BACHELOR OF ARTS fganh lkfgR; BAQ106 Veerendra Jain
CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Course Development Committee Chairman Prof. (Dr.) Parag Diwan Vice Chancellor, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab Advisors Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Bhushan, Director – IGNOU Prof. (Dr.) Majulika Srivastava, Director – CIQA, IGNOU Programme Coordinators & Editing Team Master of Business Administration (MBA) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Coordinator – Dr. Rupali Arora Coordinator – Dr. Simran Jewandah Master of Computer Applications (MCA) Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) Coordinator – Dr. Raju Kumar Coordinator – Dr. Manisha Malhotra Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) Coordinator – Dr. Aman Jindal Coordinator – Dr. Minakshi Garg Master of Arts (Psychology) Bachelor of Science (Travel & TourismManagement) Coordinator – Dr. Samerjeet Kaur Co-ordinator – Dr. Shikha Sharma Master of Arts (English) Bachelor of Arts (General) Coordinator – Dr. Ashita Chadha Co-ordinator – Ms. Neeraj Gohlan Academic and Administrative Management Prof. (Dr.) R. M. Bhagat Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Sehgal Executive Director – Sciences Registrar Prof. (Dr.) Abhishek Prof. (Dr.) Inderpreet Kaur Executive Director – Management Director – IDOL Prof. (Dr.) Manaswini Acharya Executive Director – Liberal Arts © No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. SLM SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR CU IDOL STUDENTS Printed and Published by: Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.himpub.com For: CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Hindi Literature Credits: 3 Course Code: BAQ106 Course Objectives: Syllabus bdkbZ 1 & xn; Åij fn, x, xn~; ls lEcfU/kr xn~;ka’kks dhlizlax O;k[;k] y?kq iz’u mRrj fuca/kkRed iz’u vkSj lEcfU/kr xn~; dh leh{kk ‘kkfey gSA 1- cMs+ ?kj dh csVh (eqa’khizse pan) 2- Bkdqj dk dqvk¡ (eqa’khizse pan) 3- mRlkg (vkpk;Z jkepanz ‘kqDy) 4- Øks/k (vkpk;Z jkepanz ‘kqDy) 5- iqjLdkj (t;’kadj izlkn) 6- eerk (t;’kadj izlkn) bdkbZ 2 & Bkdqj dk dqvk¡ (eqa’khizse pan) bdkbZ 3 & mRlkg (vkpk;Z jkepanz ‘kqDy) bdkbZ 4 & iqjLdkj (t;’kadj izlkn) bdkbZ 5 & eerk (t;’kadj izlkn) bdkbZ 6 & fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl& fganh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl dk dky foHkktu] vkfndky dk ukedj.k] izo`fr;k¡ vkSj ifjos’k bdkbZ 7 & laf{kfIr;ka lwph layXu bdkbZ 8 & vuqPNsn ys[ku CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
bdkbZ 9 & ljdkjh i=ys[ku 1- ifji=] 2- dk;kZy; vkns’k 3- vf/klwpuk bdkbZ 10 & i=dkfjrk % vFkZ] ifjHkk”kk] izdkj bdkbZ 11 & ifjHkkf”kd ‘kCnkoyh (inuke) % Account officer, Acting Director, Additional Secretary, Administrator General, Allotment Officer, Ambassador, Assistant, Cashier, Chairman, Claim Officer, Convener, Customer Officer, Director General, District Judge, Editor, Educational Adviser, Field Officer, Forest Officer, Gazette Officer, Hindi Adviser, Hindi Officer, Income Tax Officer, Information Officer, Interpreter, Judge Labour Officer, Manager, Medical Officer, Member, Minister, News Editor, News Reporter, Operating Superintendent, Planning Officer, Prime Minister, Private Secretary, Probationer, Project Officer, Proof Reader, Public Relation Officer, Purchase Officer, Returning Officer, Regional Officer, Resident Officer, Returning Officer, Supervisor, Translator, Treasure, Verification Officer, Welfare Officer, AIR- Al India Ratio, AH- Army Headquarter, BPRD- Bureau of Police, Research Development, BPE- Bureau of Public Enterprises, Cs- Cabinet Secretariat, CBR- Central Board of Revenue, CBI- Central Bureau of Investigation, CHD-Central Hindi Directorate, CIA Central Investigation Agency, CPWQ- Central Public Work Department, CRP- Central Reserve Police, CSWB- Central Social Welfare Board, CSD- Central Storage Depot, CTO- Central Telegraph Office, CC- Chamber Commerce, CC- Computer Center, DC- Documentation Center, DK- Dooradarshan Kendra, EC- Election Commission lq>kfor&iqLrdsa% 1. ltho dgkfu;k¡, MkW- y{ehpUnz [kqjkuk] (iatkc fo’ofon~;ky;, panhx<+] 2012) 2. fparkef.k Hkkx&1 vkSj 2] vkpk;Z jkepUnz ‘kqDy] yksd Hkkjrh izdk’ku ubZ fnYyh] 2015 3. fganh lkfgR; dk fodkl] MkW- oklqnso ‘kekZlw;Z] Hkkjrh izdk’k ubZ] lM+d] fnYyh] 1998 4. i=dkfjrk ,oa lia knu dyk] ,u] jk/kkizdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh (iUr- lh- 2005) 5. lekpkj ys[ku] ih] ubZ fnYyh (vk;Z- ds- fon`;kfogkj 2007) 6. fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] MkW- ukxsUnze;wj] (izdk’ku] bykgkckn] 2009) CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
7. fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] MkW- vfouk’k ‘kekZ] MkW- jkds’k izse ve`rlj] (xq# ukud nso fo’ofon~;ky; 2003) 8. fganh O;kdj.kyksd (dkerkizlkn xq#] Hkkjrh izdk’ku] bykgkckn] 2013) 9. Ik=dkfjrk esa vuqokn] ftrsUnz xqIrjk/kk] (v#.k izdk’k] fiz; n’kZu] d`”.k izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2006) 10. i=dkfjdk ds fln~/kkar] MkW- jes’k pUnz f=ikBh] (v’kks[k izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2008) osc lzksr% http:www.newswriters.in/2015/04/30/art-of-editing/ http;//hindigrammar.in/ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
CONTENTS 1 & 54 55 & 90 bdkbZ 1- Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 91 & 121 bdkbZ 2- Ásepan vkSj dgkuh 122 & 177 bdkbZ 3- vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy vkSj fuca/k 178 & 222 bdkbZ 4- t;’kadj çlkn 223 & 233 bdkbZ 5- fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 234 & 258 bdkbZ 6- vuqPNsn ys[ku 259 & 288 bdkbZ 7- Lkjdkjh i=&ys[ku 289 & 292 bdkbZ 8- i=dkfjrk bdkbZ 9- ikfjHkkf\"kd 'kCnkoyh ¼in uke½ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 1 bdkbZ 1 Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k Lakjpuk 1.0 mís’; 1.1 *cM+s ?kj dh csVh* 1.2 ^Bkdqj dk dqvk¡* 1.3 *mRlkg* 1.4 *Øks/k* 1.5 *iqjLdkj* 1.6 *eerk* 1.0 mís’; Nk=ksa esa O;kdj.k lEer Hkk\"kk dk voxeu dj] mls Lo&Hkk\"kk esa ç;ksx djus dh {kerk dk fodkl djsaxsA Nk=ksa esa fofHkUu 'kCnksa dk çHkko'kkyh ç;ksx djus esa l{ke gksaxs] ,oa 'kCn Hk.Mkj dh o`f) gks ldsxhA Nk=ksa esa ys[ku esa l`tukRedrk o ekSfydrk dk fodkl gks ldsxkA Nk= fyfi ds ekud&:i dk O;kogkfjd Kku] :i&foKku rFkk /ofu&foKku ds vk/kkj ij 'kCnksa dh orZuh dk Kku IkzkIr djus esa leFkZ gksaxAs Nk= 'kCndks'k dks ns[kus dh ;ksX;rk dk foLrkj ,oa fojke fpUgksa dk lgh ç;ksx] 'kCnksa] eqgkojksa vkSj incU/kksa dk 'kq) ç;ksx djuk lh[ksaxsA Nk= mi;qä vuqPNsnksa esa ck¡V dj fy[kuk] lkj] la{ksihdj.k] HkkokFkZ] O;k[;k fy[kuk] vifBr jpuk dk lkjka'k fy[kus esa leFkZ gksaxAs CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
2 fgUnh lkfgR; Nk= çLrqr fdlh fo\"k; dh o.kZukRed rFkk HkkokRed 'kSyh esa vfHkO;fä djus dh {kerk dk fodkl ,oa ifBr jpuk dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA Nk=ksa esa o.kkZRed] foospukRed] HkkokRed 'kSfy;ksa esa fucU/k fy[kus dh {kerk dk fodkl djukA Nk= fofHkUu lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa ds ek/;e ls vius Hkko] fopkj] vuqHko] çfrfØ;k O;ä djuk lh[ksaxsA 1.2 *cM+s ?kj dh csVh 1.2.1 ÁLrkouk bl bdkbZ esa fo|kFkhZ eqa’kh Ásepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh cMs+ ?kj dh csVh ds fof’k\"V va’kksa dh O;k[;k djuk lh[ksxa sA x| va’k esa fo|eku 'kSyh] vyadkj] ys[kd dh Áfriknu 'kSyh ,oa o.kZukRed] HkkokRed Áfriknu dkS’ky fo’ks\"k fcUnqvksa ds }kjk le>us esa l{ke gksaxsaA 1.2.2 mís’; fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa eqa’kh Ásepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh cMs+ ?kj dh csVh ds fo\"k; esa voxeu gksxkA fo|kFkhZ eqa’kh Ásepan th dh Hkk\"kk 'kSyh ls ifjp; ÁkIr djsaxsA dgkuh cMs+ ?kj dh csVh ds fuekZ.k RkRoksa ls ifjp; ÁkIr djsaxsA x|ka’kxr fo’ks\"k fcUnqvksa ds ys[ku dh le> fodflr djsaxsA cMs+ ?kj dh csVh dgkuh ls p;fur va’kksa dh O;k[;k fuEufyf[kr p;fur va’kksa dh lUnHkZ] çlax vkSj fo’ks\"k fVIi.kh mYys[k iwodZ O;k[;k dhft,A 1. ftl rjg lw[kh ydM+h tYnh ls ty mBrh gS] mlh rjg {kq/kk ls ckoyk euq\"; tjk&tjk lh ckr ij frud tkrk gSA ykyfcgkjh dks Hkkot dh ;g f<BkbZ cgqr cqjh ekywe gqbZ] frud dj cksyk&&eSds esa rks pkgs ?kh dh unh cgrh gks ! L=h xkfy;‚¡ lg ysrh gSa] ekj Hkh lg ysrh gSa] ij eksads dh fuank muls ugha lgh tkrhA vkuanh eq¡g Qsj dj cksyh&&gkFkh ejk Hkh] rks ukS yk[k dkA og‚¡ bruk ?kh fuR; ukbZ&dgkj [kk tkrs gSaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 3 lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka’k tu thou dh Hkkoukvksa dks 'kCnksa esa fuc) djus ds eeZK eqa’kh çsepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh* ls fy;k x;k gSA çlax& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th vkuanh dh euksn’kk dk o.kZu dj jgs gSA tc vkuanh ds nsoj us nky esa ?kh u Mkyus ds dkj.k ls dgk lquh gksus ds ckn dh euksn’kk dk o.kZu çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA O;k[;k& mi;qZä laokn esa çsepan th ?kjksa esa gksus okyh NksVh&NksVh ckrksa ds dkj.k tks vanj gh vanj dqMus okyh n’kk gksus yxrh gSA fQj ml n’kk esa ;fn dksbZ lkeus ls vkdj dqN Hkyk&cajk dg ns rks vkarfjd Tokyk vkSj HkM+dus yxrh gSA bl Tokyk dks HkM+dkus esa ykyfcgkjh ds }kjk ek;ds ds fo\"k; esa cqjk dguk] vkuanh ds eu dks vkSj tykus ds dke vk,A D;ksafd gj cgq vius ihgj dh çla’kk esa viuh çla’kk vkSj ihgj dh cqjkbZ esa vius vkRexkSjo dh gkfu le>rh gSaA rkRi;Z L=h vkRexkSjo ls gSA Hkys gh fL=;ksa dh 'kknh gks tk,] dke ds flyflys esa mUgsa nwljs 'kgj vkSj ?kj esa jguk iM+s] lQyrk ds f'k[kj dks Nw ysa ijarq ek;dk ,slk laosnu'khy fo\"k; gS ftls L=h dHkh Hkh NksM+ ugha ikrh gSA os lc dqN lg ysxh ysfdu dHkh Hkh vius ekrk&firk vkSj ek;ds dh cqjkbZ ugha lqu ldrhA vkuanh dk ihgj cM+k lEiUu Fkk] mlds ?kj gkFkh Fkk vkSj llqjky esa ,d cq<+k cSyA mlds ihgj esa dke djus okys yksx Hkh dqN T;knk Fks vkSj dke djus ckyksa ds lkFk Hkh [kus ihus esa dksbZ cafn’k ugh j[kh tkrh FkhA lcdks vPNk Hkkstu fn;k tkrk FkkA ukbZ vkSj dgkjksa dks ?kh ls ;qDr Hkkstu fn;k tkrk FkkA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd vkuanh ykyfcgkjh ds nky esa ?kh okys dFku ls ekufld Dys’k esa Mwc xbZA fo’ks\"k& 1. çsepan th }kjk bl va’k esa efgykvksa dh ekufld n’kk dk lUq nj fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA 2. ek;ds ds çfr cgq, vf/kd laosnu’khy jgrh gSaA muls ek;ds dh fuank lgu ugh gksrh gSA 3. ?kj ds NksVs&NksVs ls laokn dHkh&dHkh vkx esa ?kh Mkyus dk dk;Z djrs gSa] vRk% ,sls laoknksa ls cpuk pkfg,A 2. vkt&dy fL=;ksa dks dqVqEc dks dqVqEc esa fey&tqy dj jgus dh tks v#fp gksrh gS] mls og tkfr vkSj ns'k nksuksa ds fy, gkfudkjd le>rs FksA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd x‚¡o dh yyuk,W mudh fuand Fkha ! dksbZ&dksbZ rks mUgsa viuk 'k=q le>us esa Hkh ladksp u djrh Fkha ! Lo;a mudh iRuh dks gh bl fo\"k; esa muls fojks/k FkkA ;g blfy, ugha fd mls vius lkl&llqj] nsoj ;k tsB vkfn ?k`.kk Fkh; cfYd mldk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
4 fgUnh lkfgR; fopkj Fkk fd ;fn cgqr dqN lgus vkSj rjg nsus ij Hkh ifjokj ds lkFk fuokZg u gks lds] rks vk;s&fnu dh dyg ls thou dks u\"V djus dh vis{kk ;gh mÙke gS fd viuh f[kpM+h vyx idk;h tk;A lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka’k tu thou dh Hkkoukvksa dks 'kCnksa esa fuc) djus ds vUrrZRoeeZK eqa’kh çsepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh* ls fy;k x;k gSA çlax& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th lekt dh efgykvksa esa iuius okyh uwru ço`fr fd ?kj esa feytqy dj u jgukA vkSj tks ,d lkFk jgus dh cdkyr djs mlls fonzksg euksn’kk dk o.kZu çLrqr fd;kx;k gSA O;k[;k& orZeku le; esa efgykvksa dh tks ekufld n'kk gks jgh] gS fd vius ?kj vkSj] dqVqac es]a feytqy dj u jgukA ftlds dkj.k ls ?kj vkSj ifjokj esa tks VwV mRiUu gks jgh gSA lc ,dy ifjokj esa fuokl djuk pkgrs gSaA vius lkl&llqj] nsoj&nsojkuh ;k vU; ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa ds lkFk fuokl ugha djuk pkgrk gSA vkSj tks O;fä la;qä ifjokj esa jgus dh odkyr djrk gSA JhdaB! fL=;ksa esa feytqydj jgus esa tks v#fp Fkh mls tkfr vkSj lekt ds fy, gkfudkjd le>rs FksA os çkphu lH;rk dk xq.kxku vkSj lfEefyr dqaVqc ds mikld FksA blfy, xk¡o dh fL=;k¡ JhdaB dks os mls viuk foæksgh] }s\"kh] vfu\"V dkjd ekurh gSaA fuand FkhaA dksbZ&dksbZ rks mUgsa viuk 'k=q le>us esa Hkh ladksp ugha djrh FkhaA tc mUgksaus lquk fd JhdaB dh cgq vkSj ykyfcgkjh ds chp ds dgklquh gks xbZ gS] rks lHkh yyuk,W JhdaB ds fopkjksa dh f[kYyh mM+kus ds fy, ekSds esa FkhA ijUrq JhdaB dk vyx gksus dk fopkj blfy, ugha fd mls vius lkl&llqj] nsoj ;k tsB vkfn ls ?k`.kk Fkh cfYd mldk fopkj Fkk fd ;fn cgqr dqN lgus ij Hkh ifjokj ds lkFk fuokZg u gks lds rks vk, fnu ds dyg ls thou dks u\"V djus dh vis{kk vPNk gS fd viuh f[kpM+h vyx idkbZ tk;A vFkkZr~ vyx ifjokj esa fuokl djuk mfpr gSA fo’ks\"k 1. çsepan th }kjk bl va’k esa efgykvksa dh la;qDr ifjokj esa fuokl u djus dh ekufld n’kk dk lqUnj fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA 2. ikfjokfjd fookn dks c<+kus ls vPNk gS fd vyx fuokl djuk] ysfdu ifjokj esa fookn ugh djuk pkfg,A 3. Hkk\"kk Hkkokuqdwy vkSj ifjos’k vuqlkfj.kh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 5 4. 'kSyh esa lkekftd ifjiDork dk fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA 3. HkS;k] vc dHkh er dguk fd rqEgkjk eq¡g u ns[kw¡xkA blds flok vki tks naM nsaxs] eSa lg\"kZ Lohdkj d:¡xkA JhdaB us dkairs gq, Loj esa dgk&&yYyw! bu ckrksa dks fcYdqy Hkwy tkvksA bZ'oj pkgsxk] rks fQj ,slk volj u vkosxkA csuhek/ko flag ckgj ls vk jgs FksA nksuksa Hkkb;ksa dks xys feyrs ns[kdj vkuan ls iqyfdr gks x;sA cksy mBs &cM+s ?kj dh csfV;k¡ ,slh gh gksrh gSaA fcxM+rk gqvk dke cuk ysrh gSaA lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka’k tu thou dh Hkkoukvksa dks 'kCnksa esa fuc) djus ds vUrrZRoeeZK eqa’kh çsepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh* ls fy;k x;k gSA çlax& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th lekt dh cM+s ?kj dh csfV;ksa esa tks ikfjokfjd ,drk ds çfr tks laLdkj gksrs gSa] mu ekufld xq.kksa dk o.kZu çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA O;k[;k& JhdaB Øksf/kr gksus ds dkj.k vius firk ls lcds lkeus yM+ tkrs gSaA muds firk ugha pkgrs Fks fd JhdaB vyx ifjokj esa fuokl djsA ysfdu JhdaB us n`<+ fu’p; ls dgk fd eSa ykyfcgkjh dk eq¡g Hkh ns[kuk ilna ugh d:¡xkA ykyfcgkjh dks tc ;g irk pyrk gS fd mlds HkkbZ mldk eq¡g Hkh ns[kuk ugha pkgrs rks mls cM+k nq%[k igqp¡ rk gS mls viuh xyrh dk vglkl gks pqdk FkkA cM+s HkkbZ us tc ;g dgk fd os mldk eq¡g Hkh ugha ns[kuk pkgrs ;g ckr og lgu u dj ik;k vkSj vkuanh ds lkeus ?kj NksM+us dh ckr djus yxrk gSA vius nsoj ds ?kj NksM+us dh ckr ij vkuanh Hkh O;fFkr gks mBrh gS] vkuanh us ns[kk fd ?kj fc[kj jgk gS] ?kj dh eku&çfr\"Bk feêh esa feyus okyh gS] vius fd, ij i'pkrki djus yxhA og Lo;a vkxs c<+dj vius nsoj dks jksd dj nksuksa Hkkb;ksa esa lqyg djok nsrh gSA vkuanh dh bl le>nkjh ij csuhek/ko iqyfdr gks cksy mBrs gSa fd cM+s ?kj dh csfV;k¡ ,slh gh gksrh gSa fcxM+rk gqvk dke Hkh cuk ysrh gSA xk¡o esa ftlus Hkh ;g o`ÙkkUr lquk] mlh us vkuanh ds O;ogkj dh ljkguk djrs gq, dgk fd cM+s ?kj dh csVh ,slh gh gksrh gS tks fcxM+rk gqvk dke cuk ysrh gSA fo’ks\"k 1. çsepan th }kjk bl va’k esa CkM+s ifjokj dh efgykvksa esa cMIius dk xq.k çfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA gj O;fDr cM+k vkSj NksVk viuh lksp vkSj fy, x, fu.kZ;ksa ds dkj.k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
6 fgUnh lkfgR; 2. ikfjokfjd fookn lqy>kus vkSj vkRe lEeku dh Hkkouk cuh jgs ;gh xq.k fodflr djus dh çsj.kk çnku dh gSA 3. Hkk\"kk Hkkokuqdwy vkSj ifjos’k vuqlkfj.kh gSA 4. 'kSyh esa lkekftd xw<+Kku dk euksoSKkfud fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA 4. ijlksa rqEgkjs ykM+ys HkkbZ us eq>ls ekal idkus dks dgkA ?kh gkaMh esa iko&Hkj ls vf/kd u FkkA og lc eSaus ekal esa Mky fn;kA tc [kkus cSBk rks dgus yxk&&nky esa ?kh D;ksa ugha gS\\ cl] blh ij esjs eSds dks cqjk&Hkyk dgus yxk& eq>ls u jgk x;kA eSaus dgk fd og‚¡ bruk ?kh rks ukbZ&dgkj [kk tkrs gSa] vkSj fdlh dks tku Hkh ugha iM+rkA cl bruh lh ckr ij bl vU;k;h us eq> ij [kM+kÅ¡ Qsad ekjhA ;fn gkFk ls u jksd yw¡] rks flj QV tk;A mlh ls iwNks] eSaus tks dqN dgk gS] og lp gS ;k >wBA lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka’k tu thou dh Hkkoukvksa dks 'kCnksa esa fuc) djus ds dFkk lezkV ân;eeZK eqa’kh çsepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh* ls fy;k x;k gSA çlax& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th ykyfcgkjh vkSj vkuanh ds e/; mRiUu gksus okys fookn dh ewy dkj.k tks fd vkuanh vius ifr ls jkr esa dgrh gS mldk o.kZu çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA O;k[;k& ?kh dh ckr dks ysdj ykyfcgkjh us viuh HkkHkh dks rkuk ekj fn;k fd tSls muds ek;ds esa ?kh dks ufn;k¡ cgrh gSa vkSj ;gh vkuanh ds nq%[k dk dkj.k Fkk D;ksafd vkuanh cM+s ?kj dh csVh Fkh mlds ;gk¡ fdlh Hkh pht dh dksbZ deh ugha FkhA vkuanh cM+s ?kj dh csVh gksus ds dkj.k fdQk;r ugha tkurh Fkh blfy, vkuanh us gkaMh dk lkjk ?kh ekal idkus esa mi;ksx dj fn;k ftlds dkj.k nky esa Mkyus ds fy, ?kh ugha cpk vkSj blh dkj.ko'k nsoj vkSj HkkHkh esa >xMk gks tkrk gSA nsoj us vkuanh ij [kM+kÅ¡ Qsaddj ns ekjh FkhA mi;qZä laokn ls rkRi;Z L=h vkRexkSjo ls gSA Hkys gh fL=;ksa dh 'kknh gks tk,] dke ds flyflys esa mUgsa nwljs 'kgj vkSj ?kj esa jguk iM+s] lQyrk ds f'k[kj dks Nw ysa ijarq ek;dk ,slk laosnu'khy fo\"k; gS ftls L=h dHkh Hkh NksM+ ugha ikrh gSA os lc dqN lg ysxh ysfdu dHkh Hkh vius ekrk&firk vkSj ek;ds dh cqjkbZ ugha lqu ldrhA vkuanh us bl ckr dh f'kdk;r tc vius ifr JhdaB ls dh rks og xqLls ls vkx&ccwyk gks x;k vkSj firk ds lkeus tkdj ?kj ls vyx gksus dh ckr dg MkyhA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 7 fo’ks\"k 1. çsepan th }kjk bl va’k esa efgykvksa ds LokHkko dk o.kZu fd;k gS fd ?kj esa gksus okys lHkh fookn igys ifr ds lkeus vkrs gSA efgyk,W LokHkko ls gh vius ifr dks fu.kZ; esa vxz.kh j[kuk pkgrh gSA 2. ikfjokfjd fookn gksuk LokHkkfod gS ijUrq viuh e;kZnk dk dHkh mY?ku ugh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 3. Hkk\"kk Hkkokuqdwy vkSj ifjos’k vuqlkfj.kh gSA 4. 'kSyh esa lkekftd xw<+Kku dk euksoSKkfud fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA 5. bykgckn dk vuqHko jfgr >Yyk;k gqvk xzstq,V bl ckr dks u le> ldkA mls fMcsfVax& Dyc esa viuh ckr ij vM+us dh vknr Fkh] bu gFkdaMksa dh mls D;k [kcj\\ lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka’k tu thou dh Hkkoukvksa dks 'kCnksa esa fuc) djus ds dFkk lezkV ân;eeZK eqa’kh çsepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh* ls fy;k x;k gSA çlax& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th ykyfcgkjh vkSj vkuanh ds e/; mRiUu gksus okys fookn ls JhdaB dk vius firk ds lkeus vyx gks tkus dh ckr j[kh] ftlds ds dkj.k firk us ;g ckr dgh& O;k[;k& ifjokj esa lkFk fuokl djuk gh bl dgkuh dk ewy çfrik| fo\"k; gSA JhdaB viuh iRuh dh f'kdk;r ij vius firk ds lkeus ?kj ls vyx gks tkus dk çLrko j[krk gSA ftl le; og ;s ckrsa djrk gS ogk¡ ij xk¡o ds vU; yksx Hkh mifLFkr gksrs gSaA csuh ek/ko vuqHkoh gksus ds dkj.k ?kj ds ekeyksa dks ?kj esa gh lqy>kuk pkgrs Fks vkSj ;gh ckr JhdaB dks le> ugha vk jgh FkhA firk ds le>kus ij Hkh og yksxksa ds lkeus ?kj ls vyx gksus dh ckr nksgjk jgk FkkA JhdaB dk vius firk ds lkeus vyx gks tkus dh ckr j[kh rks csuh ek/ko flag vius cM+s iq= JhdaB dks vuqHko jfgr >Yyk;k gqvk xzstq,V lacksf/kr fd;k tk jgk gSA fo’ks\"k 1. çsepan th }kjk bl va’k esa Øks/k ds dkj.k O;fDr ds ;ksX; fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk dk âkl gks tkrk gSA ^^Øks/kkUu Hkofr dL; u dk;Z gkfuA** bl ;qfDr dk ;FkkZr~ fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA 2. ikfjokfjd fookn gksuk LokHkkfod gS] ijUrq mlesa fy;k x;k fu.kZ; thou dh fn’kk vkSj n’kk cnyus esa l{ke gksrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
8 fgUnh lkfgR; 3. iqLrdh; Kku ls Js\"B vuqHko gksrk gSA 4. Hkk\"kk Hkkokuqdwy vkSj ifjos’k vuqlkfj.kh gSA 5. 'kSyh esa lkekftd xw<+Kku dk euksoSKkfud fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA Pk;fur 'kCnksa ds vFkZ 'kCnkFkZ& nso;ksx ¾ HkkX;A {kq/kk ¾ Hkw[kA Hkkot ¾ HkkHkhA vuFkZ ¾ cqjkA gB ¾ ftnA vfoosd ¾ cqf)ghurkA rkM+ x, ¾ le> x,A Xykfu ¾ i'pkÙkkiA naxy ¾ v[kkM+kA rfud ¾ FkksMk lkA vokd~ ¾ u cksyus dh fLFkfrA dkafr&'kksHkk] pedA uacjnkj ¾ xk¡o dk eqf[k;kA rkYyqdsnkj¾ fdlh Hkw&Hkkx >Yyk;k gqvk ¾ Øks/k ds dk tehankjA dkj.k fp<+fp<+k;k gqvkA cgjh ¾ ckt dh rjg ,d >kM&Qkuwl ¾ f'k'ks ds >kM] f'kdkjh fpfM;kA g¡fM;k¡ vkSj fxykl vkfnA Vhe&Vke ¾ cuko flaxkj] vkMEcjA iqyfdr ¾ çse ;k g\"kZ ds osx ls ftlds jks,¡ mHkj vk,s gks] xnxnA ljkguk ¾ ç'kalkA {kq/kk ¾ Hkw[kA frudk ¾ lw[kh ?kklA dgkj ¾ ,d tkfr tks ikuh Hkjus vkSj Mksyh mBkus dk dke djrh gS] HkksbZA exnwj ¾ lkeF;Z] 'kfäA dksi ¾ Øks/k] xqLlk Hkæ¾ lH;] lqf'kf{krA xqeku¾ vgadkj] xoZA ckoyk ¾ ikxy] fof{kIrA rsoj ¾ Øks/k Hkjh fprou vdMuk ¾ ?keaM fn[kkukA 'kÅj ¾ dke djus dh ;ksX;rkA >q¡>ykgV ¾ f[ktykuk] fpMfpMkukA eq¡g yxuk ¾ fdlh ds lkeusA c< ¾ p<dj dj ckrs djukA gtjr ¾ egkRek] CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 9 fuNkoj gksuk ¾ fdlh ds fy, egkiq#\"kA ej tkuA 1.3 ^Bkdqj dk dqvk¡* 1.3.1 ÁLrkouk bl bdkbZ esa fo|kFkhZ eqa’kh Ásepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh *Bkdqj dk dqvk¡* ds fof’k\"V va’kksa dh O;k[;k djuk lh[ksaxsA x| va’k esa fo|eku Hkk\"kk&'kSyh] vyadkj] ys[kd dh Áfriknu 'kSyh ,oa o.kZukRed] HkkokRed Áfriknu dkS’ky fo’ks\"k fcUnqvksa ds }kjk le>us esa l{ke gksaxsaA 1.3.2 mís’; fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa eqa’kh Ásepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh *Bkdqj dk dqvk¡* ds fo\"k; esa fof’k\"V va’kksa dks fo’ks\"k utfj, ls voxeu gksxkA fo|kFkhZ eqa’kh Ásepan th dh nfyr oxZ ds lkFk gks jgs HksnHkko iw.kZ O;ogkj dks fo|kFkhZ le> ldsaxsA dgkuh *Bkdqj dk dqvk¡* ds fuekZ.k RkRoksa ls ifjp; ÁkIr djsaxsA x|ka’kxr fo’ks\"k fcUnqvksa ds ys[ku dh le> fodflr djsaxsA p;fur va’kksa dh O;k[;k fuEufyf[kr dgkuh ds vorj.kksa dh llanHkZ&çlax O;k[;k dhft,A 1. xaxh çfrfnu 'kke ikuh Hkj fy;k djrh FkhA dqvk¡ nwj Fkk] ckj&ckj tkuk eqf'dy FkkA dy og ikuh yk;h] rks mlesa cw fcydqy u Fkh] vkt ikuh esa cncw dSlh! yksVk ukd ls yxk;k] rks lpeqp cncw FkhA t#j dksbZ tkuoj dq,¡ esa fxjdj ej x;k gksxk] exj nwljk ikuh vkos dgk¡ ls\\ lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka’k fdlh oxZ fo’ks\"k ds çfr gksus okys 'kks\"k.k dh Hkkoukvksa dks 'kCnksa esa fuc) djus ds dFkk lezkV ân;eeZK eqa’kh çsepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh Bkdqj dk dqvk¡ * ls fy;k x;k gSA çlax& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th oxZ fo’ks\"k ds fy, igys thou thuk fdruk eqf’dy FkkA ihus dk ikuh Hkjus ds fy, Hkh le; fuf’pr FkkA mlds ckn ikuh ykuk ;q) yM+us tSlk çrhr gksrk FkkA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
10 fgUnh lkfgR; O;k[;k& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th 'kksf\"kr oxZ ds çfr gksus okys nqO;oZ gkj ds çHkko ls O;fDr ds vanj gksus okys ladYi&fodYiksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA uaxh 'kksf\"kr oxZ dh efgyk gS tks lHkh lkekU; oxZ ds lkFk mBuk cSBuk [kkuk&ihuk rks nwj muds lkFk ,d ?kkV ij ikuh Hkh ugh Hkj ldrs FksA bl oxZ ds fy, ikuh Hkjus dk le; rc gksrk Fkk] tc lkekU; oxZ ugh vkrk FkkA uaxh 'kke dks ikuh Hkjk djrh Fkh] ckj&ckj ikuh Hkjuk ;k dq, ij tkuk laHko ugh FkkA uaxh bUgh lkekftd fu;eksa dks ikyu djds thou pykrh FkhA vkt ds ikuh esa nqxZU/k vk jgh FkhA mslk çrhr gks jgk Fkk] tSls dksbZ tkuoj dqvk esa fxj x;k gksA ?kj esa ihus ds fy, ikuh ugh gS] tks ikuh gS] og nqxZU/k ls ;qDr gS ftls fivk ugh tk ldrk gS] ysfdu nqljk ikuh feyuk lkekftd fu;eksa ds f[kykQ gS] tku tk, rks tk, ijUrq ikuh fQj ls ugh fey ldrkA fo’ks\"k 1. çsepan th }kjk bl va’k 'kksf\"kr oxZ dh leL;k gks lekt ds lkeus j[kus dk ç;Ru fd;k x;k gSA 'kks\"k.k oxZ fdl gn rd n;k jfgr O;ogkj djrk Fkk] bldk o.kZu fd;k gSA 2. lkekftd fu;eksa ds dkj.k gksus okyh leL;kvksa dk o.kZu fd;k tk jgk gSA 3. Hkk\"kk Hkkokuqdwy vkSj ifjos’k vuqlkfj.kh gSA 4. 'kSyh esa lkekftd xw<+Kku dk euksoSKkfud fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA 2- ^gkFk&ik¡o rqM+ok vk;sxh vkSj dqN u gksxkA cSB pqids lsA czã&nsork vk'khokZn nsaxs] Bkdqj ykBh ekjsxsa] lkgwth ,d ds ik¡p ysaxsA xjhcksa dk nnZ dkSu le>rk gS! ge rks ej Hkh tkrs gS] rks dksbZ nqvkj ij >k¡dus ugha vkrk] da/kk nsuk rks cM+h ckr gSA ,sls yksx dq,¡ ls ikuh Hkjus nsaxs\\ lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka’k fdlh oxZ fo’ks\"k ds çfr gksus okys 'kks\"k.k dh Hkkoukvksa dks 'kCnksa esa fuc) djus ds dFkk lezkV ân;eeZK eqa’kh çsepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh *Bkdqj dk dqvk¡* ls fy;k x;k gSA çlax& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th oxZ fo’ks\"k ds fy, igys thou thuk fdruk eqf’dy FkkA oxZ fo’ks\"k dks ejuk rks lgt yxrk gS] ysfdu dqvk ls ikuh ykuk ejus ls T;knk dfBu dk;Z FkkA O;k[;k& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th 'kksf\"kr oxZ ds çfr gksus okys lkekftd nqO;Zogkj dk o.kZu gS] ftldh nklrk uaxh dk ifr ds }kjk dgk tk jgk gSA ?kj esa ihus ds fy, ikuh ugha FkkA uaxh ikuh Hkjus ds fy, lq>ko vius ifr ds lkeus nsrh gS fd fdl dq,¡ ls ikuh Hkj ds ykuk gksxkA bl ij uaxh dk ifr tks[kw dgrk gS& ;fn rqe ikuh Hkjus ds fy, tkvksxh rks vius gkFk&iSj rqM+ok ds vk ldrh gksA blfy, CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 11 pqipki ;gh cSB tkvksA lekt dk tks mPp oxZ gS] ftlesa czkã.k oxZ dsoy vk'khokZn nsus dk dke ugha djrs vfirq fuEu oxZ dk 'kks\"k.k djrs gSaA ftUgsa ge Bkdqj dgrs gSa] os ge xjhcksa ij ykBh vkSj dksM+s cjlkrs gSaA tks lkgwdkj gSa] os nwljksa dh tku tkus dh dher ij Hkh mudh –f\"V dsoy iSls ij gh gksrh gS] tSls dkx dh n`f\"VA nq%[k ihM+k dks le>us okyk lekt esa dkSu lk oxZ gS\\ ;s yksx gekjs nnZ chekjh esa Hkh gekjk gky ugh iwNrs gS rks ge buls D;k vk'kk djs\\ ;s gekjs ejus ds ckn da/kk nsaxAs mPp oxZ fuEu oxZ dh fdlh Hkh çdkj ls lgk;rk djus ds fy, ugha lksprk gS] vfirq oks dsoy vius dke dks fl) djus ds fy, gh nwljksa dk 'kks\"k.k djus ds fy, rS;kj gSaA çk.k Hkh fudy tk;s rks Hkh ;s mudk 'kks\"k.k djuk ugha NksM+rs gSa] ,sls esa mPp oxZ us tks vius fu;e dk;ns cuk j[ks gSa fd dq,¡ dk ikuh jkr esa gh feysxkA 'kke dks gh feysxkA oks rqEgs dSls ikuh Hkjus nsaxAs fo’ks\"k 1. çLrqr va’k esa mPpoxZ ds O;ogkj ds dkj.k ls 'kksf\"kr oxZ dh euksn'kk dk O;ofLFkr ,oa ekfeZd o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA 2. cqf)thoh lekt ij dVk{k gS fd lekt esa yksx ej Hkh tk;s] rks Hkh os vius [kks[kys fu;eksa ls ckgj ugha fudyrs gSaA 3. ikuh rks ;gk¡ :id ds :i esa çLrqr fd;k x;k gS okLro esa lkekftd fparu fdl çdkj ls yksxksa dk nksgu djrk Fkk bldk fp=.k bu iafä;ksa esa fd;k x;k gSA 4. Hkk\"kk ljy lgt çHkko vuqdwy gSA 3. dq,¡ ij fdlh ds vkus dh vkgV gqbZA xaxh dh Nkrh /kd&/kd djus yxhA dgha ns[k ysa rks xtc gks tk;A ,d ykr Hkh rks uhps u iM+sA mlus ?kM+k vkSj jLlh mBk yh vkSj >qddj pyrh gqbZ ,d o`{k ds va/ksjs lk;s eas tk [kM+h gqbZA dc bu yksxksa dks n;k vkrh gS fdlh ij! cspkjs eg¡xw dks bruk ekjk fd eghuksa ygw Fkwdrk jgkA blhfy, rks fd mlus csxkj u nh FkhA bl ij ;s yksx Å¡ps curs gSa\\ lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka’k fdlh oxZ fo’ks\"k ds çfr gksus okys 'kks\"k.k dh Hkkoukvksa dks 'kCnksa esa fuc) djus ds dFkk lezkV ân;eeZK eqa’kh çsepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh *Bkdqj dk dqvk¡* ls fy;k x;k gSA çlax& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th oxZ fo’ks\"k ds fy, igys thou thuk fdruk eqf’dy FkkA 'kksf\"kr oxZ dh csxkjh çFkk dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
12 fgUnh lkfgR; O;k[;k& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th 'kksf\"kr oxZ ds çfr gksus okys lkekftd nqO;Zogkj dk o.kZu gS] çLrqr dgkuh ds va'k esa eqa'kh çsepan th mPp'kks\"kd oxZ dh o`fr;ksa dk o.kZu dj jgs gSa fd ftl çdkj os tkfr ls cM+s gksus dk ne Hkjrs gSa] ijUrq muesa O;ogkj ls dksbZ Hkh cM+k ugha gSA os leLr lekt fojks/kh xfrfof/k;ksa esa fyIr gSa] nwljh dh ukfj;ksa dks dkeuk okluk dh –f\"V ls ns[krs gSa [kqn dqN djuk ugha pkgrs] vfirq nwljksa dk 'kks\"k.k djus ds fy, ges'kk rS;kj jgrs gSaA tc uaxh dq,¡ ij ikuh Hkjus ds fy, tkrh gS rks mldk eu lkekftd fonzksg ls iw.kZ gS og lkps rh gS fd ns[kks rks fdl vk/kkj ls eSa uhps tkrh dh gw¡A D;ksa gekjk 'kks\"k.k fd;k tkrk gS\\ ;s ,lds eu esa py gh jgk Fkk fd mlus dqvk ls ikuh Hkjus ds fy, jLlh dh xk¡B cukbZ] oSls gh mls ihNs ls vkokt vkbZ rks mldk fny tksj&tksj ls /kd /kd djus yxkA mls eu esa Hk; Fkk fd ;fn dksbZ mPp oxhZ; mls ogk¡ ns[k ysxk rks mls dq,¡ esa /kDdk ekj ldrk gSa ;k twrksa pIiyksa ls mldh fiVkbZ dh tk ldrk gSA mls yxk ihNs ls dksbZ vk jgk gS rks og /khjs ls o`{k ds va/ksjs esa tkdj [kM+h gks x;hA uaxh eu gh eu ;g lksp jgh Fkh fd bu yksxksa dks n;k rks vkrh ugha gSA cspkjs eagxw uke ds ;qod us tc csxkjh esa dke djus ls euk dj fn;k rks bUgsa mls bruk ekjk fd eghuksa oks ygwyqgku lgk vkSj mlds eq¡g ls [kwu vkrk jgkA bldk dkj.k Fkk csxkjh dks uk djuk FkkA rks bl rjhds ls mPp oxhZ; yksx fuEuoxZ ij Åij 'kks\"k.k djrs gSaA fo’ks\"k 1. uaxh ds mPp oxZ ds çfr ekufld foæksg dks lhfer 'kCnksa esa vfHkO;ä fd;k x;kA 2. varjax esa lkekftd foæksg dh Hkkouk gksus ij Hkh lkekftd Hk; bruk çcy Fkk fd og foæksg dHkh ckgj ugha fudy ldkA 3. uaxh ds ekufld fp=.k dk lEiw.kZ 'kks\"kd lekt ds vanj pyus okyh Hkkoukvksa dks O;ä djus dk ç;Ru fd;k x;k gSA 4. bu iafä;ksa esa çsepan th ds lkekftd euksfoKku dh –<+rk ,oa vfHkO;fä dq'kyrk dk ifjp; çkIr gksrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 13 4. ykSfMa;k¡1 ugha rks vkSj D;k gks rqe\\ jksVh&diM+k ugha ikrha \\ nl&ik¡p #i;s Hkh Nhu& >iVdj ys gh ysrh gksA vkSj ykSfM;k¡ dSlh gksrh gSa!* *er ytkvks] nhnh! fNu&Hkj vkjke djus dks th rjldj jg tkrk gSA bruk dke fdlh nwljs ds ?kj dj nsrh] rks blls dgha vkjke ls jgrhA Åij ls og ,glku ekurk! ;gk¡ dke djrs&djrs ej tkvks; ij fdlh dk eq¡g gh lh/kk ugha gksrkA* lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka’k fdlh fuEuoxZ ds çfr gksus okys 'kks\"k.k dh Hkkoukvksa dks 'kCnksa esa fuc) djus ds dFkk lekz V ân;eeZK eqa’kh çsepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh *Bkdqj dk dqvk¡* ls fy;k x;k gSA çlax& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th fuEuoxZ dh efgykvksa ds lkFk mPpoxZ ds yksx nklh cukdj j[krs Fks] ik¡p&nl :Ik, ;k FkksM+k cgqr fey tkrk FkkA mUgsa ;ksX; esgurkuk Hkh ugh fn;k tkrk FkkA 'kksf\"kr oxZ dh csxkjh çFkk dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA O;k[;k& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th 'kksf\"kr oxZ ds çfr gksus okys 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld 'kks\"k.k dk o.kZu çLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA mPp oxhZ;] /kukMî] Bkdqj] lkgdw kj yksx fuEu oxZ dh v/khuLFk efgykvksa dks vius dke okluk dh iwfrZ dk lkeku le>rs FksA muds lkFk nklh tSlk O;ogkj djrs Fks] blds cnys esa tks dqN mudh ethZ gksrh Fkh] og mudks ns fn;k tkrk Fkk] ftlesa dHkh&dHkkj jksVh] diM+k 'kkfey Fkk rks dHkh ikp¡ nl :i, ls r`fIr dj nh tkrh FkhA Bkdqjksa vkSj tehankjksa esa vf/kdka'k ;s çFkk,¡ muds v¸;klh ,oa ,s'o;Z dk çrhd le>h tkrh FkhA vkilh okrkZ ds }kjku~ f}rh; efgyk dgrh gSa fd nhnh yTtk er djks! ;s lc dke rks lgt gks jgk gSA blds lkFk gh dk;Z ds nkSjku tks gekjk 'kkjhfjd 'kks\"k.k gksrk gS] ftlesa gesa ,d feuV dk Hkh vkjke djus ds fy, vodk’k ugha fn;k tkrk ;fn bruk dke fdlh nwljs ds ?kj esa djrs rks dke ds lkFk vkjke iwoZd thou ;kiu djrhaA Åij ls oks O;fä budk ,glku Hkh ekurk gS fd okLro esa ;s efgyk fdruk dk;Z djrh gS! ysfdu ;s Bkdqj vkSj tehankj yksx bruk lc dke djus ds ckotwn Hkh dksbZ vglku ugha ekurs ;gka rd fd dHkh bUgsa lh/ks eqg ckr Hkh ugha djrs vFkkZr ;s ukSdj'kkgh dk ,d mR—\"V mnkgj.k çsepan th ds }kjk ;gka çLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd O;fä viuh rkdr ds vuq:i vkSj mlls vf/kd dke Hkh djrk gS rks Hkh mUgsa mi;qä esgurkuk ,oa lEeku ugha fn;k tkrk gSA ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd ekuks ;s 1 ykSfMa;k&¡ yM+fd;k¡ ¼;gk¡ bldk vFkZ nkfl;k¡ gS]a ftuls lHkh mfpr vuqfpr dk;Z ysuk ls vfHkçsr g½S CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
14 fgUnh lkfgR; yksx rks gekjh f[kner xkM+h ds fy, gh cus gSa vFkkZr buls ftruh f[kner xkM+h djkb;s vkSj bUgsa NksM+ nhft,A gekjk dke gks x;kA fo'ks\"k 1. çLrqr va'k esa eqa'kh th Bkdqj vkSj tehankjksa dh v¸;k'kh iw.kZ thou dk o.kZu dj jgs gSaA 2. fuEu oxZ ds ikl 'kksf\"kr gksus ds vykok vkSj dksbZ pkjk ugha gS vFkkZr~ mudk thou 'kks\"k.k ds fy, gh cuk gS ,slk vfHkO;ä fd;k x;k gSA 3. Hkk\"kk ljy lgt ,oa çHkko vkRek gSA 4. 'kSyh O;axkRed gSA 5. ?kM+s us ikuh esa xksrk yxk;k] cgqr gh vkfgLrkA tjk Hkh vkokt u gqbZA xaxh us nks& pkj gkFk tYnh&tYnh ekjsA ?kM+k dq,¡ ds eq¡g rd vk igq¡pkA dksbZ cM+k 'kgtksj igyoku Hkh bruh rsth ls u [khap ldrk FkkA xaxh >qdh fd ?kM+s dks idM+dj txr2 ij j[ks fd ,dk,d Bkdqj lkgc dk njoktk [kqy x;kA 'ksj dk eq¡g blls vf/kd Hk;kud u gksxkA lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka’k fdlh oxZ fo’ks\"k ds çfr gksus okys 'kks\"k.k dh Hkkoukvksa dks 'kCnksa esa fuc) djus ds dFkk lezkV ân;eeZK eqa’kh çsepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh *Bkdqj dk dqvk¡* ls fy;k x;k gSA çlax& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th oxZ fo’ks\"k ds eu lkekftd nqO;oZ gkj dk Hk; fdl çdkj O;kIr Fkk bldk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA O;k[;k& çLrqr va’k esa çsepan th 'kksf\"kr oxZ ds çfr gksus okys lkekftd nqO;Zogkj dk Hk; fdl çdkj eu esa O;kIr Fkk bldk dk o.kZu gSA uaxh tSls fd ikuh Hkjus ds fy, viuk ?kM+k dq, esa Mkyrh gS] ?kVs dks Hkjus ds fy, nks pkj ckj jLlh ij cy nsrh gSA oSls gh mls ihNs ls fdlh ds vkus dh vkokt lqukbZ nsrh gSA og vkokt dks lqudj bruh lrdZ gS fd mlus brus tYnh vius gkFk ls jLlh [khaph fd 'kk;n dksbZ igyoku Hkh dq,¡ ls ?kM+s dks bruh tYnh ckgj ugha fudky ldrk gSA tSls gh ?kM+k eu?kV rd vkrk gS uaxh mls rqjar idM+dj ckgj [khaprh gS] ysfdu brus esa gh Bkdqj lkgc dk njoktk [kqy tkrk gS] ekuks ,slk ekgkSy O;kIr gksrk gS tSls dksbZ Hk;adj 'ksj uaxh ds lkeus vk x;k gksA ftruk Hk; ,d 'ksj dk gksrk gS] mruk Hk; vdsyk Bkdqj lkgc ds njokts [kqyus dk FkkA 2 txr& dqvk¡ dk eu?kV] tgk¡ dqvk ls orZu [khapdj j[kk tkrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 15 fo'ks\"k 1. çLrqr va’k esa 'kksf\"kr oxZ ds var% eu esa Bkdqj ds çfr fdruk Hk; gS bldk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA 2. ^^'ksj dk eqg¡ blls vf/kd Hk;kud u gksxk** blesa çsepaæ th us mRçs{kk vyadkj dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA 3. Hkk\"kk ljy lfgr çHkkoksRiknd gSA 4. 'kSyh O;axkRed gSA Pk;fur 'kCnksa ds vFkZ nhucU/kq ¾ xjhcksa ds HkkbZ] xjhcksa ij —ik djus okysA Hkwy&pwd ¾ xyrhA usdukeh ¾ vPNs dke djus ls feyus okyk ;'kA feêh esa fey tk;s ¾ u\"V gks tk;sA vdLekr~ ¾ vpkudA fuxkg ¾ n`f\"VA BBd x;k ¾ #d x;kA Ckl ¾ cncwA fljk ¾ NksjA Nqvkj ¾ }kj&njokTkkA csfQØ ¾ fuf'par yksxA ekdkZ ¾ O;kikj&fpg~uA ukfTkj ¾ fyfidksa dk Áca/ku vf/kdkjhA Eksgrfee ¾ Áca/kdA fjokTkh ¾ jhfrxrA Ikcanh ¾ jksd] Áfrca/kA etwjh ¾ eTknwjhA Ykr ¾ iSjA lk;k ¾ vkM+A Cksxkj ¾ tcju dke ysukA dyfl;k ¾ NksVk dy'kA ykSafM;k ¾ nklhA fNu Hkj ¾ {k.k HkjA fjvk;r ¾ NwVA 'kgtksj ¾ 'kfDr'kkyh&rkdrojA gydksjk ¾ fgydksjk @ NksVh ygjA l[+r ¾ dM+kA etnwj ¾ etnwh djus okykA Cgknqjh ¾ cy’kkyhA Tkekuk ¾ lalkjA [+kkl] lkQ ¾ LoPNA vDyeanh ¾ Kku] cqf)A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
16 fgUnh lkfgR; Cnulhc ¾ nqHkkZX;h] ftldk HkkX; vPNk u gksA xTkc ¾ cgqrA rkTkk ¾ rqjaRk dkA ,glku ¾ midkjA ekQh ¾ {kek ekaxukA mEehn ¾ vk’kkA vkfgLrk ¾ /khjs lsA Tkjk ¾ FkksM+k lkA vkokTk ¾ ’kksjA 1.4 *mRlkg* 1.4.1 ÁLrkouk bl bdkbZ esa fo|kFkhZ vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy th }kjk jfpr fuca/k mRlkg ds fof’k\"V va’kksa dh O;k[;k djuk lh[ksaxAs x| va’k esa fo|eku fuca/k 'kSyh] vyadkj Á;ksxn{krk] ys[kd dh Áfriknu 'kSyh ,oa o.kZukRed 'kCn O;ogkj] HkkokRed fu:i.k] Áfriknu dkS’ky vkfn fo’ks\"k fcUnqvksa ds }kjk le>us esa l{ke gksaxsaA 1.4.2 mís’; 1. fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa eqa’kh Ásepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh cMs+ ?kj dh csVh ds fo\"k; esa voxeu gksxkA 2. fo|kFkhZ vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy th dh Hkk\"kk 'kSyh ls ifjp; ÁkIr djsaxsA 3. fuca/k mRlkg ds fuekZ.k RkRoksa ls ifjp; ÁkIr djsaxsA 4. x|ka’kxr fo’ks\"k fcUnqvksa ds ys[ku dh le> fodflr djsaxsA mRlkg fuca/k ls p;fur O;k[;k va’k fuEufyf[kr x| vorj.kksa dh llanHkZ&çlax O;k[;k dhft,A 1. mRlkg esa ge vkus okyh dfBu fLFkfr ds Hkhrj lkgl ds volj ds fu'p; }kjk çLrqr deZ lq[k dh meax ls vo'; ç;Ruoku~ gksrs gSaA d\"V ;k gkfu lgus ds lkFk&lkFk deZ esa ço`Ùk gksus ds vkuUn dk ;ksx jgrk gSA lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|korj.k gekjh ikBî iqLrd ds fucU/k ^mRlkg* ls m)`r fd;k x;k gSA blds ys[kd fgUnh lkfgR; ds fuca/k lezkV vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy* gSaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 17 çlax& çLrqr vorj.k esa 'kqDy th us O;fDr ds vanj fo|eku xq.k ^mRlkg* ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, mldh fo'ks\"krk,¡ crykbZ gSaA O;k[;k& tc gekjs eu ds vUnj mRlkg ds Hkko dk lapkj gksrk gS rks ge dfBu ls dfBu ifjfLFkfr dh fpUrk ugha djrs gSa vkSj eu esa vkuUn dh meax ds lkFk ml dk;Z dks djus esa ço`Ùk gksrs gSaA rc gekjs eu esa ,d u;k lkgl Hkjk gqvk gksrk gSA bl lkgl vkSj dk;Z djus ds lq[k ls dfBukb;ksa dks lgu djrs gq, Hkh ge vius ladfYir dk;Z esa layXu jgrs gSaA gekjs eu esa bl ckr dk mRlkg jgrk gS fd ge vius y{; dks vo'; çkIr dj ysxa sA d\"V gks vFkok gkfu gks] ge bldh fpUrk ugha djrsA vr: ;g Li\"V gS fd mRlkg dk Hkko gekjs eu esa dk;Z esa layXu gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ,d vkuUne; vuqHkwfr Hkh çnku djrk gS ftlls ge fo\"ke ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh vius y{; dh çkfIr ds fy, rRij jgrs gSaA fo'ks\"k 1. mRlkg euksHkko dk euksfo'ys\"k.kkRed foospu çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ftl Ádkj Hkxoku Jhd`\".k us vtqZu ds euksHkkoksa dks tkudj deZ esa Áo`Rk djus dk vkg~oku fd;k Fkk] mlh Ádkj 'kqDy th Hkh lHkh dks /kZ;Z ds lkFk deZ djus dk vkg~oku dj jgs gSaA 2. mRlkg thou esa ldkjkRed ÅtkZ çnku djrk gS] ys[kd us bl ckr ij çdk'k Mkyk gSA 3. mRlkg ds lkFk dk;Z fd;k tk, rks vk/kh lQyrk dks dk;Z ÁkjaHk djus ls iwoZ gh fey tkrh gSA 4. 'kSyh fopkjksÙkstd ,oa xos\"k.kkiw.kZ gSA Hkk\"kk ljy] lqcks/k vkSj lkfgfR;d fgUnh gSA 2. vklfä çLrqr ;k mifLFkr oLrq esa gh Bhd dgh tk ldrh gSA deZ lkeus mifLFkr jgrk gSA blls vklfä mlh esa pkfg,] Qy nwj jgrk gS blls mldh vksj deZ dk y{; dkQh gSA ftl vkuUn ls deZ dh mÙkstuk gksrh gS vkSj tks vkuUn deZ djrs le; rd cjkcj pyk pyrk gS mlh dk uke mRlkg gSA lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|korj.k gekjh ikBî iqLrd ds fucU/k ^mRlkg* ls m)`r fd;k x;k gSA blds ys[kd fgUnh lkfgR; ds fuca/k lezkV vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy* gSaA çlax& çLrqr iafä;ksa esa vkpk;Z th us crk;k gS fd euq\"; dks vklfä vius deZ esa j[kuh pkfg, u fd deZQy esaA rHkh mls vius dk;Z esa vkuUn dh miyfC/k gks ldrh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
18 fgUnh lkfgR; O;k[;k& ys[kd dk dFku gS fd euq\"; dks yxko vFkok vklfä vius ladfYir deZ esa gksuh pkfg, D;ksafd gekjs lkeus rks og deZ gh çLrqr gksrk gS ftls gesa djuk gksrk gS vFkok og oLrq ftls ikus dk y{; gks] mlesa vklfä dk gksuk mfpr gS D;ksafd rc ge deZ esa ço`Ùk gksus ds fy, çsfjr gksaxsA bldk dkj.k gS fd deZ vFkok og oLrq rks gekjs lEeq[k mifLFkr gS ftls gesa djuk gS vFkok ikuk gS fdUrq mldk Qy rks nwj jgrk gS fQj ge Qy esa vklfä D;ksa djsA Qy esa vklfä djus ls deZ djus dk vkuUn tkrk jgrk gS vkSj ge deZ djus ls fojr gks tkrs gSaA vr% gesa vius deZ dk y{; gh /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A deZ dk y{; /;ku j[kus ij geas deZ djus dh çsj.kk çkIr gksrh gSA mlls ,d çdkj dh mÙkstuk vFkok meax gekjs eu esa Hkh Hkj tkrh gSA blls gesa dk;Z djrs le; fujUrj vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr gksrh jgrh gSA deZ djus dh mÙkstuk vkSj vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr blh dks mRlkg euksHkko ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA fo'ks\"k 1. nk’kZfud fooj.k] deZ esa gh vkLFkk ds Áfr layXurkA 2. ys[kd us xhrk esa Jh—\".k }kjk fn, x, mins'k ^deZ.;sokf/kdkjLrs ek Qys\"kq dnkpu* dk çfriknu djrs gq, crk;k gS fd euq\"; dks vklfä vius deZ esa j[kuh pkfg, u fd Qy esaA Qy esa vklfä gksus ls euq\"; ds eu esa yksHk vkfn okluk,¡ mRiUu gks tkrh gSa vkSj deZ djus dk vkuUn lekIr gks tkrk gSA rc deZ esa mldh ço`fÙk u gksus ls mlds thou esa mRlkg ugha jgrkA 3. 'kSyh vkstLoh fopkjksÙkstd] xos\"k.kkRed gSA 4. Hkk\"kk ljy] lgt vkSj cks/kxE; gSA 3. deZ esa vkuUn vuqHko djus okyksa gh dk uke deZ.; gSA /keZ vkSj mnkjrk ds mPp deksaZ ds fo/kku esa gh ,d ,slk fnO; vkuUn Hkjk jgrk gS fd drkZ dks os deZ gh QyLo:i yxrs gSaA vR;kpkj dk neu vkSj Dys'k dk 'keu djrs gq, fpÙk esa tks mYykl vkSj rqf\"V gksrh gS ogh yksdksidkjh deZohj dk lPpk lq[k gSA lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|korj.k gekjh ikBî iqLrd ds fucU/k ^mRlkg* ls m)`r fd;k x;k gSA blds ys[kd fgUnh lkfgR; ds fuca/k lezkV vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy* gSaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 19 çlax& çLrqr x| [k.M esa ys[kd us crk;k gS fd tc euq\"; mPp vkSj yksdksidkjh deZ djrk gS rks mls deZ djrs gq, gh Qy dh çkfIr ds vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr gksus yxrh gSA blls mldk eu ,d fnO; çdkj ds vkuUn ls Hkj tkrk gSA O;k[;k& ys[kd dk dFku gS fd /keZ vkSj mnkj –f\"Vdks.k ls ;qä gksdj tks dk;Z fd, tkrs gSa mu dk;ksaZ dk vkn'kZ Å¡pk gksrk gSA buesa Lor% gh ,d ,slk vykSfdd vkuUn Hkjk gqvk gksrk gS fd tc drkZ bUgsa djus esa vxzlj gksrk gS rks mls ,sls vkuUn dh çrhfr gksrh gS tSls fd mls mudk Qy çkIr gks x;k gks vFkkZr~ ij&dY;k.k dh Hkkouk ls ;qä gksdj fd, tkus okys dk;Z gh drkZ dks Qy çkfIr tSls vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr djk nsrs gSaA ,slk O;fä vR;kpkj vkSj vukpkj dks u\"V djus esa viuk iq#\"kkFkZ ekurk gSA lla kj ls dyg vkSj la?k\"kZ dks lekIr djus esa og drZ~rO;fu\"B gksrk gSA mldk fpÙk ,d vykSfdd mYykl vkSj vkuUn ls Hkj tkrk gSA mlds eu esa vPNs dk;Z djus dk ije lUrks\"k gksrk gSA ,sls O;fä dks gh deZohj dgk tkrk gSA ,slk deZohj euq\"; vius deksaZ }kjk lalkj dk midkj djrk gSA blls mls Hkh ije lq[k dh çkfIr gksrh gSA fo'ks\"k 1. 'kqDy th deZ Áfr vkLFkk dk Hkko txkus ds fy, rRij dj jgs gSA fcuk blds dk;Z dh flf) ugh gksrh gSA 2. ys[kd ds vuqlkj tks euq\"; lalkj ds fgr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mnkj –f\"Vdks.k ls dk;Z djrk gS ogh deZohj gksrk gS vkSj ogh deZ djus esa lPps vkuUn dh miyfC/k ikrk gSA 3. 'kSyh vkstLoh fopkjijd vkSj euksfo'ys\"k.kkRed gSA 4. Hkk\"kk ljy] lgt vkSj cks/kxE;] lkfgfR;d fgUnh gSA 4. nq%[k ds oxZ esa tks LFkku Hk; dk gksrk gS] ogha LFkku vkuan ds oxZ esa mRlkg dk gksrk gS Hk; esa ge çLrqr dfBu ifjfLFkfr ds fu;e ls fo'ks\"k :i esa nq[kh vkSj dHkh ml fLFkfr ls vius dks nwj djus ds fy, Á;Ruoku Hkh gksrs gSaA mRlkg esa ge vkus okyh dfBu fLFkfr ds Hkhrj lkgl ds volj ls fu'p; }kjk çLrqr deZ dh meax ls vo’; Á;Ruoku gksrs gSaA lanHkZ& çLrqr x|ka’k vorj.k jkepaæ 'kqDy th ds fuca/k mRlkg ls vorfjr gSa bu iafä;ksa esa ys[kd mRlkg 'kCn dh O;k[;k çfrikfnr dh xbZ gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
20 fgUnh lkfgR; çlax& 'kqDy th dgrs gSa ds dkj.k O;fä dh deZ djus ds çfr tks varjax ls meax rS;kj gksrh gS okLro esa ogh dk;Z djus dh lPph i)fr gSA O;k[;k& ftl çdkj nq[k vkSj vkuan esa ijLij fojks/k gS] mls çdkj Hk; vkSj mRlkg Hkh nks fojks/kh Hkko gSA dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hk; ds tks Hkko çxV gksrs gSa] mRlkg esa Bhd mlds foijhr Hkko çdV gksrs gSa] vFkkZr ftl çdkj Hk; ls xzLr gksdj ,d euq\"; nq[k ls O;kdqy gks mBrk gS] Bhd mlh rjg mRlkg esa Hkjdj euq\"; vkuan ds lkFk deZ iFk ij vkxs c<+rk gS] dfBukb;ksa esa euq\"; Hkkxus dk ç;Ru djrk gS] tcfd mRlkg eas dfBukbZ dks nwj djus ds fy, lkgl vkSj vkuan dh meaxksa ds lkFk ç;Ru djrk gSA vius le{k mifLFkr gqbZ dfBu ifjfLFkfr esa Q¡lk gqvk euq\"; Hk; xzLr gksdj vf/kdka'k fu'ps\"V gks tkrk gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh ml fLFkfr ls Lo;a dks eqä djus ds fy, ç;Ru'khy fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] exj iwjs mRlkg esa O;fä çR;sd volj ij lkgl vkSj vkuan ds lkFk deZ djrk gqvk –f\"Vxkspj gksrk gS] bldk ,d ek= dkj.k ;gh gS fd mRlkg esa d\"V ;k gkfu lgus dh –<+rk ds lkFk&lkFk deZ esa yxs jgus dk vkuan çkIr gksrkA gS blh dkj.k lkgl ls ifjiw.kZ vkuan dh meax dks mRlkg ds uke ls iqdkjrs gSa] blh çdkj deZ iFk ds lkSna ;Z dh mikluk djus okys vFkkZr lPps deZohj O;fä gh lPps mRlkgh dgykrs gSaA fo'ks\"k çLrqr x| esa ys[kd us mRlkg ds Lo:i dk Li\"V funsZ'ku fd;k gS Hk; vkSj mRlkg ds foijhr xq.kksa dk Li\"Vhdj.k mUgksaus viuh çkS<+ ifjL—r Hkk\"kk ,oa xBh gqbZ 'kSyh esa cM+h fuiq.krk ds lkFk fd;k gSA 5. mRlkg dh fxurh vPNs xq.kksa esa gksrh gSA fdlh Hkko ds vPNs ;k cqjs gksus dk fu'p; vf/kdrj mudh ço`fÙk ds 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk ifj.kke ds fopkj ls gksrk gSA ogh mRlkg gS tks drZO; deksaZ ds çfr bruk lqanj fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS vdrZO; deksZ dh vksj gksus ij oSlk 'yk?; ugha çrhr gksrk gSA vkRej{kk] ns'k j{kk vkfn ds fufeRr lkgl dh tks meax fn[kkbZ tkrh gS] mlds lkSan;Z dks ijihM+u MdSrh vkfn deksaZ dk lkgl dHkh ugha igq¡p ldrkA lanHkZ& çLrqr x|ka’k fganh ds çeq[k fuca/kdkj iafMr jkepaæ 'kqDy dh fopkjkRed fuca/k mRlkg ls m)`r gSA çlax& çLrqr x| esa ys[kd us mRlkg ds ç'kaluh; ,oa fuanuh; :iksa dk foospu çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 21 O;k[;k& çLrqr xíh vorj.k esa ys[kd us mRlkg dks ,d ç'kaluh; xq.k foospd djrs gq, dgk gS fd mRlkg vPNs xq.kksa esa ls ,d gS fdlh Hkko ds vPNs ;k cqjs gksus dk fu'p; ge mldh ço`fÙk ds Hkys ;k iwjs ifj.kke ds vk/kkj ij djrs gSa vkSj bl rjg mRlkg ,d ,slk Hkko gS] tks vPNk dgk tkrk gS] mRlkg rc vPNk yxrk gS] tc mRlkg ftu dk;ksaZ esa yxk;k tk jgk gks os Hkh lqanj gks] ;fn mRlkg u djus ;ksX; deksaZ esa fNik jgrk gS rks mldk lkSan;Z Hkh ml le; Qhdk iM+ tkrk gS] tc og vkRe j{kk ij j{kk ds LFkku ij nwljksa ds nq[k MdSrh vkfn dk;ksZ dh vksj mUeq[k gks tkrk gS] rc Hkh mRlkg dh x.kuk mÙke xq.kksa ds chp dh tkrh gS] D;ksafd vke rkSj ij ;g gesa cjkcj ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd mRlkg ds fo'kq) :i dh ç'kalk lalkj esa FkksM+s cgqr va'kksa esa gksrh gh gSA yksx vR;kpkjh vkSj Mkdqvksa ds ijkØe dh vf/kdre ç'kalk djrs gSa] bldk ,dek= dkj.k ;g gS fd mRlkg ,d vPNk xq.k gSA fo'ks\"k x|ka'k esa mRlkg ds ç'kaluh; ,oa fuanuh; :iksa dk Li\"V fo'ys\"k.k fd;k x;k gSA blesa 'kqDy th dh yksdoknh O;fäRo dh >yd Li\"V ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA 6. ftl O;fä ;k oLrq ij çHkko Mkyus ds fy, ohjrk fn[kkbZ tkrh gS] mldh vksj mUeq[k deZ gksrk gS vkSj deZ dh vksj mUeq[k mRlkg uked Hkko gksrk gSA lkjka'k ;g gS fd fdlh oLrq ds lkFk mRlkg dk lh/kk yxko ugha gksrk gSA leqæ yka?kus ds fy, ftl mRlkg ds lkFk guqeku mBs gSa] mldk dkj.k leqæ ugha leqæ yka?kus dk fodV deZ gSA deZ Hkkouk gh mRlkg mRiUu djrh gS oLrq ;k O;fä dh Hkkouk ughaA lanHkZ& çLrqr x| fganh lkfgR; ds mPp fuca/kdkj iafMr jkepaæ 'kqDy ds fopkjkRed fuca/k mRlkg ls m)`r gS Álax& blesa 'kqDy th bl ckr ij fopkj djrs gSa fd tc O;fä esa mRlkg dk Hkko mRiUu gksrk gS rc mldk /;ku deZ ij gksrk gS vFkok Qy ij gksrk gS vFkok oLrq ij gksrk gSA O;k[;k& 'kqDy th dgrs gSa fd ftl le; ge fdlh O;fä ;k oLrq ij çHkko Mkyuk pkgrs gSa rks gekjs deZ ,oa fØ;k,¡ Hkh ml vksj mUeq[k gks tkrh gSa tks rYyhurk rFkk tks'k mriUu gksrkA gS og Hkh dk;Z djus ds fy, gh gksrkA gS bl çdkj Li\"V gS fd rYyhurk ,oa tks'k vFkkZr~ mRlkg dk lh/kk laca/k dk;Z ls gksrk gS vkSj dk;Z gh O;fä ;k oLrq dks çHkkfor djrs gSa blls ;g Hkh Lor% Li\"V gks tkrkA gS fd mRlkg Hkko dk vçR;{k :i eSa O;fä vFkok oLrq dk laca/k jgrkA gS mRlkg O;fä vkSj oLrq ds chp CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
22 fgUnh lkfgR; dh ,d dM+h gS vçR;{k vkSj ;g dM+h ml xehZ dh gS tks ge djrs gSa mnkgj.k ds fy, guqeku th ds ân; esa leqæ dks yka?krs le; tks mRlkg mRiUu gqvk FkkA og leqæ ds dkj.k ugha] vfirq leqæ mYya?ku ds Hk;adj deZ ls mRiUu gqvk FkkA ;fn leqæ dks ikj djuk vR;ar ljy dk;Z gksrk rks leqæ rks jgrk gh gS fdUrq mRlkg ugha gksrkA bl çdkj ;g Li\"V gks tkrk gS fd oLrq ;k euq\"; dk lh/kk lac/a k mRlkg ls u gksdj ml deZ ls gksrk gS tks fd;k tk jgk gSA blls ;g Hkh Li\"V gks tkrk gS fd dk;Z Hkh mRlkg dks tUe nsrk gSA fo'ks\"k ÁLrqr vorj.k esa ys[kd us lkjka'k ;g gS fd fy[kdj viuh O;k[;k 'kSyh dk ç;ksx fd;k gS 'kqDy th us viuh fuca/kksa dks fo'ks\"krk çlax xHkZRo dks ;gk¡ Hkh n'kkZ;k gS] mUgksaus viuh ckr dks vf/kd Li\"V djus ds fy, guqeku th ds leqæ ikj djus dk mnkgj.k fn;k gSA çLrqr vorj.k esa 'kqDy th dh fuxeu 'kSyh ds n'kZu gksrs gSa 7. gYdh Hkkouk ls mRiUu vkuan Hkh lk/kd deksaZ dh vksj g\"kZ vkSj rRijrk ds lkFk çHkkfor jgrk gS ij Qy dk yksx tgk¡ ç/kku jgrk gS ogka deZ fo\"k; dk vkuan mlh Qy dh Hkkouk dh rhozrk vkSj ekU;rk ij voyfEcr jgrk gS m|ksx ds çHkko ds chp tc Qy dh Hkkouk ean iM+rh gS mldh vk'kk dqN /kqa/kyh iM+ tkrhA gS rc vkuan gh meax fxj tkrhA gS vkSj mlh ds lkFk m|ksx esa Hkh f'kfFkyrk vk tkrhA gS ij deZ Hkkouk ç/kku mRlkgh cjkcj ,d jl jgrk gSA lanHkZ& çLrqr vorj.k vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy ds fopkjkRed fuca/k mRlkg ls m)`r gSA Álax& bu iafä;ksa esa 'kqDy th Qy ls vklä mRlkgh rFkk deZ esa vklä mRlkgh dh foospuk djrs gq, mlds xq.kksa dk o.kZu djrs gSaA O;k[;k& os dgrs gSa fd lPpk mRlkgh O;fä ogh gS tks d.kZ rFkk Qy nksuksa esa leku /;ku j[krk gS dsoy deZ ij /;ku j[kus ls 'kjhj f'kfFky vkSj eu nqcZy gks tkrk gS] fdarq Qy ds }kjk mRlkgh O;fä ds eu esa uohu meaxkas ,oa 'kfä;ksa dk çknqHkkZo gksrk gSA vr% ;g Li\"V gS fd mRlkg dks deZ vkSj Qy nksuksa ij /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A ;g Li\"V gS fd Qy dh Hkkouk ds }kjk euq\"; esa LQwfrZ g\"kZ vkuan vkSj rYyhurk dk lapkj jgrk gS fdarq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd deZ dks fcydqy Hkqyk fn;k tk,A bl çdkj tks euq\"; dsoy deZ esa gh vklfä j[kdj deZ djrk gS] mlds deZ Qy çkfIr ds fu'p; rFkk vfu'p; ds lkFk gh rhoz ,oa ean Hkh CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 23 iM+ tkrs gSa] tSls dksbZ euq\"; fdlh jktk dh laxkz e LFky ij blfy, lgk;rk djrk gS fd mls lsukifr dk in fey tk;sxkA vr% tSls tSls jkT; dh fot; ds fpUg fn[kkbZ nsrs tk;saxs] ml lgk;rk djus okys dk mRlkg vkuan vkSj yXu Hkh c<+rh tk,xh] fdUrq ;fn jktk ds gkj ds y{k.k çrhr gksus yxsaxs rks ml euq\"; dk eu f'kfFky gksrk tk;sxkA cgqr gh tk;sxh bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd lgk;d euq\"; us mRlkg dk çn'kZu vius deksaZ dks /;ku esa j[kdj ugha fd;k vfirq Qy çkfIr ds fy, fd;k Fkk blhfy, mRlkg Hkh Qy çkfIr ds fu'p; rFkk vfu'p; ds lkFk ?kVrk c<+rk tk;sxkA blds foijhr ;fn dksbZ O;fä deZ dks /;ku esa j[k dj pys rks mldk vkuan mRlkg gS vkSj lkgl dHkh NsM+ ugha gksrkA gS Qy dh vklfä ls dk;Z djus okyksa dks Qy ds çfrA ykylk gksus yxrh gS vkSj ;gk¡ ls mls nq%[k mRiUu gksrk gS D;ksafd blesa yksx dh Hkkouk 'kkar ugha gksrh gS mlds fo#) deZ esa vklä j[kus okys dks dHkh nq[k ugha gksrk gS mlds ân; esa vkuan dh oSlh ek=k gh mifLFkr jgrhA gS bl çdkj ;g Li\"V gS fd Qy feyus dh vk'kk ls çsfjr mRlkg mRlkg ughaA cfYd yksHk ek= gS tcfd deZ Hkkouk ls çsfjr mRlkg okLrfod mRlkg gksrk gSA fo’ks\"k 1. deZ vkSj Qy dh vklfä ls çkIr mRlkg dk ys[kd us foospu çLrqr fd;k gSA 2. ;g x| 'kqDy th ds ys[ku dk ikafMR;iw.kZ çdk'ku djrk gSA 3. 'kqDy th ds yksdoknh O;fäRo dks Li\"V ifjyf{kr djrk gSA 4. fopkjksa esa nk'kZfud iqf\"V gksrh gSA 8. deZ dh vkuan vuqHko djus okyksa gh dk uke deZ.; gS] /keZ vkSj mnkjrk ds mPp deksZ ds fo/kku esa gh ,d ,slk fnO; vkuan Hkjk jgrk gS fd drkZ dks os deZ gh ds QyLo:i yxrs gSaA vR;kpkj dk neu vkSj Dys'k dk lEeku djrs gq, fp= esa tks mYykl dh rqf\"V gksrh gS] ogh yksdksidkjh deZohj dk lPpk lq[k gS] muds fy, lq[k rc rd ds fy, :dk ugha jgrkA tc rd dh Qy çkIr u gks tk;s] cfYd ml le; ls FkksM+k FkksM+k djds feyus yxrk gS] tc ls og deZ dh vksj gkFk c<+krk gSA lUnHkZ& çLrqr x| [kaM vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy dh mRlkg uked fuca/k ls vorfjr gSA Áalx& bu iafä;ksa esa dHkh lPps deZ'khy O;fä ds deZ rFkk vkuan ds ijLij lac/a kksa dh foospuk djrs gq, fy[krs gSa CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
24 fgUnh lkfgR; O;k[;k& ftu euq\";ksa dks drZO; iwjk djus esa ,d fo'ks\"k çdkj ds vkuan vkSj lq[k dh çkfIr gks os gh lPps drZO; 'khy O;fä gSa vFkkZr deZohj ogh dgs tk ldrs gSa] tks deZ djrs le; vkuan çkIr djsa vkSj çlUurk iwoZd #fp ysrs gq, mldk fuokZg djsa] mnkgj.kkFkZ ge mnkjrk rFkk /keZ bu nks Hkkoukvksa dks ys rks gesa çrhr gksrk gS fd bu mPp deksZ ds fo/kku rFkk djus ds <ax esa deZ'khy O;fä dks ,d vykSfdd vkuanA dh vuqHkwfr djrs gSa] ;g vkuan bruk mPp vkSj ifo= gksrk gS fd blh ds Qy çkfIr tSlk vkuan Qy çkIr gksrk gS rFkk ekufld 'kkafr dh çkfIr gksrh gSA fpRr dh ;g gh og çlUurk dh n'kk gS] tks lPps deZohj dks lq[k Ánku djrh gS] D;ksafd nwljksa dk fgr djus esa tks çlUurk ,oa lq[k çkIr gksrk gS og mR—\"V ,oa ifo= gS vr% ,sls deZ O;fä;ksa dks deZ djus esa gh vkuan dh çkfIr gksrhA gS ;g Qy feyus dh çrh{kk ugha djrk] D;ksafd mls rks deZ ds vkjaHk fdl le; ls gh Qy dh çkfIr dk vkuan çkIr gksus yxrk gS mls rks deZ ds lkFk gh Qy FkksM+h FkksM+h ek=k esa miyC/k gksus yxrkA gS vr% Li\"V gS fd vkuan dk okLrfod lac/a k deZ ds lkFk gS Qy ds lkFk ugha Qy dks çkIr vkuan rks deZ ds ek/;e ls gh gksrk gS] ys[kd fy[krs gSa fd os O;fä tks deZ vkSj Qy dks vyx vyx ugha djrs os deZ'khy ugha dgs tk ldrsA Pk;fur 'kCnksZ ds vFkZ deZ lkSUn;Z ¾ dk;Z dh lqUnjrkA 'yk/; ¾ ç'kaluh;A vkuUn oxZ ¾ vkuUn dk oxhZdj.kA lkfgR;&ehekla d ¾ lkfgR; dh ehekalk ¼foospu] mikld ¾ iqtkjh] vkjk/kuk djus okysA fo'ys\"k.k vkfn½ djus okysA mRd.Bkiw.kZ ¾ ftKklk;qäA ijok ¾ fpUrk] fQØA LQqfjr ¾ QM+dukA vk?kkr ¾ pksVA fu'ps\"V ¾ ps\"Vk ;k ç;Ru jfgrA pje mRd\"kZ ¾ ijkdk\"BkA lapj.k ¾ lpa kjA /khjrk ¾ /kS;Z] eu dh fLFkjrkA ijihM+u ¾ nwljs dks lrkukA /kqfr ¾ /kS;ZA 'kkS;Z ¾ ohjrk dk HkkoA vdrZO; deksaZ ¾ u djus ;ksX; dk;ksaZA fotsrO; ¾ fot; djus ;ksX;A fo'kq) ¾ 'kq)] iw.kZr;kA nqLlk/; ¾ dfBurk ls çkIr gksus okykA lqHkhrs ¾ lqfo/kk] vkjkeA vkyEcu ¾ vk/kkjA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 25 fufnZ\"V ¾ funsZf'krA ;kSfxd¾ feyk&tqykA mUeq[k ¾ mRlkg;qäA vuq\"Bku ¾ lEiknu djuk] ladfYir dk;Z iw.kZ djukA vklfä ¾ yxkoA yk?ko ¾ y?kqrk] NksVk djuk] dkS'kyA Qyklfä ¾ Qy dh bPNkA okluk ¾ bPNkA deZ.; ¾ deZ djus okykA fnO; ¾ vykSfddA 'keu ¾ 'kkUr djukA vkReXykfu ¾ eu gh eu iNrkokA QyksUeq[k ¾ Qy çkfIr dk bPNqdA yksdksidkjh ¾ lalkj dh HkykbZ djus okyk ¼dY;k.k djus okyk½A Øq) ¾ Øksf/krA O;k?kkr ¾ O;o/kku] ck/kkA lyke lk/kd ¾ nqvk lyke djus okysA gkfdeksa ¾ vf/kdkfj;ksaA vnZfy;ksa ¾ lsodksaA fetkt ¾ LoHkko] vknrA 1.5 *Øks/k* 1.5.1 ÁLrkouk bl bdkbZ esa fo|kFkhZ vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy th }kjk jfpr fuca/k mRlkg ds fof’k\"V va’kksa dh O;k[;k djuk lh[ksaxAs x| va’k esa fo|eku fuca/k 'kSyh] vyadkj Á;ksxn{krk] ys[kd dh Áfriknu 'kSyh ,oa o.kZukRed 'kCn O;ogkj] HkkokRed fu:i.k] Áfriknu dkS’ky vkfn fo’ks\"k fcUnqvksa ds }kjk le>us esa l{ke gksxa saA 1.5.2 mís’; fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa eqa’kh Ásepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh cMs+ ?kj dh csVh ds fo\"k; esa voxeu gksxkA fo|kFkhZ vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy th dh Hkk\"kk 'kSyh ls ifjp; ÁkIr djsaxsA fuca/k mRlkg ds fuekZ.k RkRoksa ls ifjp; ÁkIr djsaxsA x|ka’kxr fo’ks\"k fcUnqvksa ds ys[ku dh le> fodflr djsaxsA x|ka’kksa dh O;k[;k fuEufyf[kr x| vorj.kksa dh lanHkZ&çlax O;k[;k dhft,A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
26 fgUnh lkfgR; 1. Øks/k 'kkafr Hkax djus okyk euksfodkj gSA ,d dk Øks/k nwljs esa Hkh Øks/k dk lapkj djrk gSA ftlds çfr Øks/k çn'kZu gksrk gS og rRdky vieku dk vuqHko djrk gS vkSj bl nq%[k ij mldh R;ksjh Hkh p<+ tkrh gSA ;g fopkj djus okys cgqr FkksM+s fudyrs gSa fd ge ij tks Øks/k çdV fd;k tk jgk gS] og mfpr gS ;k vuqfprA lanHkZ& çLrqr x|korj.k gekjh ikBî iqLrd ds fucU/k ^mRlkg* ls m)`r fd;k x;k gSA blds ys[kd fgUnh lkfgR; ds fuca/k lezkV vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy* gSAa Álax& bl fuca/k ds ek/;e ls vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us Øks/k ds ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed i{kksa dh foospuk dh gSA mUgksus crk;k gS fd thou esa gesa Øks/k ls D;k ykHk ;k D;k gkfu;ka gksrh gSaA O;k[;k& 'kqDy th dgrs gSa fd Øks/k ,d rjg ls eu dh chekjh gSA ;fn dksbZ ,d O;fä Øks/k djrk gSA ;fn ,d O;fä Øks/k djrk gS rks lkeus okyk O;fä ml Øks/k ds dkj.k vieku Hkh egllw djrk gS vkSj bl vieku ds nq[k esa mls Hkh Øks/k vk tkrk gSA bl rjg ;fn Øks/k ,d laØked jksx dh rjg gS tks ,d O;fä ls nwljs O;fä esa QSy tkrk gSA 'kqDy th dgrs gSa fd cgqr de yksxksa dks bl ckr dk vkHkkl gks ikrk gS fd mUgksaus tks Øks/k fd;k Fkk] og lgh Fkk ;k xyrA ;kfu cgqr ls de yksx gh Øks/k ds ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed i{k ds ckjs esa lksprs gSaA og dsoy Øks/k dj nsrs gSa ml le; ;g ugha lksprs&fopkjrs fd bl Øks/k mUgsa D;k uqdlku gks ldrk gSA ;fn lc Øks/k ds ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed i{k dks fopkj djus yxs rks 'kk;n Øks/k djus ls cp tk,a ;k lksp&le>dj Øks/k djsaA fo'ks\"k 1. 'kqDy th Øks/k djus ds ckn O;fDr fdl Ádkj ls euksoSKkfud :i ls vuqHko djrk gS bl fo\"k; esa o.kZu fd;k tk jgk gSA 2. 'kqDy th dh 'kSyh ds vuq:i os Øks/k uked bl euksHkko dk Lo:i Li\"V djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSAa 3. Øks/k ftldh igpku ds fy, lw{e euksoSKkfud var–Zf\"V dh t:jr gksrh gSA 4. 'kSyh vkstLoh fopkjijd vkSj euksfo'ys\"k.kkRed gSA 5. Hkk\"kk ljy] lgt vkSj cks/kxE;] lkfgfR;d fgUnh gSA 2. Øks/k 'kkafrHkax djusokyk euksfodkj gSA ,d dk Øks/k nwljs esa Hkh Øks/k dk lapkj djrk gSA ftlds çfr Øks/k çn'kZu gksrk gS og rRdky vieku dk vuqHko djrk gS vkSj bl nq%[k ij mldh Hkh CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 27 R;ksjh p<+ tkrh gSA ;g fopkj djusokys cgqr FkksM+s fudyrs gSa fd ge ij tks Øks/k çdV fd;k tk jgk gS] og mfpr gS ;k vuqfprA lanHkZ& çLrqr x|korj.k gekjh ikBî iqLrd ds fucU/k ^mRlkg* ls m)`r fd;k x;k gSA blds ys[kd fgUnh lkfgR; ds fuca/k lezkV vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy* gSaA Álax& bl fuca/k ds ek/;e ls vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us Øks/k dks ,d euksfodkj ds :Ik esa fpf=r fd;k gSA tks fd lHkh Kku ls vkykspukRed Lo:i ls ijs jgrk gSA O;k[;k& vkpk;Z 'kqDy us Øks/k dks le>us ds fy, ,d euksoSKkfud Hkwfedk ÁLrqr dh gS] ftlesa os dgrs gSa fd Øks/k ÁR;sd Ák.khek= dh ekufld /kjk dks /kwflr djus okyk euksfodkj gSA ftlds vUrxZr ekuo] nkuo] gkFkh] ?kksM+k] xk;] cSy vkfn lHkh Ák.kh vkrs gSaA Øks/k lHkh dh ekufld Hkwfe dh 'kkfUr dks u\"V dj nsrk gSA bl Øks/k dk Án’kZu lkeus okys O;fDr ij gksrk gSA ftl Ák.kh ij Øks/k dk Án’kZu fd;k tkrk gS] og Hkh mls vius Kku ds rqjar le> tkrk gS fd bldk ifj.kke eq>s xzklhHkwr djus okyk gSA lkFk ;g tkudj og Hkh mlds Áfrdkj ds fy, vius dks rS;kj djus yxrk gSA vFkkZr~ Øks/k ds fodkj :i ifj.kke esa vius vki dks yxk nsrk gSA bl Øks/k dh voLFkk ij fopkj djus okys cgqr de yksx gh gksrs gSa] tks ;s le>us dk Á;Ru djus dh dksf’k’k djrs gSa fd ;g vfHkO;Dr Øks/k vPNk gS ;k cqjk] bldk ifj.kke esjs thou ij vkus okyk gS rks bls djus ls igys bl ij ,d fopkj rks gksuk pkfg,A fo'ks\"k 1. 'kqDy th Øks/k mRifr ds dky dk euksoSKkfud :i ls o.kZu fd;k tk jgk gSA 2. 'kqDy th dh 'kSyh ds vuq:i os Øks/k uked bl euksHkko dk Lo:i Li\"V djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSAa 3. Øks/k ftldh igpku ds fy, lw{e euksoSKkfud var–Zf\"V dh t:jr gksrh gSA 4. 'kSyh vkstLoh fopkjijd vkSj euksfo'ys\"k.kkRed gSA 5. Hkk\"kk lkfgfR;d] lgt vkSj cks/kxE; gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
28 fgUnh lkfgR; 3. /keZ] uhfr vkSj f'k\"Vkpkj rhuksa esa Øks/k ds fujks/k dk mins'k ik;k tkrk gSA lar yksx rks [kyksa ds opu lgrs gSaA nqfu;knkj yksx Hkh u tkus fdruh Å¡ph uhph ipkrs jgrs gSaA lH;rk ds O;ogkj esa Hkh Øks/k ugha rks Øks/k ds fpí nck, tkrs gSaA bl çdkj dk çfrca/k lekt dh lq[k 'kkafr ds fy, cgqr vko';d gSA ij bl çfrca/k dh Hkh lhek gSA ;g ijihM+dksUeq[k Øks/k rd ugha igqp¡ rkA lanHkZ& çLrqr x|korj.k gekjh ikBî iqLrd ds fucU/k ^mRlkg* ls m)`r fd;k x;k gSA blds ys[kd fgUnh lkfgR; ds fuca/k lezkV vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy* gSAa Álax& bl fuca/k ds ek/;e ls vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us Øks/k dks ,d euksfodkj ds :Ik esa fpf=r fd;k gSA ftldh lkekftd Lrj dqN lhek gksuh pkfg,A bl ckr ij cy Ásf\"kr fd;k tk jgk gSA O;k[;k& vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy bl l`\"Vh ij mins'k dh ijaijk dks lkdkj djrs gq, ns[krs gSa fd Øks/k ds fo\"k; esa loZ= gh mins'k fn;k tkrk gS fd Øks/k ugh djuk pkfg,A ftlesa lar yksx vius mins'kksa ds ek/;e ls nqfu;k dks lq/kkjus dk ç;Ru djrs gSa vkSj ;g nqfu;k [ky nq\"V u cu tk;s] blfy, mudks Øks/k ls rFkk ikiksa ls nwj djus ds fy, mins'k vkSj O;k[;ku çnku djrs gSa blds lkFk gh nqfu;k ds vU; yksx Hkh viuh cqf) ds vuqlkj Øks/k dks O;k[;kf;r djus ds fy, ç;Ru'khy jgrs gSa tks ;g ekuo lH;rk vkSj O;ogkj gS ;g Øks/k ugha gksuk pkfg, vFkok Øks/k gksuk pkfg, blds fy, gh vius fl)kar çfrikfnr djrk jgrk gSA bl ckr ij bl çdkj Hkh çfrca/k yxk;k tkuk pkfg, fd lekt ds lq[k 'kkafr ds fy, ;g Øks/k fdl lhek rd gksuk pkfg, vkSj fdl lhek ij vkdj Øks/k ij çfrca/k yxk;k tkuk pkfg,] D;ksafd Øks/k çfrcaf/kr dh lhek vko';d gksuh pkfg,A tc&tc çdV gksrk gS rc&rc yksxksa ds fy, gkfu dk dkj.k curk gS ijUrq bls nqljksa ds nq%[k dks nwj djus okyk ,d mik; ds :i esa ç;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g ,d l'kä lekt ds fy, vko';d dkjd gSA fo'ks\"k 1. 'kSyh vkstLoh fopkjijd vkSj euksfo'ys\"k.kkRed gSA 2. Hkk\"kk lkfgfR;d] lgt vkSj cks/kxE; gSA 3. 'kqDy th Øks/k mRifr dks ,d ijihM+k fuokjd ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k gSA 4. 'kqDy th dh 'kSyh ds vuq:i os Øks/k uked bl euksHkko dk Lo:i Li\"V djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSAa 5. Øks/k ftldh igpku ds fy, lw{e euksoSKkfud var–Zf\"V dh t:jr gksrh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 29 4. /keZ dh /kotk ysdj pyusokyk /kks[ks esa Hkh Øks/k dks iki dk cki gh dgsxkA Øks/k jksdus dk vH;kl Bxksa vkSj LokfFkZ;ksa dks fl/nksa vkSj lk/kdksa ls de ugha gksrkA ftlls dqN LokFkZ fudkyuk jgrk gS] ftls ckrksa esa Q¡lkdj Bxuk jgrk gS] mldh dBksj vkSj vuqfpr ckrksa ij u tkus fdrus yksx tjk Hkh Øks/k ugha djrs] ij mldk ;g vØks/k u /keZ dk y{k.k gS] u lk/kuA lanHkZ& çLrqr x|korj.k gekjh ikBî iqLrd ds fucU/k ^mRlkg* ls m)`r fd;k x;k gSA blds ys[kd fgUnh lkfgR; ds fuca/k lezkV vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy* gSaA Álax& bl fuca/k ds ek/;e ls vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us Øks/k dks ,d Nfy;k ds :i esa ÁLrqr dj jgs gSA tks /keZKksa ds O;ogkj ls Hkh vNwrk gSA O;k[;k& vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy th ;gk¡ ij Øks/k ds Nfy;k Lo#i dks çLrqr dj jgs gSaA nqfu;k esa vf/kdka'k ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd tks O;fä /keZ dh /otk fy, gq, gS] vFkok vius vki dks /kkfeZd :i esa çfrikfnr djrs gSa] os yksx gh Øks/k dks u djus dh lykg nsrs gq, ns[ks tkrs gSa] ijarq okLro esa ns[kk tk;s rks dqN vkSj O;fä Hkh Øks/k dks u djus dh vius O;ogkj ls lykg nsrs gq, fn[kkbZ ns tkrs gSaA ftuesa Bx vkSj LokFkhZ yksxksa dk uke vkrk gSA D;ksafd mUgsa vius bl Nfy;k O;ogkj ls gh yksxksa dks Bxus dk volj feyrk gSA ;fn oks NksVh NksVh lh ckrksa ij Øks/k djus yxs rks yksx muls nwj gks tk;saxsA vkSj os mUgsa Bx ugha ik,¡xs blfy, mudh mfpr ;k vuqfpr ckrksa dks Hkh Lohdkj djrs gq,] vius vØks/kh LoHkko dks fn[kkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa Bxus dk ç;Ru djrs gSaA Øks/k u djus dk tks dk;Z Bx ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] og /keZ dk y{k.k ugha gS] vfirq og ,d Bxus dk ;k Nfy;k LoHkko gh gSA bls dksbZ Hkwy ls Hkh /keZ dk y{k.k u ekus vkSj uk gh ;g /keZ dk dksbZ lk/ku ;k ekxZ gSA fo'ks\"k 1. 'kSyh vkstLoh fopkjijd vkSj euksfo'ys\"k.kkRed gSA 2. Hkk\"kk lkfgfR;d] lgt vkSj cks/kxE; gSA 3. 'kqDy th Øks/k ls yksxksa dks dSls Nyk tkrk gS ;g fpf=r dj jgs gSA 4. Øks/k ds gksus ;k u gksus laca/kh Ny dks igpku ds fy, lw{e euksoSKkfud var–Zf\"V dh t:jr gksrh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
30 fgUnh lkfgR; 5. Øks/kksÙkkstd nq%[k ftruk gh vius laidZ ls nwj gksxk] mruk gh yksd esa Øks/k dk Lo:i lqanj vkSj euksgj fn[kkbZ nsxkA nq%[k ls vkxs c<+us ij Hkh dqN nwj rd Øks/k dk dkj.k FkksM+k cgqr viuk gh nq%[k dgk tk ldrk gS] tSls&vius ;k vkReh; ifjtu dk nq%[k] b\"V fe= dk nq%[kA blds vkxs Hkh tgk¡ rd nq%[k dh Hkkouk ds lkFk dqN ,slh fo'ks\"krk yxh jgsxh fd ftls d\"V igq¡pk;k tk jgk gS og gekjs xzke] iqj ;k ns'k dk jgusokyk gS] ogk¡ rd gekjs Øks/k ls lkSan;Z dh iw.kZrk esa dqN dlj jgsxhA tgk¡ mä Hkkouk fufoZ'ks\"k jgsxh ogh lPph ijnq%[kdkrjrk ekuh tk,xh] ogh Øks/k ds Lo:i dks iw.kZ lkSan;Z çkIr gksxk&,slk lkSan;Z tks dkO;{ks= ds chp Hkh txexkrk gSA lanHkZ& çLrqr x|korj.k gekjh ikBî iqLrd ds fucU/k ^mRlkg* ls m)`r fd;k x;k gSA blds ys[kd fgUnh lkfgR; ds fuca/k lezkV vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy* gSaA Álax& bl fuca/k ds ek/;e ls vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us Øks/k dks ,d Nfy;k ds :i esa ÁLrqr dj jgs gSA tks /keZKkas ds O;ogkj ls Hkh vNwrk gSA O;k[;k& vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy th ;gka ij Øks/k gks dh mRifÙk ds dkj.kksa dk fo'ys\"k.k dj jgs gSAa mUgksaus dgk gS tc rd O;fä nq[k ls nwj jgsxk rks Øks/k ds mRiUu gksus ds dkj.k çkIr gh ugha gksaxs rks Øks/k Hkh mRiUu ugha gksxkA bl yksd esa Øks/k dk tks Lo:i gS] og lqUnj vkSj euksgj fn[kkbZ nsus yxsxk] ysfdu tSls gh nq[k viuh lhek ls vkxs c<+sxk vkSj dqN nwj rd ns[kk tk;sxk rc Hkh Øks/k viuk ijpe ygjkrk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsxkA D;ksafd tgk¡ tgk¡ Øks/k O;ä gksrk gS ogk¡ ogk¡ nq%[k gksrk gh gSA blhfy, tc dHkh ge viuk rFkk vius fç;tuksa dk fe=ksa dk nq%[k ns[krs gSa rks gesa Øks/k dh Hkkouk nq%[k ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsus yxrh gSA nq%[k dh vk/kkj Hkwfe esa gh Øks/k dh mRifÙk gksrh gS vkSj ;g Øks/k gekjs xkao] uxj vkSj ns'k esa jgus okyk gh gS vFkkZr~ ;s dgha vU; LFkkuksa ij ckr ugha djrk gSA tgk¡&tgk¡ ekuo ;k çk.kh lewgkas dk okl gksrk gS ogk¡&ogk¡ bl Øks/k dh lqUnj vfHkO;fä vkSj iw.kZrk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS mä Hkkouk rc gksxh tc ge okLrfod nwljkas ds nq%[k dks nwj djus okyh tks Øks/k dh larfr gS] mldks iSnk djsa ogh Øks/k dk Lo:i gSA blls gh lEiw.kZ txr esa iw.kZ lkSan;Z dk okl gksxk vkSj ;gh gj ,d {ks= dk ,d txexkrk /kqzo rkjk gS fd tc Øks/k nwljs ds nq%[k dks gj.k djus okyk gksA fo'ks\"k 1. 'kSyh vkstLoh fopkjijd vkSj euksfo'ys\"k.kkRed gSA 2. Hkk\"kk lkfgfR;d] lgt vkSj cks/kxE; gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 31 3. 'kqDy th Øks/k ls yksxksa ds nq%[k fuokjd ds :i esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk jgk gSA p;fur 'kCnksa ds vFkZ& lk{kkRdkj ¾ lkeus fn[kkbZ nsus okykA /kkj.kk ¾ cks/k ;k fopkjA Pksru ¾ ftlesa lkspus&le>us dh 'kfDr gksA euksfodkj ¾ eu esa iSnk gksus okys ifjKku ¾ fo'ks\"k KkuA HkkoA lKku ¾ Kku ;qDrA fpjfuo`fÙk ¾ lnk ds fy, lekIr gksukA vkfoHkkZo ¾ iSnk gksukA nq%[k fuo`fÙk ¾ nq%[k dk lekIr gksukA Hkkoh ¾ Hkfo\"; esa gksus okykA Ágkj ¾ pksVA txr¾ dqvka dk eu?kVA fpjLFkkf;uh ¾ lnk cus jgus okyhA Áfrdkj ¾ cnykA l`f\"V ¾ lalkjA Vs<+h&lh/kh ¾ cqjh&HkyhA fo/kku ¾ O;oLFkkA mf}Xu ¾ O;xz] nq%[kh] cspSuA Loj{kk ¾ viuh j{kkA O;kid ¾ foLr`r] QSyh gqbZA n`\"Vkarksa ¾ mnkgj.kksaA Øq) ¾ Øks/k djus okykA Áo`fÙk ¾ HkkoukA foosd ¾ vPNs&cqjs dk KkuA =kqfV ¾ deh] HkwyA vadq'k ¾ jksd yxkukA ifjfer ¾ lhfer O;kdqy ¾ nq%[kh mxz ¾ rst+] ÁpaMA vkyEcu ¾ Hkko dk dkj.kA vuFkZ ¾ xyr vFkZA xtZu&rTkZu ¾ xjtuk vkSj MkV¡ ukA mijkUr ¾ cknA vkÑfr ¾ Øks/kiw.kZ eq[k&eqnzkA i'pkÙkki ¾ iNrkokA fojr¾ /;ku gVkuk] #dukA nq\"ifj.kke ¾ cqjk Qy mxzA nqO;Zogkj ¾ cqjk vkpj.kA vfu\"V O;kikj ¾ cqjs dkeA jks\"k ¾ Øks/kA iwoZÑr ¾ igys fd;k gqvkA pw.kZ djuk ¾ [kRe djuk] pwj&pwj djukA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
32 fgUnh lkfgR; mipkj ¾ mik;A dq'k ¾ lw[kh ?kklA vifj\"Ñr ¾ v'kq)] vlH;A vUr%ÁÑfr ¾ LoHkkoA vO;oLFkk ¾ vfLFkjrkA QqrhZyk ¾ rst] pqLrA rqf\"Vlk/kd ¾ larks\"k nsus okykA uez ¾ fouez] fcuk vfHkeku dkA vFkZd\"V ¾ /ku dk vHkkoA neu ¼djuk½ ¾ nckukA mÙksftr djuk ¾ mdlkukA rRdky ¾ mlh le; R;ksjh paMkA ;qfDr ¾ mik;A dkyÑr ¾ le; ls fd;k gqvkA O;atuk ¾ ÁdV gksukA lqHkhrk ¾ lqfo/kktudA fu:fir ¾ ftldh foLr`r vkykspuk gks pqdh gSA vuU; ¾ ,dfu\"B] iwjh rjg lsA vkyacu ¾ vkJ;A cjdr ¾ lkeF;ZA vlárk ¾ lgu u djus dh HkkoukA {kksHk;qDr ¾ Øks/k fefJr nq%[k ls iw.kZA ve\"kZ ¾ og nq%[k ;k }s\"k tks foi{kh ;k 'k=q dk dksbZ vidkj ;k cqjk u dj ldus ij iSnk gksA 1.6 *iqjLdkj* 1.6.1 izLrkouk bl bdkbZ esa fo|kFkhZ eqa’kh Ásepan th }kjk jfpr dgkuh cMs+ ?kj dh csVh ds fof’k\"V va’kksa dh O;k[;k djuk lh[ksaxsA x| va’k esa fo|eku 'kSyh] vyadkj] ys[kd dh Áfriknu 'kSyh ,oa o.kZukRed] HkkokRed Áfriknu dkS’ky fo’ks\"k fcUnqvksa ds }kjk le>us esa l{ke gksaxsaA 1.6.2 mís’; fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa t;’kadj Álkn th }kjk jfpr dgkuh ^iqjLdkj* ,d vfHkÁsjd ds :i esa gksrk gSA ftlls bfPNr dk;Z djk, tk ldrs gSaA iqjLdkj ds ;FkkZFk Á;ksx ds fo\"k; esa lh[kszaxsA fo|kFkhZ t;’kadj Álkn th dh Hkk\"kk 'kSyh ls ifjp; ÁkIr djsaxsA dgkuh ^iqjLdkj* dgkuh ds ihNs ys[kd ds eUrO; ls fo|kFkhZ ifjp; ÁkIr djsaxsA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 33 ;fn dksbZ iqjLdkj nsdj gekjh vku&cku ysus dh dksf’k’k djrk gS rks D;k iqjLdkj ysuk pkfg,\\ fo|kFkhZ bl rF; dk fu.kZ; ys ldsaxsA x|ka’kxr fo’ks\"k fcUnqvksa ds ys[ku dh le> o O;k[;k djus dk dkS’ky fodflr djsaxsA x|ka’kksa dh O;k[;k fuEufyf[kr x| vorj.kksa dh lanHkZ&çlax O;k[;k dhft,A 1. vknzkZ u{k=] vkdk'k esa dkys&dkys cknyksa dh ?kqeM+] ftlesa nso&nqanqfHk dk xaHkhj ?kks\"kA çkph ds ,d fujHkz dksus ls Lo.kZ iq#\"k >k¡dus yxk Fkk&ns[kus yxk] egkjkt dh lokjhA 'kSyekyk ds vapy esa lery moZjk Hkwfe ls lksa/kh ckl mB jgh FkhA uxj&rksj.k ls t;?kks\"k gqvk] HkhM+ esa xtjkt dk pke/kkjh 'k`aM mUur fn[kkbZ iM+kA og g\"kZ vkSj mRlkg dk leqæ fgyksjsa Hkjrk gqvk vkxs c<+us yxkA lUnHkZ & çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî&iqLrd esa ladfyr ^iqjLdkj* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls m)`r gSA blds jpf;rk Nk;kokn ds Áeq[k LrEHk ^t;'kadj çlkn* th gSaA çlax& ÁLrqr dgkuh ds va’k esa dksly jkT; esa gksus okys —f\"k egksRlo dk o.kZu fd;k gSA blesa Hkkx ysus ogk¡ ds egkjkt vkus okys FksA muds Lokxr esa ç—fr vkSj ukxfjd lHkh mRlkfgr FksA Ád`fr ds mRlkg dk o.kZu ÁLrqr fd;k x;k gSA O;k[;k& dksly jkT; esa gksus okys —f\"k egksRlo ÁkjaHk ml le; vknzkZ u{k= yx pqdk FkkA vkdk'k esa dkys ckny meM+&?kqeM+ jgs FksA nso&naqnqfHk dh xEHkhj vkokt xwat jgh FkhA iwoZ fn'kk esa ,d ckny jfgr dksus ls lw;Z fn[kkbZ nsus yxk FkkA ,slk yx jgk Fkk tSls og egkjkt dh lokjh ns[k jgk gksA og ioZr rys dh lery mitkÅ Hkwfe FkhA mlesa ls lqUnj xa/k mB jgh FkhA uxj ds }kj ls egkjkt dh t; dk Loj gqvkA HkhM+ esa gkFkh dh mBh gqbZ lM¡ + fn[kkbZ nh] ftlesa pkej FkkA ukxfjdksa dh HkhM+ çlUurk vkSj mRlkg ls Hkjdj vkxs c<+ jgh FkhA fo'ks\"k 1. dksly ds —f\"k mRlo ls iwoZ egkjkt ds {ks= esa vkxeu dk o.kZu gSA 2. Hkk\"kk laL—rfu\"B 'kCnkoyh ;qä gSA 3. 'kSyh o.kZukRed rFkk fp=kRedrk fy, gq, ltho gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
34 fgUnh lkfgR; 2. chtksa dk ,d Fkky fy, dqekjh e/kwfydk egkjkt ds lkFk FkhA cht cksrs gq, egkjkt tc gkFk c<+krs rc e/kwfydk muds lkeus Fkky dj nsrhA ;g [ksr e/kwfydk dk Fkk] tks bl lky egkjkt dh [ksrh ds fy, pquk x;k FkkA blfy, cht nsus dk lEeku e/kwfydk gh dks feykA og dqekjh FkhA lqanjh FkhA dkS'ks;&/klu mlds 'kjhj ij b/kj&m/kj ygjkrk gqvk Lo;a 'kksfHkr gks jgk FkkA og dHkh mls lEgkyrh vkSj dHkh vius :[ks vydksa dksA —\"kd ckfydk ds 'kqHkz Hkky ij Jed.kksa dh Hkh deh u FkhA os lc cjkSfu;ksa esa xqaFks tk jgs Fks] lEeku vkSj yTtk mlds v/kjksa ij eUn eqLdjkgV ds lkFk flgj mBrs] fdUrq egkjkt dks cht nsus esa mlus f'kfFkyrk u fn[kkbZA lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî&iqLrd esa ladfyr ^iqjLdkj* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls m)`r gSA blds jpf;rk Nk;kokn ds Áeq[k LrEHk ^t;'kadj çlkn* th gSaA çlax& dFkkjfp;rk us dksly ds —f\"k egksRlo dk o.kZu fd;k gSA e/kwfydk flagfe= dh lqUnjh dU;k gSA ml o\"kZ mldk [ksr egkjkt ds [ksr ds :i esa pquk x;k gSA og cht cksus esa egkjkt dk lg;ksx dj jgh gSA O;k[;k& tc eu;ksX; dk;Z dh ÁkfIr gksrh gksrh gS rks dSlh mldh dk;Z Á.kkyh gksrh gS] bldk lgt fp=.k ;gk ÁLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA e/kwfydk ds gkFkksa esa chtksa ls Hkjk Fkky FkkA egkjkt cht cks jgs FksA og gkFk c<+krs rks e/kwfydk Fkky muds lkeus dj nsrh FkhA og [ksr e/kwfydk dk FkkA bl o\"kZ mls egkjkt dh [ksrh ds fy, pquk x;k FkkA vr% cht nsus dk lEeku e/kwfydkA dks feyk FkkA e/kwfydk dqekjh Fkh vkSj lUq njh FkhA mlus js'keh oL= igu j[ks FksA og mlds 'kjhj ij b/kj&m/kj ygjk jgs FksA e/kwfydk dHkh gok ls mM+rs vius oL=ksa dks rks dHkh vius :[ks ckyksa dks l¡Hkkyrh FkhA fdlku&dU;k e/kwfydk ds ekFks ij ilhus dh cwansa Nyd jgh FkhaA os mldh cjkSfu;ksa ls fey jgh FkhaA egkjkt dks cht nsus dk lEeku feyus ij og çlUu FkhA lEeku vkSj yTtk ds Hkko mlds gksaBksa ij eUn eqLdku ds :i esa O;ä gks jgs FksA ijUrq og vius drZO; ds çfr lrdZ FkhA og egkjkt dks cht nsus dk dk;Z Rofjrrk ds lkFk lrdZrk ls dj jgh FkhA fo'ks\"k 1. —\"kd&dU;k e/kwfydk egkjkt ds }kjk cht cksus esa mudk lg;ksx dj jgh FkhA 2. e/kwfydk ds lkSUn;Z dk ltho fp=.k gqvk gSA 3. Hkk\"kk laL—r ds rRle 'kCnksa ls ;qä rFkk o.kZukuqdwy gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 35 4. 'kSyh o.kZukRed gSA 3. ßnso! ;g esjs fir`&firkegksa dh Hkwfe gSA bls cspuk vijk/k gS] blfy, ewY; Lohdkj djuk esjh lkeF;Z ds ckgj gSA ßegkjkt ds cksyus ds igys o`) ea=h us rh[ks Loj ls dgk&Þvcks/k! D;k dg jgh gS\\ jktdh; vuqxzg dk frjLdkj! rsjh Hkwfe ls pkSxquk ewY; gS] fQj dksly dk ;g lqfuf'pr jk\"Vªh; fu;e gSA rw vkt ls jktdh; j{k.k ikus dh vf/kdkfj.kh gqbZ] bl /ku ls vius dks lq[kh cukA Þjktdh;&j{k.k dh vf/kdkfj.kh rks lkjh çtk gS eaf=oj! egkjkt dks Hkwfe&leÁ.k djus esa rks esjk dksbZ fojks/k u Fkk vkSj u gS] fdUrq ewY; Lohdkj djuk vlEHko gSAß&e/kwfydk mÙksftr gks mBhA lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî&iqLrd esa ladfyr ^iqjLdkj* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls m)`r gSA blds jpf;rk Nk;kokn ds Áeq[k LrEHk ^t;'kadj çlkn* th gSaA çlax& dFkkjfp;rk us e/kwfydk dks jkT; ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj mldh vf/kxzghr Hkwfe ds cnys dqN Lo.kZ eqæk,¡ nh xbZaA FkSyh dks lknj ekFks ls yxkdj mlus mudks egkjkt ds Åij fuNkoj djds fc[ksj fn;kA egkjkt dks dqN dqfir gksrs ns[kdj mlus fouezrkiwoZd bldk dkj.k crk;kA O;k[;k& jktk dks vius eu ds vuqlkj Hkwfe feyus ij os ml dU;k ls Hkwfe dks fodz; djus ds fy, dgrs gSAa bl ij e/kwfydk us fouezrk ls dgk&^gs egkjkt ! ;g Hkwfe esjs iwoZtksa dh gSA bl Hkwfe dks cspuk vijk/k gSA vr% bldh dher ysuk eq>s Lohdkj ugha gSA* egkjkt ds dqN dgus ls iwoZ gh cw<+s ea=h us rst vkokt esa dgk&^vjh vKkuh ! rw dgrh D;k gS\\ ;g jkT; dh vksj ls —ik iwoZd fn;k x;k /ku gSA bldk vieku djuk mfpr ugha gSA rq>s tks /ku fn;k x;k gS og rsjh Hkwfe ds ewY; dk pkj xquk gSA ml ij ;g dksly jkT; dk fuf'pr fu;e gSA vkt ls rq>dks jkT; dh ljq {kk çkIr gks jgh gSA bl /ku dks ysdj lq[kiwoZd jgA* e/kwfydk us mÙkj fn;k&^gs ea=hJs\"B! eSa egkjkt dks viuh Hkwfe lefÁr djus dh fojks/kh ugha gw¡A igys Hkh esjk fojks/k ugha Fkk vkt Hkh ugha gSA fdUrq ewY; Lohdkj djuk esjh lkeFkZ~; dh ckr ugha gSA* ;g dgrs&dgrs e/kwfydk mÙksftr gks mBhA fo'ks\"k 1. jktk ds }kjk Hkwfe ds vf/kxzg.k djus dk o.kZu ÁLrqr fd;k x;k gSA 2. e/kwfydk ds viuh Hkwfe ds Áfr Áse vkSj /kjksgj laj{k.k dk ltho fp=.k gqvk gSA 3. Hkk\"kk laL—r ds rRle 'kCnksa ls ;qä rFkk o.kZukuqdwy gSA 4. 'kSyh o.kZukRed gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
36 fgUnh lkfgR; 4. v#.k us ns[kk] ,d fNUu ek/koh&yrk o`{k dh 'kk[kk ls P;qr gksdj iM+h gSA lqeu eqdqfyr Fks] Hkzej fuLianA v#.k us vius v'o dks ekSu jgus dk ladsr fd;k] ml lq\"kek dks ns[kus ds fy,A ijUrq dksfdy cksy mBh&mlus v#.k ls ç'u fd;k] fN% dqekjh ds lks;s gq, lkSan;Z ij –f\"Vikr djus okys /k`\"V] rqe dkSu\\* e/kwfydk dh vk¡[k [kqy iM+hA mlus ns[kk ,d vifjfpr ;qodA og ladksp ls mB cSBhA ÞHkns! rqEgha u dy mRlo dh lapkfydk jgh gks\\ß lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî&iqLrd esa ladfyr ^iqjLdkj* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls m)`r gSA blds jpf;rk Nk;kokn ds Áeq[k LrEHk ^t;'kadj çlkn* th gSaA çlax& dFkkjfp;rk dksly ds —f\"k egksRlo esa ex/k ds jktdqekj v#.k us e/kwfydk dks ns[kk rks mlds :i&lkSUn;Z ij eqX/k gks x;kA çkr:dkys og vius ?kksM+s ij cSBdj e/kwfydk ls feyus igq¡pkA e/kwfydk e/kwd o`{k ds uhps vius gkFk ij flj j[ks lks jgh FkhA O;k[;k& v#.k us e/kwfydk dks ns[kk rks mldks ,slk yxk tSls ,d VwVh] eqj>kbZ gqbZ ek/koh yrk o`{k dh 'kk[kk ls vyx gksdj uhps fxj xbZ gksA ml çHkkrdky esa Qwy f[kys Fks ijUrq HkkSajs 'kkUr FksA v#.k us b'kkjk djds vius ?kksM+s dks pqi jgus dks dgkA og e/kwfydk ds lkSUn;Z dks nÙkfpÙk gksdj ns[kuk pkgrk FkkA blh chp dks;y cksyus yxh] ekuks og v#.k ls iwN jgh gks& lksrh gqbZ dqekjh ds lkSUn;Z dks ns[kus okys rqe dkSu gks\\ rqEgkjk ;g dke ç'kaluh; ugha gSA rqe cM+s <hB çrhr gksrs gksA rHkh e/kfw ydk tkx mBhA mlus lkeus ,d vifjfpr ;qod dks ik;kA og ladksp ds lkFk mBdj cSB xbZA jktdqekj v#.k us mlls iwNk&^Hkæs! rqe ogh gks tks dy ds mRlo dk lapkyu dj jgh Fkha\\ fo'ks\"k 1. Hkk\"kk laL—rfu\"B rRle 'kCnkoyh ;qä gSA 2. 'kSyh o.kZukRed gSA 3. lksrh gqbZ e/kwfydk ds lkSUn;Z vkSj mldks eqX/kHkko ls fugkjrs jktdqekj v#.k dk fp=.k gqvk gSA 4. dks;y dk cksyuk ekuoh;dj.k vyadkj dk Á;ksxA 5. Þ;g jgL; ekuo&ân; dk gS] esjk ughaA jktdqekj fu;eksa ls ;fn ekuo&ân; ck/; gksrk rks vkt ex/k ds jktdqekj dk ân; fdlh jktdqekjh dh vksj u f[kapdj ,d d`\"kd&ckfydk dk vieku djus u vkrkAß e/kwfydk mB [kM+h gqbZA pksV [kkdj jktdqekj ykSV iM+kA fd'kksj fdj.kksa esa mldk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 37 jRu fdjhV ped mBkA v'o osx ls pyk tk jgk Fkk vkSj e/kwfydk fu\"Bqj çgkj djds D;k Lo;a vkgr u gqbZA mlds ân; esa Vhl&lh gksus yxhA og lty us=ksa ls mM+rh gqbZ /kwy ns[kus yxhA lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî&iqLrd esa ladfyr ^iqjLdkj* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls m)`r gSA blds jpf;rk Nk;kokn ds Áeq[k LrEHk ^t;'kadj çlkn* th gSaA çlax& e/kwfydk viuh tehu fNuus ls nq:[kh FkhA jktdqekj v#.k us mlls dgk fd og mldh Hkwfe egkjkt ls mls okil fnyk nsxk] e/kwfydk us ;g vLohdkj fd;kA og jktdh; fu;e dks Hkax djuk ugha pkgrh FkhA v#.k us iwNk fd mldk jgL; D;k gS\\ O;k[;k& e/kwfydk us mÙkj fn;k fd jgL; mldk ugha] ekuo ds ân; dk gSA viuh Hkwfe ls mls çse gS ijUrq lkFk gh jk\"Vªh; fu;e dk ikyu djuk mldk drZO; Hkh gSA Hkwfe ds tkus ls nq:[kh gksdj ig vius jk\"Vªh; fu;e dk mYya?ku ugha dj ldrhA euq\"; dk ân; fu;eksa ls c¡/kk ugha gksrkA ;fn ,slk gksrk rks og ex/k dk jktdqekj ãsdj ,d —\"kd dU;k e/kwfydk ls çse&fuosnu djds mldk vieku ugha djrkA ;g dgdj [kM+h gks xbZA jktdqekj v#.k Hkh bl mÙkjs ls nq:[kh gqvkA og okil py iM+kA lw;Z dh çHkkrdkyhu fdj.kksa ds iM+us ls mldk jRuksa ls tM+k eqdqV pedus yxkA mldk ?kksM+k rsth ls nkSM+ jgk FkkA m/kj e/kwfydk dks Hkh v#.k ds çse dk vieku djus ls pksV igq¡ph FkhA viuh fu\"Bqjrk ij og nq%[kh FkhA mldk ân; osnuk ls Hkjk FkkA mlds us=ksa esa vk¡lw FksA og mM+rh gqbZ /kwy dks ns[k jgh FkhA fo'ks\"k 1. Hkk\"kk ljl] laL—rfu\"B rRle 'kCnkoyh ;qä [kM+h cksyh gSA 2. laokn 'kSyh gSA 3. jktdqekj v#.k }kjk ea/kwfydk ds çfr çsekd\"kZ.k rFkk e/kwfydk }kjk mldks vLohdkj djus dk o.kZu gS] ;|fi og Hkh v#.k ds çfr vkdf\"kZr gSA 4. ekuo eu ds Hkkoksa dk ltho fp=.k gqvk gSA 6. vkt e/kwfydk ml chrs gq, {k.k dks ykSVk ysus ds fy, fody FkhA nfjærk dh Bksdjksa us mls O;fFkr vkSj v/khj dj fn;k gSA ex/k dh çklkn&ekyk ds oSHko dk dkYifud fp=&mu lw[ks MaByksa dh ja/kzksa ls] uHk esa fctyh ds vkyksd esa ukprk&gqvk fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA f[kyokM+h f'k'kq tSls Jko.k dh la/;k esa tqxquw dks idM+us ds fy, gkFk yidkrk gS] oSls gh e/kwfydk vHkh og fudy x;k] eu gh eu dg jgh CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
38 fgUnh lkfgR; FkhA o\"kkZ us Hkh\"k.k :i /kkj.k fd;kA xM+xM+kgV c<+us yxh; vksys iM+us dh laHkkouk FkhA e/kwfydk viuh ttZj >ksaiM+h ds fy, dk¡i mBhA lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî&iqLrd esa ladfyr ^iqjLdkj* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls m)`r gSA blds jpf;rk Nk;kokn ds Áeq[k LrEHk ^t;'kadj çlkn* th gSaA çlax& vius [ksr ds fNu tkus ls e/kwfydk nq:[kh FkhA nwljksa ds [ksr ij dke djds tks feyrk mlh ls xqtj djrh vkSj e/kwd o`{k ds uhps viuh i.kZdqVh esa lks tkrh FkhA lnhZ dh _rq esa o\"kkZ ds dkj.k mldh Nktu ped jgh FkhA viuh bl n;uh; voLFkk esa mls jktdqekj v#.k dh ;kn lrk jgh FkhA O;k[;k& ys[kd dgrs gSa fd vkt e/kwfydk ml {k.k dks vius thou esa ykSVkuk pkgrh Fkh] tc jktdqekj v#.k ls mldh HksaV gqbZ FkhA viuh Hkh\"k.k xjhch ds dkj.k og O;kdqy gks mBh FkhA çFke HksaV ds volj ij v#.k us mls jktjkuh cukus dk çLrko fn;k FkkA e/kwfydk ex/k ds jktegyksa dh fo'kky iafä;ksa ds ,s'o;Z dh dYiuk dj jgh FkhA viuh iÙkksa dh dqfV;k ds lw[ks MaByksa ds Nsnksa ls mldks ckgj pedrh fctyh dk çdk'k fn[kkbZ ns jgk Fkk vkSj ml çdk'k esa ex/k ds oSHko dks fp= fn[kkbZ ns jgk FkkA f[kykM+h f'k'kq lkou ds eghus esa 'kke dks pedrs tqxquw dks idM+us ds fy,] gkFk QSykrk gS ijUrq mls idM+ ugha ikrk] ;gh voLFkk e/kwfydk dh FkhA og eu gh eu dg jgh Fkh fd ;g oSHko mlds gkFk ls fudy x;k gSA rHkh o\"kkZ dk :i Hk;kud gks mBkA ckny tksj ls xjtus yxsA yx jgk Fkk fd vksys fxjsaxsA e/kwfydk dks Hk; gqvk fd mldh VwVh&QwVh >ksaiM+h Hkh u\"V u gks tk;sA fo'ks\"k 1. Hkk\"kk laL—r ds rRle 'kCnksa ls ;qä lkfgfR;d [kM+h cksyh gSA 2. 'kSyh o.kZukRed gSA 3. e/kwfydk dh ekufld voLFkk ds lkFk gh mldh Hkh\"k.k xjhch dk ltho fp=.k gqvk gSA 7. ;qorh dk o{kLFky Qwy mBkA og gk¡ Hkh ugha dg ldh] u Hkh ughaA v#.k us mldh voLFkk dk vuqHko dj fy;kA dq'ky euq\"; ds lkeus mlus volj dks gkFk ls u tkus fn;kA rqjar cksy mBk&ÞrqEgkjh bPNk gks rks çk.kksa ls ç.k yxkdj eSa rqEgsa bl dksly ds flagklu ij fcBk gw¡ e/kwfydkA v#.k ds [kM~x dk vkrad ns[kksxh\\ß e/kwfydk ,d ckj dk¡i mBhA og dguk pkgrh Fkh] ugha&fdUrq mlds eqag ls fudyk] ÞD;k\\ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 39 lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî&iqLrd esa ladfyr ^iqjLdkj* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls m)`r gSA blds jpf;rk Nk;kokn ds Áeq[k LrEHk ^t;'kadj çlkn* th gSaA çlax& e/kwfydk dh dYiuk lkdkj gqbZA mldh jktdqekj v#.k ls iqu: HksaV gqbZA v#.k dksly ds nqxZ dks gLrxr djuk pkgrk FkkA og e/kfw ydk ds çse dk ykHk mBkuk pkgrk FkkA nksuksa ckrsa dj jgs FksA v#.k mlds çse dh ç'kalk dj jgk FkkA O;k[;k& v#.k ds eq[k ls vius çse dh ç'kalk lqudj e/kwfydk dk eu mRlkg vkSj çlUurk ls Hkj x;kA tc v#.k us mlls iwNk fd D;k og lpeqp mls I;kj djrh gS rks og u Lohdkj dj ldh] u vLohdkjA v#.k ,d dq'ky euq\"; FkkA mlus e/kwfydk ds eu dh n'kk dks tku fy;k FkkA og bl volj dks gkFk ls tkus nsuk ugha pkgrk FkkA mlus rqjUr e/kwfydk ls dgk fd ;fn og pkgs rks og vius çk.kksa dh ckth yxkdj mls dksly ds jktflagklu ij cSBk nsA D;k e/kwfydk mldh ryokj dk vkrad ns[kuk pkgsxh\\ v#.k ds bl dFku ij ,d ckj rks e/kwfydk dk¡i mBhA og mÙkj esa ugha dguk pkgrh FkhA fdUrq vuk;kl mlds eq¡g ls fudyk&D;k\\ fo'ks\"k 1. xjhch ds dkj.k e/kwfydk fopfyr gks mBh FkhA og vutkus gh v#.k dh ;kstuk dh fgLlsnkj cu jgh FkhA 2. v#.k ds çfr çse dk Hkko mldh detksjh FkhA bl dkj.k ns'k ds çfr çse vkSj drZO; ds iFk ls og fopfyr gks jgh FkhA 3. Hkk\"kk laL—rfu\"B gSA çlkn th dh Hkk\"kk dk :i lnk ,dlk jgrk gSA 4. 'kSyh o.kZukRed gSA 8. ,d ?kus dqat esa v#.k vkSj e/kwfydk ,d nwljs dks gf\"kZr us=ksa ls ns[k jgs FksA la/;k gks pyh FkhA ml fufoM+ ou esa mu uokxr euq\";ksa dks ns[kdj i{khx.k vius uhM+ dks ykSVrs gq, vf/kd dksykgy dj jgs FksA çlUurk ls v#.k dh vk¡[ksa ped mBhaA lw;Z dh vafre fdj.ksa >qjeqV ls ?kqldj e/kwfydk ds diksyksa ls [ksyus yxhaA v#.k us dgk&Þpkj igj vkSj fo'okl djks] çHkkr esa gh bl th.kZ dysoj dksly&jk\"Vª dh jkt/kkuh JkoLrh esa rqEgkjk vfHk\"ksd gksxkA vkSj ex/k ls fuokZflr eSa] ,d LorU= jk\"Vª dk vf/kifr cuwaxk] e/kwfydk!ß CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
40 fgUnh lkfgR; lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî&iqLrd esa ladfyr ^iqjLdkj* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls m)`r gSA blds jpf;rk Nk;kokn ds Áeq[k LrEHk ^t;'kadj çlkn* th gSaA çlax& v#.k us e/kwfydk dh lgk;rk ls JkoLrh nqxZ ds nf{k.k esa ukys ds ikl tehu gLrxr dj yh FkhA ogk¡ mlds yksx Lora=rkiwoZd ?kwe jgs Fks vkSj ekxZ cuk jgs FksA v#.k ,d dqat esa e/kwfydk ds lkFk cSBdj ckrsa dj jgk FkkA O;k[;k& isM+ksa ds ,d ?kus dqat esa v#.k e/kwfydk ds lkFk cSBk FkkA nksuksa çlUurk ds lkFk ,d&nwljs dks ns[k jgs FksA la/;k gks jgh FkhA ml ?kus ou esa bu u;s vk, gq, yksxksa dks ns[kdj i{kh vius ?kksalyksa dh vksj ykSVrs le; cgqr 'kksj epk jgs FksA v#.k çlUu FkkA [kq'kh ds dkj.k mldh vk¡[kksa esa ped FkhA dqat ds ?kus o`{kksa ls gksdj lw;Z dh fdj.ksa e/kwfydk ds xkyksa ij iM+ jgh FkhaA v#.k us e/kwfydk ls pkj igj vkSj çrh{kk djus dks dgkA mlus mls fo'okl fnyk;k fd lcsjk gksus rd og detksj gq, dksly jk\"Vª ij vf/kdkj dj ysxk vkSj lcsjk gksrs gh jkt/kkuh JkoLrh esa e/kwfydk dk jktfryd gksxkA rc ex/k dk fuokZflr jktdqekj v#.k bl uohu jk\"Vª dk Lokeh cusxkA e/kwfydk bl jkT; dh jkuh gksxhA fo'ks\"k 1. rRle 'kCnksa ls ;qä lkfgfR;d [kM+h cksyh dk ç;ksx gqvk gSA 2. 'kSyh o.kZukRed gSA 3. jktdqekj v#.k vkSj e/kwfydk ds çse feyu dk fp=.k gSA 9. iFk va/kdkje; Fkk vkSj e/kwfydk dk ân; Hkh fufoM+re ls f?kjk FkkA mldk eu lglk fopfyr gks mBk] e/kqjrk u\"V gks x;hA ftruh lq[k&dYiuk Fkh] og tSls va/kdkj esa foyhu gksus yxhA og Hk;Hkhr Fkh] igyk Hk; mls v#.k ds fy, mRiUu gqvk; ;fn og lQy u gqvk rks! fQj lglk lkspus yxh] og D;ksa lQy gks\\ JkoLrh nqxZ ,d fons'kh ds vf/kdkj esa D;ksa pyk tk;\\ ex/k dkSly dk fpj 'k=q! vksg; mldh fot;! dkSly&ujs'k us D;k dgk Fkk&^flagfe= dh dU;kA* flagfe= dksly dk j{kd ohj] mlh dh dU;k vkt D;k djus tk jgh gS\\ ugha] ughaA e/kwfydk! Þe/kwfydk!ß tSls mlds firk ml va/kdkj esa iqdkj jgs Fks] og ixyh dh rjg fpYyk mBhA jkLrk Hkwy x;hA lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî&iqLrd esa ladfyr ^iqjLdkj* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls m)`r gSA blds jpf;rk Nk;kokn ds Áeq[k LrEHk ^t;'kadj çlkn* th gSaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 41 çlax& jktdqekj v#.k ls fonk ysdj e/kwfydk viuh >ksaiM+h dh vksj pyhA v¡/ksjk gks x;k FkkA dksly jkT; dks gLrxr djus esa v#.k dh lgk;rk djus ds vius dke ls og fopfyr FkhA mlds eu esa O;fäxr çse vkSj ns'kçse dk vUrnZ~oU} mB jgh FkkA O;k[;k& e/kwfydk vius fuokl dh vksj tk jgh FkhA ml le; v¡/ksjk gks pqdk FkkA e/kwfydk ds ân; esa Hkh ?kuk v¡/ksjk Nk;k FkkA vpkud mldk eu O;kdqyrk ls Hkj x;k vkSj mldh e/kqjrk tkrh jghA mlds eu esa dksly dh jkuh cuus dh dYiuk dk lq[k Fkk] og lglk u\"V gks x;kA og lq[k eu ds v¡/ksjs esa [kks x;kA mldks Hk; yxus yxkA igys mldks v#.k ds ckjs esa Mj yxkA mlus lkspk fd ;fn dksly dk jkT; çkIr djus esa mldks lQyrk u feyh rks D;k gksxkA rHkh mlds eu esa fopkj vk;k fd v#.k ,d fons'kh jktdqekj gSA mldks dks'ky jkT; ij vf/kdkj ikus esa lQy gksuk D;k mfpr gS\\ og D;ksa lQy gks \\ JkoLrh dk fdyk fdlh fons'kh ds vf/kdkj esa D;ksa tk;s\\ ex/k dksly dk iqjkuk 'k=q gSA ex/k ds jktdqekj v#.k dks dksly ij fot; çkIr gksuh ugha pkfg,A dksly ujs'k us dgk Fkk&e/kwfydk flagfe= dh dU;k gSA flagfe= us dksly dh j{kk ds fy, vius çk.k fn, FksA mlh flagfe= dh iq=h gS e/kwfydkA og vkt D;k djus tk jgh gSA dksly ij vf/kdkj djus esa og ex/k ds jktdqekj dh lgk;rk D;ksa dj jgh gSA mlus lkspk&ugha] mls ,slk ugha djuk pkfg,A mldks yxk fd v¡/ksjs esa mlds firk flagfe= mls iqdkj jgs Fks&^e/kwfydk ,slk er djksA og ikxyksa dh rjg fpYyk jgh FkhA og jkLrk Hkwy xbZ FkhA fo'ks\"k 1. dgkuhdkj us e/kwfydk ds eu dh noa}iw.kZ voLFkk dk ltho fp= vafdr fd;k gSA 2. Hkk\"kk çokgiw.kZ gS rFkk rRle 'kCnksa ls ;qä gSA 3. 'kSyh euksfo'ys\"k.kkRed gSA 10. lsukifr us e/kwfydk dh vksj ns[kkA og [kksy nh xbZA mls vius ihNs vkus dk ladsr dj lsukifr jktefUnj dh vksj c<+sA çfrgkjh us lsukifr dks ns[krs gh egkjkt dks lko/kku fd;kA og viuh lq[k fuæk ds fy, çLrqr gks jgs FksA fdUrq lsukifr vkSj lkFk esa e/kwfydk dks ns[krs gh papy gks mBsA lsukifr us dgk&Þt; gks! nso! bl L=h ds dkj.k eq>s bl le; mifLFkr gksuk iM+k gSAß lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikBî&iqLrd esa ladfyr ^iqjLdkj* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls m)`r gSA blds jpf;rk Nk;kokn ds Áeq[k LrEHk ^t;'kadj çlkn* th gSaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
42 fgUnh lkfgR; çlax& e/kwfydk us lsukifr dks v#.k dh ;kstuk crk nhA lsukifr e/kwfydk dks lkFk ysdj egkjkt ds le{k mifLFkr gq, vkSj JkoLrh nqxZ ds fy, ladV dh ckr mudks crkbZA O;k[;k& lsukifr v'o ds ihB ij c/¡ kh e/kwfydk dks ysdj jktHkou igq¡psA ogk¡ igq¡pdj lsukifr us mldh vksj ns[kkA mlds cU/ku [kksy fn, x,A lsukifr us mldks ladsr fd;k vkSj vius ihNs vkus dks dgkA og jktHkou dh vksj c<+hA }kjiky us lsukifr dks ns[kk rks rqjUr egkjkt dks lwpuk nsdj lrdZ fd;kA egkjkt jkr esa lq[kiwoZd lksus dh rS;kjh dj jgs FksA mUgksaus lsukifr] vkSj mlds lkFk e/kwfydk dks ns[kkA og vfLFkj gks mBsA lsukifr us mudks crk;k fd ml L=h ¼e/kwfydk½ ds dkj.k bruh jkr x,A mudks egkjkt ds lkeus mifLFkr gksuk iM+k FkkA fo'ks\"k 1. Hkk\"kk çokgiw.kZ gS rFkk rRle ç/kku gSA 2. 'kSyh o.kZukRed gSA 3. lsukifr us çek.kLo:i e/kwfydk dks lkFk ysdj egkjkt dks JkoLrh nqxZ ds ladV esa gksus dh lwpuk nh gSA 11. m\"kk ds vkyksd esa lHkk&eaMi n'kZdksa ls Hkj x;kA canh v#.k dks ns[krs gh turk us jks\"k ls gq¡dkj dh&Þo/k djks!ß jktk us lger gksdj dgk&Þçk.kn.MAß e/kwfudk cqykbZ xbZA og ixyh&lh vkdj [kM+h gks xbZA dksly ujs'k us iwNk&Þe/kwfydk] rq>s tks iqjLdkj ysuk gks] ek¡xAß og pqi jghA jktk us dgk&Þesjs fut dh ftruh [ksrh gS] eSa lc rq>s nsrk gw¡Aß e/kwfydk us ,d ckj canh v#.k dh vksj ns[kkA mlus dgk&Þeq>s dqN us pkfg,Aß v#.k g¡l iM+kA jktk us dgk&Þugha] eSa rq>s vo'; nsaxkA ek¡x ysAß Þrks eq>s Hkh çk.kn.M feysAß dgrh gqbZ og canh v#.k ds ikl tk [kM+h gqbZA lUnHkZ& çLrqr x|ka'k gekjh ikB~;&iqLrd esa ladfyr ^iqjLdkj* 'kh\"kZd dgkuh ls m)`r gSA blds jpf;rk Nk;kokn ds Áeq[k LrEHk ^t;'kadj çlkn* th gSaA çlax& dgkuhdkj us e/kwfydk ds v#.k ds çfr çse ds lkFk gh vius ns'k dksly ds çfr çse dk o.kZu fd;k gSA e/kwfydk us Lons'k çse dks O;fäxr çse ij ojh;rk nh vkSj vius çse dk mRlxZ dj fn;kA O;k[;k& lcjs k gks x;k Fkk vkSj lw;Z dk çdk'k QSy jgk FkkA lHkke.Mi n'kZdksa ls Hkjk FkkA v#.k dks cUnh cukdj ogk¡ yk;k x;kA mldks ns[krs gh turk Øq) gks mBhA mlus rst vkokt esa mldks e`R;qn.M CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pk;fur x|k’kksa dh O;k[;k 43 nsus dh ek¡x dhA dksly ujs'k us lgefriow Zd mldks çk.kn.M nsus dk vkns'k fn;kA e/kwfydk dks cqyk;k x;kA og vkbZ vkSj ixyh ds leku ogk¡ [kM+h gks xbZA dksly ds egkjkt us mlls iwNk&^e/kwfydk* rw tks pkgs og iqjLdkj ek¡x ysA e/kwfydk dqN ugha cksyh] pqi [kM+h jghA egkjkt us ?kks\"k.kk dh fd og viuh iwjh Hkwfe mldks ns jgs gSAa e/kwfydk us ,d ckj cUnh cus gq, v#.k dh vksj ns[kk vkSj dgk fd mldks dqN Hkh ugha pkfg,A ;g lqudj v#.k g¡l iM+kA egkjkt us vkxzg fd;k fd og mldks dqN u dqN iqjLdkj vo'; nsaxs og tks pkgs lks ek¡x ysA e/kwfydk us dgk fd mls Hkh çk.kn.M fn;k tk;A ;g dgdj og canh v#.k ds ikl tkdj [kM+h gks xbZA fo'ks\"k 1. e/kwfydk ds vkReksRlxZ dk HkO; fp=.k gqvk gSA 2. ns'kçse dks O;fä ds çse ds Åij crk;k x;k gSA 3. Hkk\"kk çokgiw.kZ gS rFkk rRle 'kCnksa ls ;qä gSA 4. 'kSyh o.kZukRed rFkk laokne;h gSA p;fur 'kCnksa ds vFkZ& çkph ¾ iwoZ fn'kkA rksj.k ¾ }kjA ?kks\"k ¾ vkokt Lo.kZ iq#\"k ¾ lw;AZ fujHkz ¾ lkQA iYyoa ¾ iÙksA 'k`aM ¾ l¡M+A LoLR;;u ¾ ekaxfyd ea=ksPpkj.kA gse ¾ lksukA dkS'ks; olu ¾ js'keh oL=A [khy ¾ Hkquk /kkuA Jed.k ¾ ilhus dh cwansaA iq\"V ¾ LoLFkA ÅtZfLor ¾ ÅtkZ ls iw.kZA vydksa ¾ ckyA lkeF;Z ¾ {kerkA vuqxzg ¾ —ik] n;kA folftZr ¾ HkaxA Hk`dqfV ¾ HkkSagsaA vueuh ¾ mnklA vU;re ¾ vuU;A rqjax ¾ ?kksM+kA f'kfoj ¾ rEcwA diksrh ¾ dcwrjhA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
44 fgUnh lkfgR; iqyfdr ¾ jksekafprA fNUu¾ VwVh gqbZA P;qr ¾ vyxA fu\"ian ¾ 'kkUrA dksfdy¾ dks;yA Hkæ] Hkæ¾s lEck/s ku ds fy, ç;qä 'kCnA vfHku; ¾ ukVdA foMacuk ¾ nqHkkZX;A voxqaBu ¾ iw¡?kV] fNik jgukA migkl ¾ g¡lhA fdjhV ¾ eqdqVA fu\"Bqj ¾ funZ;A çgkj ¾ pksVA vkgr ¾ pksfVyA çfrnku ¾ cnys esa nh xbZ oLrqA i.kZ dqVhj ¾ iÙkksa ls cuh >ksaiM+hA Nktu ¾ NIijA midj.k ¾ oLrq,¡] vkStkjA r#.k ¾ ;qodA pkVqdkjh ¾ pkiywlhA nX/k ¾ tyk gqvkA O;fFkr ¾ O;kdqyA çklkn&ekyk ¾ egyksa dh iafäA ja/kz ¾ NsnA vkyksd ¾ çdk'kA ttZj ¾ VwVh&QwVhA dikV ¾ fdckM+A çR;{k ¾ vk¡[kksa ds lkeusA n;uh; ¾ n;k ds ;ksX;A fuokZflr ¾ ns'k ls fudkyk gqvkA thfodk ¾ jkstxkjA fuLrC/k ¾ 'kkUrA lehj ¾ gokA xºoj ¾ xqQkA oVo`{k ¾ cjxn dk isM+A foiUu ¾ fu/kZu] n;uh;A dEiUu ¾ d¡id¡ikgVA va/kM+ ¾ vk¡/khA }a} ¾ vfu'p;A nk#.k ¾ Hk;adjA fo—r ¾ vLoLFk] [kjkcA pkej ¾ ckyksa dk cuk ia[kkA rkacwy ¾ ikuA çfrgkjh ¾ j{kdA Jethoh ¾ etnwjA vekR; ¾ ea=hA jktefUnj ¾ jktegyA inlapkj ¾ pyukA 'kwU;rk ¾ lwukiuA fufoM+ ¾ l?kuA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
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