ! tt':: ,! ':i{:_- ..-'..!:..,1t=.i'-itll:lr\"n:i if,ti:ii'r;:!,,.-il The traditional Orang Asli wedding cosfume is another rare treat offered by the Shell 1989 calendar. Al- though not featured in the calendar, it is part of the rich variety of wedding attire captured in set of ten re- prints. Editor's Note: She1l supports art and culture through an on-going programme. Among other things, Shellhas: r published a book entitled Mala.vsians in 1963 which featured commissioned paintings bv artist Hoessein Enas t sponsored the Natronal Art Gallery's Open Art Exhibition for five consecutive vears, beginning 1985. This involved an expenditure 0f over 100,000 ringgit to date . sp0nsored children's art competitions and photographic competitions I organised monthly lunch-time cultural programmes held at Shell House, Kuala Lumpur. Admrs- sion is lree for the public r sponsored a publicatron on Sarawak's cultural heritage in con;unction with the state's 25th an- niversary celebrations in 1988 r sponsored a publication entitled Kuala Lumpur, lvtinarets of Old, Visions of !'ler,r'bv the Iate Peter Chay in conjunction rvith Visit Malavsia Year 19q0 18 BERITA SHETL April 1989

)l IFY1IP 9bN6B' ARb UP rO tT,Iilt, 15 ArJ SpEptEN& \\/oU €*oUtD UEPEH, ofi,DuRlAr/ The 'king of fruits' which rules the hearts of true here is a time in the Malaysians popular beliefs that the durian is year when a strange both an elixir of vouth and an aPh- odour fills the air, a Story and cartoons by rodisiac. C. Ean Teoh distinct peculiar smell Old people think that they can \"Oh, DURIANS!\" The inflec- dressed comfortably, squatting on grow young on a diet of durians. that only Malaysians can identify Men consume durians as soon as tions in the voice, nuances in the their haunches by the roadside. they fall from the trees in the belief with ... the durian season has Heartily eating durians off their that the fruit has powers to in- expression of those words will crease their virility. come round again! shells, they are so engrossed that give you an immediate clue to the they are oblivious to the pervad- Virility Strange, how an ugly round person's regard for the fruit. ing smell, the mess of creamypulp Probably, the association goes fruit covered with menacing No Half Measure on their fingers and around their back a long way to the durians that grew wild in the jungle. The fact spikes has worked itself into our It could be that gleam of expec- mouths as they expertly'flick' off tant relish or a distorted agonised is, the tiger-a symbol of virility lives. look on the face. Certainly, there is great gobbles of succulent flesh It's not a fruit that endears itself often no half measure where the with teeth and tongues. If Your and power in Asian folklore-also durian is concerned. You either senses are up to it, this is an ex- seeks out the fruit in the jungle. Ti- to everyone's taste-buds or nose, love it or hate it! gers wait under durian trees for perience you should cherish. the fruit to fall-their noses being for that matter ... yet without A unique sight not to be missed sensitive to the smell of durians, is to see a group of people, often A lot of mysterious qualities are thus able to seek them out. question, it has been regarded as THE fruit in our lives. People talk have been attributed to the du- The potency of the durian of other fruits without much feel- rian. Although these qualities ing. Yes, so what about papayas, comes wrth a warning. It should have never been proven, there are pineapples, bananas? Or even 19 special fruits like guavas, rambu- tans and duku langsats? What about them? Hardly any reaction. But just say \"Dudans\" and it evokes peculiar reactions. BERITA SHELL Apdl 1989

Folk Medicine Despite its 'kingly' status, the familiarity o{ the fruit to ordinary folk is obvious in the various uses of the durian plant in folk medicine. The leaves are boiled to make a hot poultice for the abdo- men. In the state of Perak, durian leaves are boiled to make a lotion to bathe a jaundice patient. The juices of the leaves are squeezed into water to treat fever ailments and even the durian root is ground into paste to treat fevers. DuP,t AN9 -TtlE PPEScpt aED MtutATt qi tuR Tooth-Paste A VARIHY OP NLME^/T6. Ever considered an alternative to toothpaste? The thick white rind and the bronzey-green, ar- mour-like durian skin is drted and burnt to ash which is then used as a 'tooth-powder' to clean the teeth. Apparently, it does the job well and some bright entrep- reneur may one day market it in never be consumed together with Windfall anv alcoholic brew, particularly samsu, for the chemical reaction When some great fortune comes can be fatal. So it is said. Having your way with hardiy any effort, heard it, there is no one foolhardy people say, \"Ahh ... durian run- enough to try and prove it wrong! tuh.\" It literally means \"durians fa1l\" which, translated, means a Proverbs windfall. This is because ripe du- rians do not have to be harvested You will know when something with great effort. Al1one needs to becomes ingrained in the fabric of do is to wait under the talltrees for the liie of the people-it appears in the fruits to fa1l to the ground and folk proverbs and wise sayings THAT is the perfect state for du- handed down the generations and rians to be eaten-fresh. becomes an ingredient in folk Of course, with great fortune, medicine. Not the least, it appears great care has to be taken. The fal- ling fruits come a long way down in different variations in the and their spikes can cause nastv cuisine of the wounds. A quirky thought sur- -what if Isaac Newton had exactl nder a durian tree instead of Cucumber commercial form. Then you won't an apple tree? have to worry about not getting to A Malav proverb goes, \"Seperti brush your teeth in those months between durian seasons should durian dengan mentimun\" or you decide to switch to durian- flavoured ash for cleaning teeth. \"Like the durian and the The ash is also used to soften cucumber.\" This is used as an ex- and plump up dried cuttle-fish into succulent juicy-soft chunks pression to compare two things that are so much a part of the in- that are unequally pitted together. gredients used for 1ocal dishes, The fact is whether the durian rolls The durian flesh has an ex- over the cucumber or the tremely high food value but is con- cucumber rolls over the durian, sidered as a 'heaty' food. This the cucumber will get spiked any- means that when consumPtion is in excess, 1ike1y consequences are way. Obviously, it goes to show the supremacy of the durian which some have come to regard aJPIAN AEII -AN ALTEAAIIVE To fiortt-mqTE? as the 'king of fruits'. 20 BERITA SHELL Apdl 1989

a sore throat, constipation and a rian cakes are often sold in saus- tlLrshed sensation ail over. The age-shaped packages. local antidote: take hold of an emptv durian skin and fill it with Durian flavour has made its lvaY into ice-creams, cakes, candies rrr n'ater mixed with a dash (or more) oi salt and then drink from it. For anythin8 else that needs a choice some reason, it works, probably of flavours. A favourite dish is du- psvchologically. Many durian eat- rian cooked in coconut milk or ers declare that they feel better with glutinous rice. For the aiter going through the ritual. savourv-toothed enthusiast, the 'Rituals' 'll4B tocAt AttrtWTE ruReoBE TuBoAT $iD pulp is preserved in salt and There are also 'rituals' per- @NSTIPATION, fonned by durian buyers who prawn-paste, and serves as lenr- select from piles of the fruit by the povak. roadside, at markets or wherever tliere are durians to be picked. Real durian lunkies go through Eager durian lovers are very the whole gamut of durian-rn- :erious as they try out all kinds of 'tactics'to get the best fruit. They spired food and ivillingly suffer iarefully shake it, sniff it, study the consequences. However, the the spikes and the skin surface. vile durian smellhangs over them hours after it has been consumed. Thus, it is often advisable for everyone sharing the same house or office to join in a durian feast- so that everyone mav emit the same vile durian smellfor the next few hours! 6Lu<E A DUNAN Nb Z 'Malaysianness' -IAl&Mf AAUBYe PR)WRB C1MPM.\\NO a)o rtilhtGg With its presence felt in so many UNEQUAILY nTrED T%t€fllEk. itfacets of Malavsian life, is Some even scratch the short cigar- the fruit and show the semblance wRpoBurva'r of good flesh but when you get not surprising' to have your .ike stalks to determine the colour home and split open the whole .'1 the durian flesh. Picking out durian, the rest of the fruit is rot- 'Malavsianness' measured bv ten or fullof worms. your affinity to the durian. And .ood durians withoutopenrng the the foreigner who learns to enjo1, :ruit has become a special art in it- Ice-cream the durian is regarded with warm .elf and those who can do it well approval as if he has passed the :re often highly esteemed. However, where a good durran vital test of assimilation. Stuck The durian fruit seller, how- is concerned, nothing need be with a labelas the fruit that \"tastes ever, is often accommodating to wasted. Even the durian seed can like heaven, smells like hell\" and be boiled and eaten. The flesh of looking as it does, both regal and :egular customers. If your judg- the good qualitv fruit is eaten raw menacing, it is indeed a fruit to be nent fails, you can always ex- reckoned with. No other fruit can ihange a worm-eaten fruit for and the inferior fruit made into ever take its place as THE fruit in lempok or local durian cake by ourlives. ($E another as a gesture of 'good-wi11'. cooking the pulp with sugar. Du- .TIIE There are durian sellers, though, irho are so crafty in their art that :hey are able to cut a section of BERITA SHELL April 1989

0ck-fighting is a popular pastime in Sabah and Spiked with its own brand of passion Sarawak. Its existence in these places is -sport known to man survives a everywhere forbidden, almost neither isolated nor excused from the con- Africa, Belgium, Bali, Borneo, troversies surrounding cock-fighting. How- Hawaii, Italy, India, Mal ever, that does not nullify its significance as a social-cum-cu1- by Pang I tural force among the ethnic groups. Traditionally shrouded in religious and cultural rituals, cock-fighting rcnrains, invariablv, a feature oI nativt' ft's- tivitres here. The drfference between the practice in Sabah anc'l Sarawak lies in the Lrse of artificral spurs or gaffs, locally known as 1a7r, which is common in Sarawak. In Sabah, a unique feature of the fight has evolved. It is cal k'd purui (breaks) in u,hich each side has the right to stop the fight three times at anv stage. After the third puruf. the fight must proceed without further rnterruption until one of the cocks is defeated. In Sarawak, cock-fighting is carried to considerable heights of refinement among the Ibans. Exceedinglv popular, cock- fighting is immortalised in Iban folklore, poems and songs. It is held during important festivals such as the Gawai Antu (iestival of the ancestors). David Sabang, an Iban with a strong family tradition of cock-frghting, reminisced about cock-fighting in the olden days and gave some traditional tips on the finer points of a winning cock. A cock-fight, normally held between two villages along the same river, was a much anticipated event as it provided an opportunrtv. for friends and relatives to meet. It was an ir- resistible setting for the village match-rnakerl Determining the day of the fight was, in itself, an excite- David Sabang takes pride in his family hadition of cock-fighting. BERITA SHELL April 1989

-cock-fighting the oldest spectator ment. Before the advent of the calendar, days were enumer- ated by tying the corresponding number of knots 0n a rope; quagmire of controversies. Almost one knot for one day and each knot would be undone with everywhere practised: America, China, Cuba, England, France, the passing of each day. avsia, Philippines, Spain. A day before the fight, David's father counted off the sec- \\gan Yue ond last knot on a rope. When night fell, he and his friends -prepared the piring an offering of saffron rice sweetened with sugar. Amidst the beating of the gendang ra;ra (big gongs) they regaled the dleties of cock-fighting: Sempurai, Kelng, Bungai Nuing, Laja and Bunga lawa. The ritual had just begun. For the cock owners, the crucial -part was yet to come in their s1eep. Itislhe ngiga mimpi- a journey into dreams, in a deliberate search for signs and promises. To embark upon that journey, they slept outside on the verandah that night, with their fighting cocks tied near them. and, undoubtedly, after much laboured interpretation, final decisions were made: whose cock was to fight (and whose was not to) and the trme of the cock-fight. Said David: \"Dreams that carry with them associated im- ages of glory, victory and pride are good dreams (obvi- ouslyl).. . like the one in which my father dreamt his kite was soaring way above other kites. Or the one I had in which I slashed and uprooted a big tree with a small knife.\" \"With other dreams you.take your chances, but there is one that vou best'heed: if vou feel shame in vour dream, The moment of truth: two rival cocks in a frenzied fight. BERITA SHELL Apdl 1989

APRIL.1989 A Berita Shell Supplement w hether we like it BITES AND or not. human be- ings often come into contact with a variety of -rnimals and insects. Although the majority of insects are not harmful, they nevertheless bite human be- ings for two reasons: to de- STI NGSiend themselves when dis- turbed and to feed on human (Part 1) blood. These bites and stings could cause irritation or pain; fear and panic; di- rczSeS ?fld even death. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS WHICH BITE OR STING There is a wide range of rnimals which are known to bite or sting. They can be classified as follows: l. Insects i. Spiders. ticks and mites -1. Scorpions J. Reptiles - snakes. in par- ticular 5. Marine animals such as fish and jellyfish. There are numerous in- sects which bite and we are. iamiliar with the common cont'd on pg 2

-+-*-_6_c*4:@Ilthbetheorftveen like it or not. human in contact v'ith come a varietv of anifials and inseats. ones, like the mosquitoes. ment) in its victim's skin. Do ;\" fi{$'{'*'l$ $: $.{{}&,'fr However. we will discuss not attempt to remove the r*{_}f{s.q,.*r$,}.1 only those insects whose bites cause severe reactions or proboscis rvith your fingers as This is a large fly whicl: pain. this will result in morc p()i\\on Iii ts on the hlood oIdomc:tr. i,. Lit'l'1\". :r,,t}\"i I 1;1;'; being inje cted into the or wild animals and even thl: l,'tt 1. i ,i I wound. of man. It moves slowly an.. i I 'l'ir.. i .*r. f.it; i? i *: *;; r. o Wash the sting wound with can be easily repelled or kil- soap and water or zrntiseptic led. Since it leeds ()n onc rnr These insects include bees. solution to prevent infectitln. wzisps and ants. Everv year. o Apply ice packs to recluce mal aftcr itnother. it nrrrr nearly twice as many people clic ol'hites from thcse insccts the pain and swelling. Avoid transmit cliseases. heat. as from snakes bites. What to do if stung br o Antihistamine may be use- Occasionallv, deaths result horsefly from multiple stings from an ful for eliminating itchiness o Clean the area around the suHanovuw5s0ue0avlteloyr,1la.t0hr0ge0e-mnuaomfjoinbrsieteyrct-so.f and local swelling. deaths are due to allergic o If the victim is experiencing wound to prevent infcction reactions to venoms (poison) abdominal cramps, breathing which may result from germ: from these insects. difficulties or'light-headed- deposcd by the horsefly or What to do if stung by ness', hc should be brought to the c'loctor. from scratching. hymenoptera o Those who develop severe o Take antibiotics or applr o The insect usually lcaves its proboscis (or piercing in:tru- reactions to bee stings or steriod ointment. o Intense itching may be rc- wasp stings should be pro- viclecl with rnedical alert tags lieved by taking antihis- with information of their al- lergies and first aid tips. tamine. cont'd on pg -1 2

Snake bites can be toxic to the nerves. red blood cells and muscles. 3. BITES $$E&M o breathing paralysis enough to allow just enough SN&KHS o kidney failure space for one finger to Less than one-tenth of ap- o destruction of red blood squeeze in. However, loosen proximately 3,500 known cells the band if it gets too tight :pecies of snakes are poison- o shock due to the swelling of the rrus. Human deaths resulting from strings and bites are not First aid measures wound. common. o Within five minutes of the o Minimise the victim's In contrast, the estimated movements by letting him bite, it is advisable to make numher of deaths among ani- rest in one place. Reassure an incision around the bite mals resulting lrom insect the victim and keep calm. wound and suck out the bites is high. o Identify the snake involved poison, especially if the hos- Snake bites can be very -theifstnhaiskeis not possible, kill pital is more than 30 minutes' Io\\ic to the nerves, red blood identification drive away. Suction should cells and muscles. Death for be continued up to one hour could be due to any one of the purposes. following factors or a combi- after the bite or until anti- nation of these: o lf possible. applyaconstric- venim is administered. tion band a few cm above the o Get medical attention im- bite wound. Make it tight mediately as antivenim is available to treat snake bites.

Wry*. ryffiW ffiu$mqryffim ffiffiffw Wffiur #ffmmffi ffim ffi&ffim ffirmff$ffim ffiffiffiffix&r Check your answers with those of safbty experts on pije t t. Poster by courtesy of the Royal Society of the Prevention of Ac- cidents (ROSpA).

SAFE HANDLING OF CAUSTIC SODA odium hydroxide, moisture from the air. Man- and halogenated hydrocar- the chemical name ufactured in either solid form bons. Its violent reaction with for caustic soda. is light metal produces hydro- --.rmmonly used in the pct- (flakes and grunules) or in gen. :.,leum industry. liquid form, caustic soda is When solid caustic soda is It is a white substance used to neutralise acids or being dissolved, it generates .'.irich is hydroscopic. mean- acid gases. cont'd on pg 6 :.1-s that it absorbs water A strong base. caustic soda #,ffi* reacts violently with acids J. 5* ;t !r *,r-- j. - iE--- i 1rf fuI ll hen handling caustic soda, wear protective clothings, long gloves, an apron and face shield. 5

considerablc heat. causing First aid treatment Remove the patient,s con- thc lormation ol' corrosive for injuries caused by caustic soda taminated clothes and git t fumes. o INHALATION: Move the him a shower. Caustic soda can be ab- sorbed by the bodv through person to an open spacc skin with plenty of water L.: ingestion or its fumes can be where he can breathe fresh give him or her a sho\\\\e : inhaled. air. Lav him dou,n in a half upright position. Call a doc- Send thc patient to a doctr. When inhaled. the sub- tor immediatelv ancl scncl the stance irritates the nose palient to the hospitrrl. immecliately. and may cause sore throat, r SKIN CONTACT: Re- o INGESTION: Rinse th, coughing and laboured brea- move the paticnt'\\ contami- m()uth rnd give lhe prli(.r ' nated clothes and rinsc the plcnty of water to drink b.., thing trr lung oedema. fore transpc'rrting him to th- Ingestion of caustic soda is hospital. corrosive to the body lissues o CONTACT WITH EYES and can cause sore throat. vomiting. dierrrhoea and ab- Rinse the cyes with plentv L, dominal spasms. water ancl imrnccliately sen. the patient to tlre cloctor. Caustic socla is most corro- sive on contact with the skin or eyes and may cause red- ness. pain or serious skin burns. It may even damage the eyes and cause blindness! When handling causric soda. make sure that ,vou wear chemical resistant lons gloves and protective clo- things, including an apron. For eyc protection. alwal,s wear a full face shicld. Al- ways stand on the upwind side to avoid breathing caus- tic soda vapours. When dissolving caustic soda. remembcr to usc brea- thing protection and switch on the exhaust fan to ertract the fr.rmes from the room. Should spillage of caustic soda occur, sweep away the spilt substance immediately and wash away the residue with large amount of water. Caustic soda should always be stored dry and be sepa- rated from acids and haloge- nated hydrocarbons. 6

ACCIDENT and prosecute the offenders. INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING However. accident investiga- A ccident inves(igation with complex causes may de- tion seeks to identify the A ir an essenriai pan or .{f.\"r\".tive safety ma- mand more resources and ex- causes so that corrective ac- nrgement. Prompt investiga- pertise. tions can be taken to prevent The purpose of an investi- tion is a demonstration of the future accidents. nranagement's concern for gation is to establish the facts The right attitude towards safety. relating to the accident: to accident investigation is one draw conclusions from the .\\ccident investigation is a whereby the causes of the ac- :act-finding process which facts and make recommenda- tions to prevent a similar re- cidents are established in a crrds to ( he causes oI t he acci- totally blame-free environ- currence. Jent. For most of the acci- ment. Tn criminal investigations. lents, the investigative skill is the authorities are only in- Accident investigation is not an easy task. Facts and '.r ithin one person's capacity. terested in obtaining evi- Ho.,vever. serious accidentS evidences relating to the acci- dence so that they can arrest denl are not usually obvious. Such a task requires skills in investigation, analysis and evaluation. Investigation also demands efforts and cooper- ation from all concerned. The emphasis should be made on maintaining the right attitude throughout the investigation. Whatever the demands may be, nothing should stand The purpose of an investiga- tion is to estab- lish the facts re- lating to the ac- cident. ''u3

in the way of carrying out a line supervisor through the events must be traced back until the very source of the proper investigation im- telephone or radio contact. 'branch' is reached. Many local authorities re- mediately after the accident. Where an accident investi- In Shell, there is a well-de- quire that they be notified of gation requires a separate [ined written policy on acci- certain categories of acci- written report, carefully or- dents. There are also dents. Group service com- ganise the materials so that panies, too, require that they readers can easily establish guidelines on conducting ac- be notified through the ap- cident investigations and pro- the causes and draw the con- cedures to be taken following propriate channels. clusions. an accident. These proce- Investigation to obtain the Prevention dures specify the need to in- most accurate evidence The draft of the report should be undertaken im- vestigate all accidents, in- should be critically checked mediately after the accident. cluding near misses which to ensure that all the impor- could cause potential injury Wherever possible. the acci- dent should be immediately tant points are highlighted. or damage. discussed with the victim to The handbook on accident Check to see if the conclu- get his or her view of the investigation also outlines the events relating to the acci- sions and recommendations action required at each stage dent. are clear and accurately of the investigation such as Witnesses should also be stated. Make sure that the re- identifying the staff who will be responsible for follow-up interviewed individually as port is signed and dated be- actions, informing the rele- vant staff of the accident and soon as possible. Explain to fore making copies of it for submitting written reports. The deadlines for the respec- them that the investigation is distribution. tive actions are stipulated in the handbook. to establish the cause of the The report should be for- accident and NOT to appor- Cooperation mally reviewed and im- tion blame. It is often helpful In any accident involving plemented by the action par- to supplement accident re- casualties, the immediate ac- ties, adhering to a stipulated tion should be to attend to the ports with sketches, photo- injured and to minimise pos- graphs and equipment dos- schedule to ensure effective sible effects of the injuries. slers. follow-up. Cooperation should be given A technique called 'fault- The report should be tree' or 'accident investiga- widely circulated to obtain to the first aid team and the medical staff. Where serious tion tree' is very useful in en- the maximum benefit from it. accidents are concerned, al- ways check if the ambulance suring a systematic and Discussion and feedback has been alerted. thorough investigation. This from safety meetings should After medical attention technique is used to trace be incorporated in team has been arranged for, the back various events and con- briefings in order to fully be- next thing to be done is to notify the appropriate per- ditions leading to the acci- nefit from the lessons that can sonnel concerning the loca- dent. To construct a 'fault- tion of the accident. In most be learnt from the investiga- tree', the accident must first cases, this will be done by the be defined. tion. All these will help in I Secondly, identify all achieving the prime objective coarucsoesnd-itiotnhsatwish,icphriolerdetvoetnhtes of accident pinrveevsetnigtiaotnionof- a accidents (essential factors). that is, the Thirdly. each lactor can. in similar accident! turn, be traced back to further causes. The chain of

ffi ruv$ m&N M ffi ruY&L &W&mffi ru ffi&S FffiM ffiffiUSM-MWWNffiffiffi he industrial sector have the attitude that rubbish If you are staying in flats or commercial areas. remember specifically fac- is the Municipal Council's to depose your rubbish into the big communal bins. Do tories -culparrites often sole responsibility and their make sure that the rubbish is .lepicted as the which not strewn around the com- role is merely to place the munal bins. cluse pollution and environ- rubbish outside their fences. Take particular care not to mental degradation. This attitude is wrong. As throw rubbish in areas that Chimneys belching black .moke and pipes discharging house-owners, you are re- may pollute rivers or streams. dirty water into rivers are sponsible for providing WASTE FRCIM T $XLHTS commonly depicted in the proper duslbins of appropri- Many houses are installed mass media to highlight the ate sizes. with septic tanks to treat need to improve the environ- Have a heart for the gar- toilet waste which is biodeg- ment. bage disposal men who have raded in them. Treated water On the other hand. houses to carry away the rubbish! will flow out of the septic .rnd residential areas are de- Avoid using cut-off steel tanks into the open drains. picted as clean environments drums. and corroded or bro- Like most things, the septic s ith green lawns and beauti- ken dustbins. Do not hang tanks must be maintained by ful gardens. The kind of stuff regularly emptying the sew- plastic bags of rubbish on age. :hat you see in travel your fence. The septic tank's capacity rrochures. is usually planned according Should you need to place to the household size. Thus, Do we then assume that the rubbish in bags, do check cont'd on pg 10 house-owners do not pollute the garbage collection time so :he environment? Is it true that the rubbish is not left :hat there is little that house- outside for too long as food r\\\\'ners can do to contribute waste attract stray dogs, flies Irr the environment's well- and vermins. To guard .eing? against stray dogs, use a tight- fitting lid on your dustbin. The answer to both ques- :ions is 'no'. Most people :.nd to underestimate how :heir lifestyles can contribute f()sitively to the environ- nent. This article highlights .rrme possible areas in which :ood habits practised by llt)uS9-ownCrS can help to j rL'ate clean surroundings. HOUSEEISLM 'Leave nothing but footprints, take nothing but photos, - a remin- \\\\ ASTE der to those visiting the national parks. Rubbish is perhaps the rost obvious problem to the :nvironment. House-owners I

cont'd from pg 9 cal waste and exercise cau- take your litter home with tion when disposing them. if the contents of the septic you. tank is not dislodged, its NOISE POLLUTION If you are cooking or hav- capacity may decrease and It is difficulr to define noise untreated sewage may over- pollution as this is a subjec- ing a barbecue at the picnic flow into the drains. spot, make sure you keep the tive matter. In homes, the SURNING S}\" GAR. sources of noise are hi-fi fire under control. Put out I}EN REF'USE the fire when you leave to music, radio, musical instru- prevent damaging the grass Those with green fingers may derive pleasure from ments, children and and surrounding plants which is home to many species of in- pottering around the garden. mahjong. Remember the old sects. birds and animals. Inevitably, they leave behind adage: One man's meat is NATIONAL PARKS a pile of tree trimmings, another man's poison. So, if National parks are particu- branches and leaves. Do not you like loud music, please be larly interesting places for a pile up garden waste outside considerate to your neigh- holiday with the family- bours who may loathe it. However. remember this slo- your fence and assume that it gan when you visit the na- tional parks'. \"Leave nothing will be collected. Not all local YNHICT,ES but footprints, take nothing but photos\". In this way, the councils provide special haul- Smoky emissions usually national parks will continue come from badly-maintained to be a pleasure to visitors age services for garden waste. diesel engines. There is a law after you. When in doubt, check with in Malaysia against vehicles MISCELLAI\\{EOUS your local council. emitting smoke above a Some household pets can Should you decide to burn stipulated pollution level. So pose a nuisance to the envi- the garden waste, please limit send your car to the nearest ronment. Incessant barking the amount to be burnt. Shell Service station for from dogs, droppings from Burning of waste must be chickens or odour from the thorough checking. done between 8 am and 6 pm kennels are just a few exam- Motorcyclists, too, should ples. Have some mercy on only, lest you be charged not modify the exhaust sys- tems of their machines to get your neighbour spare under the Clean Air Act. the ear-piercing effect be- them the agony of tolerating This law is to protect the envi- ronmenl as smoke emission cause it is an offence. such nuisance. Some households believe accumulated during the night cannot disperse until the day in utilising every waste scrap. For example, discarded steel when the temperature rises. PICNICKING AND or plastic drums are used to store rain water for cooking WASTE CHNI}TICALS COUNTRYSIT}E YTSTTS and drinking. Avoid usins FROM I{OUSg. chemical drums for storing T{OLDS It is lovely to take the fam- water. ily for a picnic or to spend a Although the quantity of day enjoying the beauty of cont'd on pg 1I chemical waste from house- the seaside or countryside. holds is minimal. house- As none of us would like to be owners do throw away left- greeted by litter upon arrival over engine oil, solvents, at the picnic spot, so make paints, thinners, pills and sure that you throw the rub- pesticides. Since chemical bish in the trash bins pro- vided. If that is not possible, waste is harmful in big quan- tities, please minimise chemi- 10

TI{18 COUIO HAPPEN TO YOU THE ACCIDENT: A earlier. This caused the exp- Worker C was already at the losion when ignition was in- welder was attempting to troduced. job site. Worker A then light an oxy-acetylene torch, LESSON: Do not attempt worked on the upper check but due to the strong wind, valve, but Worker B and C to light an oxy-acetylene worked on the lower check the torch could not be torch in an enclosure that valve which was still under may have accumulated lighted. He then placed the pressure. After six of the torch nozzle into an open end flammable gas. eight nuts of the lower check of a 16-inch pipe nearby, THE ACCIDENT: In. valve had been removed. the using the pipe as a wind struction was given to cover blew off hitting Worker Worker A to replace an C on the right forearm. Fluid shield. Whilst lighting the blew into his face and chest, upper check valve. Worker A torch in this manner, a minor and he fell against some explosion was caused in the and Worker B then pro- pipe. equipment, injuring himself. ceeded to carry out the task. WHY IT HAPPENED: cont'd on pg 12 Apparently some acetylene ...from page_4 had collected in the pipe in the attempt to light the torch Anffiers to ROSPA Poster cont'd from pg 10 CONCLUSION Do you still feel that home- owners do not contribute to environmental pollution? Then consider more pollu- tion culprits from house- holds: hair spray aerosol rvhich destroy the earth's ozone layer; the power generator which contribute to acid rain; and your soap and washing powder which pollute the sea. Your home environment may comprise only a small part of the overall environ- ment but your every effort contributes to a cleaner envi- ronment for ourselves and our childrenl 11

\\,v&sv $'K' &{A g}x}FlNFtx}; Communication failure: Worker B and C did not know the exact task to be done. Supervision was also insufficient. X,E$S{}Fig Ensure that the nature of the task is fully un- derstood before starting work. More hazardous tasks such as this require more supervision. SS{X1 ACCXS}$:N'&': Four men were pushing a wireline gantry crane from one end of the rail to the other. Whilst doing so, one of them sprained his back. w&{v K3' x{,&p&}E&its.&} : Comply with aII precautions stipulated in the work permit. The gantry crane is too heavy T',&{S\" A{]CXY}E&i'[.: An work site when he suddenlr' to be pushed by the four men. ran into an B-inch diametei inspector was driving along a LE'.SS()l\\: If the job is too pipe which was hanging road in a tank farm to his heavy, get more help. across the road at about 4 feet height. ./f WX{Y 6T ffi&&}N}EF{ED: /\\,// The road was not fully closed as required in the Work Per- i- ill IX\",3#i;?:f':l ffi; of the asphalt road. There were a lot of other pipeworks in the background. The driver was driving facing the sun. These conditions made it difficult to notice the over- hanging pipe. If the iob is too [,HSS6-]Nr Precautions as required in lhe work permit heavy, get helP. must be fully complied with. 12 Published by The Health, Safety and Environment Committee, in conjunction with the Public Affain department, Shell Companies in Malaysia, P O Box ll027, 50732 Kuala Lumpur Printcd by Ling Wah PrB Sdn. Bhd.

'Ivirre thc faii to the cock's leg demands skill \"l tlorl't irght \\.oLll COCk prt that dat,l\" \\\\,arned Dayid. t indeed, tr,rdriiona.l ctrck-iightine u as riddled ni[ir rlreams BERITA SHELL April 19\" tl l.e rntei'l.r'rtetl, aitri a mvnad oi ontens io be obsen,ecl. On 0rrir s \\\\'a| t0 a fight, sithtinq trl i:asles iltd :|;kes t,r chance he.rring of riitferent birc'lsongs coLricl all be taken io be r)mens. Cr,.ot1 or bad the onrens rlerc taken seiiousil \" \\\\'hen a pariicLrlar cocl rr.r, to tight rljs crucjal h its ,rlianct-s oi l'innins. .{nd that u,as chit:fir, a 'feathered' deci, . t.,r't . Accordinc to David, aiter much obsen,ation and dir.ina- tion, a tirne-tab1e u'as developed around the colourrng of ihe cock's plumagc. There aLe at least 26 classifications oi:coiours. But, the classification,s do uot iLrllorv conventional nontel't- clatLrre iike'r'rt1', 'r'cilou'', or'Lrlue'. Irrsteaci, thc colour.c al0 classiiieti accordrng ttr an jnralsl The numerous classifrcatiorrs of coiours can fall broadlr. ir,to three marrr group oi animal-s: bird, fish and insrct Ft,r trranrple, Birint., a cr,krui t'hich iaLls under tlre'Lrild gr,,Lrp rrnrplist's tht conrmon brou'n and red-ieatLrrttl i arietr .,\\1c- ,',a,tinq goes Lrndel the 'insect' gnrup; cocks of this col,.iur ;rr:e rr hjtt, 'io crear.nv in coltr-rr and are bespeckled Bejalak be- iongs to the 'i'ish' rroup anri tt,piires cocks rlhict., at.e [.e, speckled rljtir lainLrou hLre-s likc thost ol' a iish Each cock, dependrng Lrprsn i1-, colour. has a prarticitlar 'prinre time' for peak perfor^rnarrce. This i: an rntriguing pirt'nomt:nor u,hich can be tracetl, to a ccriain erter''l t,, thc Lrehalioural trarts ol the aninrals aftt'r lvhii:h thtr coiours are 24

classified, taThnhedeofdtehraearrmlewsasaos-fgtrwaipsopthipneugyg. npFaoacusinocciunesadtifofoonwr lwasna-sawdhvraaitnctektanlegseoneorvtehecetr The moment of truth: two cocks, as compatibly matched as faces of spectators. A fascination mixed with anxiety; possible in_terms of size, colour (in respect to prime time) relatively high monetary stakes are commonly in- n'ere brought to the centre of the pit by the setteis and hand- iers. With a stamp of the setters' feet, the cocks were released volved. In each round, the original glint of the headlong into battle. polished tajis was swiftly dulled by the blood from the The stamping of feet became such an intrinsic feature of a cocks. The final scene : inevitably a sanguine one. :ock-fight, Iban mvth has it that the footprint of Sempurai one of the dieties) is still evident on an aniient cock-fighting As there is a winner, so there is a prize. In the oid davs, the .ite at Bukit Punjong Balai, Sarawak. -trophy was a gift of the opponent's cock which had lost Upon release, the cocks instantly flung themselves at each other, strong and fearless. In preparation for the fight, the dead or alive. This was termed an taroh bangkai. ;ocks were known to be fed with a specialdlet: the heart of The elderly folks, however, would recall stories of dieties the hijau kampung tiang, a diminutive crow-like bird which even the eagle is said to {ear, who staked their wives as prizes for the fightl Then, for a good measure of the moral of that story, a paral- Each fight was brisk and decisive. This, to a large extent, rvas a result of the traditional use of the faTl; which was tied to lel tale would be thrown in of how two vtllages were de- ',,oured bv the garuda (a gigantic mvthologicalbird)- a con- -,,ne side of the cock's leg normallv the lef t one. sequence of the villagers' obsession with cock-fighting. According to David, the left leg was found to be stronger ior the kick. in many countries where a gaff is used in co&- According to thai tale, the two village leaders, one uprlver :ighting, the weapon is similarlv tied on the left leg of the and the other downrir,er, were so obsessed with cock-fight- iock. Biologically, the gizzardis found on the right side, thus ing that a1l the cocks in their villages were s00n used up. Thev resorted to fighting with hens. Before they knew it, the raking it heavier on that side and, hence, weaker on the hens were gone too. Undeterred, thev fought with eggs. in desperation, they summoned trvo garutlas to a fight. The :rsht leg. birds came and destroved the two villages. In any sport, there is a winner. And a loser. In a cock-fight, Today, one can sav that the fundamental character of a :he crucial decision rested withthe pelekat.He was responsi- cock-fight in Sabah and Sararvak has not changed: its popu- :le for customary rules pertaining to conduct of the'fight. laritv is undiminished. The fighting cocks continue to be val- L'suallv, the cock which was badly wounded, which\"ran iant. But norv, it is all for a price. .l\\\\'av, 0r which died, lost. A confirmation of victory con- .isted of two pecks on the head of the defeated cock. 25 BERITA SHELL April 1989

The earliest historical records of its existence were writings on Persia's conquest of India in the fourth i,l century B.C. Since then, cock-fighting has received its share of 'darts' and 'laurels'. , 'Laurels' I Cock-fighting, or conversely, the fighting-cock, is revered as the ancient embodiment of military val- s our. This analogy was popularised by Themistodes, the great {ourth century (8.C.) Athenian general s who saved ancient Greece from conquest by the Persians. fr Chancing upon two cocks fighting, the general exhorted his soldiers thus: \"Behold, these do not $It fight for their household gods, lor the monuments of their ancestors, for glory, for liberty, or for the safety 0f their children, but only because one will not give way to the other. You who have much more to defend, will you not do likewise?\" Inspired, the Greeks proceeded to vanquish the Persians. Cock-fighting became a national sport in Athens. Besides Themistocles, other renowned historical t'igures like Socrates, Musonius and Em- peror Severus of Rome had cited cock-fighting as an exampld to inspire military valour. Cock-fighting 'crowed' of such rcyal patronage as Kng Henry VIil, one of England's strongest monarchs during the beginning of the British Ret'ormation era. 'Darts' Cock-fighting became the target o{ acutc criticisms with the dawning of the new spirit of reform in the nineteenth century. Protests evolved and continue to develop around two bones of contention: one moral, the other, legislative. The moral battle-cry revolved around cruelty to animals. Edging this an was the employment of weaponry in cock-fighting; an artificial spur or gaf{ (short, hooked b}ade) was tied to the leg of the -fighting cock with deadly results. The pinnacle of protests, however, were hurled at a form of British cock4ighting knawn as 'Battle Royal'. A pitfull of {ighting cocks were turned loose in a'free-for-all' -fight for surival a sanguine spectacle indeed! Considered too brutal and capricious, this was aban- doned by the end of the eighteenth century. The question of tegalityhlnges on a 'tripod' o{ illegal intents: cruelty, gambling and sedition. Legis- lation proved to be elusive enough in countries where cock4ighting was regarded pimarily as a t'orm of sport. In many South-east Asian counties, where cock-t'ighting had its roots as a cultural and social event, legislation proved to be a most delicate issue. Proponents and opponents o{ cock-fighting had their own share of failings. Taken to the extreme, one reeked of a 'macbethan' approach to exorcism of violence, whilst the other smacked ot' glaring in- consistencies. $D

E MALAYSIA book is a pictorial presentation of Sarawak Shell to invest 2 billion Various exhibits were put on National shipping company Kuala Lumpur's history, develop- ringgit in Baram Delta display, including the proper awards conhact to Shell ment and status as the gateway to SARAWAK Shell Berhad (SSB) ways of wiring a plug and other THE Malaysian International prominent destinations in willinvest 2 billion ringgit over the electrical equipment, tips on Shipping Corporation (MISC) has Malaysia. next 10 years to further develop safety in washrooms and first aid. awarded a contract to Shell to sup- Children also took part in a spot- By sponsoring the book, Shell is nine fields in the Baram Delta ply marine bunker fuels to all the-hazards competition, which conhibuting to tourism promotion block, off Miri in Sarawak. was conducted there and then for MISC vessels calling at Singapore those who visited the exhibition. and Rotterdam. of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia's capi- SSB has recently renewed its It was yet another successful ef- Shell's Marketing Manager Zain tal city. production sharing conhact (PSC) fort, with hundreds of employees Yusuf and MISC's Director of Fleet \"The publication is more than with PETRONAS (the nationaloil taking the opportunity to take Kapt. Suhaimi bin Samsudin timely as Malaysia prepares for a company). their famiiies to see the exhibition. signed the contract on March 6 at Shell House in Kuala Lumpur. number of major international Under the new PSC terms, PET- Shell's Kinabalu-l shikes oil in The contract is based on a mar- events, notably the South-East RONAS Carigali and SSB willbe Sabah ket-related pricing formula, a rela- ioint contractors to PETRONAS, Asian (SEA)Games in August; the AN oildiscovery has been made tively new development in the. with Carigali as the operator. with the Kinabalu-1 well in the SB- Commonwealth Heads of Gov- world bunker market. The two contractors will operate 1 acreage. Said Zain Yusuf: \"Shellis proud ernment Meeting (CHOGM) in and produce oil from the nine oil- October and 'Visit Malaysia Year' Although the well was not yet that its networking services can in 1990. fields and also undertake new de- completed, the first indications provide international services to velopment projects, such as work- were very promising indeed. MISC.\" In preparation for these events, overs and the drilling of new The discovery was made during He said that the contract will Shell is embarking on a'beautifica- wells, which will cost 1.4 billion the last two days of 1988. mutually benefit the two com- panies: MISC will be assured of tion' programme to upgrade 18 ringgit. The SB-1 Exploration Evaluation consistent supply and high quality petrol stations in Kuala Lumpur. These activities are expected to fuel while the contract willenable Costing 10 million ringgit, the Team, headed by Chris Shell to engage in longterm plans programme will result in moder- boost oil production to about where supply operations are con- Schoneveld, was formed exactly nised petrolstations with updated 130,000 barrels per day (bpd) from one year ago, six months after the cemed. safety features. the present 100,000 bpd or about Production Sharing Contract Assuring safety at sea (PSC) for the SB-1 acreage was SARAWAK Shell BerhadiSabah 20 per cent of the national produc' signed. Shell Petroleum Company re- First safety seminar for tion. cently conducted an exercise to conkactors The tr,vo paities also agreed to The signing was immediaiely test the effectiveness of life rafts followed by the acquisition of over installed at offshore facilities at SOME 64 Shellcontractors (who implement the Baram Delta Gas 8,600 km of 2D and 282 sq km of provide a wide range of services Gathering Scheme. Costing 600 Tukau-A complex. 3D seismic data. Five units of inflatable life rafts for onshore and offshore opera- million ringgit, the project is In January 1988, the first batch tions) attended a one-day safety - -selected at random were scheduled for completion by the of seismic data of excellent quality management seminar held on 20 was already on the desks of the launched from the bridge of the end of 1992. complex. Each raft has the capac- SB-1 Team, ready to be inter- iW to accommodate 25 people. February in Miri. preted. Cheers of delight came from the The seminar was the first of its This information enabled Shell staff when all the five life rafts kind organised by Sarawak Shell to spud the first well on 20 rvere satisfactorily inflated. Berhad/Sabah Shell Petroleum Sarawak Shell holds 'Home November. Kinabalu-l represents the first Although the exercise cost Company Limited (SSB/SSPC) for Safety' exhibition significant discovery for Shell in about 30,000 ringgit, it was money senior managers and safety offic- SPURRED by the success of the Malaysia since the D35 discovery well spent as offshore personnel first exhibition held in Lutong in in 1984. nere assured that the life rafts do ers of the contractors. work should the need arise. July 1988, Sarawak Shell Berhad/ -It was also the first discovery Apart fiom familiarising the Sabah Shell Petroleum Company -competitors' efforts included in t{inarets of Old, Visions of New' SHELL Companies in Malaysia participants with SSB/SSPC's En- Malaysia since the new PSC terms recently sponsored the publica- hanced Safety Management Prog- Limited's medical department or- were introduced in December tion of a book on Kuala Lumpur entitled 'Minarets of Old, Visions ramme and encouraging them to ganised another 'Ftrome Safety 1985. of New'. develop their own safety prog- Exhibition' in Labuan with the Furthermore, the well was The book was launched by the rammes based on similar princi- hope of sharing its concern on Shell's deepest ever drilled in Mayor of Kuala Lumpur Dato' ples, the seminar also provided a home safety with Shell's forum to discuss common goals in Malaysia to date. Elyas Omar. employees and their families. Kinabalu-l is situated some 25 Produced by the late aerial accident prevention. The two-day exhibition, held km southwest of the Samarang field. No oil has previously been photographer Mr Peter Chay, the Officiating at the opening cere- from 18-19 February, was declared found in the SB-1 area. Another oil mony, SSB/SSPC's Managing Di- open by Chief Medical Adviser to company drilled some wells in the rector, Datuk Chris Knight, com- Shell Companies in Malaysia, Dr. block during the seventies but was unsuccessful. mended the contractors for their Mohd. SharkawiJaya. improved safety records over the In his speech, Dr. |aya echoed years. \"This has been achieved in Shell's concern on safety, both at spite of the fact that you have to work and at home. \"Safety con- complete your work within a tight time frame with cost-effective per- sciousness at work should be ob- served at home. formance,\" he said. \"lt is hoped that this exhibition inDatuk Knight urged the contrac- will be helpful enhancing tors to maintain the good safety re- knowledge and awareness bf the cord and further improve their safety hazards in and around our safety performance in 1989. homes,\" he added. !ffiITA SHELT April1989 27