CU-BBA-SEM-III-Basics of Tourism- Second Draft-converted

6.3 SUMMARY Plog's theory provides a solid foundation for understanding tourist typology. This explains why this expansion resulted in the emergence of a significant new industry, tourism. International tourism, in turn, became a source of concern for a number of world governments because it not only created new job opportunities but also offered a source of foreign exchange. Tourism has risen in both economic and social significance in recent years. Over the last few years, the fastest growing economic field in most developed countries has been services. 6.4 KEYWORDS • Allocentric Type: An allocentric tourist is a person who seeks new experiences and adventure in a variety of activities. This person is outgoing and self-confident in behaviour. An allocentric person prefers to fly and to explore new and unusual areas before others do so. Allocentric enjoy meeting people from foreign or different cultures • Psychocentric Type: Psychocentric are more conservatively oriented. They tend to be inhibited and non-adventuresome. They prefer to return to familiar travel destinations where they can relax and know what types of food and activity to expect. • Mid-centric Type: There is a large number of people falling between the allocentric and the psychocentric types of tourists. This type of tourists is called mid-centric. Mid-centric tourists are not particularly adventurous, but they are receptive to new experience 6.5 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. You are entertaining a group of ten tourists from abroad who are nationals of Britain. Fifteen days from now the group visa of this group is expiring. But the group wants to stay in India beyond this period. Write an application to the relevant authority seeking an extension of the group visa for another fifteen days. ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 101 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2. Five members of a group want to visit Gangtok in Sikkim and the remaining five want to visit Port Blair in Andaman-Nicobar Islands. Write applications to relevant authorities for obtaining special permits for the same. ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 6.6 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What are the 3 types of Plogs Theory? 2. Explain Allocentric Type 3. Write a brief about psychocentric type 4. List the tourist types and its destinations. 5. Differentiate inbound and outbound tourism Long Questions 1. Explain in detail about Academic Research on Plog’s Model 2. What are tourist types and destinations as per Plogs theory? 3. Explain the different types of Tourism B. Multi choice Questions 1. FIT is applicable to a ------------------------tourist a. Foreign b. Domestic c. India d. None of these 2. In ancient time the mode of transport was ______ 102 a. Animals CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

b. Boats 103 c. Bullock art d. By walk 3. During renaissance ----------------was the major hub of culture and trade a. Rome b. Egypt c. Italy d. None of these 4. Grand tour was conducted to ______ a. Rome-Greek b. France-Italy c. Europe-America d. France-America 5. ---------- is a person whose job is to arrange travel for clients. a. Tour operator b. travel agent c. tourists. d. None of these 6. An agent can be self-employed work for an ------- travel agency. a. group b. tourist c. independent. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

7. Travel agent is an ------- of a Tour agency. a. owner b. tour operator c. client Answers 1 – a, 2 – d, 3 – c, 4 – b, 5-b, 6-c, 7-a 6.7 REFERENCES • McIntosh et.al. (2004). Tourism Principles. USA: Prentice Hall Publication. • Mill and Morrison. (2011).Tourism System. USA: Prentice Hall Publication. • Negi, Jagmohan. (1990).Tourism and Travel Concepts and Principles. Kolkata: Gitanjali Publishing House. • Kamra, K.K. and M. Chand. (2006). Basics of Tourism: Theory operation and practice. New Delhi: Kanishka Publication. • Bhatia, A.K. (1991).International Tourism. Ludhiana, Punjab: Kalyani Publications. • Seth, P.N. (1999). Successful Tourism Management (Vol 1 &2). New Delhi: Sterling Publishers 104 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 7: TOURISM FROM PAST Structure 7.0 Learning Objectives 7.1 Introduction 7.2 History of Tourism through ages 7.3 Silk Route 7.4Grand tours 7.5 Summary 7.6 Keywords 7.7 Learning Activity 7.8 Unit End Questions 7.9 References 7.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to: • Describe nature of tourism of the past • Identify scope of tourism of the past • Benefits of tourism of the past • Process of tourism of the past 7.1 INTRODUCTION Tourism is the act and method of spending time away from home in search of leisure, relaxation, and enjoyment while using commercial services. As a result, tourism is a feature of contemporary social arrangements, dating back to the 17th century in Western Europe, though it has Classical antiquity roots. Tourists follow a \"beaten path,\" benefit from existing systems of provision, and are generally shielded from challenge, risk, and embarrassment, as befits pleasure-seekers. Tourism, on the 105 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

other hand, intersects with a variety of other events, desires, and procedures, such as pilgrimage. As a result, categories like \"financial tourism,\" \"sports tourism,\" and \"medical tourism\" have emerged (international travel undertaken for the purpose of receiving medical care). 7.2 HISTORY OF TOURISM THROUGH AGES Changes in climate, declining food sources, and violent invaders were all reasons for people to flee their homes over a million years. Maybe it was the invention of the wheel, about 5,000 years ago, that enabled travel, followed by the Sumerians (Babylonia) inventing currency, which led to the creation of trade and the dawn of a new age. The Phoenicians were probably the first true travellers in the modern sense, as they travelled and traded from place to place. Trade and travel evolved almost simultaneously in India, where the wheel and money were already established 3,500 years ago during the Mohenjo-Daro civilization. India's travel traditions are among the world's oldest, with the primary motivations being religion or trade. The ancient sages retired to the Himalayas in the north or the thick jungles of the south to meditate or establish their Ashrams (hermitages), which were essentially schools or universities of learning. Egypt was a common destination for people from all over the known world as early as the third millennium B.C. According to legend, the Babylonian King Shulgi, who ruled Egypt 4,000 years ago, boasted that he secured roads, built gardens, and built rest houses for respectable travellers. These ideas are defined in the Bible as \"many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased.\" Small boats were used by the ancient Greeks to navigate short distances. Unafraid of the dangers outlined in Homer's Odyssey, Jason and the legendary Argonauts constructed a large ship to quest for the Golden Fleece. In the 5th century B.C., Herodotus travelled around Phoenicia, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Greece, and the Black Sea, recording the culture, customs, rituals, and practises of the people who lived there. Thales, Pythagoras, and Plato were all philosophers who visited Egypt. Before beginning his peripatetic school for wandering students, Aristotle paid a visit to Asia Monor. Greeks visited spas, markets, sporting events, and sought advice from the Oracle of Delphi and the Asclepiads of Epidaurus. They travelled by mules and carts, stopping at roadside inns 106 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

along the way. In one of the works of the time, a character asks for “the eating houses and hostels with the fewest bugs.” The Advent of the Steam Age Railways: Taking a vacation as such was almost invented with the railway, and its network expanded rapidly. “The entire face of the empire is to be tattooed with these odious deformities,” John Bull protested when the first railway in England opened in 1825. A steady ten miles with good English horses on good English roads was quick enough for everyone, “except a fleeing murder or a self-liberated felon,” according to another journal. “We should as soon expect the people of Woolrich to be shot off upon one of Congreve's ricochet rockets as trust themselves to the mercy of such a machine moving at such a rate,” a contributor to the Quarterly Review wrote when a railway line from London to Woolrich was suggested, with a speed of eighteen miles per hour. The locomotive was regarded as Satan's device, capable of exploding at any moment. Between Liverpool and Manchester, the first rail line in Europe was constructed in 1830. A rail line was built almost simultaneously in France, connecting Paris and Versailles, and in Germany, connecting Nuremberg and Furth. A little later, in 1838, a British entrepreneur took a trainload of tourists from Wadebridge to Bodmin to witness the public hanging of two murders. Since the gallows were visible from the train it, most excursionists did not have to leave the open train to see the fun. 7.3 SILK ROUTE A network of ancient trade routes linking Asia, Europe, and Africa is known as the Silk Route or Silk Road. From the 2nd century BC, the Silk Route, which stretches over 6,500 kilometres, was primarily used to transport Chinese silk to Europe via Central Asia. However, several trade routes (both sea and land routes) linked the main Silk Route in much earlier times and traded in a variety of goods ranging from salt to gold. The Silk Route made the greatest contribution to world history by facilitating the exchange of ideas, literature, and science between Asia, Europe, and Africa. It was the first knowledge superhighway in the world. The Silk Route enabled Greek art from Europe to flow into India, while Buddhism from India reached out to the rest of the world. Chinese travellers such as Fa Hein (Faxian), Hiuen Tsang (Xuanxang), and others used these ancient roads to travel to India, and Marco Polo saw the splendour of Chinese civilization while travelling along the silk road. The Arabs took 107 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Indian and Chinese knowledge of mathematics and medicine and applied it to create new sciences such as algebra, which were later adopted by Europe. Along the Silk Route, new cities and empires formed, and world power shifted from hand to hand. Along this route, the world's history was reshaped, and for the first time, the world's people began exchanging ideas on an unprecedented scale. Information and ideas brought from various lands influenced the lifestyles, traditions, and livelihoods of the global population. In the remotest corners of the Himalayas, obscure cities like Lhasa became the seat of religious power and emerged as one of the finest cities. One of the most amazing events in world history is the establishment of the Silk Route. Almost all ancient trading routes in Asia and Europe eventually combined with the Silk Road, and the entire network of trade routes became the world's first global cultural phenomenon. The Silk Route in Sikkim The Silk Route in Sikkim is a branch of an ancient trade route that began in Lhasa, crossed Chumbi Valley, passed through Nathula Pass, and ended at Tamralipta's port (present Tamluk in West Bengal). This trading route crossed the sea from Tamluk, reaching Sri Lanka, Bali, Java, and other parts of the Far East. As early as 400 AD, Fa Hein's accounts list Tamralipta as a busy sea-route on the Bay of Bengal. This section of the Old Silk Road, which passes through Bhutan, East Sikkim, and West Bengal, is thought to have been discovered by merchants as early as the First Century AD. The majority of the Mountain Passes in this area of the Eastern Himalayas are about 14,000 feet above sea level and remain snow-covered from November to April, making this path one of the world's most inhospitable. The distance between Lhasa and Tamralipta along this nearly forgotten section of the Ancient Silk Route was about 900 kilometres, which was slightly less than the distance between other seaports from Lhasa, and this route was a safer land route for the traders' caravans. This is one of the oldest sections of the Silk Route, which linked China's Yunan Province to Tibet, India, and Afghanistan. It is commonly referred to as the South West Silk Route. Surprisingly, silk was not the most valuable commodity traded along this section of the route – horses and tea were, so the Chinese dubbed it Dianzang Chama Gudao (ancient road of tea and horses between Yunnan, Tibet and India). Sugar, salt, copper, and cotton were also important commodities traded along this route, and unlike its Central Asian counterparts, the caravans in this section of the South West Silk Route consisted of horse caravans rather than 108 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Bactrian camel caravans. There were also offshoots of the South West Silk Route from Lhasa and Lanzhou that crossed the Eastern Himalayas and arrived in Sikkim via high altitude passes such as Jelep La and Dhonka La, in addition to Nathu La. All of these routes converged in Eastern Sikkim before branching off to various sea ports and trade centres along the Bay of Bengal's coast, including Tamluk in India and Wari-Bateshwar, Bhitagarh, Mahasthangarh, Bikrampur, and Sonargaon in present-day Bangladesh. A part of the South West Silk Route crossed Lhasa and entered India via Nathu La from China, while another section crossed Burma (present- day Myanmar) and entered India via Assam (Kamrup) before continuing on to the sea ports of Bengal and present-day Bangladesh. For the past 400 years, the Lhasa Newars have primarily worked this section of the South West Silk Route via Nathu La. For centuries, the Lhasa Newars were powerful exiled merchants from Kathmandu Valley who traded in Tibet. They were a significant cultural and economic bridge between Central Asia and South Asia, trading between Tibet, Nepal, and the Gangetic plains of Eastern India along the Silk Road. The Lhasa Newars rode their caravans over the Nathu La and Jelep La passes in West Bengal and Sikkim, respectively. Following the Sino-Indian War's closure of Nathu La in 1962, Lhasa Newar trade ceased. Without including Sir Francis Edward Younghusband, the famous British Explorer and Army officer, much of the modern history of the South West Silk Route via Sikkim would be incomplete. Major Francis Younghusband led a successful mission to capture Lhasa via Nathu La in 1904. To reach Tibet with his soldiers, he travelled through most of what is now North Sikkim and East Sikkim's Silk Route corridor. 7.4 GRAND TOURS The age of the Renaissance broadened the horizons of men and led to a quest for exploration and discovery. Not everyone could sail to Cathay, but the affluent could explore France, Germany, Italy and could even go further to Egypt and the Holy land. Travel before the industrial revolution was largely a matter of pilgrimage or business. From the end of the sixteenth century, some growth in private travel is evident, initially for educational purposes and later to satisfy a new curiosity about the way people lived at other places. Coaches were made in Hungary in the fifteenth century and during the next hundred years, these became fashionable possessions of the elite and the rich in Europe. These coaches were impressive 109 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

contrivances with four wheels, elaborately carved roofs and open sides, which could be closed off with curtains. In England, luxurious inns developed where a person with a well- lined purse could be led to a lavender scented chamber where he or she could dine in privacy. In the sixteenth century, it became customary to send young gentlemen on a grand tour of the Continent of the purpose of education with warnings like Scotland was ‘wild’ and France ‘enough to vex any man.’ Stage coaches were not comfortable due to bad roads. It took two days to travel a short distance from London to Brighton. Samuel Johnson took a journey to Italy in 1776. “A man who has not been to Italy is still conscious of inferiority because he has not seen when it is expected a man should see,” he says to his friend Boswell. The grand purpose of travel is to see the Mediterranean coast... All of our philosophy, almost all of our law, almost all of our arts, and everything that elevates us beyond the barbarians has come to us from the Mediterranean shores.” This was the idea behind a grand tour of modern British milords. Edward Gibbon was told in 1785 that 40,000 Englishmen, including masters and servants, were touring or residing on the Continent. Tourists in the eighteenth century were chastised for “rushing through museums and art galleries on a wild goose chase under the conduct of some naive Tomb Shewer; missing items of great importance...” and for seeing “monuments rather than men...”, just as they are today. Rather than homes, there are ins....routes rather than the countryside.” Something we're all too familiar with these days! In the eighteenth century, travellers entering England had to deal with stern customs officers who boarded ships and often destroyed cabins in their quest for contraband. They searched beneath the ladies' petticoats on occasion because one hoop skirt had hidden a guy! Leisure became associated with the wealthy and educated in the eighteenth century. A man either belonged to a social class where he toiled for a living seven days a week, or he belonged to a class where he had complete control over his life. In the first decade of the nineteenth century, John Loudon McAdam and Thomas Telford invented a road surface that replaced the gravel roads that were common at the time in Europe. With the improvement of roads, stagecoaches became a popular mode of travel. Charles Dickens, the famous novelist, describes his journey to Italy in such a coach, which he had bought. He took with him his wife, sister-in-law, five children, three servants and a dog. “A good old shaddy devil of a coach,” he wrote, “was drawn by four horses, each with twenty-four jingling bells.” As was customary those days, he engaged a courier as guide, travel agent and general factotum, who saw to the beds, proposed sightseeing trips, called for 110 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

the horses and paid the bills. Dickens observed, “The landlady loves him, the chambermaid blesses him, the waiter worships him.” Naturally! How true of tour escorts even today. 7.5 SUMMARY • We've learned how tourism has evolved over time and that tourism as we know it today is distinctly a twentieth-century phenomenon, and we've looked at how the advent of the industrial revolution has given birth to the middle class and relatively affordable transportation. We looked at how the post-World War II emergence of the commercial airline industry, as well as the subsequent development of jet aircraft in the 1950s, signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. As a result of this expansion, a big new industry, tourism, arose. International tourism, in turn, became a source of concern for a number of world governments because it not only created new job opportunities but also offered a source of foreign exchange. Tourism has risen in both economic and social significance in recent years. Over the last few years, the fastest growing economic field in most developed countries has been services. • One of the most important segments of the service sector is tourism. Since researching this unit, we now have a better understanding of how tourism has evolved over time and how it can be classified on various bases. In the following units, we will look at the problems, concerns, and various distribution trends of international tourism today. 7.6 KEYWORDS • Tourist Destination - A tourist destination is a city, town or other economical area which is dependent to a significant extent on the revenues accruing from tourism. • Tour Package- Includes complete package of travel, restaurant and visits. • FLS - Front Line staff • Timatic-Travel Information Manual Automatic 7.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY Identify 3 Tourism Spot of Historical evidence in your home state and map the type of Tourist who visits these places. 111 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 7.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS (MCQ AND DESCRIPTIVE) A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. List various definitions of tourism? 2. What are the various classifications of travellers? 3. What are various types and forms of tourism? 4. State about the advantages of grand tours. 5. How does railways manage tourism? Long Questions 1. Explain Grand Tours 2. What is Silk Route 3. Impact of Railways on Tourism B. Multi Choice questions 1. In ancient time the travel route connecting China ,India ,Persia ,Mesopotamia ,Egypt ,Greece and Rome is called a. Far east route b. Middle east route c. Asia Minor Route d. Silk route 2. Grand Tour was related to 112 a. Indians b. Egyptians CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. Greek d. Europeans 3. During renaissance ----------------was the major hub of culture and trade a. Rome b. Egypt c. Italy d. None of these 4. Grand tour was conducted to a. Rome-Greek b. France-Italy c. Europe-America d. France-America 5. In ancient time the mode of transport was a. Animals b. Boats c. Bullock art d. By walk Answers 113 1 – d, 2 – d, 3 – c, 4 – b, 5 – d 7.9 REFERENCES • McIntosh et.al. (2004). Tourism Principles. USA: Prentice Hall Publication. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Mill and Morrison. (2011).Tourism System. USA: Prentice Hall Publication. • Negi, Jagmohan. (1990).Tourism and Travel Concepts and Principles. Kolkata: Gitanjali Publishing House. • Kamra, K.K. and M. Chand. (2006). Basics of Tourism: Theory operation and practice. New Delhi: Kanishka Publication. • Bhatia, A.K. (1991).International Tourism. Ludhiana, Punjab: Kalyani Publications. • Seth, P.N. (1999). Successful Tourism Management (Vol 1 &2). New Delhi: Sterling Publishers 114 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 8: ADVANCEMENT IN TOURISM OVER THE YEARS Structure 8.0 Learning Objectives 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Development of tourism – National and International. 8.3 Summary 8.4 Keywords 8.5 Learning Activity 8.6 Unit End Questions 8.7 References 8.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to: • Describe nature of advancement of tourism over the years • Identify scope of advancement of tourism over the years • Benefits of advancement of tourism over the years • Process of advancement of tourism over the years 8.1 INTRODUCTION Tourism faces many obstacles as it reaches the new millennium with the promise of continued speech and increased prominence in the global economy. Both developed and developing countries have acknowledged the importance of tourism. There is common belief that tourism can be a strong and positive force for economic and social change. In several countries around the world, tourism has boosted jobs and investment, changed land use and economic structure, and contributed to a positive balance of payments. 115 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

But one thing is certain: tourism is not only increasing in numbers (from 25 million in 1950 to 842 million in 2006), but it is also expanding in scope. Tourism has shifted away from conventional tools and into non-traditional ones. In today's tourism world, the buzzword is \"diversification.\" Tourists' focus is turning away from well-known destinations like Europe and toward newer destinations. Tourism has evolved into a multi-faceted activity that includes shopping, leisure, entertainment, education, culture, and industry. Changes in consumer behaviour, the economic power of source economies, new destinations, and political realignments all contribute to new travel trends. A new tourism ‘wave' is emerging as a result of expanding Asian economies and fewer travel restrictions. Short breaks are also becoming more common. There's also a trend toward high-yield and long vacations that are motivated by schooling, health, or other types of self-improvement programmes. Leisure destinations are not providing a greater menu of activities to accommodate the increasingly wide range of interests desired by the individual consumer and the family. Destinations and products have become weather independent. Moreover, the markets have also become less weather dependent. One of the oldest things is travel. It existed long before recorded history, when man was wandering around looking for food and shelter. Travel has captivated humanity in a variety of ways since the dawn of time. Traveling was largely unconscious and straightforward in the beginning. Traveling in the far past was not as pleasurable as it is now. Merchants, tourists, scholars in search of ancient books, and even a curious wayfarer looking forward to fresh and exciting experiences were among the travellers of the past. However, in the ancient past, trade and commerce were the sole driving factors that drove people to migrate to distant lands in search of fortune. With the opening of trade routes, travel took off in a major way, as people from all over the world began to travel in large groups to visit a variety of locations for company. As a result of the opening of new trading routes, traders gained access to new markets, and these trade ties evolved into cultural exchanges and a deeper understanding of one another's way of life. Various arts, cultures, and customs were exchanged, and science, technology, and religious faith were also influenced. 116 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

8.2 DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM – NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL We are now in an economic age. Only a country with a stable economic situation will enjoy complete independence. The definition of developed and developing countries is merely an economic criterion based on these countries' living standards. To achieve financial stability, all countries are working hard. But, in order to achieve financial stability, many countries have embarked on a virtually blind race of industrialization, which has resulted in a significant increase in environmental pollution. As a result, there was a need for an industry that could raise the most foreign exchange while being the least polluting. The journey comes to a close with the promotion and development of the tourism sector, which is the world's second largest. The most notable feature of this sector is that it is the least pollutant, earning it the nickname \"Smokeless Industry.\" The value of this industry is clear because it facilitates national integration, improves international awareness, and creates a large number of job opportunities. In reality, tourism is the sole source of revenue for many countries, including Singapore, Thailand, and France. The phenomenon of travel and tourism is one of the most prominent features of modern times. Almost all technologies and advances in the world have contributed in some way to people's enhanced desire to fly. People nowadays speak about visiting capitals and exotic locations all over the world as if it were an ordinary occurrence. It's rare to attend a group or social gathering without overhearing people discussing distant destinations they've visited or intend to visit soon. Our planet has evolved into one in which countries and cultures interact with one another. Tourism is one of the most popular ways for people to connect. Tourism is at an all-time high right now. It is much more advanced than it has ever been. People have always travelled, but only a small few were able to do so in the first few thousand years of human history. The majority of people were preoccupied with the everyday tasks of life; a trip to their neighbour’s farm or the local town market was their idea of fun. The tourism phenomenon arose as a result of the transformation from a rural to an industrial society. In reality, the onset of leisure time associated with travel is a feature of both industrial and post-industrial society. The Industrial Revolution was the first significant transformation in modern history. People flocked to cities due to modern machines and techniques. Changes in religious institutions 117 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

and the rural kinship structure resulted in the formation of recreational groups as we progressed from a rural to an urban community. Leisure activities have evolved into a new facet of our culture. The idea that \"the idle mind is the devil's workshop\" was replaced by the recognition that leisure is a human right, if not a God-given one. Old habits die hard, and many people still consider idleness to be false, whether consciously or unconsciously. In recent years, the widespread use of computers has ushered in a second industrial revolution. Computers have given us not only more leisure time and better incomes from which to pursue other interests, but they have also improved our capacity to work efficiently and generate more. Despite evolving attitudes toward work ethic and free time, most people still believe that they must work hard and play hard; that their leisure pursuits, though safe and restful, must also keep them occupied. Traditional Tourism Resources Let us now have a look at the traditional resources that were mainly responsible for tourist movement in the past. These resources can be headed as: 1. Religious: Religious tourism is as old as “human civilization” is. It was during the Buddhism era when people started travelling to the places, which were related to the life span of Gautam Buddha. The travel of people to Monasteries and education centre like Nalanda University give shape to religious tourism. Religious tourism has a different mode, each community, ethnic group at the ground level different form each other. They have their own way of worship and sacred beliefs. Hinduism is different from other religious side by side there is difference in the beliefs of Hindus among themselves. When we talk about religious tourism it means people who travel for religious urge, so better to call them religious tourist. Religious activities are undertaken by religious pilgrims, devoted Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists , Jains, Jews visit their respected religious places in search of peace, salvation and renunciation. Every religion has its beliefs and myths which compel the followers to act accordingly on the auspicious occasion, as during Navratri’s (nine holy nights) Hindu people perform fast and devout towards almighty, on the other hand Muslim community abstain from eating and even drinking water at day time during the mouth of Ramzan (Roza). 2. Pleasure and holiday: Travel for fun was able to take off during the Roman Empire's peak 200 years of stability. It meant that it was possible to move from Hadrian's Wall to the Euphrates without having to cross a hostile frontier. A carriage ride in the second century 118 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

B.C. was much smoother than in the eighteenth century A.D., thanks to a comprehensive system of large, well-marked, well-paved roads. Inns accommodated travelling government functionaries and merchants. The Romans were most likely the world's first leisure travellers. By the time Christ was born, travel had become very sophisticated. There are reasons to believe that pleasure travel grew in China, India, and Japan at the same time. The Romans used relays of horses to travel up to a hundred miles per day between rest stops that were five to six miles apart. They travelled to see the Mediterranean temples as well as Egypt's Pyramids. They also visited seaside resorts and herbal baths known as \"spas.\" The Roman Empire had a well-developed road system. “Global trotters, who lived the better part of their lives in inns and boats,” wrote Plutarch. Wealthy people rode in small four-wheeled waggons or chariots. Others relied on carts or public transportation. A few passengers were transported on some Roman cargo ships. Private yachts have the potential to be very luxurious. The ship that brought Cleopatra to meet Mark Antony was said to have billowing scarlet silk sails, silver tipped oars, and royal purple cloth draped decks. Holiday tourism existed in ancient times, but it was given a new form by Thomas Cook in the nineteenth century when he introduced the idea of \"Organized Tour.\" 3. Leisure travel: The word \"leisure\" is sometimes used interchangeably with \"frivolity.\" Leisure sports are the things you do when you have nothing else to do. To do something in a leisurely manner means to do it slowly, ploddingly, or inefficiently. 4. Visiting friends and relatives: This was one of the earliest forms of tourism, in which people travelled from one location to another to see friends and family, or to attend special ceremonies. 5. Sun, Sand and Sea: Travel in the past was mainly dependent on going to beach or seaside resorts or hill stations. Such resorts provided rest and relaxation to tourist from the daily chores of life. Such resorts also provided entertainment and recreational facilities like health clubs, carious, other sport, games for children etc. Hence, they combined different activities at one place for providing a wholesome time to families. 6. Historical sites and visit to Ruins of great civilization: People in the past used to visit historical sites especially concerned with them. 7. Quest for learning and visit to famous learning centres: In ancient time people used to take trips to famous learning centres. 119 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Non Traditional Resources However, with the passage of time, a paradigm shift has been noticed from traditional to non- traditional resources resulting in diversification of the tourism product. A number of dimensions have been added to the tourism product over the last decade, especially in the new millennium. Alternative forms of tourism: 1. Medical Tourism People who go overseas for medical attention are referred to as medical tourists. Previously, this term was used to describe people who travelled from less-developed nations to large care centres in developing countries seeking healthcare that was not available at home. In recent years, though, it has also come to apply to people from developed countries who migrate to emerging countries for cheaper medical care. The motive may also be for prescription treatments that are inaccessible or unlicensed in the home country: medical authorities around the world (FDA, EMA, etc.) disagree on whether or not a drug is accepted in their country. And within Europe, despite the European Medical Agency's (EMA) approval of therapy protocols, many countries have their own review organisations to determine if the same therapy protocol is \"cost-effective,\" resulting in differences in therapy protocols, especially in drug access, which can be partially explained by financial constraints. Surgery (cosmetic or otherwise) and related therapies are the most common reasons for medical tourism, but people still travel for dental tourism and fertility tourism. The word \"health tourism\" refers to travel that focuses on medical conditions and the use of healthcare facilities. It encompasses a broad range of health-related tourism, from prevention and health-promoting treatments to recovery and curative travel. A similar area is wellness tourism. Impact of COVID-19 on Medical Tourism Global Medical Tourism's success has affected the healthcare sector's overall growth in the last decade. The medical tourism industry is in steep decline as a result of the Pandemic COVID-19's multifaceted effects, which include a global healthcare crisis, a weakening global economy, and restrictions on foreign travel. 120 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has ranked multiple destinations or countries from 1 to 3, with 1 and 2 being deemed safe to fly to. A destination that receives a level-3 rating is called a no-go zone. The medical tourism industry is projected to be impacted until 2021, according to the new IMTJ Global Medical Travel and Tourism report. Medical Tourism in India In India, medical tourism is becoming more common. After Thailand, India is becoming the second most popular medical tourism destination. Chennai is known as \"India's Health City\" because it draws 45 percent of international health tourists and 40% of domestic health tourists. From 2012 to 2015, India's medical tourism industry was forecast to expand at a 30% annual pace, making it a $2 billion industry. The Indian government made it possible for tourists to undergo medical attention without having to register for a medical visa in August 2019. These efforts by the Indian government would aid in the growth of the medical tourism industry, which is expected to cross $9 billion by 2020. Furthermore, one of the main reasons why foreign tourists prefer India is that it has 38 Joint Commission International-accredited hospitals. As the cost of medical attention in the developing world rises—with the United States leading the way—a growing number of Westerners are considering foreign medical travel. Every year, an estimated 150,000 of them fly to India for low-cost medical procedures. Africans pursuing medical care abroad are gradually turning to India. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the US Food and Drug Administration have also approved treatments. Many African patients choose Apollo & Medobal Healthcare, which is headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Foreigners seek cosmetic surgery, bariatric surgery, knee replacements, organ transplants, and cancer treatments among the most common medical tourism procedures. 2. Eco Tourism Ecotourism caters to visitors who want to learn about the natural world without harming it or destroying its ecosystems. It is a form of tourism that involves responsible travel to natural environments, environmental preservation, and enhancing the well-being of locals. 1st Its goal may be to educate travellers, raise funds for environmental protection, directly support local communities' economic growth and political empowerment, or promote tolerance for 121 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

various cultures and human rights. Environmentalists have seen eco-tourism as a vital activity since the 1980s, in order for future generations to be able to see places that have been largely unaffected by human interference. This is the working term of ecotourism in many academic programmes. Ecotourism, in general, is concerned with interactions with biotic elements in natural ecosystems. Ecotourism is a form of tourism that emphasizes socially responsible travel, personal development, and environmental sustainability. Traveling to places where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the main attractions is known as ecotourism. Ecotourism aims to give visitors a better understanding of how humans affect the atmosphere and to promote deeper respect for our natural ecosystems. Eco-tourism policies that mitigate the detrimental effects of traditional tourism on the climate while also enhancing the cultural integrity of local communities are considered responsible. As a result, ecotourism includes not only assessing environmental and cultural considerations, but also promoting recycling, energy usage, water conservation, and the advancement of economic opportunities for local communities. Ecotourism refers to environmental and social justice proponents for these causes. Many people think the terms \"ecotourism\" and \"sustainable tourism\" are mutually exclusive. Ecotourism, like other modes of tourism, is heavily reliant on air travel, which leads to global climate change. Furthermore, \"where like ecotourism philanthropic ambitions hide hard- nosed immediate self-interest,\" \"the net impact of sustainable tourism is negative.\" [credit is required] However, (some) major airlines are also offering carbon reduction programmes, which travellers will use to offset these negative effects. Benefits of Eco Tourism Ecotourism is tourism that is carried out responsibly in order to protect the climate and the well-being of local residents. The below are some of the advantages: i. Raising environmental consciousness. ii. Providing direct financial incentives for environmental protection. iii. Providing area residents with financial assistance and empowerment. iv. Respecting the customs of the people. Supporting political and civil rights campaigns such as: i. Ecosystem sustainability allows for the preservation of biological and cultural 122 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

diversity. ii. promotion of sustainable biodiversity management through the development of jobs for the local community iii. By obtaining their informed consent and involvement in the administration of ecotourism enterprises, all socioeconomic gains are shared with local populations and indigenous peoples. iv. Tourism to unspoiled natural lands, with reduced environmental effects as a top priority. v. Tourism's own environmental effect is minimised. vi. Affordability and a lack of excess in the form of luxury are two factors to consider. vii. The key draws are the local history, flora, and fauna. Ecotourism in India India, with its diverse geography, provides a variety of tourist destinations that can not only relax but also rejuvenate you. There are many options for seeing Mother Nature in her purest form. The Himalayan Area, Kerala, northeast India, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the Lakshadweep Islands are some of the places where you can enjoy Mother Nature's treasured riches. Thenmala in Kerala is India's first proposed ecotourism destination, designed specifically for eco-tourists and nature lovers. The topography of India is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. India's surroundings are home to a plethora of rare and endangered species. The creation of many conservation areas and national parks has aided the development of the wildlife resource, which had previously been harmed by the hunting of wildlife by many kings. India now has a plethora of wildlife sanctuaries and conservation rules. In India, there are approximately 80 national parks and 441 wildlife sanctuaries that collaborate to preserve and conserve the country's wildlife resources. In India, there are several Botanical and Zoological Gardens dedicated to the improvement of the ecosystem. To a great degree, poaching has ceased. Poachers, hunters, and illicit traffickers of wildlife and trees face harsh penalties. Trees are being planted in a variety of locations. There are many animal and plant rights organisations that advocate for animal and plant rights. Several organisations and non-governmental 123 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

organisations (NGOs) are stepping in to provide environmental protection to the general public at the grassroots level. 3. Cultural Tourism Cultural tourism is a type of tourism activity in which the visitor’s essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the tangible and intangible cultural attractions/products in a tourism destination. These attractions/products relate to a set of distinctive material, intellectual, spiritual and emotional features of a society that encompasses arts and architecture, historical and cultural heritage, culinary heritage, literature, music, creative industries and the living cultures with their lifestyles, value systems, beliefs and traditions. Architectural and historical wonders, culinary traditions, festivals or competitions, historic or heritage sites, monuments and icons, museums and galleries, national parks and wildlife refuges, worship venues, temples and churches are all examples of cultural tourism encounters. It involves urban tourism, especially in historic or large cities, as well as cultural facilities such as theatres. Cultural tourism is crucial for a variety of purposes. In the one hand, it allows the local people to benefit directly from their cultural heritage, allowing them to enjoy and conserve it, while on the other hand, it allows visitors to extend their personal horizons. As a result, cultural tourism will aid in the strengthening of cultures, the improvement of intercultural understanding, and the preservation of a region's history and community. Cultural tourism, like every other kind of tourism, has its drawbacks. There may be detrimental consequences for local communities, such as instability in the local economy, an increase in the cost of living, increased traffic, or environmental issues. The dramatic growth in population size can also destabilise the local economy. The urban community is often exposed to new ways of living, which may cause social disruption. This form of tourism is also gaining popularity around the world, with a recent OECD study highlighting the role that cultural tourism can play in regional growth in various parts of the world. Cultural tourism has also been described as \"the movement of people to cultural attractions away from their usual residence in order to gather new knowledge and experiences to meet their cultural needs.\" The solidification of one's own cultural identity by observation of exotic \"others\" is one of these cultural needs. Top Cultural Tourist Places in India 124 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

India's diversity stems from the country's mix of ethnic traditions and faiths. There are many world heritage sites in the country that have an enticing impact and have attracted visitors from all over the world for a long time. You will be delighted to become acquainted with the many customs and cultures that encapsulate and shape India's cultural heritage. In reality, we've compiled a list of cultural sites in India that you can visit if you want to learn more about the country's diverse culture. Amritsar Amritsar is unquestionably the centre of Sikh culture in the world, and Guru Ram Das, the fourth Sikh guru, has designated it as a holy town. In reality, places like Jallianwala Bagh, Wagah Border, Akal Takht, and the world-famous Sri Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) best express the Sikh culture's richness and flourishing. Amritsar is home to several gurudwaras, museums, and cultural sites, making it one of the best places to learn about Sikh history. Not to mention the delectable cuisine, which includes Chhole Bhatures and Amritsari Kulchas! TamilNadu 125 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tamil Nadu is a land rich with cultural heritage, from Madurai's Meenakshi Amman Temple to Mahabalipuram's monolithic buildings and blissful rock carvings. The lovely state of South India is renowned for its magnificent temples, Carnatic music festivals, stunning architecture, and much more. Wherever you go in Tamil Nadu, you will come across illustrious folklore and tales that are almost as interesting as the systems themselves. Besides, combine the state's cultural tourism with its incredible cuisine, and you've got yourself a cultural journey. Mysore Mysore has long been regarded as Karnataka's cultural capital, and with good cause. The city's rich history will astound you, with palaces galore and a plethora of museums and galleries. In reality, Mysore comes alive with colour and fervour during numerous festivals. The city has had rulers from the Vijayanagar and Mughal Empires in the past, and much of the cultural heritage that we have today is influenced by these periods. If you visit Mysore, don't miss the Amba Vilas Palace, also known as Mysore Palace, Chamundi Hilltop Temple, Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion, and other cultural attractions. Hambi 126 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Though Mysore has some cultural links to the Vijayanagar kingdom, Hampi is the place to go to learn the most about its origins. The remains of the ancient Vijayanagar kingdom are housed in this beautiful city, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. You'll be enthralled by the Dravidian-style architecture and art collections. There are many culturally significant buildings, ranging from the Krishna temple complex to the Pattabhirama temple complex. Hampi is without a doubt one of India's most beautiful cities. Furthermore, the food of the area makes it a destination worth visiting at least once in your lifetime. Goa While Goa is renowned for its beaches and nightlife, there are way too many churches and cathedrals to be surprised by. You must visit some of the churches in this city renowned for its Portuguese-style constructions and architecture. The Basilica of Bom Jesus, a UNESCO world heritage site known for its religious significance, is also located in the state. You'll be entertained not only by the churches and beaches, but also by the delectable Goan cuisine. You will learn more about Christianity while still taking in the sights and sounds of the city. It has the best in both culture and tradition to deliver. Lucknow 127 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

You can imagine how glorious Lucknow's history and culture was, with architecture strongly inspired by the Mughals, the Delhi Sultanate, the Nawabs of Awadh, and the British. Its beautiful artwork and masterworks of craftsmanship contribute to the city's allure and cultural heritage. These sites in Lucknow are not to be missed, from Begum Hazrat Mahal Park's charm to Rumi Darwaja’s dramatic atmosphere to the British Residency Complex. Perhaps this is why it is also known as the Nawabs' Ground. You will be astounded by Lucknow's tourism attractions as one of India's cultural destinations. Rajasthan Rajasthan is the name of the state for a reason. The grandeur of Rajputana and the fact that the state is a sign of regality are the reasons for this. Rajasthan not only has palatial lands, but it also has a number of well-known forts that once served to defend kings and towns. It has the perfect combination of culinary experience, tradition, and a thriving heritage, making it one of India's best cultural destinations. Rajasthani villages are still alive with folk music and dance, and festivals are celebrated with zeal. The wondrous royal feel of Rajasthan will leave you speechless, from Udaipur's City Palace to Jodhpur's Mehrangarh Fort. Khajuraho 128 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Khajuraho temples are renowned for their sensual postures and for encouraging eroticism. Joy, charm, grace, delicacy, and eroticism are depicted in the sculptures of demi-gods and Apsaras. It is well-known across the world for its distinctive fusion of Hindu and Jain culture, and is often regarded as a must-see for visitors to Madhya Pradesh. In the city's temple arena, temples such as Kandariya Mahadev, Devi Jagadamba, Chitragupta, Visvanath, and others have been built. The Sound and Light Show, which portrays the storey of the famed Chandela dynasty, is recommended for first-time visitors. Chola Temple The Chola Temples, which are located in Tamil Nadu, are the remains of a once-powerful kingdom. The temples are well-preserved examples of imperial architecture. You'll be ecstatic to learn about the Chola empire's rich cultural significance in some of the temple complexes. In reality, you can take advantage of this opportunity to learn more about the empire and its importance in India's south. Thanjavur, Gangaikondacholisvaram and Airavatesvara Temple, Darasuram and Brihadisvara Temple, to name a few, are some of the most important Chola temples. On your tour of the South, you should also sample some of the local cuisine. Kolkata 129 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

From the Nawabs of Bengal's presence to the East India Company's communities, Kolkata has undergone a massive cultural change and has emerged as one of the most prominent literary-rich crowds. Kolkata has produced a plethora of writers, literary gurus, and creative individuals who have made significant contributions to the fields of art and literature. Visit the Victoria Memorial, St. Paul's Cathedral, Shaheed Minar, Writer's House, Birla Mandir, Belur Mutt, and other attractions when you're in the district. Of course, their culinary tradition is not to be overlooked. 4. Rural / Farm / Village Tourism The aim of rural tourism is to consciously participate in a rural lifestyle. It may be a form of ecotourism. Since many villagers are hospitable and willing to receive (and often even host) tourists, many villages can encourage tourism. Agriculture is becoming more mechanised, requiring less manual labour. This trend is putting economic pressure on certain villages, forcing young people to migrate to cities. However, a part of the urban community is interested in visiting rural areas and learning about the way of life there. Rural tourism encourages rural residents to provide a non-agricultural source of revenue. The additional revenue generated by rural tourism could help to resurrect lost folk art and handicrafts. Definition of Rural Tourism Rural tourism can be described as any type of tourism that highlights rural life, art, culture, and heritage in rural locations, thus benefiting the local community economically and socially while also allowing tourists and locals to connect for a more enriching tourism experience. The term \"rural tourism\" refers to any project that takes place in the countryside. Farm/agricultural tourism, cultural tourism, nature tourism, adventure tourism, and eco-tourism are all examples of multi-faceted tourism. In contrast to traditional tourism, rural tourism is characterised by the following characteristics: it is focused on the experience, the areas are sparsely inhabited, it is primarily in a natural setting, it is tied to seasonality and local activities, and it is dependent on the preservation of history, heritage, and traditions. Scope and Possibilities: Tourism's capacity for growth should be used as a strategy for rural development. For a country like India, where nearly 74 percent of the population lives in its 7 million villages, 130 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

the establishment of a strong forum around the idea of Rural Tourism is unquestionably beneficial. Industrialization and growth movements all over the world have taken an urban- centric approach. In addition, the demands of city life have resulted in a \"counter urbanization\" syndrome. This has sparked a surge in concern in rural areas. Simultaneously, this urbanisation pattern has resulted in lower wage levels and less employment openings in total areas, resulting in an urbanisation syndrome in rural areas. Rural tourism is one of the few things that can help address these issues. Other causes, such as increased visibility, rising interest in heritage and culture, enhanced connectivity, and environmental consciousness, are all contributing to the movement toward rural tourism. This has resulted in a new form of tourism in developing countries, with visitors visiting village environments to explore and live a comfortable and safe lifestyle. Types and Forms of Rural Tourism Rural tourism refers to any form of tourism that promotes rural life, art, history, and traditions in rural areas while also helping the local communities economically and socially and allowing visitors and locals to connect for a more enriching tourism experience. A variety of words are used to describe tourism activity in rural areas, including agritourism, farm tourism, rural tourism, soft tourism, alternative tourism, eco-tourism, among others, many of which have varying meanings from one country to the next. The European Community (EC) has coined the word \"rural tourism\" to describe all tourism activities in rural areas. The following are examples of rural tourism types and forms: Agritourism: While the word agritourism is often used to refer to all tourism activities in rural areas, it is most often used to refer to tourism goods that are \"directly associated with the agrarian climate, agrarian products, or agrarian stays,\" such as staying at a farm, whether in rooms or camping, educational tours, meals, leisure events, and the selling of farm products or handicrafts. Farm Tourism: 131 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Staying in farm accommodations and finding experiences from farm operations and attractions are specifically farm-related and more often associated with tourism. Wilderness and Forest Tourism: Tourists enjoy the remote area's wilderness and natural scenery. It may be indirectly included within rural tourism concepts, or it may be considered distinct. Tourists visiting the natural habitat of plants and animals participate in wilderness and timber tourism. Observing and photographing species in their natural environments are examples of non- consumptive encounters with wildlife and nature. Various tourist events such as wild photography, safari, bird watching, trekking, and camping are used in wilderness and woodland tourism. Green tourism: Green tourism is tourism that takes place in rural or green areas. It is most widely used to identify environmentally sustainable modes of tourism as opposed to conventional, mass tourism. Green tourism is a common type of rural tourism in rural areas. Green tourism is described as a tourism growth strategy that aims to create a symbiotic relationship with the physical and social ecosystem on which it relies, while still indirectly pursuing sustainability goals. Rural Tourism Activities According to various figures, rural tourism accounts for 10 to 20% of all tourism activity, and a Eurobarometer survey found that 23% of European vacationers prefer the countryside or rural areas as a destination every year. In rural areas, there are a variety of cultural and natural-based practises. The rural landscape has long been managed for recreation, and this symbiotic relationship has had significant effects on both the environment and events. The countryside offers a wide variety of leisure and entertainment opportunities. These behaviours can be classified based on their nature. The following are examples of rural tourism activities: I. Cultural events on tour II. Operations involving stream III. Activities that are linked to your health IV. Activities in the air 132 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

V. Passive pursuits VI. Muscle function VII. Remarkable occasions VIII. Activities that are related to business Hiking, horseback riding, travelling in gypsy caravans, motorised touring, small village/town touring, sailing, adventure vacations, and nature vacations are all examples of tourism events. In rural areas, there are a variety of cultural tourism programmes. Rural tourism's cultural programmes include archaeology, preservation sites, rural heritage studies, libraries, craft schools, and creative expression studios, to name a few. Water-related hobbies in rural tourism include fishing, diving, river tourism, canoeing, kayaking, windsurfing, speedboat racing, and sailing. In rural areas, a wide range of rural tourism sporting events can be found. Potholing, rock climbing, orienteering, tennis, golf, low-intensity downhill skiing, and shooting are some examples. Rural tourism is known for its wellness-related activities such as fitness training, assault courses, spas, and leisure resorts. A substantial number of visitors visit rural areas solely for the purpose of improving their wellbeing through health-related tourism activities. Rural tourism also includes passive experiences such as relaxing vacations in rural environments, nature research in outdoor settings such as birdwatching and photography, and landscape appreciation. Importance and benefits of Rural Tourism Rural tourism is a form of tourism that has a significant impact on rural communities and provides many benefits. Tourists who visit rural areas contribute to the local economies in a variety of ways. Rural tourism contributes to the growth of rural areas and the improvement of living conditions in host communities. The below are some of the advantages and benefits of rural tourism: • In rural areas, it provides a new, substitute, or supplemental source of income and employment. 133 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Infrastructure production in rural areas is aided by rural tourism. • Contribute to the reduction of gender and other forms of social influence. • Encourage a sense of belonging. • Rejuvenate the local culture. • Instil a sense of dignity, self-esteem, and belonging in the community. • Contribution of environmental preservation and restoration. • Increasing the local community's living conditions. • Aids in the renovation and reuse of vacant buildings. • Provide reasons for people to stay in places that may otherwise be depopulated. • Let repopulation of areas. Rural Tourism Issues and Challenges The major issues and challenges of rural tourism include the need to protect the environment and natural resources, the need for education and proper awareness for both visitors and locals, and the need to build a political movement that encourages people at all levels to engage in tourism growth. The below are some of the most relevant topics and problems in rural tourism: • Economic Spill overs • Inflation in the local market. • Local job system is distorted. • Demand variations that are seasonal. • For commodification and staged authenticity, manufacture or misinterpret local \"community.\" • obliterate indigenous civilization obliterate indigenous culture obliterate • Wildlife in remote areas is losing their natural habitat. • Littering, emissions, and other types of waste are also examples of pollution. Characteristics of Rural Tourism 134 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The following are some of the attributes of rural tourism: • Seasonality is a term that is used to describe • Dissemination • External market is needed. • Internal and external business collaboration is needed. • Women's Position • Farmers and other rural businesses will use it as a source of extra profits. Rural Tourism Development Tourism growth in rural areas is more than just a well-thought-out strategy. It can be seen as a complex, on-going socially built and negotiated mechanism involving multiple social players that constantly reshape and adapt it to suit their expectations, desires, beliefs, and agendas using an actor-oriented approach. 135 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 9.1 Rural Tourism Governance In the 1990s, rural tourism growth drew more attention, and an emerging body of literature has added to our perception of it as a changing phenomenon. Rural tourism, according to Long and Lane, has entered its second phase of growth, with the first marked by increased 136 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

engagement, product and market development, and collaboration. Long and Lane conclude in their study of rural tourism growth that rural tourism is entering a more dynamic process of expansion, separation, restructuring, and comprehension, at least in Europe and North America. Its second phase is expected to be more complicated, and it is likely to be, provided the unanswered questions about its position in strategy, implementation, and diverse role within the transformation of the countryside and broader tourism growth processes. The need for sustainable forms of growth is recognised as tourism continues to thrive in rural areas in order to offset the economic downturn in the primary production sectors. Sustainable tourism growth has gained almost universal acceptance as a beneficial and acceptable solution to, and target of, tourism creation since the early 1990s. The need for economic growth and diversification has fuelled rural tourism production, so it's critical that tourism's possible contribution to rural economic growth isn't diluted by the over- specificity of sustainable tourism concepts. 5. Golf Tourism Golf tourism is a subset of sport tourism, which is one of the tourism industry's fastest- growing segments. Sport tourism is a comparatively modern trend in today's vernacular, but it is far from a new practise in terms of its scale of operation. People travelling to compete in and watch sport dates back to the ancient Olympic Games, and the tradition of promoting tourism by sport has been around for more than a century. Destinations, on the other hand, have just recently started to realise the significant value of sport tourism and are now actively targeting this appealing business niche. In recent years, the topic has sparked both scholarly and popular interest. The creation of the Journal of Sport Tourism and a number of special journal issues devoted to sport tourism, as well as the publishing of several textbooks relating to sport tourism, demonstrate this. Most of this research focuses on explaining and identifying the idea of sport travel, but narrowly described, sport tourism involves travel away from one's primary residence to partake in an athletic activity for leisure or competition; travel to watch sport at the grassroots or elite level; and travel to visit a sporting attraction, such as a sports hall of fame or a water park. 6. Theme Parks Tourism Theme parks are a subset of the larger entertainment industry. Theme parks are big, predominantly outdoor entertainment enterprises with roots in 19th-century pleasure gardens 137 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

that evolved into amusement parks with a mix of rides, exhibits, sports, and food and beverage offerings over time. The theme park industry has developed in the global economy since Walt Disney's Disneyland opened in the 1950s. Annual attendance at the world's largest and most visited theme parks is currently 323.4 million; it is likely that the second tier of theme parks around the world achieves a similar amount of attendance. The Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Florida, USA, was the most visited theme park in the world in 2013, with 18.6 million visitors. Walt Disney Parks & Resorts ran nine of the top 25 most visited theme parks in the world, four were Universal Studios parks, and two were SeaWorld marine animal parks. The 25 most-visited parks were spread across the United States, Asia, and Europe, with eleven in the United States, five in Japan, two each in France, South Korea, and Hong Kong, and one each in Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands. 7. Spiritual / Religious Tourism Religious tourism, also known as spiritual tourism, holy tourism, or religion tourism, is a category of tourism with two major subtypes: pilgrimage, which refers to travel for religious or spiritual reasons, and sightseeing, which includes visiting religious temples and artefacts. Spiritual tourism, on the other hand, refers to travel undertaken for spiritual reasons; it can be a form of religious tourism, but it can also extend beyond religion. Types Researchers have labelled religious tourism in a variety of respects. Gisbert Rinschede divides them into three categories: length, group composition, and social structure. Juli Gevorgian suggests two types of tourism, \"pilgrimage tourism\" for moral purposes or to partake in religious rituals, and \"church tourism\" for viewing temples such as cathedrals. Frank Fahey, a Christian priest, writes that a pilgrim is \"always in danger of becoming a visitor,\" and vice versa, though travel, in his opinion, always disrupts the fixed order of life at home, and establishes eight distinctions between the two. Distinguishing pilgrimage from tourism, according to Frank Fahey Element Pilgrimage Tourism Faith always contains \"faith expectancy\" not required 138 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Penance search for wholeness not required often with friends and family, or Community often solitary, but should be open to all a chosen interest group Sacred space silence to create an internal sacred space not present Ritual externalizes the change within not present Votive leaving behind a part of oneself, letting not present; the travel is the good offering go, in search of a better life life Celebration \"victory over self\", celebrating to drinking to forget remember Perseverance commitment; \"pilgrimage is never over\" holidays soon end Pilgrimage Pilgrimage is spiritual or religiously inspired travel, often over long distances, that has been practised since antiquity and is found in many religions around the world. The Kumbh Mela, which draws more than 120 million pilgrims, is the world's largest mass religious gathering. The annual Hajj to Mecca, which is expected once in a Muslim's life, is another major pilgrimage. Religious sightseeing Religious sightseeing can be fuelled by a variety of passions, including philosophy, literature, architecture, history, and personal heritage. Whether or not an individual is religious, they will find holy sites fascinating and moving. Some, like the churches in Italy, have beautiful architecture and important works of art. Portugal, for example, has the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima as its major religious tourist destination, and is globally renowned for the Marian apparitions’ phenomena. Others are important to world religions, such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which all keep Jerusalem in high regard. Others, like the Way of Saint James in Spain, are both scenic and significant to one faith, but have been embraced by non-religious people as a personal undertaking and a journey of self-discovery. India has sites important to Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism, and Hinduism, as well as majestic architecture and, 139 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

for some travellers, the allure of orientalism. From Buddhist temples to Shinto shrines, Japan has a wealth of religious sites. Secular pilgrimage The western idea of secular pilgrimage to locations like the Himalayas that are felt to be in some way unique or even holy, and where the journey is neither strictly pious nor purely for fun, but is to some degree \"compromised,\" is a category intermediate between pilgrims belonging to a major world religion and pure tourism. New Age adherents, for example, can visit such \"spiritual hotspots\" in the hopes of healing themselves and the earth. They can engage in rituals that include leaving their bodies, being possessed by ghosts, and retrieving memories from previous lives. Many academics regard travel as transcendental, a life-long learning experience, or even a symbol for self-realization. Spiritual Tourism in India Evidently, India is dotted with spiritual and religious attractions that draw a significant number of visitors each year, with the latter usually outnumbering the former. Every year, nearly 2,000 people from over a hundred countries attend the International Yoga Festival in Rishikesh. Every year, the Pushkar Fair (Rajasthan) draws between 200,000 and 400,000 pilgrims over a two-week stretch. Moreover, the Kumbh Mela, which is considered the world's biggest gathering of holy pilgrims, attracts millions of people. In reality, according to multiple sources, an estimated 120 million people attended the \"Maha Kumbh Mela\" in Allahabad over the course of two months in 2013. Although the majority of these fairs and festivals are religious in nature, they also draw foreign and domestic visitors seeking spirituality. Many lesser-known towns and cities in the world, on the other hand, are overshadowed by these famous religious and cultural destinations. Many areas in India remain unexplored due to their limited connectivity, lack of resources, and inadequate marketing. Having said that, the central government's renewed emphasis on tourism in general, and spiritual tourism in particular, is encouraging. The Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spirituality Augmentation Drive has received funding, as well as the construction of five spiritual tourism circuits. 8. Adventure Tourism The movement of people from one location to another beyond their comfort zone for discovery or travel to wild, exotic, and potentially hostile areas is known as adventure 140 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

tourism. Adventure tourism refers to travel that includes events such as skydiving, mountain climbing, and scuba diving. Adventure tourism is extremely common with visitors of all ages. Adventure tourism generates a lot of interest by encouraging visitors to leave their comfort zones. This may be due to culture shock or the execution of actions that involved some level of risk (real or perceived) and physical threat. Adventure travel is a recreational experience that takes place in a strange, unfamiliar, remote, or wild location. It's usually linked to a lot of action on the part of the individual, with the most of it taking place outside. Adventure travellers intend to be individually challenged and exposed to varying levels of danger, enthusiasm, and tranquilly. They are adventurers who search out unspoiled, exotic areas of the globe as well as personal obstacles. The planning and preparing that goes into adventure tourism sets it apart from other types of tourism. Definition of Adventure Tourism Adventure tourism has become common, but there is no clear meaning of the word. While most observers agree that adventure tourism is a niche segment of the tourism industry, there are many other niche sectors of tourism that share similar characteristics to adventure tourism, such as ecotourism, sport tourism, and adventure travel. One of them has the potential to be perplexing. Adventure tourism is a thorny and uncertain topic. The following are some main concepts of adventure tourism: “Adventure tourism is a tourist experience that involves physical activity, cultural interaction, or adventures of nature,” according to the Adventure Travel Trade Association. “Adventure tourism is distinguished by its capacity to offer comparatively high degrees of sensory input to the visitor, typically accomplished by providing physically demanding experiential elements in the tourist experience,” Muller and Cleaver write. “Adventure tourism can be domestic or foreign, and like all travel, it must have an overnight stay, but not for more than one year,” according to the UNWTO. Types of Adventure Tourism In recent years, adventure tourism has exploded around the globe, with tourists exploring previously unknown destinations. This enables a new destination to brand itself as genuinely exclusive, catering to travellers seeking a once-in-a-lifetime experience. 141 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Adventure tourism encompasses a wide range of events such as caving, camping, sailing, and trekking. Adventure tourism is divided into two classes. Both are as follows: 1. Hard Adventure 2. Soft Adventure Hard Adventure Hard adventure applies to high-risk tasks that necessitate a high degree of effort and specialised expertise. Climbing mountains/rock/ice, trekking, caving, and other forms of hard tourism are examples. In nature, hard adventure events are very dangerous. These tasks necessitate the use of a professional guide with advanced expertise. Many visitors died while hiking mountains and caving on a daily basis. A curious thing for K2, the world's second highest peak, is that for every two people who apply, one dies. Soft Adventure Soft adventure applies to adventures that have a high potential risk but low actual risk, need little effort and basic skills, and are usually led by professional guides. Backpacking, camping, fishing, kayaking, and other forms of soft tourism are examples. In nature, soft adventure events are low-risk. Skilled guides lead these tasks. Soft adventure is a common adventure tourism genre. Soft adventure trips account for around a quarter of all trips taken from North America and Europe. Adventure Tourism Activities By their very existence, adventure travellers are early adopters, meaning they are more likely to explore new destinations, events, and travel items. Popular sports evolve quickly, and it seems that a new take on an old sport emerges every few years. 142 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Any practises are low risk, and others are high risk. There are two categories of adventure tourism activities: • Hard Adventure Activities • Soft Adventure Activities Hard Adventure Activities In nature, hard adventure events are very risky and dangerous. The following are some of these activities: • Caving is a form of cave exploration. • Climbing a mountain • Climbing on Rocks • Climbing on the Ice • Taking a hike • Scuba Diving in the Sky Soft adventure activities In comparison to hard adventure sports, these activities are less dangerous and risky. Professional mentors are still present to direct these tasks. The following are some of these activities: • Backpacking is a popular way to travel. • Birdwatching is a common pastime. • Camping is a great way to spend time • Canoeing is a popular sport. • Ecotourism is a form of tourism • The sport of fishing • Hiking is a great way to spend some time • Riding a horse • Hunting is a common pastime for many people 143 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Kayaking, sea kayaking, and Whitewater rafting • Orienteering is a form of navigation. • Safaris are a great way to see the world • Scuba diving is a sport that involves diving underwater. • Snorkelling is a common pastime for many people. • Skiing • Snowboarding • Surfing Since the natural world provides us with the opportunities for many of the activities that inclu de danger, difficulty, sensory stimulation, fun, exploration, and so on, adventure tourism activ ities fit in well with the climate. Characteristics and features of Adventure Tourism Adventure travel is an all-around challenge because of the three-fold mix of activity, weather, and history. The below are some of the unique attributes and qualities of adventure tourism: • Physical exercise is defined as any activity that requires physical exertion or the use of psychomotor skills. • Activities that put people into touch with the natural environment in general or with particular animals are referred to as \"contact with nature.\" • Men, faith, and lifestyles from various cultures are encountered. • Vehicle-, horse-, or human-powered journeys. • Unpredictable results • Chance and danger • Obstacles • Expected benefits • Inventiveness • Excitement and stimulation 144 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Exploration and exploration are two very different things. • Emotions that clash 9. Camping Tourism Camping tourism is a global phenomenon that is growing in importance while also undergoing significant changes in its appearance. This review article examines current trends and recent developments in the large research field of ‘camping tourism.' Though camping tourism research has grown in popularity in recent years, it is still considered one of the \"bad cousins\" of international tourism research. In the early twentieth century, camping as a leisure activity became common among the upper crust. It gained prominence among other socioeconomic groups over time. National and state parks, wilderness areas, and commercial campgrounds are all popular destinations for modern campers. Camping is an important aspect of many youth organisations around the world, including Scouting, which uses it to teach self-reliance as well as teamwork. Definition Camping is a broad term that encompasses a variety of activities and approaches to outdoor lodging. Survivalist campers leave with as little as possible in order to get by, while RV travellers arrive with their own power, heat, and patio furniture. Camping is often enjoyed in combination with other outdoor sports such as canoeing, climbing, fishing, and hunting, and can be combined with hiking, as in backpacking. Running and camping are also part of the fastpacking experience. There is no generally agreed-upon description of what constitutes camping. The same campground can serve recreational campers, migrant workers, and the homeless at the same time, similar to how motels serve both recreational and business guests. It represents a mixture of motive and the essence of the activities involved in the most basic sense. Even though a children's summer camp with dining hall meals and bunkhouse lodging bears the name \"camp,\" it fails to represent the spirit and type of \"camping\" as it is commonly known. Equipment Camping equipment differs depending on the expected operation. For example, survival camping equipment consists of small items that aid in the provision of food, heat, and protection to the camper. The equipment required for this form of camping must be light and 145 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

limited to the essentials. Other forms of camping, such as winter camping, necessitate the use of specially built tents or clothing that can shield the camper's body from the wind and cold. Survival camping entails bringing some things with you in case something goes wrong and you need to be rescued. A survival kit must include objects that are compact enough to fit in one's pocket or that can be carried on one's person otherwise. If this kit is kept in the backpack that is left at camp, it will be useless in these circumstances. A small metal container that can be used to heat water over a campfire, a small length of duct tape that can be useful in a variety of circumstances, and an emergency space blanket should all be included in such a package. These blankets are specially built to take up the least amount of space possible and are ideal for constructing emergency shelters while keeping the camper warm. This blanket is also reflective, which means it can be seen from a plane because of the aluminium-like paint. Candle stubs may be used to start a fire or to warm an enclosed room. This method of camping necessitates the use of one or two band-aids. Every camper, not just survivalists, may need waterproof matches or a lighter, as well as a big safety pin or fishing hook. A survival kit may also contain rubber gloves, antiseptic wipes, tinfoil, a jack-knife, and halazone tablets (which purify water). While these seem to be too many objects for one person to carry, they are actually small, light, and extremely useful. 10. Business and MICE Business tourism, also known as business travel, is a subset of daily tourism that is more confined and concentrated. Individuals are still employed and getting paid while on business tourism (travelling), but they are doing so away from both their workplace and their home. Business travel is not included in some definitions of tourism. Tourists, on the other hand, are described by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) as people who 146 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

\"travel to and stay in places outside their normal environment for not more than one year for leisure, company, or other purposes.\" Meetings, as well as attending conferences and exhibits, are popular business tourism practises. Regardless of the word \"business\" in business tourism, when members of the government or non-profit organisations participate in similar activities, it is still considered business tourism (travel). Significance Company tourism, which has a tradition as long as foreign commerce, entails flying to, investing money, and living in another country for a period of time. Company tourism was seen as a significant industry in the late twentieth century. Company tourism accounted for about 14 percent of all trips to or beyond the UK, and 15 percent of the tourist industry within the UK, according to figures from the British Tourist Authority and the London Tourist Board from 1998. According to a 2005 survey, the figure for the United Kingdom may be closer to 30%. Sharma cited a UNWTO report that business tourism accounts for 30% of foreign tourism, despite the fact that its value varies greatly between countries. Characteristics Company tourism, in comparison to normal tourism, requires a smaller segment of the population, with diverse reasons and additional freedom-of-choice-restricting restrictions enforced by the business aspects. Company tourism destinations are much more likely to be places that have been heavily built for business purposes (cities, industrial regions, etc.). A typical business traveller is wealthier than a typical leisure traveller, and is likely to invest more money. Main and secondary practises can be found in business tourism. The most common are company (work)-related operations, such as consulting, inspections, and meeting attendance. Secondary ones are linked to tourism (leisure) and include events like eating out, recreation, shopping, sightseeing, social gatherings, and so on. Although the primary ones are generally regarded as more significant, the secondary ones are often referred to as \"substantial.\" Person and small-group travel can be part of business tourism, and destinations can range from small to large meetings, such as conventions and conferences, trade shows, and exhibitions. Approximately half of all business tourism in the United States includes attending a large meeting of some kind. 147 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The majority of tourist services, such as airports, restaurants, and hotels, are shared by both leisure and business travellers, though there is always a seasonal disparity (for example, business tourism may use those facilities during times less attractive for leisure tourists, such as when the weather conditions are less attractive). There are three types of business tourism: • Traditional business travel, also known as meetings, is designed for face-to-face meetings with business associates in various locations. • Incentive trips are a form of employee benefit aimed at inspiring them (for example, approximately a third of UK companies use this strategy to motivate workers) • The aim of conference and exhibition travel is to attend large-scale meetings. Paris, London, Madrid, Geneva, Brussels, Washington, New York, Sydney, and Singapore are the key destinations for an estimated 14,000 conferences held worldwide in 1994. MICE stands for meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions in the field of business tourism. Paradigm Shift in Tourism Industry 1. Diversification in travel pattern: There is evident change in old and modern travel pattern. Earlier there was flow of tourists from east to west, now it is North-South flow. People now taking trips to within their region, which lead to end in the Atlantic dominance. This paradigm shift suggests the Asia-Pacific dominance. There is also a shift in duration of tour from long tour to short journeys, reasons may be lack of time and development in transportation facilities. Now travel is considered as a free trade. 2. Diversification in destinations: The travel has now changed from established tourism destinations to unexplored travel destinations. Emergence of China, African countries and India in global tourism map is the best example of this shift in destination choice. 3. Diversification in industry attitude: The attitude of tourism industry has changed a lot. Earlier countries were concerned with number of visitors but now they are thinking of economic and social benefits of tourism. Earlier there was a lot of competition among countries but now they are opting for intelligent cooperation. Product was the major dominating factor in old tourism, which now has been changed to customer orientation. 148 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4. Diversification in products: Earlier travel was limited to natural environment and people were interested in single activity and biggest constraint on tourism was seasonality. Now the product has changed to artificial environment and people are opting for multiple activity based tours. Present tourism is now has taken shape of all-weather tourism. 5. Diversification in developer control: The developers control over tourism has also changed with time. There was the time of political lobbying, which now changed to approvals via referendum. These days’ developers are giving more importance to jobs and small businesses rather than just going for more and more economic impacts of tourism. We have changed our focus from environment protection to environment improvement. Earlier tourist arrival was considered as cultural intrusion, whereas these days this is considered as a major force for heritage protection. 6. Diversification in financial attitude: Present concern is now on developing franchise opportunities, meeting investors’ needs through economic simulation. Tourism is now on top priority list of states’ budget. 7. Diversification in consumer attitude: Tourist has also changed a lot. He is now a value conscious traveller, who is traveling for self-improvement through vivid experiences. 8. Diversification in observing technologies: The observing technologies have also changed from simple print media to interactive media and maps has been replaced by GIS and GPS technology. 9. Diversification in marketing style: This is one of the best thing happened to tourism. Now targeted customers are considered as data base rather than socio-economic groups. The place of one way communication has been taken by relationships through customer management techniques. Factors responsible for the diversification of tourism Industry The major factors for this expansion can be listed as: 1) Increased urbanization 2) Desire to escape 3) Growth of information and technology 4) Growth of transport leading to greater mobility and accessibility 5) Rising disposable incomes 6) Change in age-wise composition of tourist with the dominance of 18-50 age group. 149 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

7) Change in pattern of society late marriages, DINKs (Double Income No Kids), both parents working, nuclear families etc. It would not be wrong to say that, the above listed factors and the diversification process of tourism are complementary to each other. On one hand, the demand for newer forms of tourism arise because of the above factors and readiness of people to experiment and on the other hand, the initiators, (developers) want to offer something unique and novel to the prospective travellers. Therefore, in the present scenario, a prospective traveller has a variety of options in front of him/her. 8.3 SUMMARY • Travel has existed since the dawn of time, when primitive man set out, often over long distances, in search of game that would provide and clothe him with the food and clothing he needed to survive. People have travelled throughout history for a variety of reasons, including commerce, religious belief, economic benefit, war, migration, and other equally compelling reasons. Wealthy aristocrats and high government officials often travelled for pleasure during the Roman period. The seaside resorts of Pompeii and Herculaneum provided people with the opportunity to escape the summer heat of Rome by retreating to their holiday villas. Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow, and throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilizations. • Tourism as we know it today is distinctly a twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. This growth led to the development of a major new industry, tourism. In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities, but it also produced a means of earning foreign exchange. • Tourism's economic and social significance has risen dramatically in recent years. Over the last few years, the fastest growing economic field in most developed countries has been services. Travel and tourism is one of the main segments of the 150 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)