tech-2021_08(89)

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Mark F. Sonnenschein. Polyurethanes Science, texnology, Markets and Trends. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada. 2015. c. 235-249 2. \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0410.\u0410., \u0428\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0424.\u0410.. \u041f\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb \u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f \u00bb 1978. c. 51-60. 3. Jurayev A.B., Alimukhamedov M.G., Magrupov F.A., Nazirov B.I. Nenasyshchennyye poliefiry iz pet-soderzhashchikh otkhodov i razrabotka kompozitsiy dlya trub na ikh osnove. Vestnik TashGTU, 2016, no. 2, pp. 168-173. 4. 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Juraev A.B., Khabibullaev R.A., Alimukhamedov M.G., Magrupov F.A., Matematical modeling of the alcoholysis process of secondary polyethylene terephthalate with diethylene glycol. Advance research journal of multidiscipli- nary discoveries, 2020, Vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 32-39. 16. Jurayev A.B. Adilov R.I., Alimukhamedov M.G., Magrupov F.A. Puti utilizatsii bytovykh otkhodov PETF. Plasticheskiye massy, 2005. no. 3, pp. 52-57. 17. Jurayev A.B., Adilov R.I., Nizamov T.A., Alimukhamedov M.G., Magrupov F.A. Vliyaniye tekhnologicheskikh parametrov na protsess destruktsii otkhodov polietilentereftalata. Khimicheskaya promyshlennost segodnya, 2007. no. 11. pp. 25-30. 94","\u2116 8 (89) \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, 2021 \u0433. 18. Jurayev A.B., Nizamov T.A., Adilov R.I., Alimukhammedov M.G., Magrupov F.A. PET soderzhashchiye bytovyye otkhody kak istochnik syr'ya dlya sinteza nenasyshchennykh poliefirov. Plasticheskiye massy, 2011, no. 4, pp. 55-59. 19. Juraev A.B., Alimuxamedov M.G., Magrupov F.A., Adilov R.I., Nizomov T.A. Synthesis and Research of tube-purposed unsaturated Polyethers of alcoholysis of secondary Polyethylene Terephthalate. Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe, 2017, no. 6, pp. 70-74. 20. Jurayev A.B., Khabibullayev R.A., Magrupov F.A., Alimukhamedov M.G. Matematicheskoye modelirovaniye protsessa alkogoliza vtorichnogo polietilentereftalata s dietilenglikolem. Plasticheskiye massy, 2016, no. 9-10, pp. 28-32. 21. \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0412.\u0424. \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u00bb 1990 \u0433. c. 214. 22. \u0422\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410.\u041c. \u00ab\u041b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb 1972 \u0433. \u0441. 127-128. 95","\u2116 8 (89) \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, 2021 \u0433. \u042d\u041b\u0415\u041a\u0422\u0420\u041e\u0422\u0415\u0425\u041d\u0418\u041a\u0410 \u0412\u041e\u0421\u0422\u0420\u0415\u0411\u041e\u0412\u0410\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0421\u0422\u042c \u0418\u0421\u041f\u041e\u041b\u042c\u0417\u041e\u0412\u0410\u041d\u0418\u042f \u0421\u0422\u0410\u0422\u0418\u0427\u0415\u0421\u041a\u0418\u0425 \u041a\u041e\u041c\u041f\u0415\u041d\u0421\u0410\u0422\u041e\u0420\u041e\u0412 \u0420\u0415\u0410\u041a\u0422\u0418\u0412\u041d\u041e\u0419 \u041c\u041e\u0429\u041d\u041e\u0421\u0422\u0418 \u0421\u0422\u0410\u0422\u041a\u041e\u041c \u041d\u0410 \u0421\u041e\u041b\u041d\u0415\u0427\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u0418 \u0412\u0415\u0422\u0420\u042f\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u042d\u041b\u0415\u041a\u0422\u0420\u041e\u0421\u0422\u0410\u041d\u0426\u0418\u042f\u0425 \u0410\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043a\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0440 \u041d\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0422\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430 E-mail: [email protected] \u041c\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0443\u0434 \u0418\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0434-\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430 THE DEMAND FOR THE USE OF STATIC REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATORS STATCOM IN SOLAR AND WIND POWER PLANTS Sanobar Avliyakulova Student, Bukhara branch of the Tashkent institute of irrigation and agricultural mechanization engineers, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara Maxsud Maxmudov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Bukhara engineering-technological institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara \u0410\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0422\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438- \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0422\u0410\u0422\u041a\u041e\u041c. ABSTRACT In order to ensure the full functionality of solar and wind power plants, the need for reactive power compensation using static compensators STATCOM is justified. \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0421\u0422\u0410\u0422\u041a\u041e\u041c. Keywords: solar power plant, wind power plant, reactive power, reactive power compensation, STATCOM. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ \u0412 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435- \u0412 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 5\u20136 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0440\u0435- \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 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\u041d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438- \u043f\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430\u043c: \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447- \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e- QP = U\u2219J\u2219sin \u03c6; \u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e- \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435- QA = U\u2219J\u2219cos \u03c6. \u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e- \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435- \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c (\u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0443) \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0435\u0439- \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 (J) \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (U) \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e- \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435- \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u2013 cos (\u03c6). \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d. \u042d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b- \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c (\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435) \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 70-\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u03c6. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438- \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f 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\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438- \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b. \u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435) \u0438 \u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 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URL: http:\/\/www.npkpromir.com\/index.php\/production\/3-statcom\/4-statcom. 6. URL: https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0412\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440. 7. URL: https:\/\/solarb.ru\/solnechnaya-energetika-uzbekistana. 8. URL: https:\/\/www.ukkz.com\/ru\/catalog\/novinka-staticheskij-generator-reaktivnoj-mosh-nosti-statcom.html. 9. Yuldoshev I.A., Tursunov M.N., Shoqo\u2019chqorov S.Q., Jamolov T.R. Quyosh energetigasi. \u2013 \u0422ashkent : \u00abSano- standar\u00bb nashriyoti, 2019. \u2013 167 b. 99","\u2116 8 (89) \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, 2021 \u0433. PAPERS IN ENGLISH TRANSPORT DOI: 10.32743\/UniTech.2021.89.8.12207 MODELING OF PUBLIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT SYSTEMS Grigore Ambrosi Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate professor, Technical University of Moldova Republic of Moldova, Chisinau E-mail: [email protected] \u041c\u041e\u0414\u0415\u041b\u0418\u0420\u041e\u0412\u0410\u041d\u0418\u0415 \u0421\u0418\u0421\u0422\u0415\u041c \u041e\u0411\u0429\u0415\u0421\u0422\u0412\u0415\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0413\u041e \u041f\u0410\u0421\u0421\u0410\u0416\u0418\u0420\u0421\u041a\u041e\u0413\u041e \u0422\u0420\u0410\u041d\u0421\u041f\u041e\u0420\u0422\u0410 \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0410\u043c\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0434-\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u043b\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u043b\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0433. \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432 ABSTRACT This paper addresses the complex problem of mathematical modeling and simulation of the structure of passenger public transport networks in urban agglomerations. The general design requirements and the objective function of opti- mizing the public transport networks are formulated. As a result, the modeling and simulation cycle, the mathematical model and the software necessary for the synthesis of the optimal public transport networks, were developed and adapted structurally and functionally to existing transport demand. Trip distribution and modal split was performed by probabil- istic methods. The mathematical model was applied for the synthesis of optimal solutions for the reorganization of the Chisinau public transport network. \u0410\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0422\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d- \u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043a \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435- \u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0430. Keywords: transport, network, model, simulation, zoning, chart, flow, optimization, software, distribution, split. \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction The main objective of the network designer is to im- Accelerated urbanization, combined with technologi- prove public access to a safe and sustainable transport cal innovations and digitization of most areas, generates system by improving the scheme and operational program significant changes in the economic environment, influ- of the urban public transport system in conditions of encing the quality of life of people. The comfort of the technological and economic efficiency, safety and envi- urban environment is strongly determined by mobility, ronmental impact reduction. as the basic support of economic growth. Improving the quality of life in modern cities is directly linked to solving The judicious location of residential neighborhoods environmental problems and improving modern urban and centers of economic and social attraction in large mobility systems for people and goods. cities is the pillar of sustainable development of the town and public transport system, ensuring the optimal level __________________________ Bibliographic description: Ambrosi G. MODELING OF PUBLIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT SYSTEMS \/\/ Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438: \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d. \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d. 2021. 8(89). URL: https:\/\/7universum.com\/ru\/tech\/archive\/item\/12207","\u2116 8 (89) \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, 2021 \u0433. of mobility, harmonization of urban architecture and traffic characteristics, it is necessary to determine the de- rational use of land. mand for public transport and to model the structure of The integration of the public transport system in the urban environment continues to be a challenge of great the public passenger transport network that fully and complexity and relevance because the transport solutions make their mark on the planning of urban spaces. Ac- safely covers the real mobility of the public, applying cording to current studies, the economic effect of mod- the pre-established efficiency criterion of that system ernizing public transport systems exceeds more than five [10], [11]. times the investments made for this purpose. The foundation of urban transportation system model- The prospects of evolution of public transport sys- ing was developed in the United States in the 1950s [1]. tems depend on the ability of the authorities to respond Most modern models of public passenger transport promptly to public expectations. Transport comfort and systems are based on heuristics of choosing the optimal safety remain the most important quality criteria. option by comparing possible alternatives for structuring Traditional planning of public transport systems requires focusing efforts on increasing the capacity the transport system based on technical and economic of transport infrastructure. optimization criteria [8], [9]. While modern sustainable transport systems aim to increase integration with the urban environment, intensify The demand for public passenger transport Q nkr coordination of different types of public transport and ij develop green transport systems. represents the category n of persons, the places i of gen- The complex subject of the design of public transport systems in large cities is a constant scientific concern eration and j of destination, the type k and the route r of due to the importance of this component for ensuring the quality of transport services [1], [2], [3]. public transport, used by the public for travel, which is Within the elaboration of the general urban plans a function of the specific parameters of the city [9]. and complex transport schemes of the big cities, the compartment dedicated to the public transport system All models of public transport systems apply the is approached as a correlated one. However, lately the interest of urban administrations in the impact of urban classic procedure of zoning the urban territory (figure 1). modernization on land use and the public passenger transport system has increased [5], [6], [7]. The main characteristics of zones, necessary for the Modeling of urban trip flows and public transport modeling of the public transport system, are the follow- systems are widely applied to better understand the specifics of the city and for the synthesis of the most ing: total population, age and social structure of the pop- appropriate transport optimization solutions. The simu- lation on models ensures the identification of priorities ulation, active population rate, number of jobs, places for the development of public transport systems. and work regime of the active population, places of at- Both in practical and scientific terms, the improve- ment of the modeling of public passenger transport sys- traction for passive population, distribution of trips by tems is of major interest. existing modes of transport (mode choice), distribution 2. General requirements for modeling public passenger transport systems of population by income. The general conditions for the models of public pas- Remarkable successes have been achieved in the field of public transport system modeling in terms of al- senger transport system are as follows [1], [10]: gorithms and adaptation of the mathematical apparatus to the specifics of the field. Nevertheless, the problems \u2022 to fully satisfy the demand for public passenger of evaluating the legitimacy of the emergence and evo- transport, to ensure the distribution of the trips by direc- lution of real transport demand in space and time have tions so that the trips are operated on the shortest roads, not been definitively solved [1], [2], [10]. with a minimum number of transfers, taking into ac- count the intensity of road traffic and the transport ca- The statement of the problem of modeling public transport systems is described as follows: for a city with pacities of the road infrastructure; known territorial, demographic, economic, social and \u2022 to contribute to uniform distribution of passenger flow along the length of each route of the public transport system, by route sectors and by types of public transport; \u2022 to ensure the full use of the dynamic and techno- logical potential of public transport vehicles by rational- ization of operational regimes and eliminating road sec- tors with major traffic problems; \u2022 to design the configuration of the public transport system based on the economic and\/or technological cri- terion pre-established by the city administration, in con- ditions of maximum collinearity of the network and high route frequency; \u2022 ensure high functional flexibility and minimize the costs of adapting the system to changes in public transport demand, as well as adequate coordination of the operational program with interurban transport. 101","\u2116 8 (89) \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, 2021 \u0433. Figure 1. Transport zoning of the urban territory. Case study: Chisinau city Most models for the design of traditional public pas- Another possible comprehensive criterion for the ef- senger transport systems use as optimization criterion ficiency of the public transport system, used in the mod- the minimum value of the total public travel time TT eling process, is the criterion of minimizing the opera- for the calculated network of routes. The value of total tional costs for companies providing public passenger public travel time is determined by the relation [6], [7]: transport [8]. This criterion is in clear contradiction with the criterion mentioned previously and can be used only uf mm to compare various network alternatives. \uf0e5\uf0e5 \uf0e5\uf0e5TT = Qsr \uf0d7 tar + Qij \uf0d7(tdij + ttij ) \u2192 min In the last period of time, an attempt is made to ap- ply a general optimization criterion, which on one hand r=1 s=1 i=1 j=1 should take into account the minimization of the total time expenses of passengers, and on the other hand to (1) contribute to the reduction of expenses for transport op- erators. This type of criterion is a reasonable compro- where: r = 1, 2,\u2026, u are the routes that form the analyzed mise in the sense that it ensures the technological and economic balance between all participants involved in public transport system; the public passenger transport process [8]. s = 1, 2,\u2026, f \u2013 stop stations on the route r; The density of the passenger flow along the routes Qsr - number of waiting passengers at the stop s of forming the synthetic transport system, as a new compre- route r, passengers; hensive criterion for the efficiency of the public passen- ger transport system, is determined by the relation [9]: tar - average of passenger waiting time on route r, in minutes; Dij = Qij \u2192 max , passenger\/hour \u2219km (2) Lij Qij - the number of passengers traveling from zone i to zone j, passengers; tdij - travel time of passengers from zone i to zone j, in minutes; ttij - transfer time in network nodes between zones i \u0219i j. 102","\u2116 8 (89) \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, 2021 \u0433. for the following modeling conditions: 1) trip generation - for each urban area, determine the total number of trips, arrivals and departures based Lmin \uf0a3 Lij \uf0a3 Lmax , km (3) on mobility indicators and socio-economic data related to zones; Qij \uf066 Qmin , passengers (4) 2) trip distribution - passengers\u2019 trips are distributed where: Dij is the average density of passenger flow at in pairs of zones (i, j) based on a computational algorithm, line ij, in passenger \/hour \u2219km; creating the origin-destination matrix of the city; Qij - the flow of passengers on the public transport 3) modal distribution - journeys are distributed ac- line ij, passengers \/hour; cording to the mode of transport used on the basis of modal distribution curves, obtaining the origin-destination Lij - length of public transport line ij, km; matrix for each mode of transport; Lmin - minimum length of the public transport route, km; 4) route assignment (traffic distribution) - estimates Lmax - maximum length of the public transport route, the travel volume by mode of transport considered for km; each direction of the network. Qmin - minimum flow of passengers on the route, passengers\/hour. 3. Modeling of public passenger transport systems This criterion describes the distribution of the inten- Modeling and simulation on validated models is the sity of passenger public transport demand along the cho- most appropriate solution for cases when direct experi- sen route. mentation on the real object is impossible. The paradigm of this type of models presumes the This situation is also valid for public transport combination in a public transport route of the successive systems [1]. sectors of the urban transport network with major values The mathematical model of a system is its simplified of the intensity of passenger transport demand. image, which is sufficiently accurate, applicable to the Maximizing the density of passenger flow can be multilateral study of the modeled object. Modeling ac- achieved by varying the length of the designed routes centuates potential critical processes and ensures the (Lij = var). The optimal density of passenger flow deter- comparison of a wide range of decision-making alterna- mines a reasonable value for the length of the synthe- tives. sized public transport route. The representativeness of the model can be improved The limit values Lmin, Lmax are determined depending through an iterative process of increasing sequentially on the dimensional characteristics of the urban agglom- the complexity of the simplest initial model, based on eration and its sectors. the best argued hypotheses. In order to improve the quality of services on lines Simulation is the activity of practical application with different values of passenger flows and to correlate of a real system model and carrying out of numerical the real flow with the available transport capacities, the experiments to establish the dependence between input model should determine a set of maximum passenger and output data. Thus, the functioning of a real system flow densities along the route, adapted according to ca- is imitated by generating artificial situations and observing pacities to the type of vehicles available. them in time and space, anticipating the evolution of The modeling of public passenger transport systems the modeled structure. is based on the application of the classic four-step calcu- The structure of the modeling process of the public lation procedure, as follows [1], [10]: passenger transport system is presented in table 1. The procedure involves seven stages of modeling, preceded by a series of activities to prepare the initial database. A clearly formulated final result is planned for each modeling step. Table 1. The structure of the modeling process of the public passenger transport system Initial data Modeling stage The result of modeling 1. Urban road network 2. The urban road traffic scheme \u2192 A. Elaboration of the graph of the \u2192 Graph of the public passenger public passenger transport system transport system 3. Charts of public passenger transport B. Choosing the method Study methodology of studying passenger flows of transport demand 4. Past transport demand \u2192 C. Study of passenger flows \u2192 Current demand for public transport D. Distribution of demand in the Passenger flow charts public transport network 103","\u2116 8 (89) \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, 2021 \u0433. Initial data Modeling stage The result of modeling 5. Zoning the city E. Calibration of the public \u2192 The model of the public \u2192 transport system model transport system 6. Characteristics of the areas 7. Analysis of the strategy F. Model validation of system development public transport G. Simulation on the model in order Optimal configuration of the \u2192 to synthesize the optimal structure \u2192 public passenger transport of the public transport system system The initial data applied in the model developed by \u2022 the coefficient of non-uniformity, kn. the authors [12] include: The initial phase of the simulation of the public transport system is based on the model [12]. With the \u2022 coordinates of the nodes of the urban transport help of classical algorithms, the problem of determining network (graph peaks), m; the minimum length roads Lijmin is solved, the solution being exposed in matrix form (figure 2, figure 3). \u2022 the graph of the road transport network Lij, with Subsequently, combinatorial analysis summarizes the the components lij, km; initial list of routes, which includes all possible combi- nations, except for the short routes that connect the \u2022 transport demand matrix Qij, with sectorial com- neighboring nodes. Routes that do not meet pre-estab- ponents qij, pas.; lished requirements are deleted from the initial list [1], [10]. \u2022 boarding capacity of public passenger transport The routes that do not fall under the headway limit units, q, seats; established for the modeled transport system, are excluded from the list of short routes that directly connect the \u2022 average transfer times for each transfer node, ttx , neighboring nodes of the city graph. min.; \u2022 headway, Imax, min.; \u2022 the coefficient of non-uniformity for passenger\u2019s arrival at the station, ks; \u2022 the time interval for which the calculation is per- formed, Tc, min.; Figure 2. Software\u2019s interface based on the model [12] As a result of simulation experiment, the initial con- the value of the applied efficiency criterion of the system figuration of the public passenger transport system for is calculated. the selected zoning of the city is summarized, for which 104","\u2116 8 (89) \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, 2021 \u0433. To validate the model [12], presented above, simu- 4. Modeling the \u201eorigin-destination\u201d matrix lations were performed for the examples presented in The compliance between the elaborated configura- some monographs in the field [10], [11], which con- tion of the public transport system and the optimal one firmed in general terms its practical applicability. In or- reflects the accuracy of the modeling for the distribution der to improve this model, a long-term comparison with the of transport demand on the arcs of the graph of the pub- results of calculations based on high-performance lic transport network. transport planning software (TransCAD, VISUM) is The closer the performed distribution is to the actual required. one, the more appropriate the transport system will be modeled. Figure 3. Results of a model simulation experiment [12] The \u201eorigin-destination\u201d matrix is a square one with \u03b1, \u03b2, \u03b3 - empirical calibration coefficients of the model, the same number of rows and columns, equal to the calculated according to the measurements of passenger zones number of the city. The elements of the matrix flows. represent the number of trips between all pairs of zones of the city in both directions, respectively. Usually \u03b1 = \u03b2 = 1 is adopted, and the value of \u03b3 is calculated from the flow measurement data [10]. Model [12] applies as the key method the gravita- tional model for calculating the passenger correspond- To compare the results of modeling the \u201eorigin- ence between two zones i and j of a city [10]: destination\u201d matrix by the deterministic and, respec- tively, probabilistic method, in the model [12] the entropic Qij = k \uf0d7 Qi\uf061 \uf0d7 Q \uf062 , passengers (2) model is also applied, which determines the correspond- Ri\uf067j j ence of passengers between zones i and j with the formula: where: Qi , Qj are the populations of zone i and j, respec- Qij = Qi \uf0d7 Qj \uf0d7 Pij , passengers (3) tively, persons, where: Pij is the probability that the trip from zone i will Rij - resistance function, representing a value for the end in zone j, taking into account the complexity of difficulty of movement from zone i to zone j; the trip and the hypothesis that the trips from zone i are 105","\u2116 8 (89) \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, 2021 \u0433. distributed to zones j depending on the share of jobs a certain mode of transport is determined by the following (studies, etc.) in the zone j from all destination zones. relation: Pij = kE \uf0d7 Qj (4) \u2212 \uf06dCtij m P = et t (7) \uf0e5Q j j =1 \uf0e5 e \u2212 \uf06dC kij k =1 where: kE represents the equilibrium coefficient, itera- where : Ctij represents the cost of trip with mode t of tively evaluated. transport, The model also applies the opportunity method for \u03bc - coefficient of the model. calculating the probability of travel from zone i to zone j. 6. Aspects of the application of the modeling The hypothesis that the probability that a destination of the public passenger transport system becomes the purpose of a move is constant allows the ordering of the areas from the nearest to the farthest, The development of the model [12] was conditioned the journey to the nearest area having the probability P, by the lack of cheap, simple and efficient tools for mod- to the second P\u00b7(1-P), until to n\u00b7(1-P)n-1. eling public passenger transport systems at local level. There is no financial potential for the acquisition of Thus, in order to distribute Qi passengers, the dis- modern urban passenger transport planning software, tances from the initial zone and to all other zones will be and the abilities and motivation for the application of ordered increasingly. these instruments by the central and local public admin- istration are still lacking. For the zone i given in the case of m possible desti- nations and the number of destinations between i and j Lately, due to the accelerated increase in the level equal to n the passenger flow shall be: of motorization, the road traffic situation during peak hours in Chisinau has worsened considerably. As a result, Qij = Qi \uf0d7 e\u2212Pn \uf0d7 (1 \u2212 e\u2212Pm ) , passengers (5) the activity of the public passenger transport system is increasingly affected by this negative phenomenon. It should be noted that in the case of applying the opportunity method for assessing passenger flows, it is The improvement and application of the analyzed not the distance between zones that matters, but the rank model were done systematically for scientific and practical of the zone in the increasing by value set. reasons. 5. Demand modal split for public transport In recent years, following the simulation on the In the case of modeling a public passenger transport model based on the methodological diversity set out system that integrates the activity of several types of above, some relevant suggestions can be made: public transport, the procedure for splitting the transport demand is applied, which determines the proportion in \u2022 none of the projects of the public transport sys- which the transport demand belongs to a certain mode tem of Chisinau, developed in the last 15 years by for- of public transport. eign institutions in European projects with the applica- Usually, modern models integrate all possible types tion of the most modern software, can be implemented for of trips: on foot, by bicycle, by car, by bus, trolleybus, various reasons, including due to chronic budget deficit tram, subway or a combination of several modes of and the need of cardinal change of the existing system; transport. Currently, experts in the field highlight the follow- \u2022 currently the real demand for public passenger ing factors for the choice of the preferred type of transport in Chisinau and the 2025-2030 forecasts do not transport by individuals [1], [10]: argue the implementation of the routes of high-capacity \u2022 the level of comfort and safety, as well as the articulated vehicles with heavy traffic, suggested following operational characteristics of the modes of transport; the simulation on the models applied in European projects; \u2022 the financial potential and economic status of the passenger; \u2022 the development of the municipal passenger \u2022 particularities of the trip process. transport system is more intuitive and chaotic, with the In the empirical models the main criterion of modal arbitrary, politically motivated inclusion of new routes split of the transport demand is the duration of the trip, in the existing system, without analyzing the efficiency the promptness of the public transport being appreciated and impact of route opening on the existing transport as very important by the absolute majority of the passen- system; gers [3], [9]. Empirical models are frequently replaced by proba- \u2022 public transport planning imposes to do transport bilistic models of modal split of transport demand [1], [11]. analysis not only in the city of Chisinau, but also for the The public passenger transport system, consisting entire urban agglomeration, based on the major im- of z modes of public transport, can be modeled with portance of the capital. a multinomial logit model, the probability of choosing 7. Final conclusions Modeling public passenger transport systems is an effective tool for improving the configuration and oper- ation of this vital element for the urban community. 106","\u2116 8 (89) \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, 2021 \u0433. Modeling offers reliable solutions for restructuring pub- The proposed model uses the most appropriate lic transport systems for better adaptation to the real probabilistic methods of network distribution and modal structure of transport demand. split of transport demand. The structure of the modeling process of the public It offers the opportunity for free practical application passenger transport system reflects the consecutive by specialized subdivisions of the local public admin- order of generally accepted logic regarding the analysis istration. and synthesis of rational public transport networks. The main problem to apply the model is to accurately assess the real demand for transport, an activity that requires significant financial and human resources. References: 1. Ortuzar J.D., Willumsen L.G., Modelling Transport. London: 2011, 608 p. 2. Semenov V.V., Matematicescoe modelirovanie dinamiki transportnih potocov megapolisa [Mathematical modeling of the dynamics of traffic flows in a megalopolis]. Moskva: Institut Prikladnoi Matematiki M.Keldisha, Predprint 34, 2004, 44 pp. [in Russian]. 3. Vukan Vucic, Transport v gorodah, udobnih dlea jizni [Transport in cities that are comfortable for life], Moskva, Territoria buduscego, 2011, 413 pp. [in Russian]. 4. Cities on the Move. A World Bank Urban Strategy Review, Washington, 2002, 234 pp. 5. Planul Urbanistic General al orasului Chisinau [General Urban Plan of Chisinau City] , 2007, 144 pp. [in Romanian]. 6. White Paper on transport - Roadmap to a single European transport area - Towards a competitive and resource-efficient transport system. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2011, 28 pp. 7. Ahrens G.A., Sustainable urban transport plans. Bucharest: AGIR Newsletter, no.4., 2009. p. 20-27. 8. Raicu S., Strategii de dezvoltare integrata a modurilor de transport si de amenajare a teritoriului [Strategies for integrated development of modes of transport and spatial planning]. Bucharest: AGIR Newsletter, no.3., 2005. pp.32-40. [in Romanian]. 9. Bonsall P.W., Transport modelling: sensativity analysis and policy testing, Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1977, 198 pp. 10. Efremov I.S., Kobozev I.M., Iudin I.M., Teoria gorodskih passajirskih perevozok [The theory of urban passenger transport] . Moskva: Visshaia skola, 1980, 535 pp. [in Russian]. 11. Gudkov V.A., Passajirskie avtomobilinie perevozki [Passenger road transport]. Moskva, 2006, 448 pp. [in Russian]. 12. Ambrosi Gr., Ambrosi Gh., Poroseatkovschii V.A., Contributii privind modelarea retelelor de transport public de persoane [Contributions regarding the modeling of public passenger transport networks], in: \\\"Transport: economics, engineering and management\\\", UTM Conference, Chisinau, pp.16-19.[in Romanian]. 107","\u2116 8 (89) \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, 2021 \u0433. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DOI: 10.32743\/UniTech.2021.89.8.12153 MECHANICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF GEL POLYMER ELECTROLYTES FOR FLEXIBLE SUPERCAPASITORS Jasur Shodmanov Assistant, Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Azamat Boymirzaev DSc, professor, Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] \u041c\u0415\u0425\u0410\u041d\u0418\u0427\u0415\u0421\u041a\u0418\u0415 \u0418 \u0421\u0422\u0420\u0423\u041a\u0422\u0423\u0420\u041d\u042b\u0415 \u0421\u0412\u041e\u0419\u0421\u0422\u0412\u0410 \u0413\u0415\u041b\u042c-\u041f\u041e\u041b\u0418\u041c\u0415\u0420\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u042d\u041b\u0415\u041a\u0422\u0420\u041e\u041b\u0418\u0422\u041e\u0412 \u0414\u041b\u042f \u0413\u0418\u0411\u041a\u0418\u0425 \u0421\u0423\u041f\u0415\u0420\u041a\u041e\u041d\u0414\u0415\u041d\u0421\u0410\u0422\u041e\u0420\u041e\u0412 \u0428\u043e\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0416\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0440 \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0411\u043e\u0439\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0437\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0434-\u0440. \u0445\u0438\u043c. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d ABSTRACT In this article, a unique self-healing, flexible double network gel polymer electrolyte derived from raw gellan gum and polyacrylamide is prepared and used as gel electrolyte in a supercapacitor. Gellan gum and polyacrylamide that have been cross-linked using Na+ ions have good mechanical and self-healing characteristics.. \u0410\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0422\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435. \u0413\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434, \u0441\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 Na+, \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. Keywords: gellan gum, polyacrylamide, supercapacitor, electrolyte, stretchability, bending \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u0433\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434, \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442, \u044d\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0437\u0433\u0438\u0431. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction next generation of capacitors, which store electrical en- ergy several times faster than conventional capacitors At present, storage batteries, capacitors, and super- and have a large capacity. They differ from conventional capacitors (SC) are used as energy storage devices [1,2]. capacitors with high capacitance density and high en- Among them, SC is now widely used by manufacturers ergy. In capacitors, an electric field is created between because of its small size, large energy storage, fast the electrodes at a certain distance from each other, and charging, and safety. Such a demand leads not only to a the energy of the electric field is accumulated in the vol- change in the structure, appearance, and shape of elec- ume between the electrodes. In SC, energy is accumu- tronic devices, but also in the devices for storage and lated due to the electric double layer, which appears transmission of energy used on their basis. The SC is the in the liquid\/solid electrolyte between 2 homogeneous __________________________ Bibliographic description: Azamat B., Jasur S. MECHANICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF GEL POLYMER ELECTROLYTES FOR FLEXIBLE SUPERCAPASITORS \/\/ Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 : \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d. \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d. 2021. 8(89). URL: https:\/\/7universum.com\/ru\/tech\/archive\/item\/12153","\u2116 8 (89) \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, 2021 \u0433. electrodes and generates opposite charges at the elec- and for 8 hours. SCs can be facilely prepared by sand- trode\/electrolyte interface. The double layer at electrode wiching the Polymer gel (PG) DN GPE with two identi- 1 collects many electrons, which in turn attracts electro- cal electrodes, which are fabricated by electrochemical lyte cations. Electrode 2 collects anions on the surface depositing active carbon, without extra components. of the double layer. The two electrical double layers are The objective of the current study was achieve novel separated by a series of electrolytes that generate and PG DN GPE with the combined advantages of excellent store charge, energy, and voltage. In liquid electrolytes, mechanical property and self-healing behaviors, which the thickness of the electric double layer is 0.1 nm, and permits such flexible removed in the sample by ultra- its electrical capacity is 10\u20134 F\/cm2. In these studies, the sonic vibrator and vacuum pumping, heated at 950C water, mechanical and structural properties of polymer gel and stirred for 2 hours under stirring speed at 10 m\/r. Af- electrolytes, which can be used in SCs, were studied. ter been a homogeneous solution, then Irgacure 2959 (0.085g) added, the solution was stirred again for 10 min. Experimental After all the reagents were dissolved, the resulting solution was rapidly injected into a glass mold (10cm \u00d7 60cm). Double network (DN) Gel polymer electrolyte As photo-polymerized under a UV Lamp with 365 nm (GPE) was synthesized by a one-pot method (Chen et wavelength and 8-watt power for 3 hours, finally the al.), initially, Gelan Gum (GG) (respectively 0-0.5 gr), sample was kept at room temperature for 2 hours to com- Acrylamide (6g), Na2SO4 (0.2-1 moll), and deionised plete the polymerization process. By this method water (10 mL) were added into glasses beakers. The GG\/PAM DN gels successfully prepared. PAM DN gels bubbling was mobility role and cross-linker of the sam- were also synthesized by the same process except for no ple. The results showed high tensile stress (2 MPa), GG added. The enhanced mechanical properties may elongation break (40 mm\/mm), and good conductivity result from the enhanced interaction between GG net- (0.29S\/cm) is obtained simultaneously. Besides, the DN works Na+ serving as bridges. GPE can self-recover almost 55% at 600 C temperature Figure 1. The digital photographs of the PG3 DN GPE stretchability, knot-stretch ability, weight-loading (1200gr), bending, knotting and twisting respectively As shown in Figure 1, PG DN GPE exhibit pure allowing uniaxially and biaxially stretching, bending, white, non-tacky, self-standing, extremely flexible and loading, and knotting (Fig.1a-f). An intact PG DN GPE easy to manipulate. Besides, it can withstand mechanical was easily stretched up to more than 6 times its original deformation under different conditions without length (Fig. 1a), while a knotted gel also bore the large breakage. For this the as-prepared tough PG DN GPE strain of 600% without breaking (Fig.1b) and the sample electrolyte was a transparent elastomeric thin with did not disconnect even when loaded with 1200 g (Fig. 1c). superior stretchability and mechanical strength, 109","\u2116 8 (89) \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, 2021 \u0433. Figure 2. FTIR (a) and XPS (b) characterisation relationships of PG DN GPE PG DN GPE also can be bent easily and even rolled the C-O-C structure increased when the GG is with PAM. This indicates that the hydroxyl groups of GG react with up without cracking, which makes it possible to be used the C-H groups of the monomers, forming hydro- gen bonds between them, providing further polymeriza- in flexible energy storage systems. We used several tion of PAM as a branch of the GG backbone. As a result of the addition of Na2SO4, the intensities of PAM and measurement methods, such as Fourier Transform GG peaks were sharply reduced. From this, we can con- clude that the Na ion can also simultaneously act as a Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy bridge between GG and PAM while cross-linking the GG network. To improve the mechanical properties of (XPS), to characterize PG DN GPE. Self-healing GPE in further investigations we are planning to use the method of High-Performance Size Exclusion Chroma- PG DN GPE polymers were confirmed by comparing tography [6,7] to establish the quantitative relationship between molar mass and tensile strain-stress, elongation their FTIR spectra with pure Polyacrylamide (PAM), degree of polymers in GPE. The given method allows expressing the determination of molar masses and poly- GG and by the DN cross-linked PG GPE. Initially, dispersity degrees of GPE components and gives reliable data for the optimal choice of polymer type in GPE to Potassium bromide (KBr) is used with the sample to reach good performance exploitation characteristics of SC product. ensure the accuracy of the sample spectra. Cause, KBr Conclusions is one of the compounds which does not absorb the According to the above experiments a new GPE ex- provided radiations of \\\"IR\\\" and does not react with the hibits outstanding mechanical properties. Additionally, GPE has also shown promising self-healing ability un- sample, hence does not exhibit its absorption pattern in der room conditions without external situations. This kind of ability gives us GPE use for a long time under the graph. Figure 2(a) shown PAM peaks at 3420 and mechanical deformation conditions. So, we offer novel 3194\u202fcm\u22121 for N-H stretching in primary amide, peaks at GPE for flexible and wearable energy storage SC de- 1653 and 1616\u202fcm\u22121 for C=O and NH2stretching, and a vices. peek at 1420\u202fcm\u22121 for C-N stretching [3] In the spectrum of the GG, the broad peak observed between 3500 and 3200\u202fcm\u22121 is assigned to O-H stretching, whereas the peaks at 1715 and 1614\u202fcm\u22121 are attributed to C=O in carboxylic acid and asymmetric COO\u2212 stretching, respectively [3,4,5]. The GG gel shows a broad peak at 3414\u202fcm\u22121 for the -OH groups. The peaks in 2923\u202fcm\u22121 and 2853\u202fcm\u22121 are for the asymmetric stretching vibration and symmetric stretching vibration of the methylene groups, respectively. The C=O stretching vibration of the -COOH group is presented in 1708\u202fcm\u22121[4]. The peak intensity of C-O stretching in the C-OH of PG DN GPE decreased compared to that of GG and PAM, while the peak intensity of symmetric C-O in References: 1. Lin T., Shi M., Huang F., Peng J., Bai Q., Li J., Zhai M\/\/ One-Pot Synthesis of a Double-Network Hydrogel Electro- lyte with Extraordinarily Excellent Mechanical Properties for a Highly Compressible and Bendable Flexible Super- capacitor. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2018.-V.10 (35) - P.29684-29693. 2. Wang J., Liu F., Tao F., Pan Q. Rationally Designed Self-Healing Hydrogel Electrolyte toward a Smart and Sustain- able Supercapacitor \/\/ ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.2017.- V.9. -\u2116 33.- P.27745-27753. 110","\u2116 8 (89) \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, 2021 \u0433. 3. Ghani N.A.A., Othaman R., Ahmad A., Anuar F.H., Hassan N.H. Impact of purification on iota carrageenan as solid polymer electrolyte \/\/Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2019.-V.12. -\u21163. -P.370-376 4. Navaratnam S.K., Ramesh K., Ramesh S.A., Sanusi A., Basirun W.J., Arof A.K. TRANSPORT MECHANISM STUDIES OF CHITOSAN ELECTROLYTE SYSTEMS \/\/ Electrochimica Acta.2015.- V.175. P.- 68-73. 5. Carvalho D.V., Loeffler N, Hekmatfar N.M., Moretti A., Kim G., S.Passerini S. Evaluation of guar gum-based biopolymers as binders for lithium-ion batteries electrodes \/\/Electrochimica Acta. 2018.- V.265.- P.89-97. 6. Aleksandrova G.P., Boymirzaev A.S., Lesnichaya M.V., Sukhov B.G., Trofimov B.A Metal-polymer nanobiocom- posites with galactose-containing stabilizing matrices: Dimensional effect in changes of molar mass parameters \/\/ Rus. J. of Gen. Chem. 2015.-T. 85.- \u21162. \u0421.- 488\u2013496. 7. Boymirzaev A.S. Stericheskaya eksklyuzionnaya xromatografiya vodorastvorimix polisaxaridov\/\/ Chimiya rastitelnogo sirya, 2009 - \u21162. \u2013 \u0421.19-28 (in Russian). 111","\u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b UNIVERSUM: \u0422\u0415\u0425\u041d\u0418\u0427\u0415\u0421\u041a\u0418\u0415 \u041d\u0410\u0423\u041a\u0418 \u2116 8(89) \u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442 2021 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2 \u0421\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u041c\u0418: \u042d\u041b \u2116 \u0424\u0421 77 \u2013 54434 \u043e\u0442 17.06.2013 \u0418\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u00ab\u041c\u0426\u041d\u041e\u00bb 123098, \u0433. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0434\u043e\u043c 5, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 1, \u043a. 74 E-mail: [email protected] www.7universum.com \u041e\u0442\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b-\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u00abAllprint\u00bb 630004, \u0433. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a, \u0412\u043e\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c, 3 16+"]