CU-BBA-SEM-III-Basics of Tourism- Second Draft-converted

4. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs issued guidelines in 1978, which included a description of the word \"foreign tourist.\" The agency described foreign visitors as those who came to a given country from another country (what we would call inbound tourists) and those who went to another country on visits (outbound tourists). It stated that a person could spend up to one year in a country while still being considered a tourist. Figure 3.2 – Classification of Travelers On a national level, most countries recognise the United Nations' concept of tourists. Figure 3.2 depicts the classification of travellers used by the World Tourism Organizations. In a nutshell, a foreign tourist is someone who spends at least one night in a country other than his or her own, but not more than one year. Tourists may visit for a variety of reasons, but they are not paid by the country they are visiting. An excursionist is anyone who meets the above requirements but does not stay overnight. Domestic Tourist: - The World Tourism Organization has also proposed a concept for \"domestic tourist\" based on length of stay: Any person residing in a country, regardless of nationality, who travels to a place within that country other than his usual residence for a period of not less than 24 hours or one night for a reason other than the exercise of a remunerated activity in the place visited. (1) Leisure (recreation, vacations, fitness, studies, faith, sports) may be one of the reasons for 51 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

such travel. (2) Work, family, mission, and meeting. Someone who fits the above definition but does not stay overnight is referred to as a domestic excursionist. The National Tourism Resources Review Commission (NTRC) is a federal agency tasked with the seminal report of tourism in the United States was conducted in 1973 by the National Tourism Resources Review Commission. The commission suggested that a domestic tourist was someone who travelled at least 50 miles one direction from home. Other than commuting to work, the travel may be for any purpose. A tourist, according to the Canadian government, is someone who travels at least 25 miles outside of their hometown. Definitions of Tourism: Because of the scope and value of tourism around the world, it is essential to describe it in order to comprehend it better. Tourism is described as the aggregate of all relationships arising from interactions between visitors, companies, tourist governments, and host governments and communities. H. Robinson (1976) described a tourist as a person traveling for more than a day to any place other than where he normally lives. Sir George Young (1973) utilizes a broader definition, saying that a tourist is someone who travels away from home. Professor W. Hunziker of Switzerland defined tourism in 1942 as “the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity.” In (1975), the department of Hotel, Catering and Tourism Management at the University of Surrey in England, adopted a broader view; “Tourism denotes the temporary, short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at these destinations. Much of this movement is international in character and much of it is a leisure activity” (Hudman & Hawkins, 1989) A.J. Burkart and S. Medlik (1981) suggest both the journey and stay, outside the normal place of residence and work, if it is temporary, can be defined as tourism. 52 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The fact that there are so many different meanings of tourism demonstrates how complicated this topic is. The League of Nations recognised the value of tourism data collection in 1937. It was proposed that tourists be described as people who travel for a duration of twenty-four hours or more in a country other than their home country. Tourists, according to the League of Nations committee tasked with the mission, are those who travel for fun, fitness, or domestic reasons. those going to international meetings; those going on business; and those arriving in a country through a sea cruise, regardless of the duration of stay, which was sometimes less than twenty-four hours. Those who enter a country to live, stay, or attend school are not considered visitors. People who live near borders and work in neighbouring countries, as well as travellers passing through without waiting, are not considered visitors. This was revised in 1963 at a United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism in Rome: The word \"visitor\" refers to someone who travels to another country for some purpose other than to pursue an occupation mentioned in that country. Two types of visitors were separated. 1. Tourists are tourists who stay in a country for more than twenty-four hours and are travelling for one of the following reasons: leisure, entertainment, holiday, sport, health, research, religion, company, family, friends, mission, meetings. 2. Excursionists are travellers who stay for less than twenty-four hours in the country they are visiting, such as cruise passengers. This distinction between the two types of visitors is significant since excursionists need more preparation in terms of transportation and shopping facilities than day visitors. Travel is another concept that is commonly used. The terms travel and tourism are often used interchangeably, though some authors have attempted to distinguish the two. Unhappy with both words, Douglas Frechtling, former Director of the United States Travel Data Centre, devised a meaning for the term \"traveller\" as anyone who travels at least one hundred miles from home and returns. 53 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

For government agencies, the word tourism has become more common. Many states in the United States, Canadian provinces and territories, and other countries use the word \"tourism\" in their agency names. The British Tourist Authority, the United States Travel and Tourism Administration, the Tourism Industry Association of Canada, and the World Tourism Organization are only a few examples (WTO). The term \"tourist\" is typically associated with a leisure trip, while \"traveller\" usually has a wider definition that encompasses both leisure and business trips. At the national or international level, all meanings have three common elements. They are: (1) movement between two or more places (origin and destination); (2) purpose; and (3) time (temporary). Most organizations have established a minimum mileage between two places to qualify as tourism. Certain types of trips are not included in the definitions of the word tourist. Travel as part of an operation crew on public transportation, such as an aeroplane or train, the commute to work, and student travel to and from school are all excluded by the US Travel Data Centre. Migrant workers and other temporary workers, students, and refugees are generally excluded from most metrics and definitions. The time factor, which refers to how long a visitor spends in a given location, is divided into two categories: less than twenty-four hours and more than twenty-four hours. The basic concept is that tourists or travellers will return to their original residence having visited an area for the purposes defined as a trip. 3.6 CONCEPT OF VISITOR Both types of tourists are referred to as \"visitors\" – a phrase that serves as the foundation for the entire system of tourism statistics. A ‘Visitor' is described as a person who travels to a country other than his usual residence but outside his usual environment for a duration of not more than twelve months and whose primary purpose of visit is not to engage in remunerated activity within the destination country. The term ‘visitors' is divided into two categories: i) Same-day visitors: Visitors who do not spend the night in a collective or private accommodation in the country visited. ii) Tourists: Visitors who stay for at least one night in a collective or private 54 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

accommodation in the country visited. 3.7 CONCEPT OF EXCURSIONIST Tourists may visit for a variety of reasons, but they are not paid by the country they are visiting. An excursionist is anyone who meets the above requirements but does not stay overnight. Excursionists are travellers who stay for less than twenty-four hours in the country they are visiting, such as cruise passengers. This distinction between the two types of visitors is significant since excursionists need more preparation in terms of transportation and shopping facilities than day visitors. Travel is another concept that is commonly used. The terms travel and tourism are often used interchangeably, though some authors have attempted to distinguish the two. Unhappy with both words, Douglas Frechtling, former Director of the United States Travel Data Centre, devised a meaning for the term \"traveller\" as anyone who travels at least one hundred miles from home and returns. For government agencies, the word tourism has become more common. Many states in the United States, Canadian provinces and territories, and other countries use the word \"tourism\" in their agency names. The British Tourist Authority, the United States Travel and Tourism Administration, the Tourism Industry Association of Canada, and the World Tourism Organization are only a few examples (WTO). The term \"tourist\" is typically associated with a leisure trip, while \"traveller\" usually has a wider definition that encompasses both leisure and business trips. 3.8 SUMMARY • After completing this unit, we have a better understanding of how tourism has evolved over time and why tourism as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth- century phenomenon. We have also looked at how the advent of the industrial revolution has given birth to the middle class and relatively affordable transportation. We looked at how the post-World War II emergence of the commercial airline industry, as well as the subsequent development of jet aircraft in the 1950s, signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. As a result of this expansion, a big new industry, tourism, arose. International tourism, in turn, became a source of concern for a number of world governments because it not only created new job opportunities but also offered a source of foreign exchange. Tourism has risen in both 55 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

economic and social significance in recent years. Over the last few years, the fastest growing economic field in most developed countries has been services. • One of the most significant sectors of the service industry. Since researching this unit, we now have a better understanding of how tourism has evolved over time and how it can be classified on various bases. In the following units, we will look at the problems, concerns, and various distribution trends of international tourism today. 3.9 KEYWORDS • Tourism infrastructure- the underlying framework of facilities and systems that are required to support a tourism industry. • World Tourism Organisation- an international organisation that is concerned with the economic, social and cultural impact of tourism throughout the world. • Leisure Tourism- Major intension of Tourism is leisure and pleasure • IUOTO : The International Union of Official Travel Organizations • NTRC- National Tourism Resources Review Commission 3.10 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Study the above definitions of tourism and prepare a table of difference. ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Visit a nearby tourist attraction in your vicinity and prepare a classification of visitors after interviewing them. ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3.11 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Define Leisure as an element of time, activity and an all-embracing holistic concept. 56 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2. What is the difference between Leisure and Recreation? 3. How are Leisure, Recreation and Tourism interrelated? 4. “Recreation, Leisure and Tourism are interrelated and interdependent” Elaborate 5. What is the significance of study of leisure as activity, time and function by the policy makers and tourism service providers? Long Questions 1. What are the various classifications of travellers? 2. What is the difference between ‘visitor’, ‘traveller’ and ‘tourist’? 3. What is the relationship between ‘Leisure’, ‘Recreation’ and ‘Tourism’? 4. How we can divide the conceptual framework of tourism? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The main purpose of travel and tourism can be a. Business b. Pleasure c. Pilgrimage d. All of these 2. Eco-Tourism is also known as a. Volunteer tourism b. Responsible tourism c. Ethnic tourism d. Pilgrimage tourism 3. A travel agency may either be one of a ----- of retail outlets or a ----- operation 57 a. Chain & single b. Single & Chain CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. Group & chain d. Chain & Group 4. Due to --------- number of visitors in tourism industry is increasing a. Industrialization b. Globalization c. Covid d. Liberalization 5. -----------------type of tourism refers to tourist flow from one region to another country a. intra-regional tourism b. internal tourism c. outbound tourism d. inter-regional tourism 6. ---------------- tourism requires directs contact with the hosts a. rural tourism b. ethnic tourism c. environmental tourism d. None of these 7. Visitors staying at least 24 hours in the country is called--------------- a. visitors b. excursionist c. tourist d. None of these 8. ------------------- approach is, to study about tourism product, how it is produced, marketed and consumption a. economic approach 58 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

b. historical approach c. product approach d. None of these 9. ---------------- approach aims to study about the demand and supply in a market a. economic b. managerial c. product d. None of these 10. A person who changes his location is known as a. visitor b. tourist c. traveller d. None of these Answers 1 – d, 2 – b, 3- a, 4-b, 5-d, 6- b, 7-c, 8-c, 9-a, 10-c 3.12 REFERENCES • McIntosh et.al. (2004). Tourism Principles. USA: Prentice Hall Publication. • Mill and Morrison. (2011).Tourism System. USA: Prentice Hall Publication. • Negi, Jagmohan. (1990).Tourism and Travel Concepts and Principles. Kolkata: Gitanjali Publishing House. • Kamra, K.K. and M. Chand. (2006). Basics of Tourism: Theory operation and practice. New Delhi: Kanishka Publication. • Bhatia, A.K. (1991).International Tourism. Ludhiana, Punjab: Kalyani Publications. • Seth, P.N. (1999). Successful Tourism Management (Vol 1 &2). New Delhi: Sterling Publishers 59 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 4: TYPES OF TOURISM Structure 4.0 Learning Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Classification of Tourism and Tourist 4.3 Meaning 4.4 Definitions and characteristics 4.5 Summary 4.6 Key Words 4.7 Learning Activity 4.8 Unit End Questions 4.9 References 4.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to: • Describe nature of the types of tourism • Identify scope and the types of tourism • Benefits of types of tourism • Process involved in different types of tourism 4.1 INTRODUCTION Something has surely happened in the world of tourism recently. There are opinions stating that the era of traditional package holidays or “mass tourism” has come to an end. The newer tourism forms can be seen as representing totally new concepts and approaches for modern tourism practices. This unit has the purpose of understanding types of tourism & what ‘Alternative Tourism’ is. To understand this concept we should explore what tourism is and begin classifying in some way the diverse types of tourism. The diverse tourism types are 60 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

created from the experiences that tourists want to experience; such are the cases of the nature tourism, cultural tourism, and adventure tourism. Each type of tourism is a way to give a denomination to a new market niche for a different experience. Such is the case of the two big types of tourism: (1) Mass Tourism, and (2) Alternative Tourism. 4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF TOURISM AND TOURIST According to the intention of travel, tourism can be divided into six distinct categories. 1. Recreational: Recreational or leisure tourism takes a person away from the humdrum of everyday life. In this case, people spend their leisure time at the hills, sea beaches, etc. 2. Cultural: Cultural tourism satisfies cultural and intellectual interest and includes trips to historical and religious sites, among other things. 3. Sports/ Adventure: This category includes trips taken by people who want to go golfing, skiing in the mountains, or hiking. 4. Health: People in this group travel for medical care or to visit places with curative properties, such as hot springs, spas, yoga, and so on. 5. Convention Tourism: It is becoming a more and more significant part of travel. People travel domestically and internationally to attend conventions related to their industry, career, or hobby. 6. Incentive Tourism: Major corporations include holiday travel as rewards to distributors and salespeople who meet sales goals. This is a relatively new and rapidly growing tourism trend. Both are in place of monetary rewards or presents. Incentive tourism is now a $3 billion industry in the United States alone. 4.3 MEANING Tourism is an economic product meeting the demand of the human beings and as such its market is created according to fluctuation of supply and demand. The majority of the demand of tourism enumerate the motives which can prompt a person to make a journey for tourist region. These motives are varied and do exercise a decisive influence on the destination of 61 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

the journey. Thus, the diversity of touristic motivations generates the various types of tourism. The types of tourism can be categorized under the various heading. On the Basic of Origin and Destiny: Tourism is not limited within the boundaries of a nation. Tourists may travel to a foreign country or within their own borders. The following types of tourism are found in the tourist flow patterns within a national boundary • Inbound Tourism: In this category are included the tourists received by a certain country from other countries, the latter being the origin country of the tourist: • Outbound Tourism: There are many persons of a country who go abroad. Outgoing tourism comprises of tourists normally residing in the country and going abroad. • Domestic Tourism: The national inhabitants of a country travel occasionally to other places within their national territories. The movement of tourist within the country of nationality is known as domestic tourism. On The Basis Of Movement Pattern: The tourists stay in a place for a long time or they travel continuously and spend little time in various tourist places. On the basis of how the tourists spend their time, the following distinctions can be made. • Residential Tourism: Residential tourism comprises of those tourists who have a holiday period of over on month and spend it in one specific tourist place. These tourists choose the quieter and peaceful places with a mild climate. Residential tourism usually takes place in the peak season i.e. the highest point of the total demand. • Seasonal Tourism: Seasonal tourism comprises of those tourists who have a holiday period of not more than one month. These tourists also remain in one specific place for not more than month. The main point of difference in the residential and seasonal tourism is the time factor. • Roving Tourism: There are certain categories of tourists who travel throughout their holiday period. They travel from places to places and never spend more than 5 nights anywhere. They are continuously on the move. Their purpose of travel is different from those of residential and seasonal tourists. They are most wide spread in spring and autumn. 62 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

On the Basis of Seasonal Character of Tourism: There are various factors influencing the mass tourists flows during a particular season. Some of the incentives for travel for a sporting nature depend on natural conditions and the seasons- hunting, fishing, winter sports etc. There are also religious festivals fairs, art and music, festivals, trade fairs exhibitions which attract the tourists during a particular season. The following types of tourism belong to this category. • Winter Tourism: In most of the European countries, this tourism takes place in the month of December to March. Winter tourism have two prime incentive-the search for snow and search for sunshine. • Summer Tourism: Summer tourism take place during the summer months. The main incentives for this type of tourism are sun-shine and bathing, preferably in the sea. In the European countries, it is a very varied type of mass tourism. It has low average quality than that of other seasons. • Circumstantial Tourism: It is a localised tourism as it is attracted by traditional festivals of a religious artistic, sportive, folklorist nature. On the Basis of the Incentives: There are various incentives which generate the tourist flow patterns. Therefore, tourism may be classified as follows: • Recreational Tourism: Tourists who wish to devote their holidays to rest, to recuperate their physical and psychic and who wish to refresh themselves when tired are included in the categories of recreational tourism. There’s is the longest stay in tourist resorts which generate relaxation to them - by the sea, in the hills, in the rest centres which ensure for them the sought after comfort. Their main preference is the climatic resorts. The tourists having intellectual incentives want to see new things, know new people, their history, art and local customs and their natural surroundings are also included recreational tourism. • Pleasure Tourism or Leisure Tourism: It includes those tourists who leave on holiday for a change of climate out of curiosity, to relax, to see something new, enjoy good scenery, unfamiliar folk lore, the quiet and noisy modern tourist centres. Some tourist of this category find pleasure in traveling from the fact of constantly changing places and surroundings. The constant expansion of industrialization and automation, the anonymity and hectic pace of life, and the growing lack of leisure in a frequently irksome routine job lead men today to look to 63 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

leisure activities and travel as escape from the pressures and strains they are subjected to. These tourists look for peace and quietness in their surroundings. • Sporting Tourism: Like sport itself, tourism is a mass phenomenon of this century. Like sports too, it is only natural in its potential neither good nor evil in essence and can be positive in its effects only if it is subjected to wise planning and guidance. This tourism is motivated by the wish to practice sports. Water and winter sports, hunting and fishing are in good demand. In this case there are big sports football, hockey, boxing championship etc. which attract the country not only the sportsmen concerned, but also thousands of followers and other interested people. There are also sporting tourism of the devotees. There are winter sports, natural, mountain climbing, trekking, hiking, sailing, golf, hunting, fishing, sports, canoeing, water skiing, skating, under sea fishing, dancing, beach games, mini-golf, hydro- cycling, and the various indoor amusements which offer fun and diversion. Countries which are well placed to develop sports have a good scope for tourist flow. They can get good benefits from the sporting tourism. For the elite sportsmen, tourism in one of the strongest motivating forces. “Citius, Altuis, Vor Tius” is all very well, but more enjoyable in Tokyo than in Birmingham or Belgrade. The thought that a high performance will qualify one for world travel is perhaps the major motivation for the top flight athlete. India is place for existing sports. Polo is played at the important clubs in the principal cities of India. Skiing in Himalayas, golf courses, yacht clubs, trekking, sun bathing water sports are some of the specialties in the field of sports. • Business or Technical Tourism: According to some theoreticians, sociologists and economists a business journey cannot be regarded as tourist journey because it lacks the voluntary element’. According to them, business journeys are professional journeys and do not leave to the person concerned either the choice of designation or time of his journey and thus the fundamental idea of liberty of the individual in tourism is absent. On the other side, all the definition of tourism includes business journeys under tourism. Business tourism implies not only the professional journey of industrialist but also all other journeys to fairs and exhibitions or of technical achievements which awaken or rather generate interest among people who have nothing in common with the profession in question. The inclusion of business journey into tourism is also due to the fact that businessmen behave not only as consumers but often during their free time, as real tourists by profiting from the attractions offered by the country. 64 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 4.1 – Types of Tourism On the Basis of The Socio-Economic Aspects of Demand: Tourism can again be classified on the basis of the economic aspect of demand: - • Self-financing Tourism: it includes the tourists who finance their own tour to satisfy demand. All the incoming, outgoing and domestic tourism belong to this category. Self- financing tourism is profitable both for the private tourist enterprise and for the national economy. • Juvenile Tourism: This classification of tourism is based on the informative and educative objective of tourists. • Social Tourism: Social tourism is found in sector of the population whose income level does not permit to meet their demands. Social tourism is made feasible with the help of and 65 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

through all sorts of facilities provided by the state and by some of the private enterprises. It is observed that the benefit of social tourism goes to the national population as most of the tourism to this category belong to domestic tourism and very few to outgoing tourism. According to Range: Tourism may also be classified according to its ranges:- • Domestic Tourism: In this case people travel outside their normal domicile to other areas within the country. People find it easy to travel domestically because there are no language, currency and documentation barrier. • International Tourism: It is a kind of tourism wherein people travel to a country other than in which they normally live and which forms separate national unit within its own political and economic system. Due to the different currencies internal tourism has repercussions on the balance of payments as each country has to balance its transactions with the rest of the world. There are also obstacles put by the authorities for crossing the national frontiers, with the result, there is need for documentation – passports visa and other conditions of entry and movement. This all regulates the flow of the tourists. Now a days, due to the improvement in the language skills, currency and customs and the growing free movement of people between developing countries, the distinction between domestic and international tourism is diminishing. On the Basis of Purpose of Visit: Tourism can also be classified on the basis of purpose of visit of the tourists:- • Holiday Tourism: There is a now a significant demand recorded by the tourist industry for active holidays, both national and international. In some pursuits i.e. climbing and skiing, the element of risk is uppermost. Old resorts based their attractions on holidays and sports. In holiday camps, a great majority of people showed a desire for a physical recreation and there was strong correlation between good behaviour and sports participation. It is seen that optional vacation planning improved attitudes towards physical activities, both during holiday and on returning home. People have a great interest in hobbies holidays. Family walks and common cacation, as well as camping and many of the family tourist recreations are valuable. • Business Tourism: Business Tourism are professional journeys. • Common Interest Tourism: It includes tourists with other specific purposes for their journeys and some-times sub-divided further into: 66 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

o Visit to friends and relatives. o Study tourism, Religious tourism and Miscellaneous purpose tourism. On the Basis of Sociological Aspects: Some other terms have been often applied more or less discriminately to tourism, in particular, mass, popular and social tourism, to which it is desirable to attach more precious meaning at the outset. • Mass Tourism: When large numbers of people participate in tourism, it is called as mass tourism. It is essentially a quantitative motive and is based on the proportion of population participating in tourism or on the volume of tourist activity. • Popular Tourism: It is qualitative motion and by its nature it may give rise to mass tourism. It denotes activities meeting with a wide acceptance by people, because of their attractiveness and availability. The acceptance by people may be as it meets their needs or tastes and is availabil9ity at a low price. • Social Tourism: Social tourism is the type of tourism produced by those who could not be able to meet the cost without social interventions i.e. without the assistance of an association to which the individual belongs, or by the states. 4.4 DEFNITION AND CHARACTERISTICS A foreign tourist was described by the League of Nations in 1936 as \"someone travelling abroad for at least twenty-four hours.\" The United Nations, which succeeded it, changed this definition in 1945, adding a six-month maximum stay. \"The amount of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non- residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity,\" Hunziker and Kraft described tourism in 1941. The Tourism Society of England described tourism in 1976 as follows: \"Tourism refers to people's temporary, short-term movements to destinations other than where they usually live and work, as well as their activities while there. It encompasses all types of movements.\" The International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism described tourism in 1981 as a set of activities that are chosen and carried out outside of one's home. In its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics from 1994, the United Nations defined three types of tourism: 67 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Domestic tourism refers to travel within a country by citizens of that country. • Non-residents travelling in a given country is known as inbound tourism. • Outbound tourism refers to residents visiting another country. Other sub-categories of the above-mentioned classification include: • National tourism is a mix of domestic and international travel. • Regional tourism is a mix of domestic and international travel. • International tourism is made up of both inbound and outbound travel. The terms tourism and travel are often used interchangeably. In this context, travel is similar to tourism, but it refers to a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are often used disparagingly, suggesting a lack of interest in the cultures or destinations visited. Traveller, on the other hand, is often used as a distinguishing mark. Tourism sociology has looked at the cultural concepts that underpin these distinctions, as well as their implications for class relations. To understand and appreciate the difficulties involved, it is necessary to consider the characteristics of demand and supply with specific emphasis on tourism and travel. It is very important to have a clear idea about tourism demand. Following are some of the prominent characteristics of tourism demand: • Spontaneity and uncertainty: Tourism demand is characterized by great deal of uncertainty and spontaneity, i.e. it is very difficult to predict the requirements for any given period. Past trends are useful but not very reliable. When demand is greater than the supply, customers are usually unhappy. In a perfect match of supply and demand the load factor would be 100%, anything less gives an indication of over capacity. • Variability: Tourism demand is not same each hour of each day of each month. It remains fluctuating and is marked by crests and valleys. More capital needs to be invested if we want to cover demand in peak times. The Pricing strategies have to be planned strategically. Attempts of marketing like- peak pricing, mid-season pricing and off-peak pricing are commonly adopted in tourism and at times work as an attraction also due to lucrative tariffs. • Segment-wise multiplicity of demand: Any tourist destination, product or attraction has multiple usages at any given point of time. Meaning thereby is that a place or attraction or 68 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

facility is frequented by groups of persons with different sets of motivations and requirements. Consequently, we experience a gamut of demand generated by the same destination or resource or attraction. For example, throughout the year Goa attracts millions of tourists. Now at any period of time some of the tourists are interested in sun bathing, few are keen in cultural panorama of the state, many might be present due to business or corporate meetings, while there might be groups enjoying the beverages and cuisine of the place. The motivations, frequencies and responses to price change are different in different segments. • Elasticity: The sensitiveness to the price change in generally termed as elasticity. The Elastic demand is sensitive to substitution and an inelastic demand is not. Pleasure travel is more elastic, than business travel that means the primary or impulsive demand is elastic and derived or compulsive demand is relatively inelastic. • Ever increasing competition: One of the note-worthy attribute of tourism industry is that it lacks patronage, i.e. tourists tend to use the services that provide them the best benefits irrespective of the company. Obviously, value for money and quality of services top the list of the factors affecting the decision making of the customers. Interestingly every year many new players, with innovative ideas, are joining the main stream. This causes a situation where competition touches new heights; means the business ambience is highly competitive and any intelligent move by a player might affect the whole equation. We need to apply strategic policies, which are bound to change with the emerging conditions. Like different trains operating between two points pose stiff competition to each other. Small change in departure time can capture significant number of passengers 4.5 SUMMARY • Today, tourism has recognised as a socio-economic instrument for development of an area. Therefore all nations irrespective of its size, pattern and structure, has tourism development and promotion organisations, which are controlled and financed by the centre or state or both governments. • In India, every state and union territory have their own independent tourism departments, and several of them even have tourism development corporations sometimes we even find regional tourism development corporations. The tourism corporation in collaboration with the department of tourism functions as a promoter 69 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

developer, facilitator and planner. These corporations, market states as tourist destinations, even provide timely and accurate information. In fact, the tourism department and state tourism corporations play significant role in promotion and development of tourism in the state. • In this unit we have learnt about the functional perspective of the tourism industry & department of tourism and state tourism corporations performs or act as regulator, planer, and promoter in the health promotion and development of tourism in the country. 4.6 KEYWORDS • Receptive Tourism: This is related to foreign tourist arrivals which brings foreign exchange (money) into the country and thus have a favourable effect on our balance of payment. • Passive Tourism: It is travel residents of a country going abroad. They take out currency and thus there is a negative effect on the balance of payment. • Mass Tourism: When large volume of tourist participates in tourism, it is called mass tourism. • Popular Tourism: Any tourism which is popular and have positive impacts is termed as popular tourism. Eco-Tourism which is eco-friendly and does not deteriorate the natural environment can be termed as popular tourism. • Social Tourism: When people of limited means participate into tourism or measures are taken to encourage them to participate or to make it possible, it is known as social tourism. 4.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY After conducting a survey of the hotel properties in your area, find out the following: • The increase or decrease in the number of beds used by the tourists and the changes in room tariffs in last one year. ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 70 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Try to find out the place of origin and transport-related requirements of 25 tourists coming to any tourist destination of your choice. ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 4.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What is mass tourism? 2. Differentiate between Inbound, Outbound and Domestic Tourism? 3. Differentiate between Juvenile and Social Tourism? 4. What is self-financing tourism? 5. What is passive tourism? Long Questions 1. Enumerate the various types of Tourism? 2. Which are the various forms of Tourism. Explain each one of them in details? 3. What is the need of classifying the tourism phenomenon into different types? 4. What is the role played by public and private sector in growth and development of tourism? B. Multi Choice Questions 1. Expand IATA a. International Aviation Travel Association b. International Air Transportation Association c. International Aviation And Tourism Association d. None Of These 71 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2.Non-Resident, visiting a country other than their owns is termed as a. Domestic Tourism b. Inbound Tourism c. International Tourism d. None Of These 3. ----------------- types of tourism refers to tourist flows between countries of the new region a. Inbound Tourism b. Inter-Regional Tourism c. Intra-Regional Tourism d. None Of These 4. Which type of tourism is a variety of activities, which a person could choose to refresh his/ her spirit? a. Recreational Tourism b. Leisure Tourism c. Domestic Tourism d. Environmental Tourism 5. Visitors staying at least 24 hours in the country is called--------------- a. Visitors b. Excursionist c. Tourist d. None Of These 6. A wholesaler who sells package tour is called 72 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. Travel operator 73 b. Travel Agency c. Travel Agent d. None of these 7. Itinerary is also known as a. Tour plan b. Tour product c. Travel facilities d. Tour services 8. The main purpose of travel and tourism can be a. Business b. Pilgrimage c. Pleasure d. All of these 9. The linkages in hotel industry are a. Transportation b. Accommodation c. None of these d. Both (a) & (b) 10. Food & Beverages services in a hotel provide a. Restaurant b. Coffee shop c. House keeping d. Both (a) & (b) Answers CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1 – b, 2 – b, 3 – c, 4 – a, 5 – c, 6-b, 7-d, 8-d, 9-d, 10-d 4.9 REFERENCES • McIntosh et.al. (2004). Tourism Principles. USA: Prentice Hall Publication. • Mill and Morrison. (2011).Tourism System. USA: Prentice Hall Publication. • Negi, Jagmohan. (1990).Tourism and Travel Concepts and Principles. Kolkata: Gitanjali Publishing House. • Kamra, K.K. and M. Chand. (2006). Basics of Tourism: Theory operation and practice. New Delhi: Kanishka Publication. • Bhatia, A.K. (1991).International Tourism. Ludhiana, Punjab: Kalyani Publications. • Seth, P.N. (1999). Successful Tourism Management (Vol 1 &2). New Delhi: Sterling Publishers 74 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 5: TYPES OF TOURISM Structure 5.0 Learning Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Inbound Tourism 5.3 Outbound Tourism 5.4 Domestic Tourism 5.5 Mass Tourism 5.6 International Tourism 5.7 Summary 5.8 Keywords 5.9 Learning Activity 5.10 Unit End Questions 5.11 References 5.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to: • Describe nature of the types of tourism • Identify scope and the types of tourism • Benefits of types of tourism • Process involved in different types of tourism 5.1 INTRODUCTION Tourism is one of the world's fastest-growing sectors, driven by people's desire to travel for fun and leisure. Tourism, according to the World Trade Organization, is described as \"travelling and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one year for leisure and not less than 24 hours for business and other purposes.\" Depending on a country's administrative borders, tourism can fall into two categories. Domestic refers to 75 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

activities that take place within the country, while foreign refers to activities that take place outside of the country. The United Nations identified three types of tourism in 1994: Domestic tourism entails residents of a given country travelling only within their own country, while inbound tourism entails non-residents working in the given country and outbound tourism entails residents travelling to another country. 5.2 INBOUND TOURISM Inbound tourism, involving non-residents visiting a country other than their own. Fig 5.1 Inbound Tourism In this category the tourists are received by a certain country from other countries, the later being the origin country of the tourist Tourism is India's largest service sector, and according to a 2011 estimate from the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), FTAs will surpass 11 million by 2021, with an annual growth rate of 8.8% between 2011 and 2021. (approximately one percent of the global tourist population). This would have a huge effect on the tourism industry and its associated 76 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

industries. In addition, India has a sizable medical tourism industry, which is projected to expand at a 30 percent annual pace to reach a value of US$ 2 billion by 2015. The onset of the financial crisis in 2008 threw the Indian tourism sector's steady output in the years before it into disarray. Despite the fact that the FTA growth rate has fallen in some years after the crisis, including 2012 (see Chart 2 and Table 1), tourist inflow has increased in absolute numbers every year except 2009, which was the only year of de-growth. The Ministry of Tourism (MoT) published India Tourism Statistics 2011 at a Glance, which shows a steady increase in FTA inflows every month in 2012 over the previous two years, including in the high-traffic months Jan-Mar and Oct-Dec. This has been boosted by the steady rise in VoAs in the country. During the period January-February 2013, a total number of 3,637 VoAs were issued as compared to 2,618 VoAs during corresponding period of 2012, registering a positive growth of 38.9 percent. Table – 5.1 – Tourism Statistics 77 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism is a sector that can contribute to a region's or country's overall economic, environmental, and social development. At the same time, it may have a negative impact on development. If the economic benefits of tourism are not allowed to outweigh the negative consequences, it would be able to strike a strong balance between its positive results and tourism-related investments. Not all of tourism's effects are visible. They are often indirect and evaluated by the observer's judgement. Inbound tourism, according to the World Tourism Organization, is described as the activities of a visitor who travels to a location outside of his normal environment for no more than one year and no less than 24 hours. The aim of the trip is for pleasure and company, not for profit. Characteristics of the inbound tourism The following characteristics are reflected in the above definition: 1 - Traveling from one place to another 2 - Traveling time 3- The traveller alters his surroundings. 4- The object of travel is to have fun, not to work or to make money. 5- The key principle of inbound tourism is that money is spent. Advantages of the inbound Tourism: The benefits of inbound tourism are as follows: 1- Economic Benefits: a. It provides the nation with hard currency. b. It provides people with jobs. c. Represents a vehicle for national growth and advancement. d. For investors, this is an enticing and exciting area. e. A source of revenue for the government. 2- Political advantage: a. It educates people about their rights and helps them become more conscious of 78 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

them. 3- Social Advantage: a. It provides commodities to people who already have a high standard of living. 4- Rural area: a. It aids in the development of rural areas with tourist attractions. 5- It introduces people to new technology and life's conveniences. 6- It eliminates barriers between nations, bridging the divide. The World Tourism Organization recommends that the study be written with the following elements in mind: 1- The number of visitors 2- Determine the age of a sex 3- Yearly income 4- Education 5- The reason for the visit. 6- Length of stay. 7- Visitors are attracted to the origin and destination. 8- The location of your home. 9- Transportation options. 5.3 OUTBOUND TOURISM Outbound tourism, involving residents of a country visiting other countries. These three basic forms of tourism can in turn be combined to derive the following categories of tourism: a) Internal tourism, which comprised domestic tourism and inbound tourism, b) National tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism, c) International tourism, which comprises inbound and outbound tourism. 79 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

There are many persons of a country who go abroad. Outgoing tourism comprises of tourists normally residing in the country and going abroad. 5.4 DOMESTIC TOURISM Domestic tourism refers to when a country's citizens travel to other parts of the country on a regular basis. Domestic tourism refers to tourist movement within a country of nationality. Fig 5.2 Domestic Tourism Promotion of Domestic Tourism: It kicks off a big campaign called \"Tourism Environment/Awareness.\" These campaigns are being published in Hindi, English, and other Indian languages in all major magazines across the world. The campaigns' slogans are \"We can and will keep India beautiful.\" In addition, the department runs \"Holiday Campaigns\" to support lesser-known bill resorts, as well as campaigns to promote Orissa and the Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands. • Tourism Planning: The National Development Council accepted the Approach Paper in July 1984, which included the following recommendation: “There is considerable potential for the development of tourism in the country.” Tourism should be recognised as a separate sector. Private sector investment in tourism growth must be promoted, while public sector investment should be limited to support infrastructure development.” Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Arunachal Pradesh, 80 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Tripura, Manipur, Assam, Karnataka, and the Union Territories of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep have designated tourism as an industry, while Orissa, Rajasthan, and West Bengal have designated hotels. The plans' key thrust is to aggressively encourage domestic tourism while also diversifying overseas tourism to India. Instead of concentrating solely on cultural tourism, the Department of Tourism has put a greater emphasis on leisure and vacation tourism, winter and water skiing, adventure sports, responsible and ecotourism, and so on. The tourism activity of the people within their own country is known as domestic tourism. Traveling within the same country is easier because it does not require formal travel documents and tedious formalities like compulsory health checks and foreign exchange. In domestic tourism, a traveller generally does not face many language problems or currency exchange issues. Fig 5.3 Domestic Tourism 5.5 MASS TOURISM Mass tourism is a concept that is very commonly used for such tourism where tourism products and services are consumed by tourists on mass scale. The basic characteristics of mass tourism are: • The sheer numbers involved mean that the tourism products have to be offered under condition of mass production. • There is a growing level of expenditure on consumer goods associated with tourism. • A few producers dominate particular markets. • Producers take the lead in developing new tourism attractions. 81 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• By and large, mass tourism products are little differentiating. Fig 5.4 Mass Tourism Mass tourism refers to the participation of a large numbers of people in tourism. In this sense the term is used in contrast to the limited participation of people in some specialist forms of tourist activity. Mass tourism is essentially a quantitative notion, based on the proportion of the population participating in tourism or on the volume of tourist activities. The driving forces behind mass tourism are said to be the desire to get away from daily routine and in search of pleasure commonly known for the four Ss: ‘sun, sea, sand and sex’. The phenomenal growth of the tourism industry in modern times can be attributed to mass tourism. Tourism's economic benefits, such as income generation from tourist spending, job growth, foreign exchange earnings, tax receipts, social benefits, tourism multiplier, transaction multiplier, and many others, cannot be ignored. Despite the positive impact of tourism on the economy, the negative implications of mass tourism growth cannot be overlooked. 82 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Cambodia, and more specifically, Angkor Wat’s nearby city Siem Reap, is a great example of this phenomenon. • The UNESCO World Heritage Site of Angkor Wat was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1992. Tourism is exploding as the country's political situation improves. • In 1993, only 118,183 foreign tourists visited Cambodia; in 2018, the country received 6,201,077 visitors. • In 2006, an airport was constructed in Siem Reap to accommodate the booming tourism. • TripAdvisor named Angkor Wat the World's Top Tourism Landmark in 2017. • In 2018, Siem Reap received 2,590,815 foreign visitors, accounting for 38.3 percent of the country's international tourism. Tourism growth has impacted tourism segments throughout the years. Westerners were the key tourists to Cambodia in the early 2000s (USA, France, UK). China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Korea now account for 67.1 percent of the tourism industry, with China accounting for 32.6 percent of the total, a rise of 67.2 percent from 2017 to 2018. In 2011, Chheang looked at why people go to Angkor Wat. According to the report, the key reasons for visiting the area were to learn new things, experience the local culture and history, and learn about the region's history. These allocentric traveller interests were higher among non-Asian tourists than among Asian tourists. Cambodia and Angkor Wat are becoming increasingly attractive to Chinese tourists. Cambodia's Deputy Prime Minister has stated that he wants to attract 20 million Chinese visitors by 2020, and he intends to use all available resources to accomplish this goal. There are currently 31 direct flights a week between Siem Reap and China, the government encourages Chinese investment (for example, a Chinese company was awarded a concession to build a new airport near Angkor Wat, which is expected to be completed by 2022), and the government created an accreditation for “Chinese-friendly” tour operators based on Ministry of Tourism criteria. But what are the impacts of these modifications of tourism segments? 83 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

To begin with, Chinese tourists prefer to patronise Chinese-owned businesses and to book organised tours through them. These psychocentric travel habits exacerbate Cambodia's already high levels of economic leakage. Despite the fact that foreigners owned only 15% of the tourist infrastructure in Siem Reap in 2008, 28.3 percent of the benefits left the country. Furthermore, since Chinese tourists usually spend just a few days in a destination, they spend very little. The average period of stay in 2018 was seven days, down one day from 1995. Chinese visitors, and the Asian tourism industry in general, are booming, increasingly displacing older markets such as westerners. Due to the strong ties that exist between Cambodia and China, many Chinese companies are investing in the country's growth, creating employment, and constructing bridges, roads, and solar power plants. Furthermore, Chinese tourists are interested in nature, which is their second most common attraction in Cambodia after culture. The Cambodian government encourages and establishes eco-tourism to satisfy their demand for nature. Kulen Revealed, for example, has been offering community-based ecotours in Kulen Mountain near Siem Reap since 2018. A Chinese-dominated tourism economy generates diverse impacts in a destination such as Siem Reap. To prevent irreversible consequences, the tourism plan must be carefully handled, concentrating on the right segments. Chinese tourists are also a significant segment in Thailand, with 8.7 million visitors in 2016. The government had to take action, such as prohibiting low-cost tours that do not support the country or discouraging large tour groups. These interventions, when combined with cultural differences in educational levels between tourists and the local population, will help to reduce tensions and prevent the rejection of tourism that has been seen elsewhere (e.g., Venice, Barcelona.). Furthermore, the latest Chinese generation is distinct from its forefathers. They are mainly solo travellers looking for one-of-a-kind experiences. With 149.2 million Chinese tourists in the world in 2018, destinations need to understand how they can tap into this growing market, without compromising the interests of other markets. 84 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5.6 INTERNATIONAL TOURISM International Tourism: It is a form of tourism in which people travel to a country that is different from where they usually live and that has its own political and economic structure. Internal tourism has ramifications on the balance of payments due to the various currencies, as each nation must balance its transactions with the rest of the world. Authorities often erect barriers to crossing national borders, necessitating the use of documents such as passports, visas, and other entry and travel restrictions. This all helps to keep the tourist traffic in check. Now a days, due to the improvement in the language skills, currency and customs and the growing free movement of people between developing countries, the distinction between domestic and international tourism is diminishing. International tourism refers to when people travel to another country. A valid passport, visa, health documents, foreign exchange, and other documents are required for travel to a foreign country. Fig 5.5 International Tourism Covid-19 The tourism industry has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted in travel restrictions and a drop in demand among travellers. The tourism industry has been severely harmed by the outbreak of coronavirus, which has resulted in many countries imposing travel restrictions in an effort to stem the virus's spread. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization, global foreign tourist arrivals could drop by 58 percent to 78 percent by 2020, resulting in a loss of US$0.9–1.2 trillion in international tourism receipts. Expected travel decreased by 80–90% in many of the world's cities. Many tourist attractions around the world, such as museums, theme parks, and sports stadiums, were forced to close due to conflicting and unilateral travel restrictions. In the first six months of 85 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2020, the UNWTO announced a 65 percent decline in international tourist arrivals. A similar decrease was seen in air passenger traffic. Total volume of cross-border tourist travel In 2012, there were 1.035 billion international tourist arrivals, up from over 996 million in 2011 and 952 million in 2010. International travel demand recovered in 2011 and 2012 from the losses incurred during the late-2000s recession, when tourism experienced a significant decline from the second half of 2008 to the end of 2009. Following a 5% rise in the first half of 2008, foreign tourist arrivals fell into negative territory in the second half of the year, ending the year at just 2%, compared to a 7% increase in 2007. The downward trend accelerated in 2009, aggravated in some countries by the H1N1 influenza virus epidemic, resulting in a global drop of 4.2 percent to 880 million international tourist arrivals and a 5.7 percent drop in international tourism receipts. Words Top Tourism Destinations In 2019, 1.460 billion international tourist arrivals were reported worldwide, up 3.7 percent from the previous year. According to the World Tourism Organization, the following ten destinations were the most visited by foreign travellers in 2019. Rank Destination International International Change Change tourist tourist (2018 to (2017 to arrivals arrivals (2019)[18] (2018)[18] 2019) 2018) (%) (%) 1 France 89 million[i] 89.4 million N/A 2.9 2 Spain 83.5 million 82.8 million 0.8 1.1 3 United States 79.3 million 79.7 million 0.6 3.3 4 China 65.7 million 62.9 million 4.5 3.6 86 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Rank Destination International International Change Change tourist tourist (2018 to (2017 to arrivals arrivals (2019)[18] (2018)[18] 2019) 2018) (%) (%) 5 Italy 64.5 million 61.6 million 4.8 5.7 6 Turkey 51.2 million 45.8 million 11.9 21.7 7 Mexico 45.0 million 41.3 million 9.0 5.1 8 Thailand 39.8 million 38.2 million 4.3 7.3 9 Germany 39.6 million 38.9 million 1.8 3.8 10 United Kingdom 39.4 million 38.7 million 1.9 2.2 Notes 1. ^ Data for France corresponds to 2018, figure 2019 is not available yet The behaviours and perceptions of tourists and visitors away from their home environment that are serviced by the travel and tourism industry and host destination are referred to as tourism as a socioeconomic phenomenon. A tourism product is the amount of all of these activities, experiences, and services. Supply and demand can be used to characterise the tourism method. The aim of tourism planning should be to strike a balance between supply and demand. This necessitates a thorough understanding of all business characteristics and patterns, as well as the preparation process for meeting market demands. 87 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The demand side is often characterised as tourists from core generating markets; the supply side includes all services, programmes, attractions, and land uses planned and managed for the visitors. Private industry, non-profit organisations, and the government can have influence over these supply-side factors. To ensure the long-term growth and management of tourism- related capital, new and creative types of collaborations are emerging. The supply and demand sides are connected by flows of resources into the destination, such as money, labour, commodities, and tourist expenses, and flows of marketing, promotion, tourist artefacts, and experiences out of the destination. Furthermore, some tourist expenses may leak back into the visitor-generating areas as a result of foreign tourism investors repatriating profits and paying for better goods and services provided to tourists at the destination. Transportation is important for getting to and from the destination. The following are the main components that make up the supply side for planning purposes: • Various modes of transportation and other infrastructure related to tourism. • Data for tourists. • Promotion and marketing. • The visitor's destination area's network of cultures. • The political and institutional structures that support tourism growth. Due to many factors intertwined with it and the presence of many industries contributing to its success, the tourism system is both competitive and complex. These variables and sectors are related to the provision of a tourist experience as well as the generation of revenue and markets in the tourism industry. The complex nature of the tourism industry necessitates frequent scanning of the external and internal environments of destinations in order to make adjustments as needed to ensure a stable and viable tourism industry. 5.7 SUMMARY Tourism is of vital importance in tourism industry. It is a combination of both tangible as well as intangible elements. Travel and tourism is a package of various components such as destination attractions, facilities, services and overall experiences of the tourist. The ideal tourism consists of various physical and psychological elements which provide the best 88 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

possible experience and satisfaction to the tourist. In this unit we have studied the VARIOUS TYPES OF tourism in detail. 5.8 KEYWORDS • Inbound Tourism- Nationals of other country visiting our country. • Outbound Tourism- Nationals of our country going to other countries. • Domestic Tourism – Nationals of our country moving within country • Leisure Tourism- Major intension of Tourism is leisure and pleasure • Business Tourism- Tourism for business purpose 5.9 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Identify a place in your locality / city / state which promotes Mass Tourism. Study the impact of the same. ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 5.10 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What is mass tourism? 2. Differentiate between Inbound, Outbound and Domestic Tourism. 3. Give a short note on Inbound Tourism 4. Give a short note on Outbound Tourism Long Questions 1. Enumerate the various types of Tourism. 2. Which are the various forms of Tourism. Explain each one of them in details. 3. What is the need of classifying the tourism phenomenon into different types 89 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4. What is the role played by public and private sector in growth and development of tourism B. Multi Choice Questions 1. A person who changes his location is known as ________ a. Visitor b. Tourist c. Traveller d. None Of These 2. Another name of medical tourism a. Eco Tourism b. Ayurvedic Tourism c. Environmental Tourism d. Health Tourism 3. ----------- tourism is known as people who travel for pilgrimage or worship purpose a. Heritage Tourism b. Pilgrimage Tourism c. Wildlife Tourism d. None Of These 4. ----------------- type of tourism refers transport of a large number of people in a short period of time a. Heritage Tourism b. Mass Tourism c. Grand Tourism 90 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

d. None Of These 5. Tourism activity is ______________generating activity a. Income b. Recreation c. Travel d. Destination 6. Advertising agencies create jobs in ______________field a. Banking b. Copywriters c. Production Department d. Technology field Answers 1 – c, 2 – d, 3 – b, 4 – b, 5-a, 6-b 5.11 REFERENCES • McIntosh et.al. (2004). Tourism Principles. USA: Prentice Hall Publication. • Mill and Morrison. (2011).Tourism System. USA: Prentice Hall Publication. • Negi, Jagmohan. (1990).Tourism and Travel Concepts and Principles. Kolkata: Gitanjali Publishing House. • Kamra, K.K. and M. Chand. (2006). Basics of Tourism: Theory operation and practice. New Delhi: Kanishka Publication. • Bhatia, A.K. (1991).International Tourism. Ludhiana, Punjab: Kalyani Publications. • Seth, P.N. (1999). Successful Tourism Management (Vol 1 &2). New Delhi: Sterling Publishers 91 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 6: TYPOLOGY OF TOURISTS Structure 6.0 Learning Objectives 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Plog’s typology of Tourist 6.3 Summary 6.4 Keywords 6.5 Learning Activity 6.6 Unit End Questions 6.7 References 6.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to: • Describe nature of Typology of Tourists • Identify scope of Typology of Tourists • Benefits of Typology of Tourists • Process of Typology of Tourists 6.1 INTRODUCTION Travel has existed since the dawn of time, when primitive man set out on long journeys in search of the food and clothes he needed to survive. People have travelled throughout history for a variety of reasons, including commerce, religious belief, economic benefit, war, migration, and other equally compelling reasons. Wealthy aristocrats and high government officials often travelled for pleasure during the Roman period. The seaside resorts of Pompeii and Herculaneum provided people with the opportunity to escape the summer heat of Rome by retreating to their holiday villas. Travel, except during the dark ages, has continued to grow, and throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilizations. 92 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism in the modern sense is a result of the twentieth century. Historians believe that mass tourism started in England during the industrial revolution, as the middle class grew and transportation became more affordable. Following WWII, the advent of the commercial airline industry and, later, the development of jet aircraft in the 1950s, signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. As a result of this expansion, a big new industry, tourism, arose. In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities, but it also produced a means of earning foreign exchange. Tourism has risen in both economic and social significance in recent years. Over the last few years, the fastest growing economic field in most developed countries has been services. Travel and tourism is one of the main segments of the service sector, despite the fact that it is largely unrecognised as such in some of these countries. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), \"Travel and Tourism\" is the world's largest industry on virtually every economic metric, including gross production, value added, capital expenditure, jobs, and tax contribution. However, the travel and tourism industry's major challenges, which have overshadowed or concealed its economic effects, are the industry's diversity and fragmentation. Hotels, motels, and other forms of lodging; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions, and other leisure facilities; gift shops, and a variety of other businesses make up the travel industry. The effect of tourist spending can easily be ignored or underestimated because many of these businesses often serve local residents. Furthermore, according to Meis (1992), the tourism industry contains ideas that are amorphous to both experts and decision-makers. Furthermore, this issue has made it difficult for the tourism industry to establish some kind of accurate or credible tourism knowledge base in order to estimate its contribution to regional, national, and global economies in all countries. Travel and tourism, on the other hand, are ideal platforms for economic growth in a wide range of nations, regions, and communities due to their diversity. Travel and tourism, once the sole domain of the rich, has become an institutionalised way of life for the majority of the world's middleclass population. Indeed, according to McIntosh and Goeldner (1990), tourism has become the most important commodity in foreign trade for many countries, and it ranks second or third for a large number of others. In Bermuda, 93 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, and most Caribbean countries, tourism is the primary source of revenue. In addition, according to Hawkins and Ritchie (1991), the travel and tourism industry is the number one employer in Australia, the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States, based on data from the American Express Company. It is impossible to provide accurate, credible, or reliable data about the level of global tourism participation or its economic effect with any degree of certainty due to definitional issues that directly affect statistical calculation. When attempting to quantify domestic tourism, similar difficulties occur in many situations. Aside from the issues of foreign exchange and jobs, tourism also contributes significantly to the development of social and political understanding. Traveling to different countries fosters better relationships between people of various socioeconomic backgrounds. Personal foreign relations have always been an effective means of disseminating cultural ideas. As a result, tourism is a vital tool for fostering cultural exchanges and international cooperation (Jayapalan 2001). Typology of Tourism Tourism can be divided into three parts Domestic tourism, involving residents of a country visiting their own country. Domestic tourism is described as travel within a country by citizens of that country. It does not include international border crossings at entry points. Domestic tourism was the first type of tourism practised, as shown by early documented history of ancient tourism activities. It's a long- standing custom that takes place in every nation and area on the planet. In countries with a long tradition of domestic tourism, there is a close connection between tourism and visiting friends and family, as well as religious pilgrimage (Rogerson and Lisa 2005). Mass domestic tourism, on the other hand, has only recently arisen as a result of expanded disposable income, the adoption of labour rights synonymous with recreation and holiday, and government policies regarding internal migration deregulation, among other factors (Scheyvens 2007). A family from Birmingham in the Midlands taking a brief holiday to the seaside resort of Blackpool is an example of domestic travel for UK people. Inbound tourism refers to visitors who come to the country from other countries. 94 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Inbound tourism, involving non-residents visiting a country other than their own. When a person travels from the United Kingdom to France, for example, he or she is considered an inbound tourist in France. If a French national flies to the United Kingdom, however, he or she becomes an outbound visitor for France. Outbound tourism, involving residents of a country visiting other countries. Outbound tourism has many beneficial economic effects that extend beyond the tourism sector. Many countries' economies will benefit from outbound tourism by delivering economic boosts in a variety of sectors such as hospitality, healthcare, and education. For example, According to figures, the main destinations for Indian outbound visitors are Dubai, the United States, Thailand, and Singapore. The United Kingdom, Australia, Indonesia, Turkey, Oman, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives are the other traditionally popular destinations for Indian tourists. These three basic forms of tourism can in turn be combined to derive the following categories of tourism: Internal tourism, which comprised domestic tourism and inbound tourism, Domestic tourism refers to travel inside one's own country. For example, if a Canadian from Alberta decides to spend a few days at Niagara Falls, this is considered domestic or internal tourism since you are staying in your own country. National tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism, Air transportation and lodging are two examples of tourism sectors. Tourism Commodities are those on which travellers account for a large portion of overall production. Travel agency services and rail transportation services are two examples. It's the sum of domestic tourism demand and tourism exports. International tourism, which comprises inbound and outbound tourism. Underlying the above conceptualization of tourism is the overall concept of ‘Traveller’ defined as “any person on a trip between two or more countries or between two or more localities within his/ her country of usual residence”. All types of travellers engaged in tourism are described as ‘visitors’ – a term that constitutes the basic concept for the whole system of tourism statistics. A ‘Visitor’ is defined as a person who travels to a country other than that in which he has his usual residence but outside his usual environment for a period not exceeding twelve months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. Tourists, according to the World Tourism Organization, are people 95 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

who \"travel to and stay in areas outside their normal setting for not more than one year for recreation, company, or other reasons.\" ‘Visitors’ are sub-divided into two categories: • Same-day visitors: Visitors who do not spend the night in a collective or private accommodation in the country visited. • Tourists: Visitors who stay for at least one night in a collective or private accommodation in the country visited. Figure 6.1 Tourist typology 6.2 PLOG’S TYPOLOGY OF TOURISTS Plog's model was published in the Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly in 1974 as an article titled \"Why Destination Areas Rise and Fall in Popularity.\" The journal article was based on a 1972 conference presentation at the Travel Research Association's Southern California Chapter (now the Travel and Tourism Research Association). The model's core principles, on the other hand, were developed in 1967 as part of a consulting project for Plog's market-research firm, Behaviour Science Corporations (also known as BASICO). 96 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Plog's study was funded by sixteen domestic and international airlines, airframe suppliers, and numerous magazines in order to better understand the psychology of specific groups of travellers. With the advent of commercial jet aircraft, it was predicted that new airline capacity would rise even faster than the previously anticipated increase in air travel. As a result, the project's aim was to imagine what businesses could do to expand the travel market's base in order to convert more nonfliers into flyers. A qualitative phase focused on face-to-face, 2-hour personal interviews with flyers and nonfliers was followed by a quantitative test using a nationwide sample of 1,600 in-home surveys in the proprietary analysis. Plog developed a personality-based, psychographic typology of travellers as a result of that study and other related projects he worked on. Tourist Types and Destinations Tourists are categorised in Plog's psychographic typology based on personality characteristics along a continuum, with allocentric on one end and psychocentric on the other. Individuals who are allocentric, also known as venturers by Plog, believe that they have a lot of influence over what happens to them. As a result, they are at ease making decisions that require some degree of novelty, adventure, or danger. The term allocentric comes from the root words allo (various inform) and centric, which means that these people have a wide range of interests. Psychocentric (or dependable) people, on the other hand, feel that much of what happens to them is out of their control. As a result, they aim to make safe, consistent decisions by favouring common items. The word psychocentric is derived from the root psyche (self) and centric, which means that these people focus their thoughts or worries on minor issues in everyday life. Mid-centric travellers are those that have a healthy mix of both psychographic characteristics and are in the centre of the spectrum. Tourists may also lean toward one extreme or the other on the spectrum, such as being near-allocentric or near-psychocentric, but not entirely into the extreme forms. Destinations usually pass along the allocentric-psychocentric axis, appealing to different tourist groups, according to Plog's model. Allocentric visitors are the first to “discover” a new location. Since these allocentric love visiting exotic places, they prefer non-touristy, novel locations that are unknown to the majority of people. Allocentric begin telling others about their travels, spreading the word through word-of-mouth marketing, and suggesting the exotic location they visited. As a result, more people migrate to the still-underdeveloped tourism 97 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

sector, which is then frequented by near-allocentric. As the destination grows in popularity with tourists, more tourist infrastructure is built, and marketing and promotion activities increase. Mid-centric travellers begin to visit the destination, and the steady rise in tourist arrivals spurs the growth of hotels, restaurants, stores, scheduled tours, and other tourist- oriented businesses with higher prices. Allocentric eventually become dissatisfied with the destination because it has lost its sense of novelty and special atmosphere, while some near- allocentric continue to visit. The destination has grown in popularity and has developed a well-established reputation that attracts mass tourism. According to Plog's model, the number of near-allocentric visitors declines as the region becomes more touristy and commercialised, yet the destination starts to cater to more near-psychocentric visitors. The destination inevitably loses its tourism market positioning, total tourist arrivals decline over time, and the destination pushes toward the psychocentric end of the spectrum. Psychocentric tourists are the most common category of tourist since they prefer destinations that are well-known and offer a wide range of amenities, facilities, and activities that they are accustomed to at home. However, since psychocentric tourism accounts for a small portion of the overall tourism industry, the destination receives less tourists than in the past, losing its popularity. According to Plog, as a result of this, the destination's price has been reduced in order to stay competitive with rivals, leading to the destination's decline and demise. Use of the Model in Tourism Planning Plog's model is concerned with explaining a destination's traditional evolution as a result of its success in the tourism industry. When a location becomes more populated and commercialised, it attracts a new audience with distinct tastes and expectations. However, according to Plog, such trends may be affected or changed at the destination by the involvement of planners, stakeholders, and decision-makers. New attractions or infrastructure construction, for example, will give a place a new lease on life, repositioning it in the travel market. This was the case in New Jersey, where the introduction of casinos drew a diverse range of visitors. The once-mature and rotting summer beach resort was reborn as a renowned casino destination. In the Balearic Islands, the town of Calvià launched a proposal to counteract the destination's decline due to significant tourism overdevelopment. To 98 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

increase visitor visitation, the project included renovating tourism facilities and demolishing many rundown hotels, which were replaced with green areas and recreational infrastructure. The definition of allocentrism - psychocentrism, according to Plog, has been successfully applied in the formulation and design of tourism development plans. When planning a construction project in Branson, Missouri, for example, the developers specifically targeted psychocentric visitors. The location was effectively placed among psychocentric tourists due to its emphasis on country music, its accessibility as a drive-to destination, and the types of attractions offered. Plog's psychographic method was also used as a guide when Pine Plantation, a resort community on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, was built. During the early stages of the project, Plog provided advice on what type of facilities and features were appropriate to appeal to buyers with near-allocentric characteristics. Plog's model has also served as the foundation for tourism promotion and communication strategies. His psychographic model, for example, was used in the publicity and sales campaign for a new resort development in Waikoloa, Hawaii. As sales of lots, apartments, and condos fall short of expectations, the promotional campaign was refocused to target tourists' psychographic profile. Rather than showing golf courses and sunny beaches in their ads, they focused on Waikoloa's mystique environment, cultural heritage, and history. According to Plog, sales quickly picked up because the new campaign emphasized attributes and characteristics that made it more attractive for allocentric. The psychographic typology of Plog has been used to create marketing and communication strategies for a variety of destinations. When Tahiti's tourism officials noticed a drop in visitor numbers, they knew they needed to do something new to reposition the destination. The tourism board and an advertising agency successfully repositioned Tahiti as a destination for \"stressed-out\" allocentric using Plog's psychographic model. The new marketing campaign was aimed at allocentric visitors looking for a peaceful place to unwind and recharge their psychic batteries while avoiding the hectic pace of city life in a remote location without convenient access to telephones, television, or newspapers. Tourist arrivals increased steadily in the years following the image transition. Plog's model has also been used in other positioning and communication projects, including in Switzerland, Hong Kong, and Portugal, among other places. 99 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Academic Research on Plog’s Model Plog's ideas have been empirically researched for years by tourism and marketing academics. Psychological aspects of the typology have been evaluated through segmentation studies, confirming the identification of groups with characteristics that conform to Plog's psychographic spectrum. Other research, as indicated by Plog, have centred on checking the model's ability to predict tourists' destination preference. These inquiries have yielded inconclusive results, with varying degrees of funding. Allocentric are more likely to select novel or non-touristy destinations, while mid-centric prefer destinations with a moderate level of tourism growth, and psychocentric prefer well- positioned and heavily commercialised destinations, according to some studies published in academic journals. According to one report, allocentric tourists prefer places like a remote South Pacific island, while psychocentric tourists prefer places like big amusement parks. Other studies, on the other hand, have found no support for Plog's psychographic traits as predictors of destination preference. There was no connection between allocentrism and psychocentrism and the types of destinations favoured by participants, according to these findings. Plog suggested in a number of rejoinders and opinion papers that the explanation for the discrepancies was that research that found no support did not use the original scale he created to calculate allocentrism-psychocentrism. He also raised concerns about the studies' methodological designs. Current Standing Plog's model is commonly quoted in the tourism literature and is considered seminal. The model is used in most tourism and hospitality textbooks around the world because of its intuitive appeal and simplicity. Despite the fact that the idea of allocentrism-psychocentrism has been criticised by academics, Plog's paradigm is still used as a conceptual framework and is subject to academic review, as evidenced by recent journal publications. The fundamental implications of Plog's model seem to be true after more than 40 years. Destinations that succeed in the tourism market, as Plog points out, often bear the seed of their own demise, as such places appear to become more commercialised, overdeveloped, and ultimately lose the qualities that drew tourists in the first place. As a result, destination managers must ensure that unfocused growth does not trample on the beautiful areas that drew visitors in the first place. 100 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)