captain_5

7.3 B. Complete the following sentences with the RULES AND REGULATIONS words from exercise A. 5. My favourite television shows are _______ 1. Anthony went to prison for _______. He mysteries. Someone is killed and the police try attacked his wife’s ex-boyfriend in the street. to find out who did it. 2. Many elderly people become victims of credit 6. Many countries in the world are affected by card _______. Their money is stolen because drug _______, but no one can seem to stop it. they believe the lies of the criminals. 7. My sister was the victim of a _______ yesterday. 3. The shop on the corner was the victim of The thief knocked her to the ground and took _______. It burned down last night. her bag. 4. The _______ of two aid workers in Pakistan 8. The world was shocked when the famous was the headline this morning. They have been actress was caught _______ some cheap missing for three days now. makeup at a supermarket. C . Which of the crimes above is the most problematic for your city and country at the moment? READING A. Work in pairs look at the picture and answer the questions with your partner. 1. Where do you think this is? 2. What would you expect to find here? 3. Skim the text and choose the most suitable title. a. A place for the most violent criminals b. Size doesn’t matter c. An average day on Sark The smallest prison in the world is located on Sark, an island in the English Channel between England and France. Since the island is so tiny, they didn’t feel the need for a larger jail.The lock-up was built in 1856.The prison is just a small building with room for 2 jailbirds. It has one door and no windows. It is still used to keep prisoners for a short time, usually for 24 hours if they’ve had a minor punch-up or over drinking. In case, there is a serious offence, it is transferred to a larger prison in Guernsey. Since the island is only 5 square kilometres and has only 600 residents, the petite prison looks quite enough for the island. The other reason that Sark may not use its prison very frequently is that there are no police officers on the island.There is one volunteer constable who can handle small problems, and police officers come from the nearby island of Guernsey on the ferry once a day to make sure there aren’t any major problems. And quiet on the island there are no cars, street lights, or paved roads allowed, life is usually pretty.The only major problem recently was when an unemployed French man tried to invade the island and take it over as his own. He arrived with one automatic weapon and posted a notice that he would take the little island the following day at noon. The next day, while he was sitting in the park waiting for noon, the volunteer constable sat next to him and told him that he liked his weapon.The man was flattered, and when the constable asked to see it, he gave it to the constable himself.The copper arrested the man on the spot and presumably threw him into the world’s smallest slammer until the boys in blue arrived.Amazingly, the same man tried the same thing a few years later, but he was stopped while he was getting onto the ferry. 101

7.3 LISTENING RULES AND REGULATIONS A. Discuss the following questions with a partner. B. Read the text and mark the following sentences as true (T) or false (F). 1. Do you know of any scams to get people’s 1. No cars are allowed on Sark. ___ money? 2. The prison is no longer used. ___ 3. There hasn’t been any criminal activity 2. How do you think people usually get away with fraud? recently. ___ 4. You can reach the island by ferry from B. Listen and mark the following 7.5 sentences as true (T) or false (F). Guernsey. ___ 5. There are no police officers on Sark. ___ 1. Brian was a lawyer. ___ 2. Brian is in prison now. ___ C. Find synonyms in the text for: 3. Brian stole money from people’s bank a. Prison: ______, ______, ______ accounts. ___ b. Small: ______, ______, c. Police: ______, ______, ______ 4. Brian can’t get out of prison early. ___ d. Fight: ______ 5. Brian is helping the police now. ___ D. Work pairs discuss the following question with your partner. 1. What would be the advantages and disadvantages of living on Sark? 102

C. Listen again and answer the questions. 7.3 1. What does Brian mean by stealing in “sneaky RULES AND REGULATIONS ways”? B. Write a sentence using I wish / if only with 2. Why did he need the money? the same meaning as the sentence given. 3. Why did he continue stealing money? 4. Why didn’t he take out a loan instead? 1. I want to be rich, but I’m not. 5. How was he caught? 2. Billy should have listened to me, but he didn’t. 6. Why had Brian argued with his son before he 3. I’m bored with this prison sentence. I want it was caught? to end. 4. I hope the prison cooks make something tasty D. Discuss with a partner. tomorrow. 1. Do you think fifteen years’ imprisonment is too 5. I wanted to be a pilot, but I’m not. much for crimes such as fraud? C. Which sentences are correct? Correct the 2. How would you react if your partner or parent mistakes. was convicted of fraud? 1. I wish we had friendlier prison guards. GRAMMAR 2. I wish I didn’t assault that man in the café. Now A. Circle the correct words in italics. I’m in prison. 3. If only the prison governor let me out early, I 1. I don’t have a cell-mate now that I’m in solitary confinement. wouldn’t commit any more crimes. 4. If only I would change my password, I wouldn’t I wish I have / would have / had a cell-mate. have been hacked. 2. I want my wife to visit me in prison tomorrow. 5. I wish I could read; I wouldn’t be so bored. I wish my wife visits / would visit / visited SPEAKING tomorrow. A. Listen to the text and answer the 7.6 3. I regret not saying I was sorry to my victims following questions. before I came to prison. 1. What are the top 5 regrets that most people If only I said / would say / had said sorry before have at the end of their lives? I came to prison. 2. Which of the regrets mentioned do you fear 4. The other prisoners snore at night and I can’t the most? sleep. B. Take notes on your wishes for your life for I wish I slept / could sleep / had slept. some of the categories below. 5. I’m annoyed with the music from my cell- family friends education career mates’ radio. life standards/possessions happiness travel If only they turned off / would turn off / turn C. In groups of three share your wishes. Ask off the music! each person two or three follow-up ques- tions about their wishes. GRAMMAR BANK p. 130-131 103

WORST PRISON A. Watch the video and do some research B. Work in pairs. Brainstorm, do research and about worst prisons on the internet. Use the prepare a list of questions about worst following questions as a guideline and write prisons. Find a documentary about worst a report of 80-100 words about the topic. prisons and watch it with your partner. Take notes about worst prisons in the 1. What are some worst prisons in the world? documentary. Try to answer the questions 2. Why are they the worst prisons? you prepared with your partner. 3. What are some facilities of the worst prisons? 4. What kind of food can you find in these C. Prepare a presentation about worst prisons at home. Use the report in Exercise A, prisons? questions, answers and your notes in exercise 5. What kind of crimes do the prisoners need to B. You can also show some pictures during your presentation. Do your presentation in commit to go such to prisons? class to share your information about worst 6. Is it possible to escape from such prisons? prisons in general and in the documentary. 7. What are the capacities of these prisons? 8. Is it easy or difficult to survive in these prisons? 104

A. Write a paragraph about the rules in one of the places below and possible reasons for those rules. 1. swimming pool 2. hospital 3. museum 4. metro station B. Unscramble the words to make sentences UNIT 7 using the third conditional sentence REVISION BOX structure. D. Write an If only or a wish sentence to show 1. I / harder / If / school / courses / had / at / I / regret in these situations. passed / my / have / worked / would 1. I failed all my exams. 2. My girlfriend broke up with me. 2. I / had / time / would / have / that / I / read / 3. My grandson was arrested for smuggling. If / novel / had 4. I woke up late for school this morning. 5. Fiona has got a terrible cold. 3. restaurant / seen / I / the / asked / him / him / have / If / would / at / I / had 4. I / party / best / attended / hadn’t / I / never / my / If / would /met / the / friend / have 5. I / have / had / this / would / exercise / never / if / difficult /started / I / it / was / known / so C. Find 8 crimes in the wordsearch. Find another word that students may think is a crime! H T L UA S S AV T HA NO H R I DO S X MG B S OMV E W R X WN B D K D S E L DWN I S L U X Q B RWN R T S MH C GNCHAO F U Y UW T F R A U D I R F MG R I Y T CN L CN K I GOO GMN P COW L D L E N F F O S X S R QM I E C I HGN I GG UMN T V S G X G T K S D J GAW 105

basic literary terms rising & falling intonation gerunds & infinitives LITERATURE NOVALS WARM UP! VOCABULARY A. Work in pairs. Read the quotation below and A. Match the words b to their definitions. discuss the following questions. simile alliteration antagonist “Books and movies are like apples and epic fable metaphor oranges. They both are fruit, but taste completely different.” 1. _______________ A long poem that tells a heroic story Stephen King 2. _______________ A type of comparison in 1. Do you agree or disagree with the quotation literature that uses the words “like” or “as” above? Give reasons. 3. _______________ A literary device in which 2. Which do you prefer? the author uses words that begin with the a. films adapted from books same sound b. books adapted from films 4. _______________ A type of comparison in B. Work in pairs and do the following activities. literature that uses imagery, not “like” or “as” 1. Match the books to their genres and authors. 5. _______________ The character opposing the 1. The Wizard of Oz main character or hero in a story; villain 2. The Phantom of the Opera 3. Batman 6. _______________ A literary genre that gives 4. No Country for Old Men a moral lesson, usually featuring animals or mythical creatures a. Comic book – Bill Finger, Scott Snyder, Tom King B. Match the words to their examples. b. Fantasy, children novel – L. Frank Baum 1. _____________ Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey c. Gothic novel – Gaston Leroux d. Thriller novel - Cormac McCarthy 2. _____________ “A teacher plants the seeds of wisdom.” 2. Tick the ones you have read before. 3. Make a list of books / stories made into 3. _____________ “The baby was as cute as a kitten.” films. Compare these books to their film adaptations. 4. _____________ The Joker in “Batman” 106 5. _____________ Pink pansies perch on the purple path. 6. _____________ The story of the Lion and the Mouse

PRONUNCIATION 8.1 LITERATURE B. Look at the images and answer the following questions. Just as we can use intonation to indicate meaning, we can also use intonation to show interest or surprise. Consider these examples: Rising intonation Falling intonation (shows interest) (shows surprise) Really? Wow. Oh? You’re joking. No way! Uh-huh. A. Listen and repeat the phrases from 8.1 the box. Focus on intonation. B. Work in pairs. Read the conversation a few times with your partner. Focus on using rising or falling intonation. A: Hey, Max, have you heard the news? B: No, what is it? A: I got the job at the school! B: Really? That’s great! A: And I start next week. B: You’re joking. But next week was our holiday week. A: No way. I totally forgot. I’m sorry. 1. Rip Van Winkle was written in: READING a. the 1800s b. the 1500s A. Work in pairs and discuss the following 2. Rip Van Winkle is a: questions. a. nobleman b. villager 1. Do you know the story of Rip Van Winkle? 2. Do you know the author of this story? 3. Wandering through the woods, Rip meets a 3. Have you ever read or heard any story about group of men and: a. begins to drink some of their beverage American history? and soon falls asleep b. begins to chat with them and decides to join their crew 4. When Rip arrives back to his village, he realizes that: a. his son and daughter have died, and his wife has become very old b. he had been asleep for more than 20 years and America was now a new country 107

8.1 LITERATURE C. Read the story and check your answers in exercise B. RIP VAN WINKLE Once upon a time, a very lazy man lived with his wife, children, and dog, Wolf, in the Catskill Mountains of New York before the American Revolution. His name was Rip Van Winkle. He loved his family very much, and all of the children of the village liked to listen to his stories, but his wife was not happy with her bone idle husband and she spent most of the time with a face like thunder. refused to do any duty of any kind and escaped farm works. As a result, their house looked as if a bomb had exploded in it and smelt like a pigsty. One day, the lazy layabout had had enough of his wife’s incessant nagging and being called all the names under the sun, so decided wandering into the mountains with his dog and his gun. On the mountain, he saw a funny-looking man wearing old-styled clothing and carrying a large, wooden barrel. The man asked the good-for-nothing to help him. At first, Rip was upset, he disliked being asked to do anything, and especially hated carrying heavy things, but he didn’t want to be rude, so he helped the man. The man and Rip carried the barrel into a cave, where other funny-looking men were waiting for them. As the men began to drink from the barrel, they also offered a drink to Rip. The slothful slacker thought this was good fun, so he drank and drank until he felt very sleepy. Rip fell asleep with his dog, gun, and the mysterious men in that cave. After what seemed like a couple of hours, the lackadaisical lazybones woke up with a mouth as dry as the desert and a brass band playing between his ears. Wolf, his dog, had vanished, so Rip thought it must have got bored and gone home. Then the dirty deadbeat picked up his gun and noticed it was all rusty. It had been clean just a couple of hours before, so Rip was puzzled. He decided to walk back down to the village. In the village, things looked a bit different. Some new shops had opened while he had been away, and there were many unfamiliar faces. People were looking at him strangely, and then he realized that his beard was a foot long! Rip asked some people what had happened, and he learned that he had been asleep for more than 20 years! America was now a new country, and he had slept all during the war for independence from England. Most of his friends had died in the war. He asked if anyone knew Rip Van Winkle, and they said yes, he lived down the street. He went to the house and discovered his grown son who got the same name. He then learned that his wife and dog were dead, but his daughter agreed to take care of him. Did the workshy waste-of-space learn a lesson? You would expect him to have changed his ways, right? No, he couldn’t be bothered to change and continued to be exceedingly lazy until the day he died. D. Discuss with a partner. 1. What words are used in place of the main character’s name? 2. Which descriptions use alliteration? 3. What image do they portray of Rip? 4. What similes and metaphors are used? What do they mean? 5. What is the longest time you have slept for? 6. Do you regularly get eight hours’ sleep a night? 7. Scientists say that teenagers need more sleep than adults. Why is this the case? 108

8.1 LITERATURE GRAMMAR SPEAKING A. Look at these sentences from the text. Then A. Work with a partner. Look at the following complete the sentences with the correct pictures and answer the questions. passive form of the verb given. a He had had enough of being called all the b names under the sun. He disliked being asked to do anything. c You would expect him to have changed his ways. 1. Which stories can you see in the pictures? 2. Who are the main characters in each story? 1. The main character in Lord of the Flies hates ______________ Piggy by the antagonist, B. Match the following literary terms to their Jack. (call) definitions. 2. In The Force Awakens, Kylo Ren chose 1. setting 2. characters 3. conflict ______________ to the dark side of the Force. a. a literary element that involves a struggle (turn) between two opposing forces usually a 3. In The Force Awakens, the Harrison Ford, who protagonist and an antagonist played Han Solo, begged the writers for his b. an environment or surrounding in which character ______________ before the end of an event or story takes place the film. (kill) c. any person, animal, or figure represented in a literary work 4. George R.R. Martin hoped ______________ (finish) with his Game of Thrones books by the C. Complete the questions and mind map on time the epic TV series ended. page 139 for the stories above 5. The main character in Crime and Punishment spends a lot of time resisting ______________ D. Work in pairs or groups. Choose a story you (arrest) by the police. know and complete the exercise on page 139. B. Add the correct perfect form (perfect or Do the rest of the class know your chosen story? passive + perfect) of the verb given. 1. Julie reported __________ (mug) in that street years before. 2. Bryce admitted ______________(love) her years ago. 3. Andrea expected ______________ (finish) the job by then. 4. Caroline imagined ________ (get married) by the time she was 30. 5. Stewart remembers _______________(lose) the game there years ago. GRAMMAR BANK p. 131 109

British slang words thin vs. things participles LITERATURE SHAKESPEARE WARM UP! B. Go to page 139. Do the quiz and compare your results with your friends. A. Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions with a partner. VOCABULARY 1. Do you consider yourself a lover of literature? 2. Do you enjoy taking literature lessons at A. Match the British slang words to their meanings. school? 3. Which person below looks closer to you? Give 1. fortnight a. crazy person 2. hoover b. thank you reasons. 3. nutter c. 2 weeks a 4. mate d. clean with a 5. knackered b 6. cheers vacuum cleaner e. exhausted c f. close friend B. Complete the questions with the words above and discuss with a partner. 1. Who is your best _______ in the school/where you work? How long have you known them? 2. When was the last time you felt completely _____? What had you been doing beforehand? 3. Which would you find harder going a _______ without: using social media, listening to music or watching TV programmes? 4. How often do you _______ your bedroom? Is there a lot of junk under your bed? 5. It means ‘thank you’, but do you know two other uses for _______? 6. Are you a film _______? Is there a genre you’re crazy about? 110

PRONUNCIATION 8.2 A. Write the words you hear. 8.2 LITERATURE B. Circle the word that you 8.3 William Shakespeare hear. 1. thin / thing In 1564 a couple named John and Mary, living in a 2. sin / sing small town in England, had a son. He was their third 3. clean / cling child and first boy, and they named him William. That 4. sun / sung boy was William Shakespeare, who grew up to be 5. keen / king one of the most important authors of all time, yet not 5 much is known about his early life. READING Educated in his hometown, he almost certainly A. Work in pairs and discuss the studied Latin and classic works of literature. When he following questions. was 18 years old he was married to a woman named Anne Hathaway, and they had 3 children. However 10 1. Which one of Shakespeare’s plays the most interesting and productive phases of his can you name? life was yet to come. The years after he was married, and before he started working in the theatre, are a 2. Have you ever seen a performance mystery to historians, and are known as “The Lost of one of them? Years” of Shakespeare. It is clear that he travelled 15 to London and started writing plays during this time. 3. Your mate suggests going to see a We do know that by 1592 Shakespeare had already performance of Romeo and Juliet. become a famous actor and playwright in London. Do you say: Having established himself in theatre, he then turned d. Are you some kind of nutter? to writing poetry. This is the period during which he 20 I’ve got better things to do, like wrote most of his sonnets. hoover the whole house! e. Sorry, mate. I’m too knackered. Shakespeare performed for different acting Maybe ask me in a fortnight. companies, including Pembroke’s Men, Lord f. Cheers, mate! That sounds Chamberlain’s Men and The King’s Men. Given that great. Where and when? Shakespeare’s company frequently performed for 25 Queen Elizabeth I and King James, it is assumed that Shakespeare performed for these monarchs as well. Shakespeare’s company built the famous Globe theatre, the first theatre built by actors and for actors in 1599. However, it burned down after 30 being hit by a cannon misfire during a play in 1613 and had to be rebuilt the next year. Shakespeare died suddenly at the age of 52, although no one is quite sure of the cause. He was seen drinking with 35 his friends the night before, so some people think it was related to that. All in all, Shakespeare wrote 38 plays and 154 sonnets, including Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth. However, he is remembered more for the quality and influence of his work than the quantity. His 40 works are over 400 years old, yet they still entertain and teach people today as they did back then. 111

8.2 GRAMMAR LITERATURE A. Look at this sentence from the text and com- plete the sentences below with the correct B. Read the passage and answer the following form of the verb. questions. 1. It line 35, the word ‘it’ refers to: Having established himself in theatre, he then a. his play turned to writing poetry. b. his death Given that Shakespeare’s company frequently c. his age performed for Queen Elizabeth I and King James, it 2. That line 36, the word ‘that’ refers to: is assumed that Shakespeare performed for these a. the theatre monarchs as well. b. acting c. drinking 1. Giving / Given / Having given enough time, children will usually outgrow night waking. C. Read and correct the mistakes in the sentences below according to the passage. 2. The flying / flown / having flown birds caught my attention by the road. 1. No one knows where Shakespeare was born. 2. Shakespeare never performed for a king or 3. Gerald was surprising /surprised / having surprised by his friends at the party. queen. 3. The Globe burnt down in a war. 4. Given clearing / Cleared / Having cleared her 4. We know a lot about Shakespeare’s childhood. throat, Sarah started singing. 5. It is more important that he wrote so many 5. Kathy was tiring / tired / having tired, so she plays than how good people think they are. went to bed. D. What do these numbers refer to in the text? 1599 18 38 1564 1613 52 3rd 112

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form 8.2 of the verb given. LITERATURE 1. The _________ nutter on stage was the band’s new singer. (scream) SPEAKING 2. Our house was _________ in a fortnight after A. Look at the images below and discuss the fol- we uploaded it onto the website. (sell) lowing questions. 3. Not _________ the time, they stayed well past 11 o’clock. (realise) 4. _________ my birthday, my best mate called to apologise. (forget) 5. _________ at the right temperature, cheese should stay fresh for a week or two. (keep) C. Find and correct the mistakes below. 1. The running dog was hitting by a car. 2. The child apologised for broken the window. 3. Having burnt the food, we decided to go out for a fresh cooking meal instead. 4. All of the apples in the orchard were having picked by the hardworking group. 5. Dr. Messer is a respecting professional in his developing field. 1. Do you know the people in the images? 2. What did they do? Why are they still famous? B. Go to page 139 and check your answers in Exercise A. C. Work in groups. Each group member writes down their top three favourite authors or poets. Take notes on why you like them or which of their books/ poems is your favourite. D. Share your notes in exercise C with your classmates and make a presentation about your favourite authors or poets. Remember to support your presentation using visual elements and try to give examples from their art. GRAMMAR BANK p. 131 113

word formation paraphrasing an idea LITERATURE GENRES WARM UP! VOCABULARY A. Work in pairs. Read the quotations below A. Complete the table with a different form of and discuss the questions. given words. “If you want your children to be intelligent, Verb Adjective Concept Personal read them fairy tales. If you want them to be noun noun more intelligent, read them more fairy tales.” advise advice Albert Einstein believable believer offense defender 1. Do you agree with the quote above? What fairy defend sale tales can you remember from your childhood. forge forged 2. What can fairy tales teach us? offensive sell “One good anecdote is worth a volume of biography.” B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words above. Then discuss the questions William E. Channing with a partner. 1. Do you like reading biographies? 1. What _______ would you give a classmate who 2. Why do people write autobiographies? wanted to improve their reading in English? 3. Tell your partner an amusing anecdote from 2. Should books challenge or uphold our your life. __________? B. Work in groups. Ask and answer the following 3. What books ______ the most to your age question and decide who is a real book lover. group in your country? 1. How many books do you usually read each 4. Should all __________ books be banned? year? 5. Would you trust a bookshop _____________’s 2. What was the last book you read? advice on what book to buy rather than 3. Does your town have a public library? Have readers’ reviews online? you ever used it? 6. Your parents decide to clear out all your 4. Do you read anything when you’re waiting old books. Which one would you be most ________ of and beg to keep? somewhere? 5. Do you think that the internet and television 7. My biggest disappointment was finding out that J K Rowling’s signature in my first edition will eventually make books out-dated? of Harry Potter was a _______. What has been your biggest disappointment? 114

8.3 LITERATURE LISTENING B. Listen to the conversations and 8.4 match the person to the genre they A. You’re going to spend a year on a desert like. island. What one genre of book do you take to read? Amanda Alicia Jason Kelly 1. _____________ crime fiction 2. _____________ biography 3. _____________ classic novels 4. _____________ fantasy fiction C . Mark the following sentences as true (T) or false (F). 1. Alicia likes the books she is reading. ___ 2. Amanda dislikes crime fiction. ___ 3. Jason’s favourite book is Harry Potter. ___ 4. Kelly prefers to read books after she watches the film. ___ 5. Kelly likes Jason’s recommendation. ___ D. Work in pairs and discuss the following question. 1. Amanda says, “To each her own, I suppose.” What does this mean? 2. Jason says the book is “really gripping”. What does he mean? GRAMMAR A. Listen to the following dialogue and 8.5 fill in the blanks. 1. A: I loved the book, but didn’t like the film at all. B: __________________, you prefer the book over the film. A: That’s right. B: Oh. __________. 2. A: I just think non-fiction can be so boring! B: ___________________ you correctly. You prefer reading fiction? A: Absolutely. B: ___________. 115

8.3 WRITING LITERATURE INFO BOX B. Choose a topic below. Take notes on your Paraphrasing is a technique in which you opinion on that topic including your reasons. write the same ideas as the original text, but you use your own words. Paraphrasing the worst thing about learning English is important to be sure that your writing is the worst thing about your town different enough from the original to avoid the type of people you dislike most plagiarism. Plagiarism is when a person the disadvantages of going to the gym copies what another person has written. It your least favourite season is stealing and isn’t allowed in any instance, the worst thing about living with your parents so paraphrasing is an important skill. C. Take turns with a partner giving your opinion When you paraphrase, your text will be and paraphrasing your partner’s ideas. about as long as the original, although it might be a bit shorter. To paraphrase, you can change the words, sentence structure and word order of the original. You can also use passive voice and reported speech to keep the meaning while changing the words. A. Go to page 141 and do the activities with a partner. B. Work in pairs and compare the following sentences. What has changed in each sentence? 1. Once upon a time there was a little girl who lived near the sea in a stone house with her grandmother and grandfather. 2. Long ago in a faraway land, a girl and her grandparents lived in a stone house near the sea. 1. “Grandfather,” she asked, “when you went to the island, how did you escape from these horrible people?” “Oh, I would never go to the islands,” her grandfather answered. “It is much too dangerous. My father told me.” 2. This was scary to the little girl, and she asked her grandfather about his trip to the island. He answered that he had never been to the island because it was too risky, but that his father had explained all of this to him. 116 GRAMMAR BANK p. 132

8.3 LITERATURE 1. It looked very much like her own stone house. There was a tidy garden, a neat stone path, and smoke coming from the chimney. 2. The house looked surprisingly like the stone house that she shared with her grandparents. It had a small garden and path. She also noticed that there was smoke rising from the fireplace. C. Read the following story and paraphrase it. Then compare your text with your partner. Cinderella Once upon a time there was a little girl named Cinderella. She lived in a castle with her stepmother and two stepsisters. After her father died, her stepfamily treated her like their maid. They made her do all of the cooking and cleaning around the castle. Even though she was mistreated, Cinderella kept a smile on her face and did her chores happily. She didn’t have any friends except the animals around the castle, including the mice, dogs, and horses. One day a messenger came from the king. A note was given to every family “The king will give a ball in honour of the prince. Every eligible maiden must attend!” Cinderella and her stepsisters jumped with excitement. However, Cinderella’s stepmother said she could only go to the ball if she could find something to wear and finish all of her work. Cinderella found an old dress in her room and decided to improve it and wear it to the ball. Her stepfamily gave her even more work to do that day, but she finished it all. She even found some extra ribbons to add to her dress. Finally, they were all ready for the ball, but the stepsisters tore her dress to shreds. As she sat in the garden crying, a fairy appeared. She made a magical, new dress for Cinderella – better than the offensive Victoria Beckham forgeries her stepsisters had bought in the sales - and a carriage and horses out of a pumpkin and the animals. Cinderella went to the ball and the prince fell in love with her. The fairy had advised Cinderalla that the magic spell would break at midnight, so at exactly midnight she ran away from the ball. As she ran away, she lost a one glass slipper on the steps. Everything returned to how it had been before except for the other glass slipper on her foot. When she returned home, a messenger from the king came and said that every girl must try on the glass slipper, and the girl whose foot fit would marry the prince. The glass slipper fit Cinderella’s foot, and she was married to the prince the next day in a large, beautiful wedding. 117

LITERATURE A. Watch the video and do some research about B. Work in pairs. Brainstorm, do research and literature on the internet. Use the following prepare a list of questions for the interview questions as a guideline and write a report about literature. Visit your a literature of 80-100 words about the topic. teacher with your partner in a month. Make an interview with the person. Record 1. What is the first literature work of all time? the interview or take notes. Discover the 2. What is the longest literature work? literature in real life. Take some pictures 3. How did literature evolve? during your interview. 4. Who is your favourite book character? 5. What are some important names for literature C. Prepare a presentation introducing the literature with your friend. Use the report from your country? in Exercise A and your notes about the 6. Do you have any author who won the Nobel interview in exercise. Prize in Literature from your country? 7. What makes a book great? 8. What do you think is the most important literary work in the world? 118

A. Tick the correct sentences and fix the incorrect sentences. 1. I offered to be dropping off at the corner, but they drove me home. 2. Joyce wanted being given another chance. 3. Dana remembered having been given the gift years before. 4. Linda needs to be being helped constantly. 5. Kim loves to be telling what to do. B. Choose the best answer. UNIT 8 REVISION BOX 1. She was sitting on a sofa _______ a book. 119 a. read b. reading c. having read 2. _______ in the restaurant for so many years, every customer knew him. a. Working b. Worked c. Having worked 3. _______ a good student, his teachers spoke highly of him. a. Being b. Was c. Having been 4. I took the _______ computer back two hours ago. a. repair b. repairing c. repaired 5. There were hundreds of excited fans in front of the hotel, _______ for the pop singer to come out. a. wait b. waiting c. having waited 6. _______ in bright colours, the fireworks lit up the darkness of the night over the Bosphorus Strait. a. Explode b. Exploding c. Having exploded

IRREGULAR VERB LIST Base form Past simple Past participle be was/were been begin began begun break broke broken bring brought brought buy bought bought build built built choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut do did done draw drew drawn drive drove driven eat ate eaten feel felt felt find found found get got got give gave given go went gone have had had hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kept know knew known leave left left lead led led let let let lie lay lain lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid put put put run ran run say said said see saw seen sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sit sat sat speak spoke spoken spend spent spent stand stood stood take took taken teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought understand understood understood wear wore worn win won won write wrote written 120

INFO BOX GRAMMAR 1.1 revision of verb tenses a. present simple tense • We use the present simple to talk about: • general truths and (scientific) rules: Plants give us oxygen. • routines and habits: We do sport regularly. • permanent situations and states: Does she work for your company? • scheduled events in the future: The last bus Toronto leaves at 11 pm. b. present continuous tense We use the present continuous to talk about: • actions or events in progress at the time of speaking: Wait a minute! I’m talking on the phone. • personal arrangements for the future: Mr. Dawson’s travelling to Ireland next month. • show frustration or annoyance about a person’s bad habit (with often the expressions always, constantly, etc.): She’s always using my laptop without permission. • temporary activities and habits: I’m taking driving lessons these days. c. present perfect tense We use the present perfect to talk about: • actions or situations that started in the past and lasts in the present (with usually stative verbs): They’ve known each other for six years. • our experiences: I’ve been to Germany many times. • past events and activities with consequences in the present: We’ve cleaned all the rooms. • things happened in the past but the exact time is unknown or is not important: She’s lost her keys again. d. present perfect continuous tense We use the present perfect continuous to talk about: • actions that have recently stopped; or duration of an action started in the past and is still • going on (only with action verbs): Fred has been sweeping the leaves in the backyard since this morning. e. future present tenses (will) We use the future simple (or will + V1) to express: • the predictions based upon our personal opinions: They’ll probably be late for the class. • the decisions at the moment of speaking: Please wait for me. I’ll take my jacket. • promises: I’ll call you when I leave the office. • requests: Will you remind me the meeting? f. future present tenses (be going to) We use be going to + V1 to express: the predictions based upon evidence or observations: The traffic is terrible. They’re going to miss the flight. intentions or plans: I’m going to sell my old motorbike to buy a new one. g. past simple tense We use the past simple to talk about: • single or repeated completed actions in the past, especially with a past time expression to show the exact time: I met Mrs. Ambrossio last Monday. • duration in the past with the time expression ‘for’: My parents lived in Sweden more than twenty years. • habits in the past: My sister drank a lot of milk when she was a child. h. past continuous tense We use the past continuous to talk about: • continuing past actions at a specific time in the past: I was sleeping at the dorm at 8 am yesterday. • interrupted actions in the past: We were waiting for the train when I heard the strange noise. • parallel actions in the past: My mom was cooking while I was setting the table. • the scene or the atmosphere at a specific time in the past: When I got on the bus, some of the passengers were sleeping, others were sleeping. The driver was a nervous man, so he was waiting for us placing down impatiently. i. past perfect tense We use the past perfect to talk about: • completed actions happened before a specific time or another action in the past: I had never tasted such delicious meals before I went to Sicily. • a period of time or continuance before a specific time or another action in the past (only with non- continuous / stative verbs): I had been a pessimistic person before I met Clare. 121

1.2  In offers and polite requests, we can also use negative questions as below: revision of question types W: Wouldn’t you like something to drink? a. yes / no questions  Yes / no questions are formed by using auxiliary or modal C: No, thank you. I don’t want any. / Yes, please, I would like a fresh juice. verbs and also verb to be at the beginning of the sentence. Because yes or no is the answer to these questions, they e. indirect questions are called yes / no questions. The word order is:  We use indirect questions to sound more polite asking for Auxiliary / Modal verb + subject + main verb + sentence information. We use some certain introducing phrases to complement. make an indirect question. Notice that the second part of the sentence is formed like an affirmative sentence, not e.g. a question. Did you like the movie? - Yes, I did / No, I didn’t. e.g. Should we keep the secret you gave us? - Yes, you should / No, “What time does the shop open?” you shouldn’t. Do you know / Could you tell me / Have you an idea what Are you aware of the benefits of the upcoming project? - Yes, time the shop opens? I am / No, I’m not. “Will you be at home tonight?” b. wh- questions  Wh- questions start with the question words such as, I wonder if / whether you will be at home tonight? what, when, where, which, who, whose, why, how as it 1.3 can be understood from the name. The word order is: auxiliary and modal verbs Question word + auxiliary / modal verb + subject + main verb Auxiliary verbs or modal verbs are frequently used (someti- + sentence complement. mes with the negation word ‘not’): • in short answers: With the question words which, how many, whose: A: Do you enjoy your trip? B: Yes, I do. (Yes, I enjoy my trip.) • not to repeat the main verb in the second sentence: Question word + noun / noun phrase + auxiliary / modal verb Miranda is taking history lessons this semester, but I’m not. + subject + main verb + sentence complement) • to make ‘echo questions’, to show interest: C: It was a tiring week. D: Was it? e.g. G: She can drive a truck. H: Can she? • to make question tags: What do you need for the business trip? - I need a new dark Mr. Kelley works as an accountant, doesn’t he? suit and a notebook. • to emphasize the main verb in a positive sentence. With the present or past simple, add do, does or did before the Where has she been living for months? - She has been living on main verb (it is called emphatic do.) In this case, we always her grandparents’ farm. use the main verb in bare form: E: You told me you would call me before leaving! F: I did call Which hall will be suitable for the lecture? you! But you didn’t answer it.  When the question word (who, what, which, etc.) is the (not I did called you) • We sometimes use the emphatic auxiliaries in question subject of the question, the auxiliary verb is not used. tags to confirm an idea: P: He does drink herbal tea, doesn’t he? e.g. 2.1 Who visited you last week? – Mrs. Samuel visited me yesterday. articles: definite and indefinite articles c. questions with propositions  When there is a preposition after the main verb in a a. indefinite article: a /an We use a /an: sentence, we often use this preposition at the end of the • to describe a singular noun. sentence in question form, especially after the question There’s a tree in the middle of the field. words who, which or what. • before professions. I’m a bank clerk. e.g. • when the first time something is mentioned. I’ve bought a roll and a lemonade. Who were you talking to (when I saw you)? - I was talking to Jim. b. the (definite article) We use the: Which city does she come from? - She comes from Denver. • when we are thinking of a specific thing. I want to buy a car. (It might be one of the cars, not a specific d. negative questions one.)  We often use negative questions to show surprise or ask I want to buy the car which is more affordable. (a specific- affordable- car) for confirmation. • before the usual places and people the speaker go. (i.e. bank, market, doctor, etc.) e.g. Don’t you feel the cold? (I feel the cold weather and I expect you feel it, too) Why didn’t you buy those boots? (I’m surprised because you didn’t buy the boots)  It is often problematic to answer to a negative question. In other words, saying yes or no might have a different meaning in different situations. That’s why it is helpful to make a short explanation or give some detail in the answer. e.g. Don’t you like seafood? Yes. (Yes, I don’t like seafood as you think) No. (No, I like seafood in contrast to your opinion) 122

I have to go to the market today. (the market that the speaker • in some fixed expressions. usually goes to) in the evening, the sky, the sea, the same, the radio, the I have a terrible toothache. I need to go to the dentist. (my cinema, in the end, etc. usual dentist) • when something has mentioned before. c. zero article (I’ve bought a roll and a lemonade.)The roll is terrible but the We use no (zero) article: lemonade is delicious. • with proper names (person, city, country, etc.) • before the system and services. Nina, Edinburgh, Spain Should I call the police now? • to talk about general things or group of people. • With adjectives like rich, poor, unemployed, etc. to talk Cheetahs are fast animals about groups of people. Students and elder people can have a discount ticket. Do you think the rich (people) should help the poor (people)? • before plural nouns when the first time they are • when there is only one of something. The Earth revolves around the Sun. mentioned. • with a superlative form of adjectives. They need three more seats. It is the biggest car I’ve ever driven. • before noun + noun expressions. • well-known buildings works of art, museums, or It’s number 6, page 44 in the book, etc. monuments. • before meals, days, seasons, months. The Eiffel Tower have dinner, on Friday, in spring, in June. • with rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges and country Note 1: We use ‘a’ before the meal if it is used with an names if the country has a political title in its name, or if it adjective. refers a group of states /islands. e.g. It was a delicious dinner the Nile, the Adriatic Sea, the Pacific Ocean, the Andes (not the Everest), the United Kingdom not It was delicious dinner. • before ordinal numbers. Note 2: Before the words school, university, hospital, prison, the second of January, on the sixth floor, in the nineteenth etc. we do not use ‘the’ if we talk century about these places as a general idea. Also, when we think of • before (plural)family names (refer to the whole family) what they are used for, we do the Wilsons are my next door neighbors. • before musical instruments. not need any article before them. Could Dana play the flute when she was young? e.g. Mary’s grandma has been at the hospital for weeks. (not a specific hospital/ as a patient) I want to go to the hospital (where she is) to visit Mary’s grandma. (as a visitor) 2.2 quantifiers We use quantifiers to give information about the number / amount of something. They can be used with countable, uncountable, singular or plural nouns. See the following tables and examples: -1- only countable nouns -2- only uncountable nouns -3- both countable and uncountable nouns a couple of, both, each, either, (a) a bit of, (a) little, (not) much, less, a all, any, enough, a lot of, lots of, more, most, no, few, fewer, neither, several great deal of none of, plenty of, some -1- e.g. e.g. Each person has to bring his own food. (= All the people have I’ve found several old books in the attic. to bring their own food) Few students took the final exam in science class. We have to The police searched every person on the bus. (=The police repeat it tomorrow. searched all the people on the bus) (‘a few’ means ‘some / not many’ but enough; ‘few’ means When we talk about two people or things, we use the ‘almost zero’- not enough) quantifiers both, either and neither; if we talk about more than -2- two people or things, we use all. e.g. e.g. Eve has little money with her, so I’ll lend her some. Affirmative sentences (‘a little’ means ‘some / not much’, but enough; ‘little’ means The clock is working. (one clock) ‘almost no’- not enough) Both / both of the clocks are working. (two clocks) We have a great deal of time, don’t worry. All / all of the clocks are working. (more than two clocks) (Especially with abstract nouns such as time, money, trouble, Negative sentences etc. we can use ‘a great deal of’.) The clock isn’t working. (one clock) -3- Neither/ neither of the clocks is working / Either of the clocks e.g. isn’t working. (two clocks) None of the employers attended the seminars. None of the clocks are working. (more than two clocks) There is no beverage left. Will you go and buy some? Note 1: Nouns with either and neither are followed a singular • ‘every’ and ‘each’ are used with a singular noun and also verb. Note 2: ‘None’ has a negative meaning like no and never. a singular verb form to mean all: Therefore, it is used in affirmative sentences and gives them negative meaning. 123

2.3 asking for clarification You can see the common phrases that can help you to express a lack of understanding, asking for and making a clarification about the topic you are discussing. expressing lack of understanding asking for clarification clarifying a topic I’m not quite sure what you mean. Could you clarify that, please? In other words... Sorry, I didn’t get your point. Could you give us an example? Let me explain that in more detail... Sorry, I didn’t quite hear what you said. Could you repeat that, please? Let me explain that... I beg your pardon, but I don’t quite Could you say that again, please? Sorry, let me explain... understand. (formal) Do you mean...? To say this differently... I don’t quite see what you mean. (formal) What are you trying to say? 3.1 future continuous tense Future continuous tense is formed as subj. + will (or be going to) + V+ing. We use this tense to talk about: • By this time next year, events or plans that will be in progress at a specific time in the future: I’ll be looking after my niece tomorrow afternoon, so I can see you later. At this time next year, you’ll be running your own business. • interrupted and paralleled actions in the future, especially with the words when and while: When my favourite serial starts, we’ll be still driving home tomorrow evening. We’ll be organizing the catering while you are meeting the photographer. • The future continuous tense is commonly used with the following time expressions and conjunctions: when (+ present simple sentence), while (+ present continuous sentence), this time, tomorrow, in the afternoon, next week / month/ year etc. • Like all the other continuous verb forms, future continuous is not used with stative verbs: You’ll having these brand new watches when you win the game. You’ll have these brand new watches when you win the game. 3.2 future perfect simple tense vs. future perfect continuous tense Future perfect tense Future perfect continuous tense Subj. + will have + V3 (past participle) Subj. + will have + been + Ving We use future perfect tense to talk about: We use future perfect continuous tense to talk - completed actions before something or a about: specific time in the future: - duration before something or a specific time We won’t have left the building before the in the future: experts arrive. I will have been teaching at the college for They will have revealed all the secrets about more than ten years by the time I move to the incident by tomorrow. Belgium. - duration before something or a specific How long will you have been taking this time in the future (with stative verbs): course when it ends? I’ll have been a professional scuba diver by - the cause of something in the future: the end of this summer. Paul will certainly pass his exam because he will have been studying for weeks. - The future perfect and continuous tense are commonly used with the following conjunctions: when By + a time phrase By the time + sentence (present simple) 124

3.3 position and order of adjectives Adjectives in English are used in a certain order when there is more than one adjective to describe the same thing. The order is as follows: 1 determiner (a, the, that) 6 shape (round, square) 2 quantity (five) 7 colour (red, blue) 3 quality or opinion (beautiful, nice) 8 origin (Chinese, French) 4 size (small, huge) 9 material (leather, cotton) 5 age (old, young) 10 purpose (parking space) determiner quantity opinion size age shape colour origin material purpose noun that five huge classic round red Italian sports car the two beautiful marble statues shiny new blue plastic ball cheerful birds 4.1 present perfect simple vs. present perfect continuous Present perfect continuous Present perfect simple Subj. + have/has + been + Ving Subj. + have /has + V3 (past participle form) - We use present perfect simple to talk about the recently - We use present perfect continuous tense to express an action completed actions (and often their results). We don’t mention that has recently stopped, or duration of an action started in the exact time but we emphasize the action itself. the past and is still going on. She’s taken some history lessons at the college. We’ve been studying in this room since you left home. -Remember that stative verbs are generally used with present A: You look tired. perfect simple although we want to talk about the duration of B: Yes. I’ve been cleaning the backyard for hours. the action. - We use present perfect simple and present perfect continuous We’ve had that family car since 1999. to talk about an action started in the past and is still going on. we’ve been having Especially with the verbs, ‘live, study, work, teach, etc.’ there is almost no difference in meaning. -We also frequently use the time expressions, such as just, She’s been taking some history lessons this semester. already, yet, before, so far, twice, many times, etc. in present I’ve worked as a salesperson for two weeks. perfect simple. I’ve been working as a salesperson for two weeks. I’ve been to at least twenty different countries so far. -We use the question word how long and the time expressions - The present perfect simple is used to talk about ‘how much/ for, since, recently, lately, this week, etc. in present perfect how many’ have been completed; however, present perfect continuous. continuous is used to talk about ‘how long’ something has He’s been looking for a better-paid job recently. been happening. We have rehearsed three times for the play this week. We have been rehearsing for the play since last week. 4.2 past perfect simple vs. past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous Subj. + had + been + Ving Past perfect simple Subj. + had + V3 (past participle form) - We use past perfect simple to talk about completed actions -We use past perfect continuous to talk the duration before happened before a specific time or another action in the past. an action or a specific time in the past. After I had watched my favorite documentary on TV, I went They had been shopping for hours before we met them. straight to bed. -To mention the cause of something in the past, we can also use past perfect continuous. - We also use past perfect simple to express a period of time or Because I had been sleeping on the sofa, I got frightened continuance before a specific time or another action in the past. when the phone rang. (Only with non- continuous / stative verbs) She had wanted to be a singer before she got married. She had been wanting - We generally used the time expressions after, before, when, by the time to combine a past simple sentence with both past perfect simple and past perfect continuous sentences. By the time you took their photos, the birds had flown away. When I found him, he had been standing (for a long time) at the corner without a coat on his back. 125

4.3 getting back to the topic interrupting phrases Anyway, Now, where was I? interrupting politely To get back to . . . What were you saying? Excuse me, Where were we? Pardon me, You were saying . . . Can I add something here? Could I inject something here? Do you mind if I jump in here? I don’t mean to intrude, but . . . May I interrupt (for a minute)? Sorry to interrupt, 5.1 modal verbs revision We use modal verbs/ modal verbs with the main verb in the sentence to express ability, obligation, request, etc. Modal verbs don’t work like other verbs. They don’t change their forms according to the subject of the sentence and they usually remain unchanged in all tenses. However, must and can need substitute verbs to express obligation or ability in the different tenses (can – be able to; must- have to). Here are the usages and examples: Modal Usage Example *Be able to Ability / possibility (means I’m able to drive long hours in the sun due to these glasses. manage to) Alice was able to find a well-paid job after many disappointing attempts. Can / can’t (in different verb tenses) Ability / possibility They can help us to rent an affordable apartment. Could/ couldn’t Inability / impossibility I’ll call a mechanic because you can’t repair this machine. Asking for permission Can I park in front of your store? *Have to Deduction She can’t be Lucy over there. She’s gone to France. Asking for permission Could I use your charger, please? Had to Request Could you repeat that, please? Ability in the past I write poems when I was in high school. Don’t / doesn’t have You have to hand in your paper until next Friday. to (need to) Exterior obligation, necessity Norman has to travel a lot as part of his job. May Might Past obligation / necessity Ellie had to change her blouse when she spilt some sauce on it. Must (both past forms of must and have to) Mustn’t *Need to No necessity You don’t have to pay for the internet; it is free for students. Shall *Ought to / Possibility /asking permission May I ask a question? ought not to Should /shouldn’t Possibility /deduction I haven’t seen Michelle recently. She might be on leave. Will Necessity / obligation I must leave in a few minutes. Would Strong advice You must read this book. You ‘ll love it. Deduction He must be the new director. Prohibition You mustn’t use calculators in the exam. Necessity Do I need to take my shoes off in your mum’s house? Offer   Shall I help you with the cleaning? Advice / Recommending action  They ought to be at the station before 10 am. You should see an optician as soon as possible. (I think) we should change the topic. Spontaneous decisions / Wait a minute! I’ll answer the phone. request /promise Will you tell me the shortest way? /prediction / willingness I’ll send an email when I arrive the office. Our team will be the winner tonight. Asking for permission /request Would you hold my suitcase for a second? Offers and invitations (as would you like…) Would you like to have some more coffee? * ‘Need to, ought to and have to’ are semi- modals. It means that they behave similarly to modal verbs but also share some characteristics with main verbs. 126

5.2 past modal verbs We use past modals to talk about different situations in the past. They are formed as: modal verb + have + past participle Perfect modal Explanation Example Can’t have + V3 Express certainty in the past The kettle can’t have been broken. I bought it yesterday. (I’m sure Could have + V3 it wasn’t) Couldn’t have + V3 We had the ability or chance to do something in the past We could have accepted his offer but I didn’t. Should have + V3 but we didn’t. Shouldn’t have + V3 May/ might have + V3 We didn’t have the ability or I couldn’t have found the right way without my navigation device. Must have + V3 chance to do something in the past. express regrets or unfulfilled I should have taken my jacket with me. obligations; expectations You should have finished your work on time. Dina should have got home by now. Express criticism You shouldn’t have shouted at Joe. He was innocent. Express possibility in the past You might have been injured seriously in the accident. You’re so lucky. Past deductions Wendy must have fallen asleep. She didn’t answer the phone. Needn’t have + V3 Unnecessary past action You needn’t have cooked so much food. We aren’t hungry. Would have + V3 with events in the past that did not I would have visited Gina at the hospital if I had known she was ill. (usually combined happen if clauses) 5.3 prepositions in relative clauses • When the relative pronoun refers to the object of a preposition, we can place these prepositions in different places according to the sentence’s tone. a. informal language: • In informal sentences, the preposition comes after the verb. e.g. Diana, who I talked to just now, lives in Poland. (non- defining relative clause) The hotel which we stayed in last summer was perfect. (defining relative clause) • We often put the preposition at the end of the relative clause, and we omit the relative pronoun in everyday language. e.g. She finally found the book (that /which) she was looking for. b. formal language: • In formal sentences, the preposition is positioned before the pronouns whom or which: e.g. Diana, to whom I talked just now, lives in Poland. (non- defining relative clause) The hotel in which we stayed last summer was perfect. (defining relative clause) She found the book for which I was looking. (defining relative clause) • We can’t use any prepositions before who and that. We often use whom instead of who when it is used after a preposition. e.g. That is the man to whom Mr. Doris was married. • We can also use of which instead of whose for the objects but only in non-defining relative clauses. e.g. This is the computer whose properties Martin has mentioned. This is the computer, the properties of which Martin has mentioned. 127

6.1 reporting with passive verbs • Sometimes when we are reporting what people say or believe, we don´t know, or we don´t want to say who exactly the people are. In this case, we use the impersonal passive forms. Some other reporting verbs that can be used in this way are: calculate, claim, consider, discover, estimate, expect, feel, hope, know, prove, report, say, show, think, understand, etc. • Generally, there are two certain forms to report with passive verbs: a. subject + passive of reporting verb + to + V1 The rare species are said to be hunted in the region. b. It + passive of reporting verb + that + clause It is said that the rare species are hunted in the region. • See the forms of reporting passives, according to the different tense forms. present & future reference • They think that Mr. Rayford is a spy. Mr. Rayford is thought to be a spy. past reference It is thought that Mr. Rayford is a spy. continuous reference • People believe that thousands of species become extinct every day. (all tense forms have Thousands of species are believed to become extinct every day. the same rule) It is believed that thousands of species become extinct every day. passive reference • The authorities claim that he was a criminal. (present & past ) He is claimed to have been a criminal. It is claimed that he was a criminal. • People say that Mona left her fiancé. Mona is said to have left her fiancé. It is said that Mona left her fiancé. • They know that the interest rate is going up fast. The interest rate is known to be going up fast. It is known that the interest rate is going up fast. • The residents claim that the green spaces are destroyed cruelly. The green spaces are claimed to be destroyed cruelly. It is claimed that the green spaces are destroyed cruelly. • The police believe that the bank was robbed by the Wilhelm brothers. The bank is believed to have been robbed by the Wilhelm brothers. It is believed that the bank was robbed by the Wilhelm brothers. 6.2 • Mainly, we use two different ways to form a causative sentence. Compare the causatives examples below: • The causative is the structure that refers a. have / get + something + V3 (by someone) to actions which are done for the subject I have my shirt cleaned. rather than by the subject. In other words, (Someone cleans my shirt for me – the we usually make an arrangement with a person who cleans is unknown) professional to do it, or sometimes ask for b. have / make + someone + V1 + something someone to do a favour for us in causatives. get + someone + to V1 + something • We usually use the verbs have, get, make to I have my mother clean my shirt. make causatives. (My mother cleans my shirt for me) • have is used to give someone (often a professional) the responsibility to do • When we want to change the tense of the something: sentence – or use a modal verb-, we make e.g. changes on the causative verbs: have, get I had my motorbike fixed by my mechanic. or make. (I paid my mechanic and he fixed my e.g. motorbike.) She has her hair dyed every month. • get is used to convince someone to do She is having her hair dyed at the moment. something: She will have her hair dyed tomorrow. e.g. She had her hair dyed last week. I got my motorbike fixed by my brother. She has had her hair dyed before. (I asked my brother to fix my motorbike and She used to have her hair dyed when she he did it for me.) was younger. make is used to force someone to do She should have her hair dyed. something: I made my friend fix my motorbike. (I forced my friend to fix my motorbike.) 128

6.3 asking for and expressing approval We use certain phrases to ask for and express approval. You can see these phases in the table below. asking for approval expressing approval expressing disapproval Are you in favour of (me doing something)? Good! / Excellent! / Right! / It’s an absolute disgrace! Do you think / reckon I ought to (do it)? Well done! /Perfect! Do you have to do that? Do you think anyone would mind if I (do) it? I approve of you. I disapprove / I don’t approve (of people / them Do you think it would be really awful if I I’m all for it! ...) (did) it? It looks / sounds pretty good! It’s not very nice. Do you think it’s all right to do it? That’s fine! -That’s nice! It’s wrong / not right to do that / to say so / ... What do you think about (me doing that)? What a success! Was it necessary for you to do that? What is your attitude to this idea? You couldn’t have done better! You can’t do that! What would you say if I (did it)? You shouldn’t do that. Would you approve of (doing something)? You shouldn’t have said so. You are in favour of ... aren’t you? You wouldn’t do that, would you? 7.1 reported speech: orders, requests, suggestions We also use some certain verbs like advise, ask, beg, order, invite, warn, suggest, recommend, etc. besides say or tell, especially to report an order, request or suggestion. The same changing rules about verb tenses and pronouns are still necessary for the sentences formed with these reporting verbs. See the details about the structures and examples below. a. reporting an order or request (ask + object, order, warn + to + V1) direct speech indirect speech The teacher said, “Stop using mobile phones in the class.” The teacher forbade using mobile phones in the class Liz - “Do not turn on the lights, Jerry.” Liz told / asked / ordered Jerry not to turn on the lights. Jeff -“Can you please do the laundry, Adam?” Liz asked Jerry to do the laundry. The police shouted, “Drop your gun!” The police warned the man to drop his gun. The woman asked, “Could you give me some water?” The woman asked for some water. b. reporting a suggestion (suggest + that clause, advise + object + V1, recommend + Ving) direct speech indirect speech Tom - “Why don’t we go on a trip?” Tom suggested that we should go on a trip. Tom suggested we should go on a trip. Tom suggested we go on a trip. Tom recommend going on a trip. Ron said, “I think you should quit eating fast food.” Ron advised me to quit eating junk food. 129

7.2 unreal conditionals (the second & third conditionals) unreal past unreal present b. the third conditional a. the second conditional If + past perfect, would / could + have + V3 If + simple past, would / could + V1 • We use ‘third conditional’ to talk about the impossible events and situations, which cannot be changed because they are in • Second conditional is used to talk about imaginations or the past. dreams. e.g. e.g. If I had seen Eric at work, I would have paid him back. If I had more spare time, I would start the gym. (But I didn’t see Eric, so I didn’t pay him back.) (But I don’t have spare time, so I won’t.) • ‘Third conditional’ is also used to express regret about • We also use second conditional to talk about improbable something in the past, and to wish the past had happened situations. differently. e.g. e.g. If we were richer people, we could stay at home doing nothing. He could have studied at the college if his parents had been (But we aren’t rich, so we have to work.) alive then. (But he didn’t study at the college because his parents were • To give advice or offer an opinion, second conditional can be dead at that time) used. In this usage, if I were you… is frequently used. e.g. • You can use this structure to criticize someone/something or If I were you, I would talk to Jim immediately. emphasize mistakes. (You should talk to Jim immediately.) e.g. If you hadn’t eaten so much last night, you wouldn’t have had • Question forms are common especially in spoken language. that terrible stomachache. e.g. What would you do if you won one million dollars? mixed conditionals • We use different types of mixed conditional combinations. They all refer to unreal situations and they have totally different combination forms as studied before. a. past condition, present result (if + past perfect, would / could + V1) We see the present result of a past action with this combination. e.g. If she hadn’t got married to Fred (in the past), she would be happier now. (She got married to Fred in the past and now she is not happy now). b. present condition, past result (if + simple past, would / could + have + V3) We see the past result of a present action with this combination. e.g. If I was an ambitious person, I could have got the job in Berlin. (I’m not an ambitious person, so I didn’t get the job in Berlin.) c. past condition, future result (if + past perfect, would / could + V1) We see the future result of a past action with this combination. e.g. I would go on a weekend trip tomorrow if I had finished the project last week. (I didn’t finish the project last week and I can’t go on a weekend trip tomorrow) 7.3 wish clauses: present and past meanings • ‘Wish’ is used to talk about regrets in the past or the present. a. talking about the present and future When we talk about present hopes and wishes, ‘wish’ is followed by the past simple tense. However, it refers to the present time. e.g. I wish I knew how to solve this problem. (I don’t know how to solve it) Alex wishes he was with his parents. (He isn’t with his parents) Note: We can also use ‘were’ instead of ‘was’ with the pronouns ‘I, he, she, it’ when talking about present wishes. e.g. I wish I was / were taller. 130

• We use ‘wish’ with ‘would + V’ to say how we want somebody to behave in the future. e.g. I wish he wouldn’t tell so many lies. (Because he tells lies). The mother wishes her son would eat more vegetables. (Because he doesn’t eat vegetables.) • ‘Wish’ is also used with ‘would’ to talk about things that we find annoying and want to change. However, we can use ‘wish + would‘ just to talk about actions and changes; not situations. e.g. I wish it would stop raining. (I want the rain to stop because I’m bored of it) I wish I would have a car I wish I had a car b. talking about the past • ‘Wish’ is followed by the past perfect tense (had +V3) when we talk about regrets in the past. e.g. I wish I had called her before I left home. (But I didn’t call her before I left home) Nina wishes she had known Dave ten years ago. (But she didn’t) • We can also use ‘if only’ instead of ‘wish’. We use the same verb forms after ‘if only’ as the ones we use after used with ‘wish’. e.g. I wish I had a bigger house. If only I had a bigger house. 8.1 gerunds & infinitives • In addition to simple gerund and infinitive forms, there are passive, perfect, progressive forms and some other combinations. You can see the structures and examples in the table below:   gerund infinitive simple Lucy loves advising her students. Lucy wants to advise her students. progressive Lucy is enjoying advising her students. Lucy likes to be advising her students. passive Lucy’s students enjoy being advised. Lucy’s students need to be advised. perfect Lucy remembered having advised her students. Lucy admitted to have advised her students. passive + progressive The students are enjoying being advised (by Lucy). The students need to be being advised (by Lucy). passive + perfect The older students remembered having been The students admitted to have been advised her advised her students already. students already. 8.2 home when she was just sixteen.) participles • in place of when, while or as soon as (to show a time). • We use participles basically in three forms: present e.g. participle, past participle, and perfect participle. Driving to the office this morning, I realized I had left my a. present participle (V+ing) phone at home. The present participle is generally used to form continuous tenses, make adjectives and as the gerund pattern. (While I was driving to the office this morning, I realized I had e.g. left my phone at home.) The baby is sleeping. (present continuous tense) The sleeping baby is so cute. (adjective) • as an alternative to relative clauses. We omit the relative I love sleeping on rainy days. (gerund) pronoun (and the helping verb) in this form. In addition to its common usages above, present participle is e.g. also used: I’ve already met that woman talking to the manager over • with some certain verbs like come, go, sit, stand, etc. and there. verbs of senses (feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch). (I’ve already met that woman who is talking to the manager e.g. over there.) Norah sat on the chair staring at the monitor for hours. You must listen to her singing. She is marvellous! He never works with the people telling lies. • in place of because (to give a reason). (He never work with the people who tell lies.) e.g. Wanting to become a famous actress, Eva left home when she b. past participle (V3) was just sixteen. The past participle is the one also known as V3 (for regular (Because she wanted to become a famous actress, Eva left verbs V+ed; for irregular verbs see the irregular verb list). It is generally used in perfect tenses and passive voices and to make adjectives. e.g. She has broken the antique vase. (present perfect tense) 131

My arm is broken so I have to wear this sling. (adjective) e.g. The window was broken by someone last night when we were If this medicine is taken regularly, it will ease your pain. out. (passive voice) (If you take this medicine, it will ease your pain.) We can also use the past participle: • as an alternative to relative clauses. We omit the relative c. perfect participle (having V3) The perfect participle is often used to shorten or combine pronoun (and the helping verb) in this form. two clauses that have the same subject. However, the clauses e.g. should have a sequence between these clauses. When I was a child, I had a friend called Lola. e.g. (When I was a child, I had a friend who was called Lola.) Having got up in a hurry, Tom left home without his jacket. (Tom got up in a hurry. He left home without his jacket.) • as a conditional clause. 8.3 paraphrasing phrases Paraphrasing phrases are used to restate someone else’s ideas in your own words. introducing paraphrasing showing understanding If I’m hearing you correctly… I get it. (You mean …) In other words, . . . I understand. (You’re saying that …) Let me see if I understand you correctly… Oh. I see. (You want to say that …) So what you mean to say is… So you mean … What you mean is… What you’re saying is… In a nutshell … To paraphrase … WARM UP 1.1 Which mythical creature are you? 5 Pick a house. a 1 Pick a colour. b c a red c b black c blue c 2 Pick an object. b 6 Pick a weapon. a a b 3 Which picture is more relaxing? c 7 Which one is your favourite pet? ab a cat b dog c parrot 4 Pick a car. b c a 1 If your answers are mostly a, you are a vampire. You are a calm and confident person. You have the ability to express others with your appearance and manners. 2 If your answers are mostly b, you are a werewolf. You are a self-centred and quick-tempered person. You always try to stay physically and mentally strong. 3 If your answers are mostly c, you are a dragon. You are a friendly and broad- minded person. You always want to explore new places and cultures. 132

2.1 2.3 Are you an online or traditional shopper? Are you a good salesperson or not? 1 Do you enjoy window-shopping? 1 Which one sells more in your country? a Yes. It’s a good way of seeing what’s in fashion at the mo- ment. ab b Not really. It makes me realise what I can’t afford to buy. 2 Which is a more profitable product? 2 Going from shop to shop is tiring. ab a It’s worth it though. You never know what you may find. b And it’s too crowded with people pushing and shoving you. 3 Which one is more expensive? ab 3 Do you worry about entering your card details into a web- site? 4 Which one is more precious? a Yes. Someone may hack my bank account. ab b Not really. These websites are usually pretty secure. 4 Which behaviour defines you the best? a I should examine the product physically. b I can make a research and buy a product without even seeing it in real. 5 Do you get pleasure from trying on lots of clothes before buying? a Of course! It’s the only way to make sure they fit. b If you know your measurements, there’s no need to try first. 6 What is your preference? a I like going out shopping with my friends. b I like shopping alone. 7 Which one is your shopping attitude? a buy something immediately b look forward to having a discount 1 If your answers are mostly a, you are a good salesperson. You know a lot5 Which one makes you happier? about what draws the attention of the customers. Being an honest person andab not lying about the benefits of a product is the key to success. 2 If your answers are mostly b, you are not a good sales person. You don’t know6 Which one draws more attention? a lot about the products in the market. You may start improving yourself bya a luxury smartphone being an honest person. Then you can learn about the values of the products.b and old but functional phone 1 If your answers are mostly a, you are an old-fashioned traditional shopper. You7 What defines you the best? have fun shopping in the high street or in malls, and don’t get tired of wanderinga I would never lie; I am always an honest round with your friends. Seeing a product up-close is important for you and youperson. can try before you buy. But couldn’t you be spending your time doing somethingb I would lie for the sake of success. more worthwhile? 2 If you chose mostly b answers, you are a modern online shopper. You hate crowded shopping centres and prefer to wait for the doorbell to ring to tell you your goods have been delivered. You probably trust other customers’ comments about the goods you’re buying, but are they really trustworthy? 133

134 1 If your answers are mostly a, you are a peaceful beach lover. You like 3.3 reading books while sunbathing. You like travelling light and you adore the scent of the sea when the waves crash on the beach to the beach. 1 Real (Budgee Robot) As you cannot often travel, you are more into a holiday that will refresh 2 Real (Logbar Ring) your mind and body at the same time. 3 Real (Parrot Pot) 2 If your answers are mostly b, you are an adventurous safari fan. You 4 Real (AeroMobil) like spending time in nature. You would rather be in a forest or at the top of a mountain instead of spending your time in a crowded city. As the difficulty of the physical activities that you perform during your vacation increases, you become even more motivated. 3 If your answers are mostly c, you are a crowded city explorer. You like the scent of a brand-new car. You like spending time with your mates in the shopping mall. Since the big cities may have difficult routes, your favourite accessory is your GPS device. You also like travelling a lot to other cities. results: Mostly a: You are a real techie. you love anything state-of-the-art and high-tech. When you see a new gadget, you can’t wait to get your hands on it to not only see how it works but learn more about what you can do with it. Maybe, you often find yourself searching the Web for new high-tech gadgets. That’s why you are a true lover of technology and adapt well to the high-tech world in which we live. Mostly b: You are sometimes attracted to some high-tech items. You adapt to changes in technology when it comes to new computer software for your job. You care little about fancy high-tech items; you are only interested in those gadgets that are needed to keep up with the level of technology that is considered the norm in society. 7 How often do you take a vacation? a once a year b few times a year c as often as possible 4.1 3.2 What is your vacation style? Are You a Techie? 1 Who would you prefer to travel with? a just me and my books 1 When you need a new computer, you: b friends a go to an electronics store, compare different features and c anyone make your decision b go to an electronics store, find a sales person and ask for 2 What would you rather do if you had the help 2 Which one do you use to call your parents? day off work/school? a smartphone a go to a park b land line phone b go hiking 3 You have received a state-of-art gadget for your birthday c go to the mall present. You: a have already read everything online about it so you feel 3 Choose the best-smell. excited to use it a sea b cannot figure out how it works, and try to find its manual b fire 4 When you were a little kid, you: c brand-new car a begged your parents for new video games b loved being outside and playing with your friends 4 Pick a suitcase. 5 Your child will possibly be like: a beach bag ab b backpack c briefcase 6 How many hours do you spend using a keyboard and looking at a screen or monitor? 5 Pick a colour. a more than 10 hours abc b less than 10 hours 6 Choose an accessory. abc

4.3 5.1 1 How many friends do you have? Are you a real survivor? a I’ve got more friends than I can talk to! Most are just 1 Which one should be the top priority for survival? acquaintances. b I’ve got quite a lot of mates, but I’m not sure I’d call them a Food and shelter ‘close friends’. b water c I’ve got a handful of close friends, you know, less than 10. 2 What would you do if you were the only 2 Where do you like to sit in class? survivor in a plane crash? a At the back with my friends and where the teacher can’t see me misbehaving or using my Smartphone. a search around for food b In the middle, surrounded by my classmates. That way, I’m b search the plane’s wreckage for survival sometimes invisible. and medical equipment c At the front so I can concentrate on the teacher instead of being led astray by my naughty classmates. 3 The universal emergency sign for distress is ---- of any signal. 3 What do you prefer? a Going to different places, meeting new people and making a four new friends. b three b Hanging around with my close mates; I don’t really need more friends, I’ve got enough already. 4 Which water source is cleaner? c Spending time on my own – I don’t like busy places. a lake 4 Choose a place: b spring a A concert hall, watching my favourite singer/band with lots of other people 5 If you cannot find any water source in the b A restaurant or café with a couple of friends, great wild, what should you do? conversation and delicious food. a collect, boil and drink salt water 5 You arrive somewhere where you don’t know anyone, such b collect and drink rain water as a party or a new school. Do you: a Introduce yourself to someone ; after all, if they are boring, they might know someone else who is more interesting. b Smile or nod at people and wait for someone to come and talk to you. c That’s my idea of hell! I’d keep myself to myself, avoid eye- contact and look for a way out of there. 6 What would you do if a stranger came up to you, said they were doing a survey and proceeded to ask you questions? a Be happy to stop and chat, giving full answers to their questions. b Answer the questions as quickly as possible and then make an excuse to leave. c Say, “Sorry. I’m busy.” Then keep walking. 7 How much time do you like to spend alone? a As little as possible. I absolutely love being with other people. b Sometimes; especially when I’m feeling a bit sad. c As much as possible. Most people are too annoying. 1 Mostly a: You’re a proper party animal, aren’t you? You drawing attention to yourself in any possible situation. People are drawn to you because of your ext- remely bright personality and the fact that it isn’t hard to talk to you. However, not everyone likes a loud-mouth, so think about stepping back sometimes and let other people be in the limelight for a change. 2 Mostly b: You know the value of a good friendship and will support your mates in good times and in bad. You’re probably quite good at building bridges between friends if you’ve had an argument. Being alone sometimes doesn’t worry you; your friendships are strong enough to withstand not being cons- tantly in each other’s pockets. But maybe you shouldn’t rule out making new friends – you might need them one day. 3 Well, you’re a little ray of sunshine aren’t you?! Talk about anti-social! Having hardly any friends doesn’t seem to bother you, and that can be a good thing sometimes; you can’t get hurt if you don’t let people get too close to you. You enjoy your own company, but remember: No man is an island! Not all people are bad, you know! You’re highly motivated to be successful in life, but you need to ask yourself: is success more important than popularity and happiness? 1 If your answers are mostly a, you are not a real survivor. Most humans cannot survive more than three days without water. You should also realise that the cleanest water you can find is from springs. In addition, if you stay near the plane wreckage after the crash, your chances of being found by a search and rescue team are much higher. 2 If your answers are mostly b, you are a real survivor. You already know the importance of water for the human body. You are also aware of the safe water sources and you know to give three signals to have any hope of being found by a search and rescue team. 135

6.1 6.2 1 What would you rather be famous for: Jaws (1975) - Shark a Discovering a new tribe of indigenous people King Kong (2005) - Gorilla b Finding a cure for the common cold Jurassic World (2015) – Dinosaurs c Inventing a new form of social media Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) – Apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees) 2 Who do you most admire: Arachnophobia (1990)-Spiders a Neil Armstrong b Bill Gates 6.3 c Taylor Swift How much do you know about space? 3 Which is your biggest difficulty in your daily life? a finding many things monotonous and uninteresting 1 How far away is space? b focusing on the task in hand c changing your routine a 100 km b 500 km c 3,000 km 4 Would you spend the night in a house that was reportedly 2 How far way is the moon? c 12,100 km haunted? a 384,400 km b 100,500 km a Of course! I’d love to see a ghost – if they existed. b Only for £1million! 3 Why does the sun burn us? c No way! I get scared watching horror films. a Because of the ultraviolet lights, it sends b Because it is getting bigger and closer 5 Which places you dislike most: c Because changes in our atmosphere mean there aren’t a I haven’t been anywhere I’ve hated. Everywhere has its enough clouds to protect us. good and bad points. b Somewhere where they don’t speak English 4 When did Yuri Gagarin fly into space? c Somewhere without a Starbucks or McDonalds a 1961 b 1963 c 1871 6 Who would you rather go on holiday with: a James Bond or Lara Croft 5 How many stars are there in the Milky Way? b Leonardo da Vinci c The cast of the Simpsons a 100 billion b 120 billion c 150 million 7 You usually buy your tickets: a just before getting on the vehicle 6 How old is the universe? b a few days before the trip a 14 billion years b 10 billion years c 3.8 billion years c online - a few months before the trip 7 How hot is the surface of the Sun? 8 On your travels, someone offers you a local delicacy – fried a 5,777 Kelvin b 8,000 Kelvin c 10,000 Kelvin spiders. Do you: a Take a couple, eat them eagerly and take another for later b Take one, have a small bite, and say you’ll eat the rest later, then throw it away asap c Refuse politely and offer them some of your M and Ms. Results: 1 If your answers are mostly a, you are an all-star space expert. You know a Mostly a: You should ask the government to sponsor you to travel the world as lot about space and having more knowledge makes you enthusiastic. You keep an ambassador for your country. You grab every opportunity you can. Life’s too wondering what will be the next movement of humankind with regard to space short for being normal, and there’s a big wide world out there just waiting for exploration. you. However, you may find it hard to settle down, so be prepared to be single for most of your life. 2 If your answers are mostly b, you are a curious space explorer. You know many things about space but you still have a lot to learn. The moon may seem close to Mostly b: You’re not afraid to push the boundaries once in a while, but you like you but it’s very far away from the world. your home comforts. You have ambitions beyond your own family, friends and city, but you’re unlikely to want to live somewhere else for too long. You’d be 3 If your answers are mostly c, you know nothing about space at all. The sun still happier looking at photos of the few trips you’ve been on rather than always burns us even in cloudy days because ultraviolet lights can pass the clouds easily being on the move. and reach us. You had better use sun cream because it helps your skin to reflect or absorb the ultraviolet light. Mostly c: Are you sure doing this quiz wasn’t too adventurous for you? You know what you like, and you like what you know. The only exploring you find interesting is exploring the internet for the latest Smartphone apps. Don’t be a couch potato – get out there and see something of the world! 136

7.2 4 What kind of work would you like to do at the prison? a farming Are you a radical or traditionalist? b doing the laundry c not willing to do any work Read the statements below. Tick the ones you agree with. There is no “maybe” in this quiz – just answer “yes” or “no”. 5 Would you try to escape from a high-security prison with electrified fences and armed guards all around the prison? 1 There should be 1 year’s compulsory military service for a I have to stay and do the time. males between the ages of 18-25. b wish there weren’t electrified fences and so many guards 2 Businesses should be forced to pay more tax. c I’ll be as quick as a wink. 3 Petrol and diesel cars should be banned in the next 20 years. 4 Fast food stores should not be allowed to sell to children. 6 If there was a fight in the prison exercise yard, what would 5 We need to get rid of all borders between nations. you do? 6 We must allow more refugees into our countries. a try to stay away 7 We should look after our own nation’s people instead of b find a way to make profit those in poorer countries. c escape while the guards were trying to break up the fight. 8 People who aren’t interested in politics shouldn’t be allowed to vote. 7 What would prison teach you? 9 It should be mandatory for every person of voting age to vote a never to commit a crime again in all elections. b where there’s a will, there’s a way 10 The death penalty for murder and terrorism should be c the importance of quick decisions introduced asap. 11 Most prisoners need rehabilitation, not punishment. 1 If your answers are mostly a, you are going to be sentenced to a minimum- 12 It should be legal for all adults to own a gun if they want to. security prison. You know your responsibilities and you knew what you were 13 The law should say that parents can have a maximum of doing was wrong at the time. Even if you have your reasons, stealing is not a two children. victimless crime and it has its own consequences. You would be out in a year 14 We should leave the big decisions to the politicians. with good behaviour. 15 Not everyone deserves to go to university. 2 If your answers are mostly b, you are going to be sentenced to a medium If you agree with more than three of statements 1, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, then you security prison. Although you knew the risks, you didn’t care and continued to are likely to be quite traditionalist in your views. Governments are voted to look commit crimes. You tend to complain about all the circumstances that put you in after us, and as long as we follow the rules, we’ll be alright. Home is where the jail, and you blame other people for your downfall. Even in the worst scenarios, heart is, and you think family and duty are essential. You’d look good in a military you are always looking for ways to make a profit. That is why you are going to uniform, shouting slogans to the people who were forced to vote for you! spend tens years in prison. If you voted “yes” for at least four of statements, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, then you’re 3 If your answers are mostly c, you are going to be sentenced to a high-security pretty radical in your views. You’re not for total individual freedom, but believe prison. You are a hardened criminal with no morality. You may think that they that big corporations and governments look after themselves first instead of the won’t find the money you stole from the bank, but after fifteen years in prison, population. You recognize that the world cannot continue on this path, and that money would have no worth. It will be the worst fifteen years of your life because something needs to be done. Maybe you could lead the revolution! the armed guards will always be keeping an eye on you in case you try to escape. 7.3 8.2 What kind of prison are you going to? How well do you know classic literature? 1 Which one is a novel? 1 If you were arrested for theft, what type would it be? a Moby Dick a shoplifting b Hamlet b breaking into a house c The Rime of the Ancient Mariner c armed robbery of a bank 2 Who is the author of Oliver Twist? 2 If you were sentenced to prison for 10 years, what be your a Charles Dickens first thought? b William Wordsworth a This can’t be happening… c JRR Tolkien b Not again! c Hah! They still don’t know where I hid all the money! 3 When was Don Quixote first published? a 1605 – 1615 b 1920 – 1930 c 100 BC 3 If a guard brought some food to your cell, what would you do? 4 Where was William Shakespeare born? a take it and start eating a England b Ireland c America b complain about the quality of the food c refuse to eat 5 When somebody says Homer, I think of… a an Ancient Greek writer, philosopher b a writer from the 18th century c the famous TV show the Simpsons 6 When was the last time you read a book nonstop for more than an hour? a yesterday b last month c I have never done such an activity before. 137

7 Do you think watching a movie is better than reading? 7.1 a No. Books stimulate the imagination more. b Yes, sometimes. Student A c They are both boring. Make a sentence for each of the following topics. Whisper those sentences to the ear of 8 You are given $30 for your birthday by a relative. Do you buy: a A book about the history of Russia Student B. b A Harry Potter book • basketball c The latest Grand Theft Auto game • watching comedy movies • going to the cinema Mostly a: You are a real bookworm. When your head isn’t in a book, you are thinking of a plot for your own novel or are writing poetry about flowers, love Listen to student C first, and then report what he told you to and all that stuff. the student B. Mostly b: At least you know what a book is, even if you don’t actually buy many. 7.1 There might be some popular novels on your shelves, gathering dust because you never bother opening them, but if there’s a film based on a book, you’d Conversation A: rather watch that. Mom: Ashley, are you ready? Ashley: Not yet, mom. Mostly c: Did you even know how to find this quiz? The last thing you probably Mom: Hurry up, or we’ll be late! read was the text your mum sent you reminding you breathe. The last thing you Ashley: Give me 5 more minutes! wrote was an emoji. Put that game down and visit a bookshop or library, man! Mom: I think you should be a bit faster. Ashley: Why don’t we just call and say that we’ll be late? SPEAKING 7.1 2.3 Student B Sometimes you may not understand when someone is Listen to student A first, and then report what he told you speaking English to you. This can be especially difficult while to the student C. Then make a sentence for each of the speaking on the phone. Instead of giving up, you can use following topics. Whisper those sentences to the ear of phrases to ask for clarification or show that you understand student C. while speaking on the phone. Here are a few additional phrases: • sunbathing • reading detective stories Asking for I’m sorry, could you repeat that, please? • cooking clarification I didn’t catch that. Could you say it again? Excuse me? 2.3 What was that? I’m sorry, I don’t understand what _____ Student B means. You are a salesperson at a clothing store. A customer wants to buy a dress and asks you some questions Showing I see. about it. You seem like a bit tired and have difficulties in understanding Yes. understanding the customer’s requests. Use the asking for Alright. clarification phrases. I understand. Price: £25 Student A 6.3 You are a customer and you want to buy a dress. You should ask for the correct size and colour of the dress you want to Student B buy. Also, learn how much it costs. The salesperson seems a Your partner is going to ask for your approval for some bit tired and he had some problems with understanding your situations. You need to approve one of them and disapprove requests. the other two. Size: 6 Colour: White 6.3 Student A Ask your partner what they think about: •You changing schools •You dyeing your hair bright red •Telling the teacher you’re bored •Buying you a pizza after school Your partner will either disapprove or approve of your ideas. If you get disapproval, come up with other suggestions related to them. 138

7.1 8.1 Student C A Complete the word web with the questions below. Listen to student B first, and then 1 Where does the story take place? Is it a real or imaginary report what he told you to the setting? student A. 2 What kind of atmosphere does the setting have? How does it make you feel? Then make a sentence for each of the following topics. 3 What does the protagonist want to do? Does what s/he Whisper those sentences to the ear of wants change throughout the story? student A. 4 How would you describe the main characters? Do you like • listening to classical music them? • jogging 5 What is stopping the characters from achieving what they • watching animations want to do? 7.1 conflict setting Conversation B: character Boss: Bill, have you got that project ready? Bill: Not yet, sir, but I think we should change some parts first. 8.2 Boss: Bill, you need to finish that immediately. The clients are waiting for it. 1 J K Rowling (Harry Potter books) Bill: If we don’t make changes, there will be huge mistakes. 2 Anton Chekov (Russian short story author) Boss: Ok, why don’t we go over it together tomorrow 3 Cervantes (Don Quixote author) morning? 4 Suzanne Collins (Hunger Games books) Bill: Alright, that sounds good. WRITING 1.2 When writing we need to pay attention to the register, or formality of our writing. We should use more formal language for formal situations, such as letters to a boss, colleague, or company. We generally use informal language when writing to friends and family. Look at the table below for formal and informal email phrases. Greetings Formal Informal Dear Mrs. Smith Dear Julie To Whom it May Concern Hi Tami Dear Sir or Madam Hey Bob Reason for Writing I am writing to inform you... Just wanted to let you know… This letter is in regards to… Just a quick note to invite you… This reply is in reference to… I wanted to write and tell you that… Making a request Could you possibly… I was wondering if… Could you, please… Would you mind… I would appreciate it if… Could you… Closing I look forward to your reply. See you soon! Salutation Regards Love, Sincerely, Thanks, Yours faithfully Take care, Best, 139

2.2 Many times in people’s business or personal lives they have to respond to complaints. There are some phrases commonly used to respond to complaints: Introduction I certainly understand your frustration at… Thank you for alerting us to the problem with… Offer of apologies I agree with you that…is a problem. Offer of compensation Refusal of compensation Please accept my sincere apologies Closing I am sorry that… I have instructed the manager to give you… We will make every effort to… I am sorry but… I understand your dilemma, and yet… We will make every effort to see that it doesn’t happen again. I hope that it hasn’t inconvenienced you too much. We appreciate your business. 3.3 Argumentative Essay In an argumentative essay, you will give two sides of an argument, usually in four paragraphs or parts. The essay has an introduction, a paragraph for one side of the argument (point), a paragraph for the other side of the argument (coun- terpoint) and a conclusion. Here are some useful phrases for the argumentative essay: Show contrast Give examples Give points Conclude However, For example Also To sum up But As an example In addition In conclusion On the other hand Such as Firstly, First of all All in all Secondly 7.2 Question: In our current political climate many refugees from war-torn or developing nations are making their way to more peaceful or prosperous nations. World leaders around the globe are trying to determine their response to these large numbers of refugees. Do you think that refugees should be allowed to enter into and live in developed countries? Almost every day now the headlines of newspapers talk about refugees and a growing refugee crisis. The mass migration of millions of people from their homelands has become a universal problem. Most refugees are fleeing from unsafe or unstable circumstances in the developing nations. I think that developed nations should help the wave of people searching for a more stable, safe life, but under well-defined, limited terms. First of all, with modern technology, people can no longer turn a blind eye to the suffering of others in other parts of the world. In the past, people in England may have heard of a massacre or war in a far away place and read it in the newspaper as if it were a piece of fiction. However, today we are able to see the faces and places of war-torn areas on our television and computer screens every day. As part of humanity, we should not ignore the suffering of other people by turning them out of more developed nations. Thus, richer nations should help those migrating from poorer nations by letting more migrants live and work in their countries, especially in the case of war. However, this is not a black and white issue. Immigrants face great challenges when moving to a developed nation from a developing or war-torn nation. To begin with, the citizens of the country receiving immigrants generally develop feelings of bitterness that develop into racism against the migrating group, to a greater or lesser degree. Secondly, people coming into a country for the first time generally do not know the language, and may not have any needed skills with which to find a job. This leaves a majority of refugees in developed nations in poverty or low economic standards. It is a well- 140

known fact that many migrants who seek a better life as an immigrant in a developed nation end up returning to their homelands. In conclusion, the solution to increased immigration in the present day is not simple. I believe that while developed nations have a moral obligation to accept more refugees, this is not a magical cure to the problem. In some cases, sending migrants back to their hometowns and making efforts to assist them there might be better for everyone in the long term. All in all, I believe that in cases of emergencies such as war or natural disasters more refugees should be accepted into developed nations, but perhaps only for a limited time and under certain conditions. 8.3 A Read the following story and answer the question below. 1 What lesson is the story trying to explain? The Girl and the Island Once upon a time there was a little girl who lived near the sea in a stone house with her grandmother and grandfather. She could see islands from her window, and she always wondered who lived there. One day, the girl asked her grandfather who lived on the islands. “The people living on the islands are horrible, wretched people,” he said. “They live in filth and eat their own children for supper.” The girl was frightened to hear this. “Grandfather,” she asked, “when you went to the island, how did you escape from these horrible people?” “Oh, I would never go to the islands,” her grandfather answered. “It is much too dangerous. My father told me.” She asked if his father had been to the islands. “No, he would never go there. It has always been dangerous.” The girl wondered who had been to the islands to see the scary, ferocious people. One day, her curiosity overtook her. She gathered all of her courage and decided to cross the small channel and visit the islands. She boarded their small fishing boat early in the morning and set out for the nearest island. She landed just as the sun was rising. She crept silently up the shore and came to a small house. It looked very much like her own stone house. There was a tidy garden, a neat stone path, and smoke coming from the chimney. Just as she was observing the house, the door opened. She jumped, but could not hide. A woman came out of the house. She did not look so different from her own grandmother. The woman saw the girl, frozen in fright and standing in her garden. The woman spoke – “Little girl, what are you doing here in my garden on this cold morning? You must come inside and get warm.” The girl was afraid, but also curious. This was not how her grandparents had described the island people. The woman brought the girl inside and gave her a warm breakfast and a warm cup of milk. She asked the girl, “Where do you live? I will take you home.” The girl was taught not to lie, so she told the truth, “I live on the mainland. I took our fishing boat this morning and came to the island. I was curious.” The woman looked with amazement at the girl, then laughed. “Oh, you silly girl, I know you are lying. You cannot have come from the mainland. The people on the mainland are horrible monsters. They teach their children to kill and steal from a very young age. Such a sweet child could not come from the mainland, so I know you are from the island.” The girl asked when the woman had visited the mainland. “I would never go there,” said the woman. “It is much too dangerous.” B Read the paraphrased text and answer the question below. 1 What has changed in the paraphrase? Which version do you prefer? Why? Paraphrase of The Girl and the Island Long ago in a faraway land, a girl and her grandparents lived in a stone house near the sea. From her window, the little girl had a view of some islands. She was curious about who lived there, so she asked her grandfather one day. He told her that the island-dwellers were terrible, despicable and dirty and that they even ate their own children. This was scary to the little girl, and she asked her grandfather about his trip to the island. He answered that he had never been to the island because it was too risky, but that his father had explained all of this to him. So, the little girl asked about when his father had travelled to the islands, but he confessed that his father also had never been due to the risk. This caused the girl to be even more curious as it seemed that no one had actually travelled to the islands. So, one morning she decided to be brave and travel to the islands in the family’s fishing boat. She reached the nearest island across the narrow channel at sunrise. She walked up the beach until she reached a small house. The house looked surprisingly like the stone house that she shared with her grandparents. It had a small garden and path. She also noticed that there was smoke rising from the fireplace. A woman suddenly came outside while she was standing there. She didn’t have time to hide, so she just stood there. The woman, who didn’t look scary at all, and who resembled her own grandmother, was surprised to see a little girl standing in her garden. She asked the girl why she was there and invited her inside. The girl was still frightened but decided to go inside because the woman did not look frightening. Inside the house as the girl ate a hot meal and drank a cup of milk, the woman asked the girl where she lived so that she could take her back to her family. It was forbidden for the girl to tell a lie, so the girl replied that she lived on the mainland and had travelled to the island in a fishing boat. The woman looked at the girl in disbelief, then she chuckled. She didn’t believe that the girl could have come from the mainland because all of the people on the mainland are thieves and murderers, and teach their children the same. She saw that the little girl was well-behaved, so she knew that she had come from the island. The girl wondered when the woman had visited the mainland to have seen such horrible people there. The woman answered that she had never visited the mainland because it was too risky. 141

142

5CAPTAIN WORKBOOK 143

1 IDENTITY Vocabulary Reading A. Complete the following sentences with compound A. Read and answer the following questions. personality adjectives below. 1 Why do you think people become homeless? a fun-loving b self-centred 2 What do you do when you come across to a homeless c thick-skinned d two-faced person? e laid-back f quick-tempered g broad-minded h self-effacing Being Homeless on Purpose 1 Do you need to be a ____________ or self-obsessed person Nobody wants to become homeless on purpose, apart from to be successful in business? Shane Dussault. This college student, studying philosophy at 2 John has a ____________ lifestyle, and he is always happy McGill University in Montreal, Canada, prefers to be homeless and relaxed. as his lifestyle. He has very few personal possessions, among 3 The character is ____________; one side represents the which are: a laptop, a bag of tools, a bag of toiletries, a kettle good, and the other represents the evil. and some other electronic devices, and some food. In addition, 4 You should stop being a ____________ person and start he possesses a down mat, a sleeping bag, and a bivvy Gore-Tex caring what your colleagues do. sack. 5 You shouldn’t be a ____________ father during the time your daughter needs you the most. Shane is a freshman Philosophy major at McGill, and has been 6 My friends are quite ____________ people, and we always homeless for about a year. He lives on campus through utilizing spend time together and have fun. its facilities. He has his meals in student cafeterias and uses the 7 She is really ____________. I would be very upset if I were gym to take a shower. He also hides extra socks in convenient in her shoes. spots. He never discloses his hiding spots as he wants to 8 You claimed to be a ____________ person, so do you really protect his belongings from theft. think that you can tolerate her behaviours? The places where he sleeps mostly depend upon the seasons. B. Choose the correct alternative from the italics. During the winter he sleeps on campus whereas he stays on the mountain in the summer time. For safety and privacy 1 We all thought our dog kept a cool head / was at death’s purposes, he doesn’t reveal his sleeping spots. Although he is door, but he continued to live for a few more years. homeless, this situation doesn’t prevent him from attending 2 He is on cloud nine / jumps out of his skin nowadays, but he his classes. His average day is just like any other student’s. hasn’t told me what the reason behind his happiness is. Every day he packs up his stuff, goes to his classes and takes 3 Are you cheesed off / on cloud nine? I just don’t get it. You notes on his laptop at lectures. He spends long hours in the should be happy for him. library to finish his course assignments (It is very likely to see 4 My best friend is in a black mood / keeps a cool head. It’s him if you go to the Art History library in Redpath). At night, he impossible to make her feel positive. goes back to his sleeping spot. In his spare time, he meets up 5 Always keep a cool head / be in a black mood when you are with his friends or goes to parties, but he is very careful about talking to the parents. You may not want them to get worried. drinking alcohol because of the fact that consuming too much 6 I was on cloud nine / jumped out of my skin when I heard a alcohol slows the blood’s circulation, which might even lead to gunshot. death. And the weirdest part? He is homeless by choice. C. Mark the following words as A for American or B for British. B. Read the words in bold and match them with their synonyms. 1 pavement 2 subway 1 a person who has no home to live in. 3 gasoline 2 any article used for cleaning purposes such as soap and 4 underground toothbrush. 5 vacation 3 a piece of strong material covering the floor. 6 petrol 4 a university student at his or her first year. 7 French fries 5 to disclose something. 8 pram 9 bill 10 trunk 11 sidewalk 12 boot 13 check 14 chips 15 holiday 16 stroller 144

C. Read and give the correct answers for the following True/ 1 False statements. IDENTITY 1 Shane Dussault is the only person who decides to be homeless. C. Read the conversation and underline the auxiliary or modal 2 The McGill University doesn’t provide any accommodation verbs. for its students. 3 Shane is homeless because he doesn’t have a family. Jerry: Hi Irwin, did you take the literature exam? 4 Shane is a second-year student at the college. Irwin: Yeah. It was hard. 5 The only item he carries is a laptop. Jerry: Oh, was it? When did you take it? 6 Shane cooks his own food in the kitchen of the university. Irwin: Yes, it was really challenging. When do you take it? 7 His sleeping spots are known by everybody else. Jerry: Wednesday morning. There are so many stories to read. 8 Shane is a regular student apart from being homeless. I can’t decide what to focus on. What types of questions did 9 Shane doesn’t drink alcoholic beverages because he gets you get? drunk quickly. Irwin: Mostly on modern short stories. You should also study 10 He sleeps on the mountain in the summertime. how to write a comprehensive review on one of them. Jerry: How about the Romantic period? Did you get any Grammar questions about it? Irwin: No, we didn’t. But you might get at least one. You are A. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs below. really not ready for the exam, are you? Jerry: That’s true, mate! I’ve always had trouble with literature. stay not have ski date I could have studied harder, I suppose. Maybe my luck will turn forget become go talk around this time. Irwin: I hope so, Jerry. 1 Paola ______________ a regular job before she came to Jerry: Alright. Thanks for the info. I’m going to the library now. work for us. Irwin: Good luck. 2 I twisted my ankle while I ______________. Jerry: Thanks. See you. 3 She ______________ Chris since last week. 4 “Who ______________ you ______________ to between 9 Writing and 9.30 last night?” the police asked. 5 My husband never ______________ our wedding A. Read the anecdote below and answer the following anniversary. questions. 6 How long ______________ they ______________ at this hotel? 1 Think about the mistake Paul made. Have you ever made a 7 ______________ you ______________ on the boat trip similar mistake? with your parents tomorrow morning? 2 What would you have done to correct the situation? 8 Knowing more than one foreign language ______________ more important in the next decade. My best friend in high school was a boy name Paul. He was a bright student. He always had good grades. He was very B. Rewrite the following questions in indirect form. successful in mathematics and chemistry. He once made an extremely foolish mistake during a mathematics exam. He 1 What does Mrs. Walter teach at the college? accidentally pulled out his study notes, which he had forgotten I wonder ___________________________________. to put in his backpack, from his pocket. Because of that dumb 2 Have you travelled abroad before? mistake he failed from mathematics that year. I’d like to know _____________________________. B. Cover the sample above and write an anecdote about 3 How much did you pay for these flowers? Could you tell me __________________________? your classmate. Describe him or her by using compound 4 Are they good at drawing charcoal pictures? Have you any personality adjectives. idea _________________________? 5 Why was the young lady crying? 145 Do you know ______________________________? 6 Could you play computer games when you were a child? I was wondering ____________________________.

2 C. Check the clues and complete the puzzle with idioms connected with using language. SALES & MARKETING Vocabulary Across 5 gossip or keep a secret A. Find eight words related to marketing & sales in the puzzle. Down GNIKRAMHCNEB 1 bring a discussion to an end ATEKGPROFITL 2 speak rationally XGNTCEPSORPI 3 state something shortly KSEEIOZVUJIA 4 talk about business at a social event WRXNIJVSHBDT 6 get a process or discussion started RNATTLGEDMEE FGEOIACTMZAR Reading XFRANCHISELX A. Look at the pictures below and discuss the questions. ab cd B. Complete the idioms. 1 Which car do you like best? If you had a chance to drive one of these which one would you like to drive? 1 Pay over _____ ______ 2 Did you know there has been a rivalry between Lamborghini 2 foot _____ ______ and Ferrari since the1960s? 3 _____ a hard _______ 4 rip _____ B. Read the first paragraph of the article and choose the 5 ____ a pig ___ ___ ____ best title for it. 6 ____ all your _____ in _____ ______ a Car Wars 146 b Success of Lamborghini Company c Failure of Ferrari Company _________________________________________ Most of us probably have dreamt of having a fast and well- designed car at some point in our lives. Two names that immediately come to mind when the subject of fast cars is brought up are Ferrari and Lamborghini. These two companies have a long competitive history and it is probably this competition that makes them the biggest manufacturers in this field. Lamborghini has sold thousands of luxury cars over the years, but it wasn’t always like this. Its first sports car, the 350 GTV, was bought by just thirteen people, but they later improved the model, renamed it as 350 GT and then sold hundreds of them and went on to produce thousands more new models. When we look at the numbers and see how successful the company is, the story of Lamborghini becomes more interesting. Firstly, Lamborghini hadn’t started off as a luxury car manufacturer; the company had been producing tractors for many years. The reason for the change in production style lies

beneath the life story of Ferruccio Lamborghini, the owner of 2 the enterprise. SALES & MARKETING Ferruccio had had a humble life before the Second World War. He had been helping his family in grape farming, but Grammar he had always had an interest in mechanics. He had joined the army and had served in the air force. After the war, saw A. Add ‘the’, ‘a’ or ‘an’ where necessary in the sentences an opportunity in the agricultural market, and so started to below. produce tractors. He had been earning well from the tractor business, and dreamt of buying a fast sports car. In those 1 The British like ______ tea with milk. days, even regular cars were very rare and hard to obtain, 2 The Greek like drinking ______ herbal tea. but Ferruccio Lamborghini had saved enough money to 3 ______ book he is writing is based on a play of Shakespeare. buy a luxurious car. He bought a Ferrari and even joined a 4 ______ regular exercise is good for our health. race! The car that Ferruccio had bought had some problems 5 My cousin lives in ______ Amsterdam. mechanically, and so he took his complaints all way to Enzo 6 Is Japanese ______ easy language? Ferrari, the owner of the Ferrari Company. Enzo Ferrari didn’t 7 ______ Chinese language is quite difficult to learn. like taking advice from a tractor manufacturer and said that it 8 Mr. Jackson is ______ brain surgeon. wasn’t Ferruccio’s been his business to give technical advice to 9 They took him to ______ hospital in ______ambulance after the Ferrari Company. Immediately, a rivalry was born between he had a heart attack. the two companies. Ferruccio Lamborghini turned his sports 10 ______ good citizen should work hard for himself and his car hobby into a business producing sports cars. In four months country. Lamborghini had produced its first sports car and displayed it at the Turin Motor Show in October 1963. The humble tractor B. Circle the correct quantifier in the sentences below. manufacturer showed the whole world how he could produce a fast car. 1 They have had many / lots of / most homework in physics recently. The Lamborghini Company has been producing cars ever since, 2 How much / any / a little time do you need to finish the and it has a stable place in the luxury automotive industry. project? Ferrari, on the other hand, is still one of the biggest luxury 3 There are too any / much / many students in the library. companies and continues to produce fast cars; however, by 4 Have you visited lots of / a lot / a little European countries? underestimating a customer, the company created its own 5 Although he’s ill with the flu, he didn’t take many / much / competitor in this industry. most medicine. 6 Much / Many / Less/ Few people know as much about history C. Read the definitions below and underline the words that as Michael does. match them in the text. 7 Having any / a lot of / a little free time is not good. 8 He’s having much / a little / a few trouble passing his tests 1 distinctive name of a product (first paragraph) at school. 2 producer (first paragraph) 9 I spend any / few / most of my time reading books on 3 farming (fourth paragraph) modern art. 4 thinking that something is less important than it really is (last 10 Although he has lived in the USA for many years, he knows paragraph) any / many / a little English. 5 not arrogant, simple (fourth paragraph) C. Put a tick near the expressions that are related D. Read the article again and answer the questions below. to expressing lack of understanding or asking for clarification. 1 Before sports cars, what was Ferruccio Lamborghini producing? 1 Could you clarify that, please? 2 When did Ferruccio Lamborghini see an opportunity in the 2 What a success! market? 3 I’m not quite sure what you mean. 3 What was the job of Ferruccio Lamborghini’s family? 4 Sorry, I didn’t get your point. 4 Why did a rivalry start between Ferrari and Lamborghini? 5 You couldn’t have done better! 5 When was the first time that Lamborghini produced its first 6 Do you mean...? sports car? 7 I beg your pardon, but I don’t quite understand. 8 It’s an absolute disgrace! 9 I don’t quite see what you mean. 10 Could you give us an example? 11 What are you trying to say? 12 You shouldn’t have said so. Writting A. Think of a product that gave you a hard time because of its problems. Write a complaint email to the company where you bought it or to the support address of the brand. Include all the details you can possibly remember. 147

3 ______________________________ HIGH-TECH A computer, called Watson, knows what food your body needs better than you, and can recommend surprising and delicious Vocabulary flavour pairings unimagined by the world’s most famous chefs. A. Find the meanings of the following abbreviations. It seems weird to learn what to eat from a computer, but this 1 LOL particular computer can understand the needs of your body 2 ROFL and calculate the quantity of food that you need. For example, 3 TGIF if a person needs iron for his body, this computer gives a recipe 4 BFF in which ingredients consist of mostly iron. Sometimes these 5 G2G methods may seem untraditional. Some people might find it 6 HBU hard to consider eating rice with sugar or beans with cherries. 7 ASAP Humans have a certain kind of taste, and these recipes sound 8 TBH unconventional to us. Even without trying the food the idea of sugar with rice looks awkward. However, the computer Watson B. Match the definitions to the technology words below. is not trying to create foods which we may find disgusting, instead Watson looks deeper into food; on a molecular level. techie podcast cannon gadget evacuation boot Some foods can have a similar molecular type, so Watson up back up files regiment high-spec wireless combines foods that can be very different from what our perception tells us are a good mix. hotspot upgrade gunpowder wool These kind of meals and foods are called “cognitive food” 1 ______________ to make copies of files in case you lose the because they are created by a cognitive method. The computer originals thinks and creates schemes, and compares the output with 2 ______________ to switch a computer on others from thousands of other schemes. 3 ______________ an electronic tool used for a specific purpose This is a cognitive job that we can do with our brains too; 4 ______________ high-quality with the latest features, for however, even if we could think like the computer Watson, example, laptop our taste shaped by our culture would say no to the new type 5 ______________ digital sound files available for download, of foods. In the world of food, the world’s best chefs know a usually in a radio-style series few dozen taste combinations that might work well together. 6 ______________ to get a newer or better version of software Watson looks at ingredient combinations, at a molecular or hardware level, to find complimentary flavours. A human chef might 7 ______________ a public place where you can access the never consider mushrooms and strawberries, which share internet, usually for free similarities on the molecular level. Its earlier kitchen creations, 8 ______________ a person who is interested in technology such as ceviche fish and chips, Vietnamese apple kebabs, and Azerbaijani Saffron Cake, with cherry plum, have already got C. Unscramble the collective nouns below. crazy reviews. 1 sffta Cognitive cooking may seem unconventional, but it will also 2 ngag be used to promote and maintain individual health. As it is 3 derh more widely adopted, personalized applications will make 4 eflte recommendations based on an individual’s specific medical 5 dublen needs (like calorie reduction, insulin control, cholesterol 6 armsw control, etc.) and flavour preferences. School and hospital 7 ewrc meals can be optimized, to make vegetable and other healthy combinations that are as appealing as desserts. Eating healthy Reading might have never tasted so good. A. Answer the questions. C. Read the definitions below and underline the words that match them in the text. 1 Have you ever eaten a dessert and a main course at the same time? 1 any set of instructions for preparing a mixture of components 2 What is the most unusual meal you have ever tasted? 2 conscious understanding of something 3 Would you like to try different foods created by a computer? 3 each of the things that are used to make a food or any product 4 out of ordinary; original B. Read the first paragraph of the article and choose the 5 the combination or union of two things best title for it. D. Read the article again and answer the questions below. 1 Food by Watson 2 Different Meals All Around the World 1 In what areas can Watson’s technology be used? 3 Traditional Food 2 What is cognitive food? 3 What is the problem that a person can face, if a person tries 148 to make a recipe with the cognitive method? 4 What is the difference between a human chef and the computer Watson?

Grammar 3 A. Choose the correct options. HIGH-TECH 1 Hello, mum. Can you wake me up at 7 am? I ____ for six B. Make correct sentences using Future Continuous or hours by then. Future Perfect Tenses. a will be sleeping 1 How many new Spanish words you / learn by the end of the b will have been sleeping semester? c will have slept __________________________________________ 2 If you want, I can give you a lift to school. I ____ that way 2 How many exams you / pass before you graduate? anyway. __________________________________________ a will be driving 3 you / read any books / on your next holiday? b will have been driving __________________________________________ c will have driven 4 What places you / visit by this time next year? 3 Tomorrow I have my piano lesson from 3 to 5 pm. I ____ if __________________________________________ you call me at 4:15 pm. 5 How many new shopping centers / be built in your town by a will have practiced next year? b will have been practicing __________________________________________ c will be practicing 6 You / do a few computer lessons / next Friday. 4 By the time I arrive home, my housemates ____ the house __________________________________________ thoroughly. 7 In 5 years / I / finish my studies. a will have been cleaning __________________________________________ b will be cleaning c will have cleaned 8 In 7 years / I / get a very good job. __________________________________________ 5 Do you think you ____ in the same house in ten years’ time? 9 This time next weekend / she / work in her office. __________________________________________ a will have lived b will be living 10 My parents / redecorate our house / this time next month. c will have been living __________________________________________ 6 My son has asked for money again. If he goes on spending Writting like this, he ____ all my money before the end of this term. A. Write an argumentative essay on one of the following a will be spending topics or a topic you decide. b will have been spending c will have spent • Does reality TV promote dangerous stereotypes? • Should animal experimentation be banned? • Should schools ban junk food? 149

4 E. Write five sentences using the adverbs of degree below. a bit TRAVEL absolutely too Vocabulary rather really A. Find six holiday types in the puzzle. 1 _____________________________________________ 2 _____________________________________________ EZQGCRDQRAZTEZ 3 _____________________________________________ YQVENRMCFYUNNB 4 _____________________________________________ EXBGFIUUCQJOAT 5 _____________________________________________ VIRAOQKITAIOKE BDEMYRJCSTDBOO Reading YADILOHRAEYPAG NMVRFKLCJPVFIC A. Read the first paragraph of the article and choose the QAKGRSYLIKKGSE best title for it. JGSLRARESPHCEB NXLIDHOUSESWAP a Hard Working Conditions around the World ESZPQVKDTSDYJB b Working Opportunities c Odd Jobs B. Match the pictures with the words below. _______________ a carry-on luggage b boarding pass c aisle d customs From sleeping to eating barbecue, take a look at some weird e baggage claim f emergency exit jobs people are getting paid to do. g gate h row Professional Organizer of Children’s Summer Camp Luggage 1a 2a 3a Would you ever consider paying someone $1000 to personally 4a 5a organize your luggage? Well, New Yorker mothers pay a professional to have their child’s summer camp luggage 6a 7a 8a prepared. Barbara Reich of Resourceful Consultants charges $250 per hour and sometimes needs up to four hours to C. Complete the following sentences with the words from sufficiently pack all the camp necessities - including “special exercise A. soaps” and “scented candles.” Children go there with a neat pack full of carefully folded clothes, labelled bags containing 1 You are allowed to take one piece of ____________ onto the toiletries and snacks. However, upon their return, almost plane with you. all their luggage is a complete mess of wrinkled clothes and 2 The ____________ of an airplane is usually located over the special soaps covered with mud. If you cannot make your child wing. prepare his or her luggage would you hire someone to do this? 3 You must show your ____________ to pass through security. 4 Try not to stand in the ____________ so that others can pass Professional Sleeper by. 5 Be sure to check which ____________ your seat is in on the In 2013, Hotel Finn in Helsinki was looking for a “professional airplane so that you can find it quickly. sleeper” to test the comfort of its 35 rooms and blog all 6 When you pass through ____________ tell the officer what about it. Hotel manager Tio Tikka claimed they were looking you are bringing into the country. for a “dynamic person to write a quality blog” about their 7 It’s always difficult to wait for your luggage at the experience living in the “best spot of summery Helsinki.” ____________ area. 8 Look at the screens in the airport to learn which Being able to fall asleep quickly is not enough to get this job. ____________ your flight will leave from. You also have to be able to speak and write in Finnish, English and, preferably, Russian. Even though it may sound crazy to D. Work in pairs, use your dictionary and make two pay someone to sleep, lots of hotels have hired ‘professional separate words list on air travel. Then compare your lists sleepers’ after seeing how successful this kind of blog writing and see who has got more words in his/her list. can be. Unsurprisingly, this job has a top place in the list of “best jobs in the world. 150