BTT110 BSC-TTM-SEM-II-INDIAN TOURISM DESTINATION_Final-converted

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (TRAVEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT) SEMESTER-II INDIAN TOURISM DESTINATION BTT110 1 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Course Development Committee Prof. (Dr.) R.S.Bawa Pro Chancellor, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab Advisors Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Bhushan, Director – IGNOU Prof. (Dr.) Majulika Srivastava, Director – CIQA, IGNOU Programme Coordinators & Editing Team Master of Business Administration (MBA) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Coordinator – Dr. Rupali Arora Coordinator – Dr. Simran Jewandah Master of Computer Applications (MCA) Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) Coordinator – Dr. Raju Kumar Coordinator – Dr. Manisha Malhotra Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) Coordinator – Dr. Aman Jindal Coordinator – Dr. Minakshi Garg Master of Arts (Psychology) Bachelor of Science (Travel &Tourism Management) Coordinator – Dr. Samerjeet Kaur Coordinator – Dr. Shikha Sharma Master of Arts (English) Bachelor of Arts (General) Coordinator – Dr. Ashita Chadha Coordinator – Ms. Neeraj Gohlan Academic and Administrative Management Prof. (Dr.) R. M. Bhagat Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Sehgal Executive Director – Sciences Registrar Prof. (Dr.) Manaswini Acharya Prof. (Dr.) Gurpreet Singh Executive Director – Liberal Arts Director – IDOL © No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. SLM SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR CU IDOL STUDENTS Printed and Published by: TeamLease Edtech Limited www.teamleaseedtech.com CONTACT NO:- 01133002345 For: CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY 3 Institute of Distance and Online Learning CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

First Published in 2020 All rights reserved. No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from Chandigarh University. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this book may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This book is meant for educational and learning purpose. The authors of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the even the Authors has/ have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action. 4 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CONTENT Unit 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................5 Unit 2 Geographical Attributes ............................................................................................16 Unit 3 Flora & Fauna ............................................................................................................30 Unit 4 Geographical Attractions...........................................................................................55 Unit -5 Cultural And Historical Attractions .......................................................................68 Unit -6 Punjab ........................................................................................................................90 Unit -7 Transportation ........................................................................................................111 Unit -8 Tourists Circuit .......................................................................................................135 Unit - 9 Airport ....................................................................................................................147 Unit -10 Tourist Attractions (North)..................................................................................156 Unit -11 Tourist Attractions (South)..................................................................................166 Unit -12 Tourist Attractions (North East) .........................................................................176 Unit -13 Tourist Attractions (West) ...................................................................................184 Unit -14 Climate ...................................................................................................................203 5 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION Structure 1.0. Learning Objectives 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Political map of India’s 1.3. Political boundaries- International and National 1.4. Indian States 1.5. Union Territories of India 1.6. Capital of India /NCR 1.7. Major Cities of India 1.8. Neighbouring countries of India 1.9. Summary 1.10.Key Words/Abbreviations 1.11.Learning Activity 1.12.Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 1.13.References 1.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able to: • List the Political map of India • Explain knowledge of Political boundaries- International and National • State the Indian States and difference between Union Territories of India • State about neighbouring countries of India • State about major cities in India 6 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.1 INTRODUCTION Tourism in its fashionable type isn't constant as travels of the first periods of human history. within the language of Jews, the word ‘Torah’ suggests that study or search and ‘tour’ appears to possess been derived from it. In ‘Latin’ the initial word ‘Tornos’ stands on the point of it. ‘Tornos’ was a form of spherical wheel-like tool hinting at the concept of a travel circuit or a circuit. In Sanskritic language, ‘Paryatan’ suggests that deed one’s residence to travel for the sake of rest and for seeking data. ‘Deshatan’ is another word which implies traveling for economic edges. ‘Tirthatan’ is that the third equivalent which implies traveling for spiritual functions. All the 3 words convey the that means and conception of touristry way more fitly. Since 1970, Bharat|Bharat|Asian country|Asian nation} collects statistics in reference to traveller traffic on the idea of following definition given in United Nations Travel and touristry paper: “A one that travels in India on foreign passport for a minimum amount of twenty-four hours and therefore the most amount of six months may be a traveller provided he or she will neither settles nor gets used (or exiled) during this country.” It applies to international tourists. touristry as a contemporary term is applicable to each international and domestic tourist. it's the temporary movement of individuals to destinations outside their traditional place of labour and residence. Such a pleasure-seeking traveller may be a human moving from place to put or visiting constant place time and once more. touristry includes all economic activities that are union round the wants of such travellers. Any travel for holidaying, business or skilled trip becomes an area of touristry if it's temporary and is undertaken voluntarily, while not Associate in Nursing aim to earn any living out of it. the priority of business or skilled touristry is for exchanging views for seeking collaboration between totally different parties. it's Associate in Nursing era of economic reforms inside the potential of globalised economy. it's transfers additional and additional business tourists to our metropolises and another growing centre of trade and commerce. India will perpetually boast of its made cultural heritage. Travel Associate in Nursing touristry in Bharat is an integral a part of Indian tradition and culture. In precedent days, travel was primarily for journey –as the holy places dotting the country attracted individuals from totally different elements of the planet. individuals conjointly cosmopolitan to participate in massive scale feasts, fairs and festivals in several elements of the country. In such a background, cultural tradition was developed wherever ‘Athithi Devo Bhava’ (the guest is god) and ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ (the world is one family) became bywords of Indian social behaviour. Since times old, the rulers in several elements of Bharat designed luxurious palaces, enthralling gardens, marvellous temples, grand forts, tombs, and memorials. These bear testimony to the exquisite inheritance of this land, and are samples of unique workmanship of the individuals of the bygone ages. the sweetness of Bharat’s cultural heritage and therefore the richness of nature’s endowments create India Bharat paradise. 7 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.2 POLITICAL MAP OF INDIA India is officially known as the Republic of India. It comprises of a total of 28 states along with eight union territories. India is the second most populated country in the world and the world’s largest democracy. The country’s coastline measures 7,517 kilometres in length, out of which 5,423 kilometres belong to peninsular India, and 2,094 kilometres belong to Andaman, Nicobar and Lakshadweep island chains. Additionally, the Indian naval hydrographic charts along with mainland coastline include 43% of sandy beaches, 36% of mudflats, marshy shores of 10% and rocky shores of 11%. Broadly, India is divided into six major zones: East India, West India, North India, South India, Northeast India and Central India. 8 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 1.1Political map of India 1.3 POLITICAL BOUNDARIES INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL: In the north, the neighbours of India are China, Nepal and Bhutan. To the northwest the neighbour is Pakistan. To the East is Myanmar. Bangladesh forms almost an enclave within India. The tropic of cancer almost divides the country into two halves. To the south of the 9 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

tropic of cancer the Indian land mass lies between the Bay of Bengal in the east, Arabian Sea in the west and Indian ocean in the south which are all physical, water boundaries. The border between Bharat|Bharat|Asian country|Asian nation} and China still as India and Asian country is termed the MacMohan line. It runs from the Japanese border of Asian country on the crest of the chain till it reaches the nice bend within the stream|Brahmaputra|Brahmaputra River|river} wherever that river emerges from its Tibetan course into the Assam natural depression. it's a physical boundary as a result of it follows the range of mountains. The boundary between Asian country and Asian nation relies upon a cultural distinction of language. The line separating India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan in referred to as the Radcliffe Line and could be a cultural boundary it had been drawn based mostly upon the religions in India that were Hindu and Muslims. there's abundant ethnic conflict within the Kashmir Region that could be a border. The boundary between Asian country and Asian nation was created to separate countries that may otherwise share a boundary. within the south on the side, Gulf of Manner and Palk Strait separate Asian country from Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. this is often a physical water boundary. The boundaries between the twenty nine states in Asian country square measure primarily cultural, that means they're based mostly upon language and religions. Eastern Asian country includes the states of state, Jharkhand, Odisha, state and a union territory Andaman and Nicobar Islands. the full population of those states is 226,925,195. The Japanese zone covers a complete space of 418,323 sq. kilometre Bengali is that the dominant language within the state of state. In distinction, Odia and Hindi square measure the principal languages within the states of Odisha, state and Jharkhand. English, Maithili, Nepali and Urdu square measure alternative languages spoken in Japanese Asian country. The Western region of Asian country covers a complete space of 508, 052 sq. kilometre a number of the favoured states of western Asian country square measure Gujarat, Goa and Maharashtra Union Territory of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu. Mumbai, the monetary capital of Asian country, is that the capital town of Maharashtra. The states of western Asian country have a prosperous economy with a comparatively high commonplace of living. Official languages of the Western Indian states square measure Sanskrit, Gujarati, Konkani and English. The 5 states of North Asian country square measure Himachal Pradesh, state, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana with union territories of city (National Capital Territory), Chandigarh 10 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir. The economy of northern Asian country is growing at a quick pace. the foremost thickly settled cities of North Asian country square measure New Delhi, Lucknow, and Chandigarh. Southern Asian country covers states like Madras, Karnataka, Kerala, province and Telangana with the union territories of Lakshadweep. and Puducherry. Over 19.31% of India’s total space is occupied by these states and union territories. Bengaluru, the capital of state, is thought because the ‘Silicon natural depression of India’ as a result of its India’s leading bourgeois within the IT sector. Most inhabited cities of South Asian country square measure Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Chennai, Coimbatore, fowl and Mysore. Northeast Asian country includes the seven sister states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, province and Nagaland. The range of mountains state of Sikkim square geographic area and Jalpaiguri Division are 2 necessary elements of northeast Asian country. there's an excellent ethnic and spiritual diversity inside the seven sister states. The Central zone of Asian country primarily refers to Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. 1.4 INDIAN STATES India is a union of States and Union Territories for the purposes of administration, India is divided into 29 States (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh) and 7 Union Territories. The states differ as to the size of the territory, population, languages, as well as historical, economic and cultural development. Delhi, the capital of India, is the largest metropolis in India. It has its own Legislative Assembly, Lieutenant Governor, Council of Ministers and Chief Minister. 1. Andhra Pradesh: Cladding the south-eastern coast of India, Andhra Pradesh is the 4th biggest state of India. The state enjoys a rich history and remains a significant Buddhist centre as well. 2. Assam: The spectacular gateway to North-East India, Assam remains the most beautiful state of India. The state has a wealth of nature which is untouched and unexplored. 3. Bihar: Culturally rich and historically flamboyant, Bihar is a prosperous Indian state. The state has a deep association with Buddhism and Jainism, which lure numerous pilgrims from all over the world. It is home to the holiest Bodhi Tree under which Prince Siddhartha meditated to attain enlightenment. 11 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4. Chhattisgarh:The newly formed state of Chhattisgarh remains an astonishing destination to plan your holiday in India. The state offers you a perfect fusion of tribes, history, nature and wildlife, leaving you longing for more. 5. Goa: Beautifully tucked into the Western coast of India, Goa is though the smallest Indian state, its larger than life spirit makes its big. With some of the most beautiful beaches weaved together, it is the real beach paradise of India welcoming travellers from all over the world. 6. Gujarat: Known for its majestic forts and palaces, breath-taking national parks and holiest shrines -Gujarat is the sixth largest state of India. Locals of this culturally rich state are deeply rooted to their traditions and follow their religion by heart. 7. Haryana: ‘The Abode of God’, the state of Haryana is ideal to walk through some majestic places dripping in the waters of spirituality. The state has a legendary history which clearly shows in the cities dotted here. It is beautifully set in the foothills of Aravalli, which add to its natural exquisiteness. 8. Himachal Pradesh: With stunning snowy peaks and rising and falling river valleys, Himachal Pradesh remains the most popular adventure holiday destination in India 9. Jammu and Kashmir:A pure heaven on earth, Jammu and Kashmir, a northern Indian state, is perhaps an ideal destination to delve into the wonders of Mother Nature. The scenic landscapes and snow-capped mountains of this state make every human soul fall in love with it. 10. Jharkhand: The Land of Forests, Jharkhand is a beautiful haven for nature lovers. Visit here to delve into its imposing hills, beautiful waterfalls, rich greenery and vibrant culture. Jharkhand has earned great popularity due to the dominant tribal population residing here. The state houses 32 tribes, including Munda, Santhal, Oraon, Kharia, Gond, Kol, etc. 11. Karnataka: A tapestry of vivid cultures, history, flavours, landscapes and dance forms – Karnataka wins the hearts of millions with its majestic aura. The state houses 507 of the 3600 centrally protected monuments in the country. 12. Kerala: Rightly called the God’s Own Country, Kerala is the most beautiful Indian state known for its laidback culture and bounty of nature. Visit here and you will be showered with palm-fringed backwaters, authentic art and architecture, rejuvenating spas and striking wildlife. 13. Madhya Pradesh:The very heart of India, Madhya Pradesh brings to you a tapestry of vistas which include royal forts, overwhelming topography, exciting wildlife and ancient caves and temples. 14. Maharashtra: Maharashtra brings a beautiful contrast of attractions which lures travellers of all age groups and likes to this majestic Indian state. From the city of dreams Mumbai to some enchanting hill stations like Mahabaleshwar, Lonavala and Khandala, there is absolutely no dearth of temptations in Maharashtra. 12 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

15. Manipur: Manipur, often termed as ‘Switzerland of India’, is a blissful gem of North East India. The beauty of Manipur is soul captivating. You witness every facade of Mother Nature here, including dense forests, rolling hills and far stretched emerald tea gardens. 16. Meghalaya: Dividing the Assam valley from the plains of Bangladesh, Meghalaya remains one the most priceless gems of North East India which is loved for its diverse natural beauty. 17. Mizoram:A lesser known gem of North-Eastern India, Mizoram is far away from the fake layers of glitz and glamour. The state has been blessed by the almighty with a diverse range of topography which gives human soul an opportunity to explore the unexplored. 18. Nagaland: Nagaland, adorned with uncountable hills, is a sheer pleasure for those visiting North East India. It has an unworldly vibe that lets every human soul unwind to the core. From dramatic head dresses of the locals to great taste in food, from vibrancy in festivals to some unseen traditions – this state has something for everyone 19. Odisha: The tribal state of India, Odisha is all about nature vistas drenched into history. Visit here and get amazed by the incredible architecture of this state. 20. Punjab: The most vibrant and happy state of India, Punjab is known as ‘The land of five rivers’. This is the most fertile Indian state where one can see far stretched expanses of farmland. The locals of Punjab (Punjabis) mostly belong to the Sikh community where men can be seen wearing flamboyant turbans and women in colourful suits. 21. Rajasthan: The land of Rajas and Maharajas, Rajasthan is a priceless jewel in the crown of India. The state takes you on an unforgettable ride on the sands of time where you explore some unheard stories about rich Indian history when India was called the Golden Sparrow 22. Sikkim: Cuddled affectionately by the majestic Himalayas, Sikkim lies in the North Eastern part of India. The state is known for uncountable tiny monasteries which add vivid colours to its outlook. 23. Tamil Nadu: The emerald gem adding sheer elegance to the crown of South India, Tamil Nadu brings to you a mix of lures which excite people of all likes and age groups. The state showcases the best of art, culture and religion which are unseen and unmatched. 24. Tripura: Tripura is one of the Seven Sister States in northeast India. It casts a beautiful image with its cultural heritage, architectural splendour and overwhelming charm. Visit here and get awe-struck by its stunning mountains, pristine lakes and ancient temples other than a rich variety of wildlife. 25. Telangana: Telangana is a newly made Indian state founded on 2 June, 2014. It was earlier part of Andhra Pradesh only. The most majestic lure of Telangana remains 13 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Hyderabad housing some splendid domes and minarets of prehistoric mosques, mausoleums and fortress 26. Uttar Pradesh:Rightly called the ‘Heartland of India’, Uttar Pradesh is known for boasting a flamboyant cultural heritage. It is a land of rich historical tales, it is a land of varied hues of cultures blending together, it is a land of diverse religions, and it is a land of delectable mix of aromatic food. 27. Uttarakhand:Nestling with enchanting vistas of the majestic Himalayas, Uttarakhand is a wonderful gift of nature where you can rejuvenate and refuel. Uttarakhand’s natural facades are jaw dropping. From pristine rivers to high rising mountains, from rich wildlife to far stretched landscapes – this heaven on earth has enough charms to keep you hooked forever 28. West Bengal: One of the most culturally rich states of India, West Bengal is all about blissful Baul music, women dressed in white and red saris, striped Bengal tiger, views of gigantic Khangchendzonga, a legendary history and some jaw dropping modern day wonders. 1.5 UNION TERRITORIES OF INDIA Under Article 1 of the Constitution, the territory of India comprises three categories of territories: (a) Territories of the state (b) Union territories (c) Territories that may be acquired by the Government of India at any time. At present, there are eight union territories and no acquired territories. The union territories are those areas which are under the direct control and administration of the Central government. They are also known as ‘centrally administered territories. Existence of these territories constitutes are departure from federalism in India Creation of union territories In 1956 ‘union territories’ were constituted by the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act (1956) and the States Reorganisation Act (1956). Some of these union territories have been elevated to statehood like Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa, which are states today were formerly union territories. Union Territories are: 14 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Andaman and Nicobar Islands • Chandigarh • Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu • National Capital Territory of Delhi • Jammu and Kashmir • Lakshadweep • Ladakh • Puducherry. Difference between States and Union Territories The basic differences between a state and a union territory are given below: Difference States Union Territory Definition It is an independent unit which It is not an independent unit but is run by the state legislature is run by the administrators which either is unicameral or appointed by the President of bicameral India Administration State Legislature: Central Government through Lieutenant Governors or in case Executive Head Governor of Delhi and Puducherry, a Centre’s relationship Governor Election Chief Minister & Council of Autonomy Ministers President Lt. Governor/ Governor Federal in character Unitary in character Chief Minister is elected An administrator is appointed Exist by the President Does not exist 15 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.6 CAPITAL OF INDIA DELHI /NCR Delhi, city and national capital territory, north-central India. The city of Delhi actually consists of two components: Old Delhi, in the north, the historic city; and New Delhi, in the south, since 1947 the capital of India, built in the first part of the 20th century as the capital of British India. Delhi constitutes about 2.9 percent of the land area of the NCR. The National Capital Region (NCR) in India is the country's largest and one of the world's largest agglomerations, with a population of over 47,000,000. The National Capital Region in India encompasses the entire National Capital Territory of Delhi, which includes New Delhi, as well as urban areas surrounding it in neighbouring states of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. Article 239AA. Special provisions with respect to Delhi (1) As from the date of commencement of the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991, the Union territory of Delhi shall be called the National Capital Territory of Delhi (hereafter in this Part referred to as the National Capital Territory) and the administrator thereof appointed under article 239 shall be designated as the Lieutenant Governor. (2)(a) There shall be a Legislative Assembly for the National Capital Territory and the seats in such Assembly shall be filled by members chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the National Capital Territory. (b) The total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly, the number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, the division of the National Capital Territory into territorial constituencies (including the basis for such division) and all other matters relating to the functioning of the Legislative Assembly shall be regulated by law made by Parliament. (c) The provisions of articles 324 to 327 and 329 shall apply in relation to the National Capital Territory, the Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory and the members thereof as they apply, in relation to a State, the Legislative Assembly of a State and the members thereof respectively; and any reference in articles 326 and 329 to “appropriate Legislature” shall be deemed to be a reference to Parliament. (3) (a) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislative Assembly shall have power to make laws for the whole or any part of the National Capital Territory with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List or in the Concurrent List in so far as any such matter is applicable to Union territories except matters with respect to Entries 1, 2 and 18 of the State List and Entries 64, 65 and 66 of that List in so far as they relate to the said Entries 1, 2 and 18. 16 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

(b) Nothing in sub-clause (a) shall derogate from the powers of Parliament under this Constitution to make laws with respect to any matter for a Union territory or any part thereof. (c) If any provision of a law made by the Legislative Assembly with respect to any matter is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament with respect to that matter, whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislative Assembly, or of an earlier law, other than a law made by the Legislative Assembly, then, in either case, the law made by Parliament, or, as the case may be, such earlier law, shall prevail and the law made by the Legislative Assembly shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void: Provided that if any such law made by the Legislative Assembly has been reserved for the consideration of the President and has received his assent, such law shall prevail in the National Capital Territory: Provided further that nothing in this sub-clause shall prevent Parliament from enacting at any time any law with respect to the same matter including a law adding to, amending, varying or repealing the law so made by the Legislative Assembly. (4) There shall be a Council of Ministers consisting of not more than ten per cent. of the total number of members in the Legislative Assembly, with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Lieutenant Governor in the exercise of his functions in relation to matters with respect to which the Legislative Assembly has power to make laws, except in so far as he is, by or under any law, required to act in his discretion: Provided that in the case of difference of opinion between the Lieutenant Governor and his Ministers on any matter, the Lieutenant Governor shall refer it to the President for decision and act according to the decision given thereon by the President and pending such decision it shall be competent for the Lieutenant Governor in any case where the matter, in his opinion, is so urgent that it is necessary for him to take immediate action, to take such action or to give such direction in the matter as he deems necessary. (5) The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the President and other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Minister and the Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the President. (6) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly. (7) Parliament may, by law, make provisions for giving effect to, or supplementing the provisions contained in the foregoing clauses and for all matter’s incidental or consequential thereto. 17 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

(b) Any such law as is referred to in sub-clause (a) shall not be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368 notwithstanding that it contains any provision which amends or has the effect of amending, this Constitution. (8) The provisions of article 239B shall, so far as may be, apply in relation to the National Capital Territory, the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly, as they apply in relation to the Union territory of Pondicherry, the administrator and its Legislature, respectively; and any reference in that article to “clause (1) of article 239A” shall be deemed to be a reference to this article or article 239AB, as the case may be. 1.7 MAJOR CITIES OF INDIA The icons of India, home for rich heritage and culture are the four metropolitan cities Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Kolkata. 1. “The Capital City” Delhi Experience the culture of Old Delhi and the progressive vibes of New Delhi The old city is settled within the remnants of a sturdy defensive wall and spread out towards the west of the famous Red Fort which was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan between 1638 and 1648.Delhi is steeped in a history which dates back 3000 years. Old Delhi has some dramatic remnants of the Mughal Empire. The Red Fort, the Jama Masjid [largest mosque in India] and the Rajghat are the major attractions. The planning of New Delhi started in 1911 and the new city was inaugurated 20 years later. Throughout New Delhi there are shopping areas and restaurants plus modern temples including the Lotus Temple in South Delhi. 2. “The Vibrant City” Bangalore Experience the pulsating streets of India’s IT hub Bangalore Like an adolescent stretching his identity in a widening world, Bangalore is jumping with extraordinary levels of new construction and rapid expansion. It’s all due to the globalisation of the IT industry and the proliferation of international call centres. Bangalore’s vibrant night life reflects this youthful energy. Situated up on the Deccan plateau, Bangalore enjoys a slightly cooler climate and is known for its gardens and green urban spaces. While not noted for sights of traditional value, there is striking architecture to be found in the local parliament buildings and Tippu Sultan’s palace. A short stop in Bangalore is sufficient to get a feeling for the various activities that keep this city busy around the clock. 18 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. “The Vintage City” Kolkata A medley of art, culture and architecture Any city which is inexorably linked with a ‘Black Hole’ bearing the same name could be said to have an image problem. The city formerly known as Calcutta has begun to transcend this image in recent years however, and overseas visitors are now starting to recognise that it is an energetic and cosmopolitan city well deserving its title as the Cultural Capital of India. Indeed, Calcutta was the original capital city of modern India until the British moved their base of government to Delhi in 1911. Now home to a population in excess of 12 million people, Kolkata has many monuments to its rich colonial past including the impressive Victoria Memorial, Eden Gardens near the Maidan Fort and Birla Planetarium, all of which can be seen in a day’s sightseeing of the city. 4. Lively Mumbai “The city of Bollywood” Formerly Bombay, Mumbai, the capital of Maharashtra, is the fastest moving, most affluent and industrialised city in India. It is the centre of Bollywood, India’s progressive film Industry. The city has a natural harbour, which was developed by the British and is one of the busiest ports of India. It is home to people of all Indian creeds and cultures, a fascinating city, throbbing with life, and for many, the gateway to India. Visit the Prince of Wales Museum, a beautiful architecture modelled on the indo Saracenic design, and has sections for art and paintings, archaeology, and natural history. Other major attractions include the Gateway of India, the principal landmark of Mumbai, the Victoria terminus railway station, the Kamala Nehru Park and the Elephanta Island, famous for its great 6th century cave shrine. 1.8 NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES OF INDIA India has an important strategic position in South Asia. India has its common land boundary with Pakistan, Afghanistan in the north-west China, Tibet, Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east.India's southern neighbours across the sea are two Island states. They are Sri Lanka and Maldives. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar. Maldives Islands are situated to the south of the Lakshadweep Islands. India has strong geographical and historical contacts and links with its neighbours. India stands apart from the rest of Asia.Mountains in the north and Ocean on its three sides have given it a distinct geographical entity. Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and India form the most natural geographical unit. 19 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.9 SUMMARY • The seventh-largest country by area, India is located on the Indian subcontinent in South Asia. India was home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, and is the birthplace of four world religions: Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism. India endured colonisation, eventually being administered by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century. India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was mainly non-violent resistance, led by influential figures like Mahatma Gandhi, and underwent a violent partition. India is the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and is also the most populous democracy in the world. • Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru often remarked, “Welcome a Tourist and send back a friend”. That was the essence of India’s approach to tourism in the post-Independence era. Tourism was seen as an important instrument for national integration and international learning. The dimensions of tourism changed as trade and commerce developed. The spice trade brought India in contact with the world more than before. The silk route trade also opened up India’s immense cultural heritage and natural beauty to the world outside. The establishment of the Indian Railways by the British, modernization of the ports, development of hill stations- all these added to the growth of the Indian tourism industry in the 19th and early parts of the 20th century. • The growth of modern, organized tourism however was slow. Systematic information, even if inadequate, has been available only during the post – Independence era. It was only after the 80s that tourism as an industry picked up speed. • India is a union of States and Union Territories for the purposes of administration, India is divided into 29 States (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh) and 7 Union Territories. The states differ as to the size of the territory, population, languages, as well as historical, economic and cultural development. Delhi, the capital of India, is the largest metropolis in India. It has its own Legislative Assembly, Lieutenant Governor, Council of Ministers and Chief Minister. 1.10 KEY WORDS/ABBREVIATIONS • Agroforestry – the managed use of woody perennials (trees, shrubs, bamboo, etc.) within agricultural or pastoral land use systems. • Biodiversity – the variety of life on Earth. This can range in scale, from genetic diversity to species diversity to diversity within an ecosystem. 20 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Camera trap – a camera which is triggered to take photos by a motion-sensitive sensor. It enables conservationists to monitor wildlife in a natural habitat without having to disturb the animals with human presence. • Capacity building – the process of developing the knowledge and skills within individuals and institutions to enable them to effectively carry out conservation. • Captive-bred – born and raised in a zoo or a research or breeding centre, not in the wild. • Endangered – the species faces a very high risk of extinction in the wild. • Vulnerable – the species faces a high risk of extinction in the wild. • Terrain: This entry contains a brief description of the topography. • Waterways: This entry gives the total length and individual names of navigable rivers, canals, and other inland bodies of water • Geography: This category includes the entries dealing with the natural environment and the effects of human activity. 1.11 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Construct a graphical representation of various states and UT along with their differences 2. Collect data of various states to know their behavioural aptitude and line of interest. 1.12 UNIT END QUESTIONS (MCQ AND DESCRIPTIVE) A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Explain, which are the major physiographic divisions of India? 2. Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the peninsular plateau. 3. List out the political features of India? 4. Give an account of the Northern Plains of India. 5. Write short notes on the following. (i) The Indian Desert (ii) The Central Highlands (iii) The Island groups of India B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. A landmass bounded by sea on three sides is referred to as 21 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. Coast b. Peninsula c. Island d. None of these 2. Mountain ranges in the eastern part of India forming its boundary with Myanmar are collectively called as a. Himachal a. Purvachal b. Uttarakhand c. None of these 3. The western coastal strip, south of Goa is referred to as b. Coromandel c. Kannad d. Konkan e. Northern Circar 4. The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is 22 a. Anai Mudi b. Mahendragiri c. Kanchenjunga d. Khasi 5. Born and raised in a zoo or a research or breeding centre, not in the wild. a. Captive breed b. Wild animal c. Habitat d. None of these Answer 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. a CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.13 REFERENCES • A. K. Raina. (2010). Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practices Paperback. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House. • Dimitrios Buhalis, John Crotts, Roger March. (2000). Global Alliances in Tourism and Hospitality Management. UK and New York: Routledge publishing. • A.K Bhatia. (2006). International Tourism Management. Noida: Sterling Publishers. • National geography. (2016) Destinations of a Lifetime (National Geographic).Washington D.C.: National geography publishers • \"India Government, Indian Democracy | India Quick Facts\". Retrieved 13 March 2020. • \"India\". The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 13 July 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2009. • https://geology.com/world/india-satellite-image.shtml. 23 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 2 GEOGRAPHICAL ATTRIBUTES: 16 Structure 2.0. Learning Objectives 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Physical Division of India 2.3. Peninsular Region 2.4. Indo-Gangetic Brahmaputra Region 2.4.1 The Gangetic Plains 2.5. Himalayas 2.5.1 Climate 2.5.2 Flora and fauna 2.6. Coastal Plains inIndia 2.6.1 Eastern Coastal Plains of India 2.6.2 Western Coastal Plains of India 2.7. Significance of Indian Coastlines 2.8. Desert 2.9. Few famous Deserts of India: 2.10. Summary 2.11. Key Words/Abbreviations 2.12.Learning Activity 2.13.Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 2.14.References CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able to: • Explain the Physical Division of India • List the Indian Peninsular Region • Discuss about Indo-Gangetic Brahmaputra Region and Himalayas • Describe the Coastal Plains and Desert • State the famous deserts in India 2.1 INTRODUCTION India may be an immense land. It stretches from geographic area within the north to Kanyakumari within the south and Arunachal Pradesh within the Japanese finish to the deserts of tannin within the west. Spread across its immense expanse of three.28 sq. kilometres, the land is encircled by the Himalayas within the north, Bay of geographical area within the East, the sea on the west and also the Indian Ocean on the south. With such a lot variation within the landscape among one dry land, Republic of India our country is most definitely, wealthy in diversity. India our country is found within the hemisphere between 8°4’N to 37°6’N latitudes and 68°7’E and 97°25’E longitudes. And, the Tropic of Cancer cuts the dry land halfway through, at 23°30’N latitude. because of this, the country enjoys a semitropic climate. study the Climate of Republic of India intimately here. Also, the longitudinal distance of the country causes variation in time. Like, in Arunachal Pradesh, the sun rises nearly 2 hours previous within the tannin region. But, we have a tendency to take into account the great circle of 82°30’E to line the Indian time. 2.2 PHYSICAL DIVISION INDIA India our country, is gifted with a variety of landscapes– the lofty Himalayas, the Great Indian Desert, the Northern Plains, the Deccan plateau surface and the scenic coasts and islands. Because each of these landforms has a beauty of its own, it also adds to the physical diversity of the country. Let’s find out about each of these. a. Himalayan Mountains 17 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

In the northernmost part of the country, the mighty mountain ranges of Himalayas stand as guards. These mountain run as three parallel ranges, namely- • The Greater Himalayas or Himadri, which boasts the world’s and India’s highest peaks • The Middle Himalayas or Himachal • The southern Himalayas or Shivalik Ranges. • Northern Plains Right at the foothills of the Himalayas, are the vast Northern Plains. Due to the network of the largest rivers like Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra, these plain regions are rich in alluvial soil, and therefore, highly fertile. This helps is a heavy cultivation of crops. As a result, the Northern Plains have the maximum concentration of population. 2.3 PENINSULAR PLATEAU This triangular landmass lies to the south of the Northern Plains. With rugged and sloping landscape, the peninsula offers a number of hill ranges and valleys. The Aravalli Hills, for example, is one of the oldest ranges of the world, sits on the north-west side of the peninsula. Likewise, the Vindhya and Satpura mountains are the most noteworthy landscapes of the region, with Narmada and Tapi rivers flowing through them. The entire Peninsular Plateau is bordered by the Western Ghats on the West and the Eastern Ghats on the east. While the Western Ghats is a continuous stretch of mountains, the Eastern Ghats are interrupted by plains. Furthermore, the entire plateau region is rich in minerals and metals. 1. Coastal Plains The strips of lands along both the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats form the Coastal Plains. The western coast lies on the Arabian Sea and is narrow, while the eastern coast, along the Bay of Bengal, is much broader. The rivers Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri drain into the Bay of Bengal and form fertile deltas. The most noteworthy of all Indian deltas is the Sundarbans, in West Bengal, formed by Ganga and Brahmaputra and their tributaries. 2. Islands Just outside the eastern and western coasts, there are two groups of islands, which also form an important feature of India our country. The Lakshadweep Islands are on the Arabian Sea, on the west, while the Andaman and Nicobar Islands lie on the Bay of Bengal, in the south-east. 3. Peninsular Region The solid ground of India includes the various topological and environmental condition patterns of South India. The solid ground is in form of a massive inverted triangle, finite on the west by the sea, 18 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

on the east by the Bay of geographical area and on the north by the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. the road created by the Narmada stream and Mahanadi stream is that the ancient boundary between northern and southern Republic of India. Covering a neighbourhood of regarding sixteen hundred thousand km², the solid ground upland forms the most important physiographic division of Republic of India. it's finite by the Aravalli’s within the North West, Hazaribagh and Raajmahal Hills within the northeast, the Western Ghats (Sahyadri Mountains) within the west and therefore the jap Ghats within the east. the best peak of solid ground Republic of India is Anamudi that's 2695 metres on top of water level. Fig 2.1 Peninsular India Relief The narrow strip of verdant land between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea is the Konkan region; the term encompasses the area south of the Narmada as far as Goa. The Western Ghats continue south, forming the Malnad (Canara) region along the Karnataka coast, and terminate at the Nilgiri mountains, an inward (easterly) extension of the Western Ghats. The Nilgiris run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and Karnataka, encompassing the Palakkad and Wayanad hills, and the Satyamangalam ranges, and extending on to the relatively low-lying hills of the Eastern Ghats, on the western portion of the Tamil Nadu– Andhra Pradesh border. The Tirupati and Annamalai hills form part of this range. The Deccan upland, covering the foremost portion of the states of geographical region, state and Tamil Nadu, is that the Brobdingnagian elevated region certain by the C-shape outlined by of these 19 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

mountain ranges. No major elevations border the upland to the east, and it slopes gently from the Western Ghats to the jap coast. The Peninsular India can be divided into four regions viz. Central Highlands, Deccan Plateau, Western Ghats or Sahyadri and Eastern Ghats 2.4 INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN The Indo-Gangetic Plain separates the Peninsula from the Himalaya. It is the most densely populated part of India and comprises the plain of the R. Indus, the Gangetic Plain and the narrow and short plain of the R. Brahmaputra. The Indus Plains comprise 1. the Sind, and 2. the Punjab. The Gangetic Plains comprise the Gangetic Divide, the Upper Gangetic Plain, the Middle Gangetic Plain and the Lower Gangetic Plain. Although the plain through which the Brahmaputra flows is really an eastward extension of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, ecologically and biogeographically it must be considered a part of the Eastern Borderlands The Indus Plains The region of Sind includes Sind proper, the lowlands of Sibi (Sewistan) and part of Khairpur, but excludes the Thar Parkar Desert. It is subdivided into the Western Highlands of Kirthar and Kohistan, the lower Indus Valley including an eastern and western valley and the Indus Delta. The Punjab area excludes the part to the north of the Salt Range. This is geographically a transitional area between the Western Borderlands and the great plains of North India. 2.4.1 The Gangetic Plains The Indo-Gangetic Divide, the area between the delta of the rivers Indus and Ganga, especially the narrow region between the rivers Sutlej and Yamuna, is a transitional belt that marks the great divide between not only two great river systems, but also between climatic and biogeographical limits. This transitional area is bounded in the north by the Siwalik Hills, in the West by the rivers Beas-Sutlej and in the east by the R. Yamuna. In the south it passes gradually into the Thar Desert (but the limits may be taken as the dry bed of the R. Ghaggar) and in the southeast by the low broken Aravalli Hills near Delhi. Except for the scattered Aravalli outliers in the southeast and the topographic discontinuity of the river courses, the region is completely alluvial. Over one hundred streams, within a short stretch of only 130 km of the Siwaliks. The many tributaries of the Indus and Ganges divide the plain into doabs, tongues of land that reach to wherever the tributaries meet. near to the rivers is khadar land of latest alluvial sediment that's subject to flooding. higher than the flood limit, bangar land is older alluvial sediment deposited within the middle Pleistocene epoch. The annual downfall will increase from west towards the east. The Lower Ganges Plains and therefore the province natural depression square measure additional abundant than the center Ganga 20 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

plain. The lower Ganga is targeted in province, from that it flows into Bangladesh. once connexion the Jamuna, a branch of river, each rivertypes the Ganges Delta. The Brahmaputra river} rises in Asian country because the Yarlung Zangbo River and flows through Arunachal Pradesh and province, before crossing into Bangladesh. Some geographers subdivide the Indo-Gangetic Plain into many parts: the Gujarat, Sindh, Punjab, Doab, Rohilkhand, Awadh, Bihar, geographic area and province regions. Fauna Until recent history, the open grasslands of the Indus-Ganga Plain were inhabited by several large species of animal. The open plains were home to large numbers of herbivores which included all three of the Asian rhinoceros (Indian rhinoceros, Javan rhinoceros, Sumatran rhinoceros). The open grasslands were in many ways similar to the landscape of modern Africa. Gazelle, buffalo, rhinos, elephants, lions, and hippo roamed the grasslands as they do in Africa today. Large herds of Indian elephants, gazelles, antelopes and horses lived alongside several species of wild cattle including the now-extinct aurochs. In the forested areas there were several species of wild pig, deer and muntjac. In the wetter regions close to the Ganga, there would have been large herds of water buffalo grazing on the riverbanks along with extinct species of hippopotamus. 2.5 HIMALAYAS The Himalayas square measure a spread of mountains in Asia. mountain chain correct stretches from the river in Pakistan, through Asian nation, Nepal, and Bhutan, and ends at the river in jap Asian nation. The bigger Himalaya advanced of mountains includes the Himalayas and a few connected ranges. On the jap finish of mountain chain correct is that the Hengduan vary, which incorporates the 3 Parallel Rivers parkland in China. On the west, the Himalayas connect with an outsized space of position known as the Pamir Knot, and a number of other ranges extend in numerous directions from the knot. the most ones square measure the Mustagh, running east parallel to mountain chain and north of it, the chain of mountains running southwest, and also the mountain chain vary running north. The Indian landmass and also the remainder of Asia square measure on completely different continental plates that square measure colliding; the Himalayas and connected ranges square measure on the boundary of the plates. The force of the collision creates the world's highest mountains. North of the Himalayas is that the Tibetan tableland, the world's largest and highest (over 3000 m on average) tableland. It includes all of Tibet and also the Chinese province of Qinghai and components of many different provinces. a couple of centuries back, the Tibetan Empire coated close to an equivalent space because the tableland. 21 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The Himalayas square measure a home to a various variety of individuals, languages, and religions. typically speaking Islam is rife within the west, Hinduism on the southern edge, and Buddhism within the north. whereas there square measure various languages spoken, Hindi or Urdu — the spoken languages square measure reciprocally intelligible, although the written forms square measure quite completely different — can take you terribly so much, because it is known by the bulk within the Pakistani, and Indian Himalaya. In Asian nation it is not terribly helpful, however it will have important overlap with Nepali, and thus provides you an advantage thereupon language. 2.5.1 Climate The latitudes in the Himalayas range from almost tropical along the southern edge to about 40 north (latitude of Chicago, Beijing or Rome) in the Pamir Knot. However, Himalayan weather is more severe than in other places at similar latitudes, due to the altitude and the lack of any large body of water nearby to moderate the climate. Many of the peaks have snow atop the year round and there are many glaciers. There is a large variation in micro-climates throughout the region; two valleys only a few miles apart but isolated by the mountains may have quite different climates because one gets more sun or they are affected differently by the wind patterns. 2.5.2 Flora and fauna The diversity of wildlife in the Himalayas is huge. In the lower ranges, tigers, leopards, and the one-horned rhinoceros can be found while the higher altitudes support a smaller but more unique group of animals. These include the snow leopard, Markhor goat, argali, and red panda. Yaks are common as a domestic animal in much of the region. 2.6 COASTAL PLAINS IN INDIA The Indian coastline which is 7516.6 km long covers 6100 km of mainland coastline along with the Andaman, Nicobar and the Lakshadweep islands. The coastline of India touches 13 states and Union Territories. The western coastal plains are along the Arabian Sea whereas the eastern coastal plains are located along the Bay of Bengal. India is a country that is surrounded by the sea on three of its sides. The coastal plains in India are along the west and east of the country. Extending up to 7516.6 km, the coastal plains in India are of two types: 1. Eastern Coastal Plains of India 2. Western Coastal Plains of India 2.6.1 Eastern Coastal Plains of India 22 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The eastern coastal plains stretch from West Bengal in the north to Tamil Nadu in the south and pass through Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Deltas of the rivers Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari and Cauvery are present in the eastern coastal plain. The deltas are very fertile and productive for agriculture. Therefore, the delta of the River Krishna is called the ‘Granary of South India‘. The Eastern coast is again divided into three categories: • Utkal coast: Extending between the Chilika Lake and Kolleru Lake, they are much wider than the western coastal plains and undergo immense rainfall. Some of the crops that are cultivated here are rice, coconut and banana. • Andhra coast: Extending between the Kolleru Lake and Pulicat Lake, the Andra coast forms a basin area for the Krishna and the Godavari rivers. • Coromandel coast: The Coromandel coast extends between Pulicat Lake and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu. This Indian coastline remains dry in summer and receives rainfall during the winters due to the north-east monsoons. 2.6.2 Western Coastal Plains of India Western Coastal Plains stretches from Kerala in the south to Gujarat in the north passing through Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra. The western coastal plains stretch for 1500 km north to south and its width ranges from 10 to 25 km. The West Continental Shelf is at its widest off the Bombay coast. This place is rich in oil. Along the Malabar Coast, there are many beautiful lagoons which makes the place a tourist destination. The western coast is narrower than the eastern coast. The western coast is further divided into four categories: • Kachchh and Kathiawar coast: Kachchh, formerly a gulf is formed by the deposition of silt by the Indus. The area of Kachchh is covered with shallow water during the monsoons and is divided into Great Rann in the north and Little Rann in the east. Whereas, Kathiawar is situated to the south of Kachchh. • Konkan coast: It extends between Daman in the north to Goa in the south. Rice and cashew are the two important crops of this region. • Kanada coast: It extends between Marmagaon and Mangalore and is rich in iron deposits. • Malabar coast: Extending between Mangalore to Kanyakumari, the Malabar coast is relatively broad. This region also consists of lagoons running parallel to the coast in southern Kerala. 23 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF INDIAN COASTLINES The coastlines of India extend up to 7516.6 km including the island groups Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep. As a result, the areas that are covered under the Indian coastlines enjoys a favourable climate with no extreme temperature which is ideal for human development. Some of the major significance of the coastal plains in India are mentioned below: 1. The coastal plains in India are mostly covered by fertile soils which are best for cultivations. Rice is the major crop that is cultivated in these regions. 2. The big and small ports along the Indian coastlines helps in carrying out trade. 3. The sedimentary rocks of these coastal plains are said to contain large deposits of mineral oil which can be used as a source of marine economy. 4. Fishing has become an important occupation of the people living in coastal areas. 5. The coastal plains in India are rich in coastal and marine ecosystems which also include a wide range of mangroves, coral reefs, estuaries and lagoons serving as great tourism potential. 2.8 DESERT A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation. About one-third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid. This includes much of the polar regions, where little precipitation occurs, and which are sometimes called polar deserts or \"cold deserts\". Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls, by the temperature that prevails, by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location. Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks, which consequently break in pieces. Although rain seldom occurs in deserts, there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods. Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter, and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor are further eroded by the wind. This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms. Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface. Rocks are smoothed down, and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits. The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes. Other deserts are flat, stony plains where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a mosaic of smooth stones. These areas are known as desert pavements, and little further erosion takes place. Other desert features include rock outcrops, exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water. 24 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Temporary lakes may form and salt pans may be left when waters evaporate. There may be underground sources of water, in the form of springs and seepages from aquifers. Where these are found, oases can occur. 2.9 FEW FAMOUS DESERTS OF INDIA: (i) The Indian Desert: The Indian Desert, popularly known as the That desert, lies towards the western margins of the Aravalli Hills. It is an undulating sandy plain covered with sand dunes. This region receives very low rainfall below 150 mm per year. It has arid climate with low vegetation cover. Streams appear during the rainy season. Soon after the rainy season they disappear into the sand. Luni is the only large river in this region. Crescent shaped dunes popularly known as Barchans are an important feature of the Indian Desert. (ii) The Central Highland: The Peninsular Plateau consists of the broad divisions the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau. The part of the Peninsular plateau to the north of the Narmada river covers a major area of the Malwa plateau is known as the Central Highlands. The Vindhyas range is bounded by the Central Highlands on the south and the Aravalli’s on the northwest. The further westward extension gradually merges with the sandy and rocky desert of Rajasthan. The flow of the rivers draining this region, namely the Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa and Ken is from southwest to northeast, thus indicating the slope. The Central Highlands are wider in the west but narrower in the east. The eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. (iii) The Island Groups of India: India has two island groups - the Lakshadweep Islands and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Lakshadweep Islands group lies close to the Malabar coast of Kerala. This group of islands is composed of small coral islands. Earlier they were known as Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive. In 1973, these were named as Lakshadweep. It covers small area of 32 sq km. Kavaratti Island is the administrative headquarters of Lakshadweep. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of Bengal. They are bigger in size and are more numerous and scattered. The entire group of islands is divided into two broad categories - the Andaman in the north and the Nicobar in the south. These island groups are of great strategic importance for the country. They lie close to equator and experience equatorial climate and have thick forest cover. 2.10 SUMMARY • Geography influences historical events. Spatial distance itself has been a very potent factor to alter the course of history of the world. Spatial depth provided defence to many countries, particularly in the last century. In traditional warfare, countries with large size in area, gain time at the cost of space. The defence provided by oceanic expanse around the countries of the new world has protected them from wars being imposed on their soil. 25 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• If we look at the historical events world over, each one of them can be interpreted geographically. In India, Himalayas have acted as great barriers and provided protection but the passes provided routes to the migrants and invaders from Central Asia. The sea coast has encouraged contact with people from East and Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa. Navigation technology helped European countries to colonise a number of countries of Asia and Africa, including India as they got accessibility through oceans. The geographical factors have modified the course of history in different parts of the world. • India is a vast land. It stretches from Kashmir in the north to Kanyakumari in the south and Arunachal Pradesh in the eastern end to the deserts of Kutch in the west. • Spread across its vast expanse of 3.28 square kilometres, the land is surrounded by the Himalayas in the north, Bay of Bengal in the East, the Arabian Sea on the west and the Indian Ocean on the south. With so much variation in the landscape within one landmass, India our country is most certainly, rich in diversity. • India our country is located in the northern hemisphere between 8°4’N to 37°6’N latitudes and 68°7’E and 97°25’E longitudes. And, the Tropic of Cancer cuts the landmass halfway through, at 23°30’N latitude. Due to this, the country enjoys a subtropical climate. State about the Climate of India in detail here. • Also, the longitudinal distance of the country causes variation in time. Like, in Arunachal Pradesh, the sun rises almost two hours earlier than in the Kutch region. But, we consider the longitude of 82°30’E to set the Indian Standard Time. 2.11 KEY WORDS/ABBREVIATIONS • Coastline: is defined as the line where land and water surfaces meet (border each other). Due to the existence of several measures. • Aquifer: A geologic formation that is water-bearing, and which transmits water from one point to another. • Basin: A large submarine depression of a generally circular, elliptical or oval shape. • Beach erosion: The carrying away of beach materials by wave action, tidal currents, littoralcurrents or wind. • Benthos: Those animals who live on the sediments of the sea floor, including both mobile and non-mobile forms. • Clastic rocks: Rocks built up of fragments which have been produced by the processes of weathering and erosion, and in general transported to a point of deposition. • Clay: A fine grained sediment with a typical grain size less than 0.004 mm. Possesses electromagnetic properties which bind the grains together to give a bulk strength or cohesion. 26 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Cliff: A high steep face of rock. 2.12 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Make a team of four and prepare an analysis report of Weather of Himalaya as per four different seasons. 2. As a member of team draw a differentiate report on various sands of Deserts of India. 2.13 UNIT END QUESTIONS (MCQ AND DESCRIPTIVE) A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Discuss the types of Coastal Planes. 2. Explain any two types of Deserts. 3. Define Flora and Fauna of Indo-Gangetic Plain. 4. Write a short note on Climate of Himalayas. 5. Explain start and end of Himalayas. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following coastal plain is formed by the alluvial deposits of the Sabarmati, Mahi and numerous tiny streams? a. Gujarat Coastal Plain b. West Coastal Plain c. Karnataka Coastal Plain d. East Coastal Plain 2. Which of the following coastal plain is located between the Sahyadri and the Arabian Sea? a. Gujarat Coastal Plain 27 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

b. West Coastal Plain c. Karnataka Coastal Plain d. East Coastal Plain 3. Which of the following coastal plain is depicts an inland belt of isolated hills of Archaean gneisses? a. Gujarat Coastal Plain b. West Coastal Plain c. Karnataka Coastal Plain d. East Coastal Plain 4. The most famous Marina Beach is located on which of the following coastal plain? a. Gujarat Coastal Plain b. West Coastal Plain c. Karnataka Coastal Plain d. East Coastal Plain 5. The 9 degree channel is located on which of the following Islands? 28 a. Arabian Sea Islands b. Bay of Bengal Islands c. Offshore Islands d. None of these CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Answer 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. d 2.14 REFERENCES • A. K. Raina. (2010). Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practices Paperback. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House. • Dimitrios Buhalis, John Crotts, Roger March. (2000). Global Alliances in Tourism and Hospitality Management. UK and New York: Routledge publishing. • A.K Bhatia. (2006). International Tourism Management. Noida: Sterling Publishers. • National geography. (2016) Destinations of a Lifetime (National Geographic).Washington D.C.: National geography publishers • Yang, Qinye; Zheng, Du (2004). Himalayan Mountain System. ISBN 978-7-5085-0665-4. Retrieved 30 July 2016. • Wadia, D. N. (1931). \"The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya: its rocks, tectonics and orogeny\". Record Geol. Survey of India. 65 (2): 189–220. • Wishart, David. 2004. The Great Plains Region, In: Encyclopaedia of the Great Plains, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, pp. xiii-xviii. ISBN 0-8032-4787-7 • Atlas.nrcan.gc.ca Archived 2013-01-22 at the Wayback Machine • \"About the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL)\". • Fenneman, Nevin M. (January 1917). \"Physiographic Subdivision of the United States\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 3 (1): 17–22. doi:10.1073/pnas.3.1.17. OCLC 43473694. PMC 1091163. PMID 16586678. • Brown, Ralph Hall (1948). Historical Geography of the United States. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co. pp. 373–374. OCLC 186331193. 29 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 3 FLORA & FAUNA Structure 3.0. Learning Objective 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Flora & Fauna in India 3.3. Wildlife sanctuaries in India 3.4. Bird sanctuaries 3.5. National parks of India 3.6. Summary 3.7. Key Words/Abbreviations 3.8. Learning Activity 3.9. Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 3.10.References 3.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVE After studying this Unit, you will be able to: • State about the Wildlife sanctuaries • Discuss about the Bird sanctuaries • Explain about the National parks of India • Describe about the flora and fauna • Discussthe case studies 3.1 INTRODUCTION The planet Earth is a beautiful place to live in. Life has flourished on the planet, thanks to the bountiful sun and vast oceans of water. No matter where we go on the planet, there are stunning plants, flowers, and animals that catch our attention. They are two very important aspects of any eco-system. 30 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Of all the living organisms on the planet, the most commonly seen by us are the plant life and the animal life. Apart from these two, more forms of life abound in the earth, but are harder to see with the naked eye. This is why the flora and fauna i.e.;plant and wildlife of the earth are fascinating to observe and study. In this technological era, humans interact more with gadgets that it’s almost impossible to find time to interact with nature. When vacation period knocks, they make up for that by traveling to exotic locations to trek through untamed trails, or just drive to see an army of fearless animals. This is enabled by flora and fauna spread across different parts of the world. 3.2 FLORA AND FAUNA IN INDIA Indian subcontinent is a store of all type of weathers, forests and different living condition. India is one of those places of the world where you can find almost all types of climate and wildlife conditions. The diversity in Indian weather is also very unique. India is home for some of the rarest plants and animals of world also. Indian flora and fauna hold a special place in the devotional aspects of the life of Indian population. This clearly shows the respect of the plants and animal in the Indian society. Indian government is also working very responsibly in order to conserve and protect the plants and wildlife in Indian subcontinent. We have special forest departments, where designated officials take care of forests and animals and also protect them from any adversaries. 1. Flora India is the home for a vast range of climate, topology and environment, which has resulted in a boom in the number of species of plants and flowers in India. There are more than 18000 flowering plants and around 50,000 plant species in our country. One can easily find tropical areas, deserts, rainy areas and mountains in India. There also exists a national forest policy resolution for the maintenance and protection of forests in India. The forests have an area of 743,534 Km2 in the area as per the latest records. The floral species in India are well- protected and preserved. The forest areas in southern islands of Andaman, eastern Himalayas, western Himalayas, Indus plains and Deccan ranges have about 3000 species of plants that are endemic to a forest area. There exist some of the rarest medicinal plants of the world and Indian Ayurveda can be said to be dependent on the forest. The Indian forests play an important role in the maintenance of the ecosystem in India and people also State their role in protecting and preserving them. Movements like Bishnois movement are a great example of that. Indian forests are a great showcase of nature and one can have a look at some of the oldest plants on the earth here. These forests present a visual retreat to the eyes during monsoons and look no less than green heaven. We can say that the beauty of nature at that time is mesmerizing and one must visit India to enjoy forests not for greenery but for a serene vacation in the lap of nature. 31 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2. Fauna India has good biodiversity and almost every kind of animal species can survive in India without any problem owing to Indian ecosystem. In India you can find grassland, mountains, swamps, desert, highland and a large number of riverbanks. These factors help our environment to attain such biodiversity that supports survival of different animals in our country. India also has a large coastline which makes a presence of lots of water animals in our country. Around 4.4 % of amphibians, 6.2 % of reptiles, 11.7 % of aquatic animals, 12.6 % of birds and 7.6% of mammals in the world reside in the Indian areas. India is also the home for some of the rarest species of animals in the world. We have good numbers of Bengal tigers. The Asiatic lions are also present in the Gir National Park of Gujarat. We have one horned rhinos along with leopard, spotted hyenas, jackals, gaurs, deer species, elephants and hippos. These are only some famous species of Indian fauna. In India there are large numbers of animals which are both harmful and harmless and we have several places where we can take a close look at them such as zoos and wildlife sanctuaries. The Indian subcontinent becomes more beautiful with the presence of the peacock and snow leopard. During the rainy season, the beauty of Indian forests is at its peak due to plants and animals. Every animal including aquatic animals is an integral part of Indian biodiversity and they help in each other’s survival in some manner. What is a Wildlife Sanctuary? A wildlife sanctuary is an area where animal habitats and their surroundings are protected from any sort of disturbance. The capturing, killing and poaching of animals is strictly prohibited in these regions. They aim at providing a comfortable living to the animals. India has beautiful wildlife sanctuaries, with dense forests, large rivers, high and beautiful mountains. Few of the these in India are mentioned here. 3.3 WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES IN INDIA SR.No. Name of Wildlife Sanctuaries State 1. Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary Rajasthan 2. Chilika Lake Bird Sanctuary Chilika 32 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary Kerela 4. Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary Gujarat 5. Govind Wildlife Sanctuary Uttarakhand 6. Madumalai Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 7. Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary Kerala Tourism is not permitted in a wildlife sanctuary. People are not allowed unescorted there. The main objective of establishing a wildlife sanctuary is to educate humans as to how to treat the animals. The animals are taken care of and allowed to live peacefully in their natural habitats. Importance of Wildlife Sanctuaries There are a number of reasons for establishing wildlife sanctuaries. Some of the reasons are listed below: • The wildlife sanctuaries are established to protect the endangered species. • It is quite difficult to always relocate the animals from their natural habitat, therefore, protecting them in their natural environment is advantageous. • The endangered species are specially monitored in the wildlife sanctuaries. If they reproduce and grow in number while under protection, few specimens can be kept for breeding in the conservation parks for their survival. • Biologist activities and researches are permitted in the wildlife sanctuaries so that they can State about the animals living there. • A few sanctuaries take in injured and abandoned animals and rehabilitate them to health before releasing them in the forest. • Wildlife sanctuaries preserve the endangered species and protect them from humans and predators. 33 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Protection of Endangered Species Many species of plants and animals are on the verge of extinction. Such creatures are conserved in the wildlife sanctuaries. Various sanctuaries have been established such as the Fleurieu peninsula sanctuary is maintained to protect she oak habitat for glossy black cockatoos. Conservation of Biodiversity The landowners of a wildlife sanctuary are involved in: • Production and distribution of electricity. • Horticulture, grazing and farming enterprises • Wine production • Organic horticulture 3.4 BIRD SANCTUARIES India is a home for many species of birds local as well as migrant birds. Bird sanctuaries in India are therefore a hot spot for personality lovers and birdwatchers. Some of the beautiful local inhabitants like The National Bird of India “Peacocks” , Great Indian bustard, Indian Horn-bill, Kingfishers and Indian Eagle “Garuda”, a Sacred Bird of Hindus. The Great Indian Horn-bill is the largest amongst all the horn-bills found in the forests of India. There are over 1200 species of birds found in the India, so one can enjoy birding or bird watching in India. Kulik (Raiganj) Bird Sanctuary is one of the largest bird sanctuaries in Asia. Nawabganj is one of the luckiest sanctuaries that have such enormous range of wildlife creatures in India. is an ideal tourist destination for birding, twitching and Bird watching in India? Twitching is referring to those who travel long distances to see a rare bird that would call as twitcher. 1. Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary: The famous Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary also known as Keoladeo Ghana National Park is situated in Rajasthan. Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary is one of the best bird sanctuaries in India and one of the finest bird parks in the world. Apart from the Great Thar Desert, Big forts and beautiful lakes, Birds of Bharatpur Sanctuary are one of the major tourist attractions in Rajasthan. Thousands of rare and highly endangered birds come here during the winter season. The Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary is paradise for the bird lover’s to watch some of the most exotic birds in the world. 2. Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary: Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary is home for several colorful winged migratory species, located at Gurgaon district of Haryana. Its small area comprising with shallow freshwater Sultanpur Lake, where 100 of migratory bird 34 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

species visit to feed every year. The Sultanpur National Park also known for its rich variety of wild animals and flying predators along with beautiful birds. 3. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary: The Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is home to many varieties of local and migratory birds, situated in chorao Island along the river Mandovi in Goa. Salim Ali Bird sanctuary is one of the best known bird sanctuaries and very famous bird sanctuary in India. It is one of the smallest bird sanctuaries where flying Sparrows, Beautiful peafowl, Parrots, pelican, Indian giant squirrel and other rare species of fauna can be spotted. Beyond the Beaches of Goa, Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is one of the major tourist attractions in Goa. 4. Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary:Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary also known as Vembanad Bird Sanctuary is situated at in land of attraction Kerala, near to the famous Vembanad Lake. It offers a home to a large number of migratory birds like Flycatcher, Teal, Siberian Stork, Crane, Parrots and Wood Beetle. by riding a houseboat will be the best way for birdwatching in Kerala. It is a favourite spot for migratory birds and paradise for the bird lovers. Another bird Sanctuaries in Kerala are Mangalavanam and Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, situated on the banks of the Periyar River and famous for some of the rarest species of birds and other unique fauna. 5. Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary: Rangan-thittu Bird Sanctuary is situated near to the banks of the Kaveri River in Karnataka. The Exotic migratory birds like light Ibis, Egret, Partridge, Heron, River Tern, Snake Bird, stone Plougher are the attraction for the tourist. This is an important tourist destination of Mysore and is located about 20 kilometers from the famous Brindavan garden lies adjoining the Krishnarajasagara dam. 6. Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary: The Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary is the oldest bird sanctuary in India, situated in Tamil Nadu. The Vedanthankal Lake region attracted a variety of birds such as pintail, garganey, grey wagtail, blue-winged teal, common sandpiper. One sixth of landmass of Tamil Nadu is covered with forests, which is paradise for animal lover and bird watchers. Kunthakulam bird sanctuary and Pulicat lake bird Sanctuary are also famous for bird watching situated at border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. 3.5 NATIONAL PARKS OF INDIA An area, whether within a sanctuary or not, can be notified by the state government to be constituted as a National Park, by reason of its ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, or zoological association or importance, needed to for the purpose of protecting & propagating or developing wildlife therein or its environment. No human activity is permitted inside the national park except for the ones permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden. 35 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

There are 101 existing national parks in India covering an area of 40,564.00 km2, which is 1.23% of the geographical area of the country (National Wildlife Database, December, 2019). According to the Indian Ministry of Environment & Forests, a national park is \"[a]n area, whether within a sanctuary or not, [that] can be notified by the state government to be constituted as a National Park, by reason of its ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, or zoological association or importance, needed to for the purpose of protecting & propagating or developing wildlife therein or its environment. No human activity is permitted inside the national park except for the ones permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the state 1. Corbett National Park: Nestling in the foothills of the Himalayas, extends over an area of 520.82 sq. km. It was the former hunting preserve of the Maharaja of Rewa. The Corbett National Park where Project Tiger was launched in 1973 is India’s finest national park and its major attractions are the tiger, Indian elephant and leopard. Project Tiger, which was set up with the help of the world wildlife fund, was launched at Dhikala in the Corbett National Park on April 1, 1973. The Indian python, viper, cobra, krait and king cobra also inhabit in the Corbett National Park. 2. Kaziranga National Park: Kaziranga National Park is in Assam. It is famous for its largest population of Indian one- horned rhinoceros. This park has been compared to African parks because of the quality of wildlife viewing. In its beautiful open meadows deer, elephants, buffaloes, and wild boars come to feed themselves. 3. Gir National Park: Gir National Park is in Gujarat. It is the last remaining home of the Asiatic lion, which makes it unique in India. In this park, to spot leopard is also possible. As this park is also divided by many rivers, it is densely populated with crocodiles. 4. Kanha National Park: Kanha National Park is in Madhya Pradesh. It is one of the oldest and best known parks of India. It is famous for tiger and panther. The beautiful meadows where they can be seen also reveal a large number of swamp deer, nilgai, wild dog and black buck. 36 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CASE STUDIES CS_1 Managing Biodiversity in Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India Kaziranga National Park is one of the showcase national parks in India as well as a declared World Heritage Site. It celebrated its recent Centenary with a wonderful display of ethnic and cultural exhibits combined with an extensive and intensive series of research seminars to explore future management options for the Park. [ See http://www.kaziranga100.com/ for details] The seminars were attended by a number of international as well as Indian scientists. Andy Gillison from CBM presented a keynote address on “Managing biodiversity in Kaziranga National Park: a case for bioregional planning” (see below for abstract). Managing biodiversity in Kaziranga National Park: a case for bioregional planning The biodiversity status of North East India is briefly reviewed together with Kaziranga NP that forms an integral part of the forested foothills of the Eastern Himalayas and grasslands and woodlands of the North and South Bank landscapes of the Brahmaputra river. Overlapping habitat ranges of many key plant and animal species within the region suggest biodiversity management within KNP should be carefully considered within the broader scope of a bioregional, conservation management plan for North East India. Data recently acquired from field surveys in the North Bank Landscape and Himalayan footlills are used to support this argument and to demonstrate the relative global conservation value of the region. Case studies were presented to briefly illustrate how critical baseline data and information can be acquired and maintained by both regional forestry and park management using relatively low-cost, state-of-the-art technology. Such data can be vital for adaptive management in the face of unforeseen environmental change or for decision support in the selection and integration of park extensions. The Kaziranga success story is without parallel on the Indian subcontinent. It is the result of tireless efforts by government and conservation agencies combined with on-ground commitment by park personnel. The image presented to the world is one of continuing success in managing large mammals especially the flagship species of rhino, elephant and tiger. While success is seen as the embodiment of the right kind of faunal management, an untold story surrounds the critical management of animal habitat that is reflected in its vegetation. Unlike most other areas of the Brahmaputra valley, the vegetation of KNP represents an unusually intact mosaic of successional and mature vegetation types that form the semi- evergreen forest and grassland mosaics of the south bank of the Brahmaputra river. 37 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

While many of the forest species are endemic to the Indo-Burma region, the vegetation typifies many aspects of the palaeotropic dry forests that extend in a dry seasonal belt around the globe. These high-conservation-value dry forests and related grasslands are under extreme threat in many countries and have been targeted by many international conservation agencies as an urgent conservation priority. Apart from their conservation value, many species are highly attractive (e.g. deciduous flowering trees and shrubs and numerous species of orchids and gingers). Existing tourist routes within the park intercept the majority of vegetation types and animal habitat that present differing seasonal extremes of appearance. CS_2 A Case Study On Jim Corbet National Park It is a known scientific fact that habitat diversity is the leading factor that effectively facilitates growth of different species of fauna anywhere on planet earth and Corbett Tigers Reserve is no exception. This is because it features an array of fauna. Jim Corbett National Park has been popular since time immemorial because of its resident tigers. It happens to be the first Indian national park in and therefore the oldest as logic would dictate. It is among the 9 existing tiger reserves that were designed and built during the pompous launch of the famous Project Tiger back in the year 1973. The Indian national park has a rich historical background that dates back to the early 1800. That was the time when the forest where the Indian national park is located were strictly private property. These were the Tehri Garhwal’s rules. During the 1820s, this portion of the state was issued to be a part of the jurisdiction of the British Rulers. This was a form of gratitude that was directed to them in regard to the valuable assistance they provided at the trying period of the Gurkha invasion. It is only through their help that victory was realized. In 1858, Major Ramseyin spearheaded the very first efforts that were aimed at offering the much needed protection to the vulnerable forest on the Corbett National Park. The Forest Department assumed control of the entire area and proceeded to declare it to be a Reserve Forest under the Forest Act in the year 1879. This meant that no unauthorized activity especially those that degraded the forest were to be carried out on the Corbett National Park. In 1934, Governor Malcom Hailey offered his full support for the proposal and officially declared it a Reserve Forest by law. On the 6th day of August in the year 1936, the famous U.P National Park Act was successfully enacted to name Hailey National Park after Governor Malcom Hailey. It is after this historic event that it went ahead to become the very first 38 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

National Park in India. It was also the third National Park to be established in the globe with a substantive area of approximately 325 sq.kms. The year 1972 saw the successful enactment of the Wildlife Protection Act. The Jim Corbet National Park was among the leading National Parks to embrace Project Tiger which was conservation project that was sponsored by the government to save tigers and their natural habitats. This was on the historical date of 1st April in the year 1973. The year 1991 saw the expansion of the area that the reserve occupied so as to include the Sonandi Wildlife Sanctuary. Currently, the Corbett National Park is among the top examples of conservation efforts. It has been ranked as the best Tiger Reserve and Protected Forest on the entire globe. In the beginning, Project Tiger kicked off with a Tiger Reserve that covered an area of only 16,339 sq.km and a tiger population of 268. As we speak, there are twenty seven Tiger Reserves that cover a total area of 37761 sq. km with some 1498 tigers. The total area of the Tiger Reserves constitutes to approximately 1.14% of the country’s entire geographical area. The tiger population in the country has exponentially from under two thousand tigers to a population of nearly four thousand at the time the Project Tiger was being launched. Aim 1. The main aim of the project is to guarantee that India has a tiger population that is viable. 2. The primary aim is to make site specific eco-development and wildlife management protection measures inclusive the elaborate scheme. This is in a bid to decrease the high dependency the local communities have on the resources of the Tiger Reserves. Research techniques The research techniques that were used in the comprehensive study are discussed under the following subheadings: Main data The main data that was utilized in the study was collected by way of a questionnaire that had a sample size of a hundred people hailing Jim Cornet in India. This was prepared so as to establish the total area that is being used for Project Tiger since its inception. The secondary data was obtained from a number of sources such as books, magazines, newspaper, internet and even brochures. Conclusion and recommendation 39 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

In the compilation of this document, it is quite evident that there is a myriad of problems that plague all of our nineteen Project Tiger reserves. These are the sources of fresh air that support life in our subcontinents and are therefore critical to the survival and continued existence of mankind. From the time that Project Tiger started a while back, India’s population has swelled by about three hundred million people and close to a hundred million livestock. Each and every Tiger Reserve is threatened by rising biotic pressure and that is the main reason why the total reserve area has decreased and there is no significant increase in the reserve’s total area. Eco-development plans that are site specific are being formulated to guarantee the involvement of the local communities in protection measures of these valuable natural resources. Our aim is to guarantee their continued survival, decrease the pressures they are experiencing and establish good relations between the local communities and all of the nineteen Tiger Reserves. Neither the Tiger Reserves nor the biodiversity that thrives in them shall be commercially exploited, used as sites for the construction of dams or for any other projects regardless of their magnitudes. Each of the Tiger Reserves faces threats from smugglers and poachers. Trade in tiger bones is a thriving business in the Far East India will therefore take the necessary steps to guarantee the safety of her tigers and will go an extra mile to ask all communities in the world to withdraw support for the medicinal use of tiger-bones in the Far East. A fresh strategy will be rolled out to reinforce the protection that is already being provided in the Tiger Reserves with regard to new pressures experienced as well as effective legal procedures that are being formulated for a timely and quick action. In a majority of Tiger Reserves, the estimation of population with regard to predators and their corresponding prey base leaves a lot to be desired as they suffer from gross margins of errors as a result of either under or over estimation. This is regardless of the fact that the pug mark technique has challenges of field implementation in several areas. In many areas, the population of tigers have already reached their peak capacity or at least appear to do so in the first 5 years. Recommendation 40 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tigers are a sign of the wilderness and an indication of the good health of the eco-system as a whole. Through tiger conservation efforts, the eco-system is conserved as well. Wilderness conservation is vital to maintenance of life on earth and continued survival of man. All forms of biotic disturbances and human exploitation should be eliminated from the Tiger Reserves. There should be constant monitoring of floral and faunal changes that occur over time by carrying out extensive research on wildlife. Case study on Kaziranga national park: Tourism and Its Environmental Implications During recent years exploring wildlife has added a new dimension to the tourism industry by exposing virgin wilder areas to tourists. The increasing popularity of National Park and Sanctuaries have created vast potentials for the development of tourism and at the same time has resulted in continuous degradation of the ecosystem and the biodiversity by exposing them to human interferences which ultimately prove detrimental. The concept of wildlife tourism has changed considerably during the recent years, with increasing urban stress owing to expanding urbanization and industrialization people tend to spend their leisure time amidst serene natural beauty. The urbanization and unsustainable practices have created immense pressure on the ecosystem. These invasions often include deforestation, disruption of habitat, pollution, all of which contribute to environmental degradation and had a harsh effect on wildlife. Environmental impacts are mostly multifaceted and slow which leads to long-term changes Although most tourist activities are highly localized, their effects can be felt far-off. It was found that the environmental impacts of tourism are dependent on mostly four parameters: (1) number and density of tourist (2) resilience of the area (3) time or season (4) transformational character of tourists. The nature and degree of environmental impacts appeared to depend on the interaction among the type of recreational activity, climatic, and edaphic factors. A full understanding of how different factors integrated to create the resulting environmental impacts remain unclear, except that, overall, impacts do increase. Wildlife tourism causes significant conflicts to animals in their natural habitats. These frighten animals and harm breeding and social behavior, feeding of wildlife also affects their behavior pattern. The present study is conducted to understand the environmental implications of wildlife tourism to identify andshield the gap areas amidst the successful implementation of ecotourism practices and biodiversity restoration in Kaziranga National park. StudyAreas Kaziranga National Park is known globally for its conservation of one-horned Indian Rhino, 41 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

also it is a habitat for several threatened species and migratory birds. The Kaziranga National Park (Figure 1) is situated in Golaghat and Nagaon Karbi Anglong districts of Assam (92o50’E and 93o 41’ E to 26o 30’N and 26o 50’N). Established in 1908, it is spread over an area of 429.49 km2. It was declared as World Heritage Place by UNESCO in 1985 under the Criteria N (ii) and N (iv). The unique ecosystem created by Brahmaputra River and Karbi Anglong hills, makes it striking for development of a wide diversities of plant and animal communities. The park is mainly famous for one-horned rhino, additionally, it is also the house of a variety of wildlife such as Wild buffalo, Elephant, Swamp deer, Hog deer, Barking deer, Samber, Wild boar, Tiger, etc. Timeline of important achievements of Kaziranga National park is shown in Table1. Figure1 Location Map showing Kaziranga National Park Table 1 Timeline of achievements of Kaziranga National park Year Achievements ofKaziranga 1905 Notification of Kaziranga as a Reserve Forest 1908 Declared as ReserveForest 1916 Declared as Game Sanctuary 1937 Sanctuary opened forvisitors 1950 Renamed as Kaziranga WildlifeSanctuary 1974 Declaration of sanctuary as Kaziranga NationalPark 1985 Park was inscribed as World Heritage Site by UNESCO-IUCN 2006 Declared a TigerReserve 42 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)