CU-BBA-SEM-III-Basics of Tourism- Second Draft-converted

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER-III BASICS OF TOURISM BBA246

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Course Development Committee Prof. (Dr.) R.S.Bawa Pro Chancellor, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab Advisors Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Bhushan, Director – IGNOU Prof. (Dr.) Majulika Srivastava, Director – CIQA, IGNOU Programme Coordinators & Editing Team Master of Business Administration (MBA) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Coordinator – Dr. Rupali Arora Coordinator – Dr. Simran Jewandah Master of Computer Applications (MCA) Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) Coordinator – Dr. Raju Kumar Coordinator – Dr. Manisha Malhotra Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) Coordinator – Dr. Aman Jindal Coordinator – Dr. Minakshi Garg Master of Arts (Psychology) Bachelor of Science (Travel &Tourism Management) Coordinator – Dr. Samerjeet Kaur Coordinator – Dr. Shikha Sharma Master of Arts (English) Bachelor of Arts (General) Coordinator – Dr. Ashita Chadha Coordinator – Ms. Neeraj Gohlan Academic and Administrative Management Prof. (Dr.) R. M. Bhagat Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Sehgal Executive Director – Sciences Registrar Prof. (Dr.) Manaswini Acharya Prof. (Dr.) Gurpreet Singh Executive Director – Liberal Arts Director – IDOL © No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. SLM SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR CU IDOL STUDENTS Printed and Published by: TeamLease Edtech Limited www.teamleaseedtech.com CONTACT NO:- 01133002345 For: CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY 2 Institute of Distance and Online Learning CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

First Published in 2021 All rights reserved. No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from Chandigarh University. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this book may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This book is meant for educational and learning purpose. The authors of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the Authors has/ have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action. 3 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CONTENT Unit 1: Introduction To Tourism ____________________________________ 5 Unit 2: History Of Tourism _______________________________________ 20 Unit 3: Tourism Terms ___________________________________________ 40 Unit 4: Types Of Tourism _________________________________________ 60 Unit 5: Types Of Tourism _________________________________________ 75 Unit 6: Typology Of Tourists ______________________________________ 92 Unit 7: Tourism From Past _______________________________________ 105 Unit 8: Advancement In Tourism Over The Years ____________________ 115 Unit 9: Present Scenario Of The Tourism Industry ____________________ 155 Unit 10: Interdisciplinary Approach To Tourism _____________________ 164 Unit 11: Demand And Supply In Tourism ___________________________ 188 Unit 12: Demand And Supply In Tourism ___________________________ 204 4 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM Structure 1.0 Learning Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Components of Tourism and its characteristics. 1.3 Tourism as an Industry 1.4 Summary 1.5 Keywords 1.6 Learning Activity 1.7 Unit End Questions 1.8 References 1.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to: • Describe nature of Tourism • Identify scope of Tourism • Benefits of Tourism • Process of Tourism 1.1 INTRODUCTION Travel is one of the oldest activities. It existed even before the recorded history, when the man was roaming in search of food and shelter. Travel has captivated humanity in a variety of ways since the dawn of time. Traveling was largely unconscious and straightforward in the beginning. Traveling in the far past was not as pleasurable as it is now. Merchants, tourists, scholars in search of ancient books, and even a curious wayfarer looking forward to fresh and exciting experiences were among the travellers of the past. However, in the ancient past, trade and commerce were the sole driving factors that drove people to migrate to distant lands in search of fortune. With the opening of trade routes, travel took off in a major way, as people from all over the world began to travel in large groups to visit a variety of locations 5 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

for company. As a result of the opening of new trading routes, traders gained access to new markets, and these trade ties evolved into cultural exchanges and a deeper understanding of one another's way of life. Various arts, cultures, and customs were exchanged, and science, technology, and religious faith were also influenced. We are now in an economic age. Only a country with a stable economic situation will enjoy complete independence. The definition of developed and developing countries is merely an economic criterion based on these countries' living standards. To achieve financial stability, all countries are working hard. But, in order to achieve financial stability, many countries have embarked on a virtually blind race of industrialization, which has resulted in a significant increase in environmental pollution. As a result, there was a need for an industry that could raise the most foreign exchange while being the least polluting. The journey comes to a close with the promotion and development of the tourism sector, which is the world's second largest. The most notable feature of this sector is that it is the least pollutant, earning it the nickname \"Smokeless Industry.\" The value of this industry is clear because it facilitates national integration, improves international awareness, and creates a large number of job opportunities. In reality, tourism is the sole source of revenue for many countries, including Singapore, Thailand, and France. The tourism industry, also known as the travel industry, is related to the concept of people travelling to different places, either domestically or internationally, for leisure, social, or business reasons. It is inextricably linked to the hotel and hospitality industries. One of the major characteristics of modern times is the phenomenon of travel and tourism. Almost all inventions and innovations in the world have in some way contributed to the increased ability of people to travel. Today, people talk of visiting capitals and exotic places around the world almost as an everyday happenstance. It is seldom one goes to a party or social function without hearing people talking about far off places they have visited or intend to visit soon. Our world has become a world where countries and communities are in contact with each other. One major avenue through which this contact is made is tourism. Today, tourism is at its peak. It is more highly developed than it has even been. People have always travelled, but only a small few were able to do so in the first few thousand years of human history. The majority of people were preoccupied with the everyday tasks of life; a trip to their neighbour’s farm or the local town market was their idea of fun. The tourism phenomenon arose as a result of the transformation from a rural to an industrial 6 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

society. In reality, the onset of leisure time associated with travel is a feature of both industrial and post-industrial societies. The Industrial Revolution was the first significant shift in modern culture. People were drawn to cities by modern machines and techniques. Changes in religious institutions and the rural kinship structure contributed to the formation of recreational groups as we transitioned to an urban society. Leisure pursuits have emerged as a new facet of our culture. The idea that \"the idle mind is the devil's workshop\" was replaced by the realisation that leisure is a human right, if not a God-given one. Even so, old habits die hard, and many people still consider idleness to be a bad thing, whether consciously or unconsciously. In recent years, the widespread use of computers has ushered in a second industrial revolution. Computers have given us not only more leisure time and better incomes from which to pursue other interests, but they have also improved our capacity to work efficiently and generate more. Despite evolving attitudes toward work ethic and free time, most people still believe that they must work hard and play hard; that their leisure pursuits, though safe and restful, must also keep them occupied. 1.2 COMPONENTS OF TOURISM AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS Tourism is an amalgamation of various components, all of which are essential for providing the final user, the visitor, with a memorable and enriching experience. Figure 1.1 Tourism components As shown in Figure 1.1 the 5 such basic\\components/elements are as follows:- 1. Accessibility: Accessibility refers to a destination's ability to be reached from a tourist's starting point. In other words, accessibility refers to the ability to travel from one location to another using a means of transportation. It is a method of getting a visitor to the place where 7 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

the attractions are located. If tourist attractions are situated in areas where no means of transportation can reach them or where transportation services are insufficient, the location loses its importance. A location can be reached by taking a simple and comfortable mode of transportation. In general, there are four modes of transportation:- 1. Air 2. Land 3. Water 4. Rail These modes of transportation can be used both internally and externally. Moving from the point of origin to the final destination is referred to as external transportation. External transportation, for example, is when a tourist travels from Delhi to Singapore by air or from Delhi to Goa as a final destination by air, road, or rail. Traveling inside a destination is referred to as internal transportation. Use of any mode of transportation for sightseeing in Singapore or Goa, transfers from the airport to the hotel, and excursions, for example. 2. Accommodation: Accommodation is a service that provides visitors with a place to stay overnight. It encompasses all types of lodging establishments, such as hotels, motels, resorts, guesthouses, and camping grounds. 3. Attractions: Features that contribute to the destination's attractiveness, either collectively or individually. The attractions of a specific destination are the primary reason for any tourist's leisure travel. Tourists would never visit a destination if it did not have a point of interest. These components, individually and/or in combination, within the destination's (tourism product) ecosystem, provide succour as the primary motivation for tourists. Natural attractions (landscapes, seascapes, beaches, and climate), built attractions (historic and/or new townscapes as in newly built resorts and purpose-built attractions such as theme parks), cultural attractions (presentation of history and folklore organised as festivals and pageants, museums, and theatre), and social attractions (festivals and pageants, museums, and theatre) are all examples of attractions (opportunities to meet with, or encounter the residents of destinations, and experience their lifestyle, to some extent). However, the primary incentive 8 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

for business and other non-leisure tourists, such as visits to friends and family, is their familiarity and alliance with the destination, though leisure attractions can still be a factor. Attractions can be natural or man-made. e.g., Dal lake in Srinagar is an example of Natural attraction whereas Taj Mahal in Agra is an example of a man-made attraction. 4. Activities: An activity is something that a visitor does when visiting a particular location. Boating, adventure sports, fishing, swimming, and other activities come to mind. An activity refreshes a visitor and enhances his overall experience. 5. Amenities: Services/facilities that allow a tourist to enjoy a variety of attractions/activities at a destination, which attract him there, and for which he usually has to pay. The elements of the tourist product that are a required help to the tourist centre are referred to as facilities. The amenities are a pleasant compliment to the attractions. These include: • Accommodation, • Various types of entertainments • Picnic sites & recreation • Rafting or surfing equipment’s, fishing net and rods, Spa, sauna, Jacuzzi in the hotel etc. 1.3 TOURISM AS AN INDUSTRY Tourism industry is an amalgam of many industries. Tourism industry is defined as “the range of businesses and organizations involved in delivering the tourism product” and the businesses and organizations represent a key element in the tourism system. Complex linkages and interrelationships are existing among the various individual sectors of the tourism industry. For the generation of the phenomenon tourism, all the components of the industry have to act together and each has its own role and relevance. As shown in figure 1.2 the industry has many characteristics and some of them are the following. 9 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 1.2 Tourism industry 10 i. Perishability ii. Inconsistency iii. Investment and immobility iv. People-oriented v. Inseparability vi. Intangibility vii. inflexibility viii. imitability CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Perishability One of the most significant features of the tourism sector is perishability. The tourism and travel industry's goods and services are consumed in the same order as they are made. Hotel rooms and cable car seats can't be kept in storage for potential purchases. You can't take a hotel room that isn't booked tonight and rent it tomorrow. Unused power on a train that has already departed the station cannot be leased later – as long as it is not a time-traveling train. Since this problem is exacerbated by consumer demand volatility, hotels and travel agents aim to overbook available rooms and seats. It is objectively more cost effective to find an alternative product for the consumer than live with the effects of overbooking. Inconsistency The tourism industry's products are still exclusive. Due to the chef's mood, even the same hotel room in the same week with the same weather can be interpreted differently. It's always in the customer's perception of the situation. Cost, nights of stay, and additional amenities are reasonable product characteristics that can only be contrasted to a minor degree. Dealing with the customer's view of the product (perceived quality) is difficult because it is heavily influenced by various uncontrollable factors such as temperature, building sites, other consumers, and so on. As a result, the output is highly variable and cannot be standardised. Investment and immobility When it comes to hotels and other lodgings, there is usually a large capital lockup in the properties. Hotels have beds, kitchens, TV sets, laundry service, baths, saunas, and other amenities – all of which cost money and must be repaid. And that's not all: all of those investments are tied to a single location, implying that tourism businesses are heavily reliant on the popularity of the city, the world, its surroundings, and so on. People-Oriented People are at the heart of the tourism industry. The perceived product quality is determined by the relationship between the workers and the consumer. Unlike physical goods, where the consumer purchases specific attributes such as performance efficiency, longevity, and so on, the holiday quality is determined by personal experiences that begin with the details and booking process and continue through the stay and return trip. 11 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Inseparability The majority of travel goods are sold first and manufactured and used at the same time. This is a feature that distinguishes tourism from tangible goods. When you purchase a new device, it is manufactured and delivered until you see it on the retailer's website or in person. Once you've purchased the computer, you'll be able to use it. Just the little bottles of shampoo and toothpaste can be taken home from the hotel room. You just won't be able to take an alpine sleigh ride in your living room. Tourism goods should only be consumed on the premises of the supplier. Intangibility The results of tourism are intangible. A night in a spa, a day in a ski resort, a relaxing flight with a friendly attendant, and a smiling tour guide leading you to the top of an alpine mountain – none of these things can be matched. It's all about the time invested and the memories created when it comes to tourism. Both the goods offered by travel firms and the products sold by other businesses cannot be duplicated or replicated. It's also impossible to really capture the sensation of intake. There are only photographic and video camera attempts. About everybody has been in the position where they've shown their relatives or friends their vacation photos and said, \"Well, it looks better when I was there.\" The emotion cannot be accurately captured in a photograph. Tourism is a subjective image implanted in the minds of consumers. Inflexibility In terms of fluctuation, travel goods are fairly inflexible. Hotels are unable to adjust their capacity rapidly enough to respond to demand fluctuations. As a result, such businesses strive to strike a balance between high and low demand so that it is not too inconvenient for both the enterprise and the consumers when restaurant tables sit vacant. Imitability Tourism company offers and merchandise are relatively easy to duplicate. When the neighbouring hotel hires a masseur to its SPA, all you need is someone with a tight grip and you're good to go. So, how do hotels create a one-of-a-kind selling proposition? Originality, continuity, venue, and so on – but not at the expense of hoping that their programmes are not cloned. 12 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

In order to understand the nature of tourism industry, a glance over the concept of tourism system will be useful. Tourism can consider as an activity as well as a process. Of the different approaches with regard to tourism system, the approach suggested by Leiper is simple and suitable for understanding tourism. He considered the phenomenon tourism as a system, which is functioning in various environments (such as Human, socio-cultural, economical, technological, physical, political legal etc). As explained above, this system is also having various parts/ elements, which are interacting with one another in generating the phenomenon tourism. As per this model, there are three major elements, and are illustrated below. a. Tourists: - Tourists are regarded as the system's most critical and vital component. The machine will not work at all if visitors are not present. b. Geographical Elements: - The various elements acting in the system related to geography are classified under this category. The front line geographical elements are further divided into three groups, which are as follows: Traveller generating region. It is the area where the tourists are emerging from and is represented as tourism emerging markets. For example, if a foreigner is coming to India for visiting various places from U K, then U K is the generating region of that particular trip in relation to India various intangible factors present in this area ‘push’ to stimulate and motivate travel. • Tourist destination region: This represents the ‘end’ of tourism, which the tourist is ultimately intended to visit. This region really attracts the tourists to engage in tourism. Leiper says that the ‘pull’ of the destinations energize the whole tourism system and demand for travel in the generating region. • Transit route region: The transit route region is the area between the tourist producing region and the destination region. This includes not only the short travel time to the destination, but also the stopovers, or intermediate locations, that tourists can visit en route. c. Tourism Industry: - This is the final component of Leiper's model. As previously mentioned, tourism is a multi-sector industry that includes a wide range of sub-industries, implying that it is an amalgamation of various industries. These provide a variety of products that are essential for the tourism process. Hotels, restaurants, airlines, travel agencies, and 13 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

other essential components are only a few examples. These components can be found in various sections of the device. The destination area is home to the hospitality industry. In the transit route zone, the transportation sector is well-represented. All of the system's components communicate with one another in a variety of contexts, such as distributing tourism goods, transacting products, and so on. A variety of factors can influence a person's decision to participate in tourism, and these factors can be categorised in various ways. Some of them can be found in the tourism- generating region, while others can be found in the tourist destination region when we identify them by location. The factors present in the tourist-generating area have the ability to compel an individual to participate in tourism, i.e., the person's income level. If an individual has more disposable income, he may be more inclined to engage in tourism activities. The term \"push\" refers to factors that can be found in a tourist-generating area and may compel an individual to participate in tourism. Apart from the factors listed above, this category may also include mobility, educational attainment, paid vacation entitlement, family size, work- related stress, and so on. Some of the causes, on the other hand, are visible in the destination area. For example, the cultural attractions of a destination can allure a person to visit there. Such factors are called as ‘pull’ factors. Some examples for this category are, climate, infrastructure facilities and scenic beauty. The tourism industry refers to and includes all businesses that offer goods and services to visitors at various stages of their journeys and vacations. Tourism is a huge, vibrant, competitive, and fast-growing industry. Tourism as an industry refers to the collection of all business activities that cater to the needs of visitors while they travel to various locations for tourism or touring. Tourism is actually a very large industry that consists of various sectors or sub industries that produce and sell a variety of similar and different products and services that drive tourism demand and allow tourists to tour and travel. As a result, the tourism industry can be described as a group of industries that facilitate travel for various purposes and to places of leisure and business interests by providing infrastructure, goods, and services. The tourism industry is all about supplying visitors with the tools they need to get around. Tourism, by definition, is the practise of visitors or people 14 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

travelling for a specific reason, and it encompasses anything they do while on their journey. As a result, tourism as an industry becomes the amount of all the goods and services consumed or used by tourists, which sustain their tourism operation both directly and indirectly. Travel bookings, accommodation, hotel stays, lodging, and destination can all be done this way. The supply side is only interested in the other side of the equation. As a result, the supply side tourism industry is described as the sum of all industries that provide all goods and services that directly or indirectly assist tourists in their travel and enable people to travel and participate in tourism activities. The travel and tourism industry, as well as simply the travel industry, are terms used to describe the industry. While travel is distinct from tourism and does not often imply tourism, the tourism industry is frequently referred to as the travel industry. This is because travel is commonly referred to as tourism in corporate, monetary, and economic terms. The tourism industry value chain emerges from our perception and description of the tourism industry. As we have seen, the tourism industry is made up of a large network of interconnected and linked industries, as well as other ancillary industries, all of which tend to serve visitors and people on vacation for various reasons. The tourism industry has a very long value chain. This tourism value chain is or can be elastic and versatile, as well as much broader and more common. Travel and tour facilities such as booking and reservation; transportation industry (international and national travel and transportation); accommodation; hospitality industry; food and beverage; and tour industry are all part of the tourism value chain. The Tourism Industry Supply Chain features and characteristics are: • Is it adaptable and expandable? • Widely used in a variety of industries and sectors • Can delve into many aspects of an industry or business. • This category includes tourism-related and similar industries. • Covers a wide range of sectors that are in every way connected to tourism. • Also (might) include a slew of other sectors that aren't directly related to tourism and thus aren't considered part of the tourism industry. 15 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Depending on the form of tourism and its needs, certain points and sections of this value chain become a full and expandable value chain in and of themselves. 1.4 SUMMARY • With its aura of international glamour, suspense, and romance, the travel and tourism industry is fascinating. It must respond to a variety of social, political, economic, and legal environments due to its global reach. Travel is also a company, and as such, it requires certain skills and a sophisticated understanding of the world from its employees. The travel and tourism industry, like any other company, must fit its offering to potential buyers. • \"THE WORLD,\" the world's largest market. Please accept my apologies for the cliché, but that is our business. There is no denying that today's society will be impossible without tourism as a source of revenue. The economic practise of offering visitor facilities encompasses a wide range of activities. To put it another way, tourism refers to the activity of visiting or travelling for fun or leisure, as well as the business of guiding or managing visitors. • Tourism is described as the amount of the activities of people who travel to and stay in a place outside of their normal environment for more than 24 hours but less than a year for leisure, company, or other purposes. • “Tourism Is A Dialogue Between Imagination And Destination” 1.5 KEYWORDS • Tourists: - Tourist is considered as the main and most important element of the system. Without the presence of tourists, the system may not function at all. • Geographical Elements: - The various elements acting in the system related to geography are classified under this category. • Tourist destination region: This represents the ‘end’ of tourism, which the tourist is ultimately intended to visit. This region really attracts the tourists to engage in tourism. Leiper says that the ‘pull’ of the destinations energize the whole tourism system and demand for travel in the generating region. 16 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Transit route region: The transit route region is the area between the tourist producing region and the destination region. This includes not only the short travel time to the destination, but also the stopovers, or intermediate locations, that tourists can visit en route. • Tourism value chain: A tourism value chain is simply defined as a system which describes how private sector firms in collaboration with government and civil society receive or access resources as inputs, add value through various processes 1.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY Observe the types of tourism services being offered in your area. Make suggestions for improving these services. Also find out whether some new services are required. If possible, interview the following in relation to the managerial tasks they perform: 1. Manager of a travel agency 2. Tour Operator ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 1.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions 17 Short Questions 1. Define Tourism 2. What are the various elements in tourism? 3. What is the relationship between ‘Leisure’, ‘Recreation’ and ‘Tourism’? 4. What is the difference between ‘visitor’, ‘traveller’ and ‘tourist’? 5. Explain in detail of Tourism industry characteristics. Long Questions 1. Distinguish between Components of Tourism and Characteristics. 2. Explain the Challenges of Tourism Industry. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. List various definitions of tourism? 4. What are the various classifications of travellers? 5. List the characteristics of Tourism industry. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Who was the inclusive Tour’s Founder? a. Thomas Cook b. Dennis c. Wright Brothers d. None Of These 2. Which of the following tourism involves people travel within the Country? a. Domestic Tourism b. International Tourism c. Inbound Tourism d. Outbound Tourism 3. The International Tourism’s peak season in India a. Oct To Feb b. Feb To March c. Oct To March d. April To September 4. -------------- Tourism is the time when an individual can do what he likes to refresh 18 a. International Tourism b. Leisure Tourism c. Recreational Tourism CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

d. None of These 5. Who stays at least one night in collective accommodation in the country visited? a. Visitor b. Excursionist c. Tourist d. None of These Answers 1 – a, 2 – a, 3 – c, 4 – b, 5 – c, 1.8 REFERENCE • McIntosh et.al. (2004). Tourism Principles. USA: Prentice Hall Publication. • Mill and Morrison. (2011).Tourism System. USA: Prentice Hall Publication. • Negi, Jagmohan. (1990).Tourism and Travel Concepts and Principles. Kolkata: Gitanjali Publishing House. • Kamra, K.K. and M. Chand. (2006). Basics of Tourism: Theory operation and practice. New Delhi: Kanishka Publication. • Bhatia, A.K. (1991).International Tourism. Ludhiana, Punjab: Kalyani Publications. • Seth, P.N. (1999). Successful Tourism Management (Vol 1 &2). New Delhi: Sterling Publishers 19 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 2: HISTORY OF TOURISM Structure 2.0 Learning Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 History of tourism through ages 2.3linkages of tourism with other subjects like history, sociology, geography, management and economics. 2.4Summary 2.5 Keywords 2.6 Learning Activity 2.7 Unit End Questions 2.8 References 2.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to: • Describe nature of History of Tourism • Identify scope of History of Tourism • Benefits of History of Tourism • Process of History of Tourism 2.1 INTRODUCTION Travel has existed since the dawn of time, when primitive man set out on long journeys in search of the food and clothes he needed to survive. People have travelled throughout history for a variety of reasons, including commerce, religious belief, economic benefit, war, migration, and other equally compelling reasons. Wealthy aristocrats and high government officials often travelled for pleasure during the Roman period. The seaside resorts of Pompeii and Herculaneum provided people with the opportunity to escape the summer heat of Rome by retreating to their holiday villas. Except during the Dark Ages, travel has continued to 20 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

evolve and has played an important role in the growth of civilizations throughout recorded history. Tourism in the modern sense is a result of the twentieth century. Historians believe that mass tourism started in England during the industrial revolution, as the middle class grew and transportation became more affordable. Following WWII, the advent of the commercial airline industry and, later, the development of jet aircraft in the 1950s, signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. As a result of this expansion, a big new industry, tourism, arose. International tourism, in turn, became a source of concern for a number of world governments because it not only created new job opportunities but also offered a source of foreign exchange. Tourism has risen in both economic and social significance in recent years. Over the last few years, the fastest growing economic field in most developed countries has been services. Travel and tourism is one of the main segments of the service sector, despite the fact that it is largely unrecognised as such in some of these countries. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), \"Travel and Tourism\" is the world's largest industry on virtually every economic metric, including gross production, value added, capital expenditure, jobs, and tax contribution. However, the travel and tourism industry's major challenges, which have overshadowed or concealed its economic effects, are the industry's diversity and fragmentation. Hotels, motels, and other forms of lodging; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions, and other leisure facilities; gift shops, and a variety of other businesses make up the travel industry. The effect of tourist spending can easily be ignored or underestimated because many of these businesses often serve local residents. Furthermore, according to Meis (1992), the tourism industry contains ideas that are amorphous to both experts and decision-makers. Furthermore, this issue has made it difficult for the tourism industry to establish some kind of accurate or credible tourism knowledge base in order to estimate its contribution to regional, national, and global economies in all 21 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

countries. Travel and tourism, on the other hand, are ideal platforms for economic growth in a wide range of nations, regions, and communities due to their diversity. Travel and tourism, once the sole domain of the rich, has become an institutionalised way of life for the majority of the world's middleclass population. Indeed, according to McIntosh and Goeldner (1990), tourism has become the most important commodity in foreign trade for many countries, and it ranks second or third for a large number of others. In Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, and most Caribbean countries, tourism is the primary source of revenue. In addition, according to Hawkins and Ritchie (1991), the travel and tourism industry is the number one employer in Australia, the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States, based on data from the American Express Company. It is impossible to provide accurate, credible, or reliable data about the level of global tourism participation or its economic effect with any degree of certainty due to definitional issues that directly affect statistical calculation. When attempting to quantify domestic tourism, similar difficulties occur in many situations. Aside from the issues of foreign exchange and jobs, tourism also contributes significantly to the development of social and political understanding. Traveling to different countries fosters better relationships between people of various socioeconomic backgrounds. Personal foreign relations have always been an effective means of disseminating cultural ideas. As a result, tourism is a vital tool for fostering cultural exchanges and international cooperation (Jayapalan 2001). 2.2 HISTORY OF TOURISM THROUGH AGES Changes in climate, declining food sources, and violent invaders were all reasons for people to flee their homes over a million years. Maybe it was the invention of the wheel, about 5,000 years ago, that enabled travel, followed by the Sumerians (Babylonia) inventing currency, which led to the creation of trade and the dawn of a new age. The Phoenicians were probably the first real travellers in the modern sense as they went from place to place as travellers and traders. Almost at the same time, trade and travel developed in India where the wheel and 22 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

money were already known at the time of the Mohenjo-Daro civilization, 3,500 years ago. Traditions of travel in India are, perhaps, the oldest in the world, the motive being primarily religion or trade. The ancient sages retired to the Himalayas in the north or the thick jungles of the south to meditate or establish their Ashrams (hermitages), which were essentially schools or universities of learning. As early as the third millennium B.C., Egypt was a popular place for people from the then known world. According to legend, the Babylonian King Shulgi, who ruled Egypt 4,000 years ago, boasted that he secured roads, built gardens, and built rest houses for respectable travellers. These ideas are defined in the Bible as \"many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased.\" Small boats were used by the ancient Greeks to navigate short distances. Unafraid of the dangers outlined in Homer's Odyssey, Jason and the legendary Argonauts constructed a large ship to quest for the Golden Fleece. In the 5th century B.C., Herodotus travelled around Phoenicia, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Greece, and the Black Sea, recording the culture, customs, rituals, and practises of the people who lived there. Philosophers – Thales, Pythagoras and Plato – all travelled to Egypt. Before beginning his peripatetic school for wandering students, Aristotle paid a visit to Asia Monor. Greeks visited spas, markets, sporting events, and sought advice from the Oracle of Delphi and the Asclepiads of Epidaurus. They travelled by mules and carts, stopping at roadside inns along the way. In one of the works of the time, a character asks for “the eating houses and hostels with the fewest bugs.” The Romans: Travel for fun was able to take off during the Roman empire's peak 200 years of stability. It meant that it was possible to move from Hadrian's Wall to the Euphrates without having to cross a hostile frontier. The journey was always easy, thanks to an extensive network of large, well-marked, well-paved roads – a carriage ride in the second century B.C. was frequently smoother than in the eighteenth century A.D. Traveling government officials and merchants stayed in inns. The Romans were most likely the world's first leisure travellers. By the time Christ was born, travel had become very sophisticated. There are reasons to believe that pleasure travel also developed at the same time in China, India and Japan. The Romans used to travel up a hundred miles a day by using relays of horses, taken from rest posts five to six miles apart. They visited the Mediterranean temples 23 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

as well as the Egyptian Pyramids. They also went to seaside resorts and therapeutic pools, known as \"spas.\" Roads were well-developed throughout the Roman Empire. “Global trotters, who spent the better part of their lives in inns and boats,” wrote Plutarch. Persons of means travelled in little (littiga) four-wheeled wagons or chariots. Others used carts or public coaches. Some Roman cargo ships carried a few passengers. Private vessels could be marvellously luxurious. The ship that brought Cleopatra to meet Mark Antony was said to have billowing scarlet silk sails, silver tipped oars, and royal purple cloth draped decks. The Indians: During the days of the Roman Empire, travel facilities in India were of a high order. Trade flower freely between India and Rome. When Alexander, the Great reached India, he found well maintained roads lined with green trees, wells for water, police stations and rest houses. Along one highway, twelve hundred miles long and sixty-four feet wide, the Greek historians recorded that men travelled in chariots, bullock carts, on elephants, camels, horses and oxen. Emperor Ashoka sent emissaries to Sri Lanka, East Asia, and West Asia to spread the Buddha's word. Chinese tourists visited India and left accounts of their well- known and extensive travels throughout the world. On Indian roads, there was complete protection. These travel accounts by foreigners are important historical sources in India. Other well-developed travel routes existed. Travelers were transported by camel caravans along China's Silk Road, which ran from Baghdad to Aden, Samarkand to Timbuktu. Beginning with the establishment of a democratic government in Esphesus (now in Turkey) by Alexander the Great in 334 B.C., some 700,000 tourists would collect in Esphesus in a single season to be entertained by acrobats, jugglers and magicians, who filled the streets. The Middle Ages The collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century and subsequent turmoil brought about the doom of holiday travel in this part of the world. The roads were no longer well maintained and became infested with brigands. Only about the year A.D. 1000, the principal European roads became relatively safe again, largely because of the goods traffic. During the period, no one travelled for pleasure. Men travelled to fight wars or went on pilgrimage to such holy places as Canterbury or St. James of Campostela. Travel facilities were a bare minimum. A fourteenth century guidebook contains the following instructions from the mistress of an inn in England to her maid, “Jenette lyghte the candell and lede them her above in the solere (upper room), and bare them hot water for to wash their feet, and cover them with quysshons.” In 1484, Friar Felix Fabri was advised to buy a “little cauldron, a frying 24 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

pan, dishes, plates, saucers, cups of glass, a grater for bread and such necessaries,” for the Captain of the ship provided passengers with, “feeble bread, feeble wine and stinking water.” Among the few great medieval travellers were Benjamin of Tudela, Marco Polo and Ibn Batuta. Benjamin of Tudela, a Jewish scholar who left Saragossa in 1160, travelled for thirteen years to Europe, Persia and India and gave details of Jewish communities and geography of the places he visited. Marco Polo left Venice in 1271 with his father and uncle and travelled through Persia and Afghanistan to the “roof of the world” – the then unknown Pamir Plateau. After crossing the Gobi Desert, he reached the place of Kublai Khan and lived in China for twenty years. On this way home, with rich jewels sewn in seams of his tattered clothes, Ibn Batuta travelled in the fourteenth century from his birthplace, Tangier, to Arabia, Mesopotamia and Ashia Minor. He travelled to India by way of Samarkand, and remained in the courts of Delhi Sultan Mohammad Bin Tughlaq for eight years (A.D. 1334-1342). He also visited the Kaldive Islands, Sri Lanka, Summatra, Spain and Morocco. The Renaissance and After The age of the Renaissance broadened the horizons of men and led to a quest for exploration and discovery. Not everyone could sail to Cathay, but the affluent could explore France, Germany, Italy and could even go further to Egypt and the Holy land. Travel before the industrial revolution was largely a matter of pilgrimage or business. From the end of the sixteenth century, some growth in private travel is evident, initially for educational purposes and later to satisfy a new curiosity about the way people lived at other places. Coaches were made in Hungary in the fifteenth century and during the next hundred years, these became fashionable possessions of the elite and the rich in Europe. These coaches were impressive contrivances with four wheels, elaborately carved roofs and open sides, which could be closed off with curtains. In England, luxurious inns developed where a person with a well- lined purse could be led to a lavender scented chamber where he or she could dine in privacy. In the sixteenth century, it became customary to send young gentlemen on a grand tour of the Continent of the purpose of education with warnings like Scotland was ‘wild’ and France ‘enough to vex any man.’ Stage coaches were not comfortable due to bad roads. It took two days to travel a short distance from London to Brighton. Samuel Johnson took a journey to Italy in 1776. “A man who has not been to Italy is still conscious of inferiority because he has 25 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

not seen when it is expected a man should see,” he says to his friend Boswell. The grand purpose of travel is to see the Mediterranean coast... All of our philosophy, almost all of our law, almost all of our arts, and everything that elevates us beyond the barbarians has come to us from the Mediterranean shores.” This was the idea behind a grand tour of modern British milords. In 1785, Edward Gibbon was informed that forty thousand English, including masters and servants, were touring or living as residents in the Continent. Like the present day tourists, the eighteenth century tourists were also chided for “rushing through museums and art galleries following a wild goose chase under the conduct of some ignorant Tomb Shewer; overlooking things of great importance…” and were accused of seeing “monuments rather than men…ins rather than houses….routes rather than the country.” Again, something familiar to us today! Travellers entering England in the eighteenth century had to face tough customs officers who boarded ships and sometimes damaged cabins searching for contraband. On occasions, they searched beneath the ladies’ petticoats because one hoop skirt had concealed a man! Leisure in the eighteenth century became an attribute of the rich and the cultured. A man either belonged to a stratum of society where he toiled all days of the week for a living, or he belonged to a class where he could order his life as he liked. A revolutionary step in travel was taken in the first decade of the nineteenth century when John Loudon McAdam and Thomas Telford invented a road surface that replaced the dirt roads then existing in Europe. With the improvement of roads, stagecoaches became a popular mode of travel. Charles Dickens, the famous novelist, describes his journey to Italy in such a coach, which he had bought. He took with him his wife, sister-in-law, five children, three servants and a dog. “A good old shady devil of a coach,” he wrote, “was drawn by four horses, each with twenty-four jingling bells.” As was customary those days, he engaged a courier as guide, travel agent and general factotum, who saw to the beds, proposed sightseeing trips, called for the horses and paid the bills. Dickens observed, “The landlady loves him, the chambermaid blesses him, the waiter worships him.” Naturally! How true of tour escorts even today. 26 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2.3 LINKAGES OF TOURISM WITH OTHER SUBJECTS LIKE HISTORY, SOCIOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS. Tourism is a composite industry that consists of various segments that can generate a broad range of products and services, according to the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India (GOI) description. The numerous segments that make up the tourism industry in its entirety are referred to as tourism linkages or tourism GUI. All industries have become increasingly competitive in recent years, and the travel industry is no exception. As a result of this rivalry, travel agencies and tour operators have been forced to look for ways to become more competitive and profitable in this region. Since the tourism product is not an independent product rather it is a tourism product components- airline seats, hotel rooms, transportation, culture, and so on from other sectors of the economy. Essentially, travel industry, cultural and entertainment organizations. Such linkages are vital for the tourism industry to serve the diverse needs and demands of tourists. Below are the linkages in tourism and their impact on the travel industry. From all the linkages accommodation, transportation, travel agency/tour operators, entertainment organisations have occupied the pivotal role in tourism industry and other are in supportive role but are important. They are, in a sense, creating demand for travel, accommodation, food, shopping, entertainment, and other tourism-related activities. All types of lodging, including camping and caravanning, as well as all types of food and beverage facilities are included in accommodation; transportation includes airline, train, road, and sea travel; and shopping includes all types of retail purchases, including souvenirs, arts and crafts, clothes, and other products. Tourism associations provide an opportunity to solve tourism industry problems and pursue tourism business ethics; banking and insurance firms provide financial and insurance services; and tourism associations provide an opportunity to solve tourism industry problems and follow tourism business ethics. Tourism educational institutions provide/supply the appropriate type and standard of human resources to operate and manage the travel industry professionally. 27 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Since the different constituents of tourism participate in one way or another and to varying degrees in delivering a complete tourism product experience to visitors, linkages play an important role in the travel industry. The main benefits of linkages in tourism are: Development of touristic infrastructure, promotion of destination’s attractions, economies of scale, reduced costs, lower price, identify and develop untapped tourist potential, conservation and protection of heritages, improved negotiating power, socio-economic development, promotion of sectoral destination and tourism organization. The inbuilt linkages in tourism industry are as follows: 1. Accommodation industry. 2. Transport industry. 3. Travel agencies and tour operators. 4. Tourism organizations and associations. 5. Ministry of tourism. 6. Ground operators. 7. Shops and emporiums. 8. Insurance companies. 9. Food and beverage organizations. 10. Ministry of external affairs. 11. Entertainment organizations. 12. Tourism and hospitality management educational institutions. 13. Banking companies. 14. Postal and telecommunications. 15. Cruise industry. Need of effectiveness in linkages of tourism industry • The above discussed linkages form the basis of effectiveness in tourism industry and vice-versa. 28 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• During recent past, all business is becoming competitive and tourism is no exception. • Competition leads to necessity of perfection. • Clientele is much more aware than past. • Increased in the graph of disposable income and thus increase in no. of tourists. • Need to develop tourism in sustainable manner. • In the travel sector, the constituents of the tourism industry are interdependent not only in terms of their businesses, but also in terms of developing marketing strategies. • All the services provided by the linkages have a direct impact on the product of the tour operator. Significance / Importance of Linkages • All the linkages of tourism industry are not equally important but they vary according to their role in operation. • Some of the linkages such as: Transport industry, Accommodation, Ground operators, Tour operators etc. are more important and must be kept on first level in the management process. Distribution of linkages Simple way to distribute components is according to their importance and distribution structure should be follows: • Numbers of levels. • Intensity at the various levels. • Types of intermediaries at each level. Benefits of various components for the industry and in general • Development of touristic infrastructure. • Promotion of destination’s attraction. • Circulation of money. • Reduced cost. 29 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Identify and develop untapped tourist potential. • Conservation and protection of heritage. • Improved negotiating power. • Socio-economic development. • More employment opportunities. The Advent of the Steam Age Railways: Taking a holiday as such was almost invented with the railway and grew rapidly with its network. When the first railway was opened in England in 1825, John Bull complained that “the whole face of the kingdom is to be tattooed with these odious deformities.” Another journal pointed out that a steady ten miles with good English horses on good English roads was fast enough for any person, “except an escaping murder or a self- liberated felon” When a railway line was proposed from London to Woolrich a run at a speed of eighteen miles per hour, a contributor to the Quarterly Review wrote, “We should as soon expect the people of Woolrich to be fired off upon one of Congreve’s ricochet rockets as trust themselves to the mercy of such a machine going at such a rate.” The locomotive was considered the device of the Satan, which might blow up any time. In 1830, the first rail rout in Europe, between Liverpool and Manchester, was built. Almost at the same time, a rail track was laid in France linking Paris and Versailles and in Germany between Nuremberg and Furth. A little later, in 1838, a British entrepreneur took a trainload of tourists from Wadebridge to Bodmin to witness the public hanging of two murders. Since the gallows were visible from the train it, most excursionists did not have to leave the open train to see the fun. The Economic Impacts of Tourism 30 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

For a destination that wants to develop its tourism industry, tourism has enormous economic potential. Tourism can bring money into a destination in a variety of ways, including jobs, currency exchange, imports, and taxes. As seen in the World Tourism Organization data below figure 2.1, tourism numbers have risen at unprecedented rates globally in recent years. Improvements in technology, rises in disposable income, the growth of budget airlines, and customer preferences to fly faster, to new destinations, and more frequently are all contributing to this growth. Figure 2.1 the Economic Impacts of Tourism Here are some statistics regarding the tourism industry's global economic importance: The tourism industry accounts for 5% of global GDP. International tourism ranks fourth in global exports (after oils, chemicals, and automotive products) and accounts for 6-7 percent of total jobs. The tourism industry is worth $1 trillion per year. Tourism accounts for 30% of all commercial service exports worldwide. 31 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism contributes 6% of total exports. In 2018, there were 1.4 billion foreign visitors (UNWTO) Tourism is one of the top five export earners in over 150 countries. For one-third of developing countries and one-half of developed countries, tourism is the primary source of foreign exchange. Some Positive economic impacts of tourism Foreign Exchange earnings One of the most significant advantages of tourism is the opportunity to benefit from foreign exchange earnings. Tourism expenditures bring money into the local economy. The revenue generated by tourism can then be re-invested in the economy. The way a destination handles its finances varies around the world; some destinations may use this money to expand their tourism industry, while others may use it to fund public services such as education or healthcare, and some destinations are riddled with corruption, making it impossible to know where the money goes! Since some currencies are more valuable than others, some countries will target visitors from specific regions. When Mr. X visited Goa, for example, someone assisted him with his luggage at the airport. He handed them some Rupees as a small tip, only to be informed that the young man preferred a British Pound! Currencies that are strong are generally the most desirable currencies. This usually includes the British Pound, the US Dollar, the Australian, New Zealand, and Singapore Dollars, as well as the Euro. For as many as 83 percent of countries, tourism is one of the top five export groups, and for at least 38 percent of countries, tourism is a major source of foreign exchange earnings. Contribution to government revenues Tourism will help the government collect funds that can then be spent elsewhere. There are two key methods for accumulating this capital. Taxes on revenue from tourism jobs and 32 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

tourism companies, as well as departure taxes, produce direct contributions. Taxes vary a lot depending on where you go. According to the World Tourism Organization, travel and tourism contributed $2,750.7 billion to GDP in 2018. (3.2 percent of GDP). In 2019, this is expected to increase by 3.6 percent to $2,849.2 billion. Indirect contributions come from goods and services that are not specifically linked to the tourism industry but are provided to visitors. Take, for example, food. Food can be purchased at a nearby store by tourists. Since the supermarket is not specifically related to tourism, its sales would be lower if it were not for visitors who would not shop there. There's also the money that comes in from induced donations. This is the amount of money invested by people who work in the tourism industry. This may include expenses such as lodging, food, clothes, and recreational activities, among other things. All of this would help to boost economic development in the region where tourism is being built. Employment generation International tourism's rapid growth has resulted in substantial job development. Tourism provides a wide range of job opportunities, from hotel managers to theme park operators to cleaners. Tourism employs about 7% of the world's workforce. In the tourism industry, there are two types of jobs: direct and indirect. Jobs that are directly related to the tourism industry are referred to as direct employment. This may include, for example, hotel employees, restaurant employees, or taxi drivers. Jobs that are not technically in the tourism industry but are linked to it are classified as indirect employment. Take, for example, a fisherman. He has no business contacts with visitors. He does, however, sell his fish to a hotel that caters to visitors. As a result, he is indirectly employed by the tourism industry, as he would not be able to supply the hotel with fish if it were not for the visitors. It is extremely difficult to reliably calculate the economic value of tourism due to these indirect relationships. It's also difficult to tell how many people are working in the tourism sector, both directly and indirectly. Contribution to local economies 33 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

All of the funds collected, whether formally or informally, have the ability to benefit the local economy. Money can be diverted to areas that will help the local community the most if sustainable tourism can be demonstrated. There may be pro-poor tourism programmes (tourism aimed at assisting the poor) or volunteer tourism projects. Money earned by tourism workers may be spent in the local community, and money earned by the government can be reinvested in public services. The multiplier effect is what it's called. The multiplier effect is when money spent in one location generates economic benefits in another. Tourism can boost a destination's economy in ways that might seem unrelated to tourism but are actually linked somewhere in the economic system. Figure 2.2 Tourism Grows Negative Economic Impacts of Tourism Leakage When money spent on tourism does not stay in the country but instead goes elsewhere, the economic benefits of tourism to the host destination are limited. 34 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Multinational and globally owned companies, all-inclusive vacations, and enclave tourism are the main sources of economic leakage. Infrastructure Cost The cost of infrastructure is another negative economic effect of tourism. Tourism growth can be expensive for both the local government and the taxpayers. Tourism may necessitate the government's costly improvements to the airport, highways, and other infrastructure. The third runway at London Heathrow Airport, for example, is expected to cost £18.6 billion! Money invested on these areas could reduce the amount of money that the government needs to spend on other important areas like education and health. Increase in Prices The presence of tourism raises prices in the local region, which is one of the most noticeable economic impacts of tourism. Tourist demand for essential services and products also results in price increases that are passed on to local residents whose income does not rise in lockstep. Tourism development, as well as the resulting increase in real estate demand, could drive up construction costs and land prices dramatically. Gentrification is a term used to describe the process of local residents being forced to migrate away from areas where tourism is concentrated. Taking steps to ensure that tourism is handled in a sustainable manner will help to mitigate tourism's negative economic effects. Employing only locals, limiting the number of all-inclusive hotels, and promoting the purchase of local goods and services are all strategies that can benefit. 2.4 SUMMARY • After this unit now we have understood that how the tourism has developed through the different ages and different period’s tourism as we know it today is distinctly a twentieth-century phenomenon, we have studied how wit the rise in industrial revolution has given birth to the middle class and relatively inexpensive transportation. We looked at how the post-World War II emergence of the commercial airline industry, as well as the subsequent development of jet aircraft in the 1950s, signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. • As a result of this expansion, a significant new sector, tourism, has emerged. International tourism, in turn, became a source of concern for a number of world 35 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

governments because it not only created new job opportunities but also offered a source of foreign exchange. Tourism has risen in both economic and social significance in recent years. Over the last few years, the fastest growing economic field in most developed countries has been services. One of the most significant sectors of the service industry. Since researching this unit, we now have a better understanding of how tourism has evolved over time and how it can be classified on various bases. In the following units, we will look at the problems, concerns, and various distribution trends of international tourism today. 2.5 KEYWORD • Foreign exchange- Foreign exchange, is the conversion of one country's currency into another. In a free economy, a country's currency is valued according to the laws of supply and demand. • Cruise industry- The cruise industry is the fastest-growing category in the leisure travel market. • Tourism management- Tourism Management is the leading international journal for all those concerned with the management, including planning, of travel and tourism. • Leakage- Tourism leakage takes place when revenues from its economic activities are not avail- able for reinvestment 2.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Identify 3 Tourism Spot of Historical evidence in your home state and map the type of Tourist who visits these places. ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Understand the significance of these places ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 36 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Define tourism and discuss the concept of tourism. 2. Draw a table of various forms of tourism. 3. Write short note on cultural and adventure tourism. 4. What is a tourism leakage? 5. List the functions of tourism. Long Questions 1. Discuss the concept of Alternative Tourism. 2. What is tourism management 3. Explain the impact of history & modern day tourism B. Multi-Choice Questions 1. -------------- tourism is the time when an individual can do what he likes to refresh a. International Tourism b. Leisure Tourism c. Recreational Tourism d. None Of These 2. ------------ tourism is non-resident visiting a country other than their own is termed as a. Out Bound Tourism b. Domestic Tourism c. Inbound Tourism d. International Tourism 37 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. ------------- is the residents, of a country visiting country are known as a. Domestic Tourism b. Out Bound Tourism c. International Tourism d. None Of These 4. ----------------- types of tourism refers to tourist flows between countries of the new region a. Inbound Tourism b. Inter-Regional Tourism c. Intra-Regional Tourism d. None Of These 5. Travel agents sells the holding package to different ------- a. public b. government c. Tour operators 6. The source of income for Travel agent is----- a. Salary b. commission c. Wages. Answers 1 – b, 2 – c, 3 – b, 4 – c, 5-c, 6-b 2.8 REFERENCE • McIntosh et.al. (2004). Tourism Principles. USA: Prentice Hall Publication. • Mill and Morrison. (2011).Tourism System. USA: Prentice Hall Publication. • Negi, Jagmohan. (1990).Tourism and Travel Concepts and Principles. Kolkata: 38 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Gitanjali Publishing House. • Kamra, K.K. and M. Chand. (2006). Basics of Tourism: Theory operation and practice. New Delhi: Kanishka Publication. • Bhatia, A.K. (1991).International Tourism. Ludhiana, Punjab: Kalyani Publications. • Seth, P.N. (1999). Successful Tourism Management (Vol 1 &2). New Delhi: Sterling Publishers 39 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 3: TOURISM TERMS Structure 3.0 Learning Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Concept of Leisure 3.3 Concept of Recreation 3.4 Concept of Tourism 3.5 Concept of Tourist and Traveler 3.6 Concept of Visitor 3.7 Concept of Excursionist 3.8 Summary 3.9 Keywords 3.10 Learning Activity 3.11 Unit End Questions 3.12 References 3.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to: • Describe nature of terminologies used in Tourism • Identify scope of terminologies used in Tourism • Benefits of terminologies used in Tourism • Process of terminologies used in Tourism 3.1 INTRODUCTION There are several different meanings for what we call tourism. For a variety of reasons, it's important to understand exactly what we're talking about when we say \"tourism.\" The expansion of attractions and facilities necessitated ever-increasing sums of capital. The number of potential users influences whether or not to build. Is there a big enough demand for a project like this, whether it's a hotel, restaurant, or theme park? We would be better able to use the number of data to decide whether or not to construct, where to advertise, and which 40 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

destinations are growing or fading if we can agree on a shared concept of tourism, travel, and tourist. In short, we can make better business decisions if we have a thorough understanding of what we are discussing. While tourism gives rise to a number of industries, it is not a single industry. People who travel participate in tourism as a hobby. 3.2 CONCEPT OF LEISURE The term \"leisure\" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term \"frivolity.\" Leisure sports are the things you do when you have nothing else to do. To do something in a leisurely manner means to do it slowly, ploddingly, or inefficiently (Mishra 1999). However, the Oxford English Dictionary's concept of leisure, \"the right or ability to do something stated or implied,\" should serve as a reminder that leisure is vital. \"Anything stated or implied\" may refer to any action. Leisure is a fundamental of behaviour, according to this degree of generality. This was Aristotle's point of view. Aristotle, who was not prone to reckless and thoughtless hyperbole, stressed the importance of leisure on several occasions (schole). \"The first concept of all conduct, as I must reiterate, is leisure.\" (Pol., Book VII, Number 3) \"We are occupied so that we can have leisure,\" as the saying goes. 7. (Nich. Eth. Bk. X.) Leisure, according to Aristotle, is the goal of busyness, or what we now refer to as labour. Aristotle is the first and only philosopher to hold the doctrine of scholism, which I define as the belief that leisure is a fundamental human value. He did not, however, have a formal description of it. The traditional concept of leisure is \"time off work\" or \"time for play,\" which emphasises a crucial element of leisure: time. It defines the essence of the privilege or potential that is involved in leisure: leisure is time that can be used for doing something. Regrettably, describing leisure as time spent away from work is akin to defining money as a commodity that can be traded for meaningless luxuries. Such a description of money will obscure its practical applications, much as the traditional definition of leisure obscures its deeply practical applications. Krippendorf is a town in Germany (1987). To fully appreciate the value of leisure, we must understand it as time available for any activity. When you set aside an hour, a day, or a decade for a project, you're devoting an hour, a day, or a decade of your free time to it. If your project is completely frivolous or extremely serious, you will need time to complete it. Leisure is a fundamental resource that is 41 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

required for, and depleted in, the performance of any action, and thus in the pursuit or enjoyment of any value (Hudman and Hawkins 1989). So, what exactly is \"leisure\"? Devoting your leisure to a particular activity entails devoting your mental and physical resources to that activity for a specific period of time. It means devoting your whole life to that activity for that amount of time. A minute or hour spent at leisure is a minute or hour spent at work. It is your life that you spend your spare time on. Formally, leisure is a period of time in which an individual human life is measured. Informally, leisure refers to the period of your life when you are not working. Leisure has a monetary value because life has a monetary value. Leisure is simply life divided into discrete parts. Leisure serves as both a means and a goal. We spend a certain amount of leisure to obtain some values; we spend a certain amount of leisure to obtain them. Leisure is the culmination of certain other values; we derive a certain amount of leisure from them, i.e., they sustain our lives for a time. Labor serves as a conduit for other ideals, which in turn serve as conduits for leisure. We may conclude with Aristotle that we work in order to have leisure if we exclude the \"other principles\" from this pattern. We may therefore numerically equate the means we spend to the end we reap since we consider labour as simply a use of the quantitatively definite value of leisure. Since 1950 the concept of leisure has undergone considerable change. The rapid development of technology, transportation, mobility and communications has increased considerably the satisfaction of the lower echelon needs (except in our poverty areas) as described by Maslow (physical, safety, belonging and love, and esteem needs). This affluence has brought greater attention to the humanization of the industrial and technological world in which we live. This is very evident in the present philosophy of our youth. Greater attention now centers around Maslow's fifth basic need— self-actualization. People are neophylic animals. Once their lower needs are met, they seek experiences to challenge their abilities and test their adaptability. The phenomenal economic growth since 1955, coupled with our political freedom and our vast opportunities for choice of life styles, have provided the setting for the development of the modern concept of leisure (Sapora 1975). 42 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

In the modern concept of leisure, the work-leisure (play-work) dichotomy no longer exists. Leisure is not time, but a state of being in which the individual has the resources, the opportunity and the capacity to do those things that contribute most to self-actualization and to the recognition of one's responsibilities and relationships to one's fellow man. Many people find leisure expression in work or in functional, goal-directed activities often looked upon in our early history as work, while others now work at what was actually play. \"We strived first to be saved by technology, now we strive to be saved from it.\" Thus one does not necessarily have to be playing badminton or bridge to be at leisure; one can be in a leisure state while engaging in a stimulating and refreshing challenge provided by work, and likewise it can be said that one can be in a laborious state of work while engaging in a game of bridge! The work leisure dichotomy then, has distorted the real meaning of both work and leisure in our society. It has in fact demeaned the value of work, set it off as something to be somehow tolerated, minimizing its dignity and its potential value and role in self- actualization and satisfaction. Likewise, people learned to believe that one had to be \"doing some identifiable activity\" like sport, music, drama, art, or some similar organized behaviour to be in a leisure state (Urry 1990). Many substitute activities have been invented (many poorly designed playgrounds are examples of these) to herd people into somewhat strange and often undesirable situations. We have tended to box in personal expression and self-actualization in separate packages—into compartments—just as we have our educational system, religion and other social interactions. Actually, leisure state satisfaction is an intimate, intrinsic, and unique occurrence; one must discover for oneself in what circumstances these states of mind occur. And society has a responsibility to provide an effective leisure education programme and a diverse range of opportunities for individuals to achieve these articulate conditions (Watson & Kopachevsky 1994). Providing worthwhile recreational facilities for the masses is a challenge unlike any other in history. We face more complex conditions today and in the future than previous civilizations, but we also have more tools, such as communication networks, computers, and technology, than ever before to cope with the socio-economic variables that influence our leisure use. Our 43 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

understanding of this behaviour and what we can predict for the future will be critical in determining the number, form, place, and character of leisure options and opportunities. Leisure behaviour research, until a relatively few years ago, has been somewhat limited. Our concepts of leisure have been far too narrow. Between 1890 and 1930, those providing leisure services were kept busy planning organized, structured activities that were intended to meet critical social needs. More information is needed about what happens to people as a result of various leisure as well as work experiences. Recently a significant amount of research related to leisure behaviour, and the resources and the environment most closely related to this behaviour, has been completed by practitioners and researchers in the field of recreation and park administration and by individuals in several related disciplines. This research provides us with helpful information to clarify objectives and to formulate basic concepts of leisure. 3.3 CONCEPT OF RECREATION Another meaning of leisure is that it is synonymous with recreation; it is just a question of semantics. So why concern ourselves with possible distractions between the two concepts? The first thing to say is that we have these two words in the English language, they have different roots and, historically, they have been interpreted differently. Second the answer’ they are whatever we think they are.’ is hardly an explanation. Academics and practitioners need scholarship and understanding in order to act professionally. Leisure conjures up images of sloth, idleness, and decadence in historical terms, and still even in many cultures. The Victorian adage about the devil creating jobs for the idle hand still holds true today. There were, however, several exceptions to the law. Horatio Smith (1831), a forerunner of his time, promoted leisure for the benefit of a \"healthy mind and a strong country.\" None but a porous blockhead or solemn prig will pretend that he never relaxes, never indulges in pass time, never wastes his breath in idle wiggery and merriment…. Occasional playfulness indeed, seems to be natural to all strong minds……. The more trivial our recreations, the more accurately will they often reveal the qualities of the mind, as the lightest feather we can toss up will best determine the direction of the mind. If this is true of an individual, it will be equally applicable to a nation whose familiar and domestic charter we may much better ascertain from their sports, pastimes and amusements, than from those more 44 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

prominent and important features to which historians have usually restricted themselves in their delineations. ‘Recreation, like leisure, is not an easy term to recognise and comprehend. Hundreds of authors have attempted to do so, and the literature is brimming with ideas, as described in the Definitions and Basics concepts of leisure, recreation, and play (Edginton etal., 2003). They don't fit into any neat or rational categories, and most of the ideas overlap and seem to exaggerate the importance of morals and \"wholesomeness.\" The confusion is well illustrated in an editorial in Parks and Recreation (Gray and Greben, 1979) which listed approximately 200 words or phrases describing how ‘recreation’ was perceived by different people! The word ‘recreation’ stems from Latin recreation, restoration to health. As a result, the traditional definition of leisure has been as an activity that prepares people for work, which has obvious limitations. While some meanings include restoration, the majority concentrate on leisure as a mode of operation. Although confirming the activity approach, another adds the condition of social acceptance to it. The majority of people think the practise is non- biased. The most understandable definition, and the one most acceptable to providers to leisure of leisure services, is that recreation is activities in which people participate during their leisure time; however not just any activity will do. Recreation needs to provide satisfaction in some way. Typical activity definitions are provided by New Meyer, Kraus and Bates, Butter, Jensen and Godbey and Parker. Recreation is described as \"any activity undertaken during leisure, whether individual or collective, that is free and pleasurable, has its own immediate appeal, and is not impelled by a delayed reward beyond itself,\" according to the Dictionary of Sociology. Kraus (2001) sees recreation as ‘a fusion between play and leisure.’ New Meyer and New Meyer (1958) suggest that recreation involves ‘any activity pursued during leisure, either individual or collection, that is free and pleasureful, having its own immediate appeal, not impelled by a delayed reward beyond itself or by an immediate necessity.’ 45 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Kraus and Bates (1957) add experiencing to the activity. Recreation consists of activities or experiences which are carried on voluntarily in leisure time. They are chosen by the participants, either for pleasure or to satisfy certain personal needs. When provided as part of organization community programs, recreation must be designed to achieve constructive goals. Both Butter and James follow similar themes. ‘Any kind of leisure time experience or behaviour in which a person participates voluntarily because of the pleasure and satisfaction it brings directly to him is referred to as recreation.' Butler (Butler, 1976). ‘Recreation is an act or experience chosen by an individual in his leisure time to fulfil a personal desire or want, primarily for his own satisfaction.' (1977, Jensen). 3.4 CONCEPT OF TOURISM The word \"tourism\" is relatively new. To put it another way, it is of recent vintage. It can be distinguished from previous forms of travel by its mass nature. Many authors and academics have given their own interpretations and meanings of the word tourism. Let's look at some concepts to get a better understanding of tourism. Infrastructure construction is supported by tourism. Any location will require all of the required infrastructure, such as good connectivity via rail, road, and air transport, adequate accommodation, restaurants, a well-developed telecommunication network, and medical facilities, among other things, in order to become an important commercial or leisure destination. People who fly to other countries spend a lot of money on things like lodging, transportation, sightseeing, shopping, and so on. As a result, an inbound tourist is a valuable source of foreign currency for any nation. \"The sum total of operators, primarily of an economic nature, which directly relate to the entry, stay, and movement of foreigners within and outside a certain country city or area,\" says Hermann V. Schullard, a great Austrian economist. One of the earliest descriptions of tourism is found here. In the year 1910, he gave this description. \"Tourism is the entirety of the relationship and phenomenon resulting from the travel and stay of strangers, provided the stay does not entail the establishment of a permanent residence and is not connected with a remunerated operation,\" wrote Swiss Professor and Austrian economist Hunziker and Krapf in 1942. 46 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

\"The International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism later adopted the above concept of Swiss Professors Hunziker and Krapf\" (IASET). The IASET concept highlights the following three tourism district elements: (i)Non-residents' participation in travel. (ii) A short-term stay in the area visited. (iii) Stay away from any operation that involves money. According to Hunziker (1951), \"Social tourism is a type of tourism practiced by low income groups, and which is rendered possible and facilitated by entirely separate and, therefore, easily recognizable services.\" He proposed this definition during the Second Congress of Social Tourism held at Vienna and Salzburg in Austria in May 1959. According to Bhatia (1991), \"Tourism does not exist alone. It consists of certain components, three of which may be considered as basic. These three basic components of tourism are: Transport, locale and Accommodation.\" In the words of Robinson (1979), the attractions of tourism are, to a very large extent, geographical in their character, Location and accessibility are important. Tourism is, therefore, a composite phenomenon which embraces the incidence of a mobile population of travellers who are strangers to the places they visit (Jayapalan 2001). Tourism is a socio-economic phenomenon comprised of the activities and experiences of tourists and visitors away from their home environment, serviced by the travel and tourism industry and host destinations. The sum total of this activity, experience and services can be seen as the tourism product. Understanding the interrelationships between several parts of the system enables all tourism stakeholders to improve planning and management effectiveness and enhance the likelihood of success. Essentially, the tourism system can be described in terms of supply and demand. Tourism planning should strive for a balance between demand (market) and supply (development). This requires an understanding not only of market characteristics and trends but also the planning process to meet these market needs. Furthermore, the context of the supply and demand sides needs to be carefully monitored and managed, e.g. ecological, political, social, 47 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

cultural and other factors in the external and internal environments of the visitor demand and destination supply components must be carefully considered. The demand side is often characterised as tourists from core generating markets; the supply side includes all services, programmes, attractions, and land uses planned and managed for the visitors. Private industry, non-profit organisations, and/or governments may have influence over these supply-side factors. To ensure the long-term growth and management of tourism-related capital, new and creative types of collaborations are emerging. Flows of resources such as money, manpower, commodities, and tourist expenses into the destination, as well as flows of marketing, promotion, tourist artefacts, and experiences from the destination back into the tourist producing regions, can be seen as connecting the supply and demand sides. Furthermore, some tourist expenses may leak back into visitor-generating areas as a result of international tourism investors repatriating profits and paying for imported goods and services provided to tourists at the destination. Transportation is important for getting to and from the destination. For planning purposes, the major components that comprise the supply side are: • Various modes of transportation and other tourism-related infrastructure. • Tourist information. • Marketing and promotion provided. • The community or communities within the visitor destination area. • The political and institutional frameworks for enabling tourism. The dynamic nature of tourism systems makes it critical to scan the external and internal environments of the destination on a regular basis and to be prepared to make changes necessary to ensure a healthy and viable tourism industry. Because of the many variables and sectors involved in providing a tourist experience as well as generating tourism revenues and markets, the tourism system is dynamic and complex. This scheme involves a wide number of stakeholders. The interdependence of these stakeholders is being increasingly recognised as critical for long-term pro-poor tourism. Tourism growth can no longer be conducted in isolation from the environment and local communities, nor can it be conducted without regard for the social and cultural implications of tourism. 48 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3.5 CONCEPT OF TOURIST AND TRAVELERS 1. League of Nations: It is widely accepted that current conceptions of a tourist are inadequate. A \"international tourist\" is described as \"any person visiting a country other than that in which he usually resides for a duration of at least 24 hours,\" according to the League of Nations in 1937. Tourists include the following individuals: People travelling for recreation, family reasons, health reasons, etc. ; people travelling for meetings or in a representative capacity of any kind (scientific, administrative, diplomatic, religious, athletic, etc. ); people travelling for meetings or in a representative capacity of any kind (scientific, administrative, diplomatic, religious, athletic, etc. ); people travelling for meetings or in a representative capacity of any kind; persons travelling for business; passengers arriving on a cruise ship, even if their stay is less than 24 hours (the latter should be regarded as a separate group, disregarding if necessary their usual place of residence). The following people are not considered tourists: persons arriving to take up an occupation or engage in some commercial operation within that country, whether or not they have a contract of employment; other persons arriving to create a residence in that country; students and other persons in boarding establishments or schools; Travelers travelling through a world without waiting, even though the trip takes more than 24 hours; citizens in a foreign zone and individuals domiciled in one country while employed in another. The term \"international tourist\" was widely described as anyone who stayed in the country for more than 24 hours. Those on a cruise were given an exception. The reasons for travelling, in order to be counted as a tourist, were very varied. Whether arriving for business or leisure, people were referred to as \"tourists\" as long as they were not looking for work or were not students. 2. IUOTO: The International Union of Official Travel Organizations (IUOTO), later known as World Tourism Organizations, proposed two amendments to the above description in 1950. Students and young people in boarding establishments or schools should be considered visitors, according to the organisation. It was also proposed that excursionists and transit 49 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

passengers be excluded from the definition of visitors. The IUOTO claimed that the word \"excursionist\" should be applied to someone who travels for pleasure in a country where he or she does not usually reside for less than 24 hours as long as the individual is not working. A \"transit traveller\" can spend more than 24 hours in the country. According to the IUOTO, this word applied to \"any person travelling a country for more than 24 hours without stopping, or a person travelling a country for less than 24 hours, given that the stops are of short duration and for purposes other than tourism.\" 3. United Nation’s Rome Conference: The United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism in Rome in 1963 proposed that the word \"visitor\" be described as any person who travels to a country other than his or her own for any reason other than receiving payment from the country being visited. Visits may be for a variety of reasons, according to conference participants: (1) Leisure, recreation, holiday, sport, health, research, religion; (2) Company, family, friends, mission, meeting. Figure 3.1 Travel and Tourism 50 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)