Hồ Chí Minh toàn tập - Tập 2

["286 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP 4. V\u00d7 sao m\u00b5 sinh ra d\u00a9n t\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh? M\u00e9t n\u2212\u00edc c\u00cby c\u00e3 s\u00f8c m\u00b9nh \u00ae\u00d5n c\u2212\u00edp m\u00e9t n\u2212\u00edc y\u00d5u, l\u00cay v\u00e2 l\u00f9c cai tr\u00de d\u00a9n n\u2212\u00edc \u00cay, v\u00b5 gi\u00b5nh h\u00d5t c\u00b6 quy\u00d2n kinh t\u00d5 v\u00b5 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de. D\u00a9n n\u2212\u00edc \u00cay \u00ae\u00b7 m\u00cat c\u00b6 t\u00f9 do \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp, l\u00b9i l\u00b5m ra \u00ae\u2212\u00eec bao nhi\u00aau th\u00d7 b\u00de c\u2212\u00eang quy\u00d2n v\u00ac v\u00d0t b\u00cay nhi\u00aau. N\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 c\u2212\u00edp h\u00d5t s\u00b6n v\u00cbt, quy\u00d2n l\u00eei c\u00f1a d\u00a9n r\u00e5i, khi c\u00e3 gi\u00c6c gi\u00b7, n\u00e3 l\u00b9i b\u00bet d\u00a9n \u00aei l\u00ddnh ch\u00d5t thay cho n\u00e3. Nh\u2212 trong tr\u00cbn \u00a2u chi\u00d5n 1914 - 1918, T\u00a9y b\u00bet ta \u00aei l\u00ddnh, sau l\u00b9i gia thu\u00d5 gia s\u2212u. \u00a7\u00b8nh \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00d7 n\u00e3 h\u2212\u00ebng l\u00eei quy\u00d2n, thua th\u00d7 m\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00b7 ch\u00d5t ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00b9i h\u00b9i c\u00f1a. N\u00e3i t\u00e3m l\u00b9i l\u00b5 b\u00e4n c\u2212\u00eang quy\u00d2n n\u00b5y b\u00bet d\u00a9n t\u00e9c kia l\u00b5m n\u00ab l\u00d6, nh\u2212 Ph\u00b8p v\u00edi An Nam. \u00a7\u00d5n khi d\u00a9n n\u00ab l\u00d6 \u00cay ch\u00deu kh\u00abng n\u00e6i n\u00f7a, t\u00d8nh ng\u00e9 l\u00aan, \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t l\u00b9i, bi\u00d5t r\u00bbng th\u00b5 ch\u00d5t \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00f9 do h\u00acn s\u00e8ng l\u00b5m n\u00ab l\u00d6, \u00ae\u00e5ng t\u00a9m hi\u00d6p l\u00f9c \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00aeu\u00e6i t\u00f4i \u00b8p b\u00f8c m\u00d7nh \u00aei; \u00cay l\u00b5 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. 5. V\u00d7 sao m\u00b5 sinh ra giai c\u00cap c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh? Trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi c\u00e3 2 giai c\u00cap: A. T\u2212 b\u00b6n (kh\u00abng l\u00b5m c\u00abng m\u00b5 h\u2212\u00ebng l\u00eei). B. C\u00abng v\u00b5 n\u00abng (l\u00b5m kh\u00e3 nh\u00e4c m\u00b5 ch\u00bcng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec h\u2212\u00ebng). Nh\u2212 ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00ee An Nam, l\u00b5m \u00eb m\u00e1 than H\u00dfn Gay, m\u00e9t ng\u00b5y l\u00b5m 11 gi\u00ea, \u00ae\u00c7u n\u00a8m l\u00b5m \u00ae\u00d5n cu\u00e8i, m\u00e9t ng\u00b5y ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec 3 h\u00b5o, \u00a8n ch\u00bcng \u00ae\u00f1 \u00a8n, m\u00c6c kh\u00abng c\u00e3 m\u00c6c, \u00aeau kh\u00abng c\u00e3 thu\u00e8c, ch\u00d5t kh\u00abng c\u00e3 h\u00dfm. C\u00dfn anh ch\u00f1 m\u00e1 \u00cay kh\u00abng bao gi\u00ea nh\u00f3ng tay \u00ae\u00d5n vi\u00d6c g\u00d7, m\u00b5 n\u00e3 \u00a8n sung m\u00c6c s\u2212\u00edng, l\u00aan ng\u00f9a xu\u00e8ng xe, m\u00e7i n\u00a8m l\u00b9i \u00ae\u2212\u00eec m\u00cay m\u2212\u00aci tri\u00d6u \u00ae\u00e5ng l\u00eai (n\u00a8m 1925 n\u00e3 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec 17.000.000 \u00ae\u00e5ng). Th\u00f6 h\u00e1i 17 tri\u00d6u \u00cay th\u00bbng ch\u00f1 T\u00a9y l\u00b5m ra hay l\u00b5 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n An Nam l\u00b5m ra? D\u00a9n c\u00b5y ta ru\u00e9ng kh\u00abng c\u00e3 m\u00b5 c\u00b5y, m\u00b5 t\u00f4i \u00ae\u00e5n \u00aei\u00d2n T\u00a9y n\u00e3 chi\u00d5m h\u00d5t 122.000 m\u00c9u ru\u00e9ng t\u00e8t \u00eb Trung K\u00fa, 150.000 m\u00c9u \u00eb Nam K\u00fa.","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh 287 D\u00a9n ta n\u00aci th\u00d7 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00f1 \u00a8n, n\u00aci th\u00d7 ch\u00d5t \u00ae\u00e3i, m\u00b5 \u00aei\u00d2n ch\u00f1 m\u00e7i n\u00a8m n\u00e3 b\u00b8n g\u00b9o g\u00c7n 1.000 tri\u00d6u quan ti\u00d2n T\u00a9y1) (n\u00a8m 1925 n\u00e3 b\u00b8n 911.477.000 quan). N\u2212\u00edc ta nh\u2212 v\u00cby, c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 v\u00cby. C\u00abng n\u00abng kh\u00abng ch\u00deu n\u00e6i, \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t nhau \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00aeu\u00e6i t\u2212 b\u00b6n \u00aei, nh\u2212 b\u00aan Nga, \u00cay l\u00b5 giai c\u00cap c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh; n\u00e3i t\u00e3m l\u00b9i l\u00b5 giai c\u00cap b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh2) \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00b9p \u00ae\u00e6 giai c\u00cap \u00aei \u00b8p b\u00f8c m\u00d7nh. 6. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh chia l\u00b5m m\u00cay th\u00f8? C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh chia ra hai th\u00f8: A. Nh\u2212 An Nam \u00aeu\u00e6i Ph\u00b8p, \u00can \u00a7\u00e9 \u00aeu\u00e6i Anh, Cao Ly3) \u00aeu\u00e6i Nh\u00cbt, Phil\u00ddppin \u00aeu\u00e6i M\u00fc, T\u00b5u \u00aeu\u00e6i c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00b5nh l\u00cay quy\u00d2n t\u00f9 do b\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00bcng c\u00f1a d\u00a9n n\u2212\u00edc m\u00d7nh, \u00cay l\u00b5 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. B. T\u00cat c\u00b6 d\u00a9n c\u00b5y, ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00ee trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi b\u00cat k\u00fa n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5o, n\u00dfi n\u00b5o \u00ae\u00d2u li\u00aan h\u00eep nhau l\u00b9i nh\u2212 anh em m\u00e9t nh\u00b5, \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00cbp \u00ae\u00e6 t\u00cat c\u00b6 t\u2212 b\u00b6n trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi, l\u00b5m cho n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5o, d\u00a9n n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec h\u00b9nh ph\u00f3c, l\u00b5m cho thi\u00aan h\u00b9 \u00ae\u00b9i \u00ae\u00e5ng - \u00cay l\u00b5 th\u00d5 gi\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. Hai th\u00f8 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00ae\u00e3 tuy c\u00e3 kh\u00b8c nhau, v\u00d7 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d7 ch\u2212a ph\u00a9n giai c\u00cap, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 s\u00dc, n\u00abng, c\u00abng, th\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00d2u nh\u00cat tr\u00dd ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i c\u2212\u00eang quy\u00d2n. C\u00dfn th\u00d5 gi\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d7 v\u00ab s\u00b6n giai c\u00cap \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00ae\u00c7u \u00aei tr\u2212\u00edc. Nh\u2212ng 2 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00cay v\u00c9n c\u00e3 quan h\u00d6 v\u00edi nhau. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: An Nam d\u00a9n t\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00b5nh c\u00abng th\u00d7 t\u2212 b\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p y\u00d5u, t\u2212 b\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p y\u00d5u th\u00d7 c\u00abng n\u00abng Ph\u00b8p l\u00b5m giai c\u00cap c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh c\u00f2ng d\u00d4. V\u00b5 n\u00d5u c\u00abng n\u00abng Ph\u00b8p c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00b5nh c\u00abng, th\u00d7 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c An Nam s\u00cf \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00f9 do. V\u00cby n\u00aan c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh An Nam v\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Ph\u00b8p ph\u00b6i li\u00aan l\u00b9c v\u00edi nhau. _______________ 1) \u00a7\u00e5ng phr\u00a8ng Ph\u00b8p (BT). 2) Giai c\u00cap b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 giai c\u00cap b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng (BT). 3) Nay l\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc Tri\u00d2u Ti\u00aan (BT).","288 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP 7. Ai l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh? V\u00d7 b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c m\u00b5 sinh ra c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, cho n\u00aan ai m\u00b5 b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c c\u00b5ng n\u00c6ng th\u00d7 l\u00dfng c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh c\u00b5ng b\u00d2n, ch\u00dd c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh c\u00b5ng quy\u00d5t. Khi tr\u2212\u00edc t\u2212 b\u00b6n b\u00de phong ki\u00d5n \u00b8p b\u00f8c cho n\u00aan n\u00e3 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. B\u00a9y gi\u00ea t\u2212 b\u00b6n l\u00b9i \u00aei \u00b8p b\u00f8c c\u00abng n\u00abng, cho n\u00aan c\u00abng n\u00abng l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00f1 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh1). 1. L\u00b5 v\u00d7 c\u00abng n\u00abng b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c n\u00c6ng h\u00acn, 2. L\u00b5 v\u00d7 c\u00abng n\u00abng l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00abng nh\u00cat cho n\u00aan s\u00f8c m\u00b9nh h\u00acn h\u00d5t, 3. L\u00b5 v\u00d7 c\u00abng n\u00abng l\u00b5 tay kh\u00abng ch\u00a9n r\u00e5i, n\u00d5u thua th\u00d7 ch\u00d8 m\u00cat m\u00e9t c\u00b8i ki\u00d5p kh\u00e6, n\u00d5u \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00d7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00b6 th\u00d5 gi\u00edi, cho n\u00aan h\u00e4 gan g\u00e3c. V\u00d7 nh\u00f7ng c\u00ed \u00cay, n\u00aan c\u00abng n\u00abng l\u00b5 g\u00e8c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh; c\u00dfn h\u00e4c tr\u00df, nh\u00b5 bu\u00abn nh\u00e1, \u00aei\u00d2n ch\u00f1 nh\u00e1 c\u00f2ng b\u00de t\u2212 b\u00b6n \u00b8p b\u00f8c, song kh\u00abng c\u00f9c kh\u00e6 b\u00bbng c\u00abng n\u00abng; 3 h\u00b9ng \u00cay ch\u00d8 l\u00b5 b\u00c7u b\u00b9n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh c\u00f1a c\u00abng n\u00abng th\u00abi. 8. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh kh\u00e3 hay l\u00b5 d\u00d4? S\u00f6a c\u00b8i x\u00b7 h\u00e9i c\u00f2 \u00ae\u00b7 m\u00cay ng\u00b5n n\u00a8m l\u00b5m x\u00b7 h\u00e9i m\u00edi, \u00cay l\u00b5 r\u00cat kh\u00e3. Nh\u2212ng bi\u00d5t c\u00b8ch l\u00b5m, bi\u00d5t \u00ae\u00e5ng t\u00a9m hi\u00d6p l\u00f9c m\u00b5 l\u00b5m th\u00d7 ch\u00bec l\u00b5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec, th\u00d5 th\u00d7 kh\u00abng kh\u00e3. Kh\u00e3 d\u00d4 c\u00f2ng t\u00b9i m\u00d7nh, m\u00d7nh quy\u00d5t ch\u00dd l\u00b5m th\u00d7 l\u00b5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. Nh\u2212ng mu\u00e8n l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i bi\u00d5t: A- T\u00f4i t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca n\u00e3 l\u00cay t\u00abn gi\u00b8o v\u00b5 v\u00a8n ho\u00b8 l\u00b5m cho d\u00a9n ngu, l\u00cay ph\u00d0p lu\u00cbt bu\u00e9c d\u00a9n l\u00b9i, l\u00cay s\u00f8c m\u00b9nh l\u00b5m cho d\u00a9n s\u00ee, l\u00cay ph\u00f3 qu\u00fd l\u00b5m cho d\u00a9n tham. N\u00e3 l\u00b5m cho d\u00a9n nghe \u00ae\u00d5n 2 ch\u00f7 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d7 s\u00ee r\u00efng m\u00d7nh. V\u00cby c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh tr\u2212\u00edc ph\u00b6i l\u00b5m cho d\u00a9n gi\u00b8c ng\u00e9. B- D\u00a9n kh\u00e6 qu\u00b8 hay l\u00b5m b\u00b9o \u00ae\u00e9ng, nh\u2212 d\u00a9n An Nam \u00eb Trung K\u00fa kh\u00b8ng thu\u00d5, H\u00b5 Th\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00c7u \u00ae\u00e9c, Nam K\u00fa ph\u00b8 kh\u00b8m; kh\u00abng c\u00e3 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, kh\u00abng c\u00e3 k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch, \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00e7i th\u00cat b\u00b9i m\u00b7i. _______________ 1) C\u00abng n\u00abng l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00f1 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 n\u00abng d\u00a9n l\u00b5 l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng n\u00dfng c\u00e8t, l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e9i qu\u00a9n ch\u00f1 l\u00f9c c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng (BT).","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh 289 V\u00cby c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh ph\u00b6i gi\u00b6ng gi\u00b6i l\u00fd lu\u00cbn v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca1) cho d\u00a9n hi\u00d3u. C- D\u00a9n v\u00d7 kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh th\u00d5 trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi, kh\u00abng bi\u00d5t so s\u00b8nh, kh\u00abng c\u00e3 m\u2212u ch\u2212\u00edc, ch\u2212a n\u00aan l\u00b5m \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00b5m, khi n\u00aan l\u00b5m l\u00b9i kh\u00abng l\u00b5m2). C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh ph\u00b6i hi\u00d3u phong tri\u00d2u th\u00d5 gi\u00edi, ph\u00b6i b\u00b5y s\u00b8ch l\u2212\u00eec cho d\u00a9n. D- D\u00a9n th\u2212\u00eang chia r\u00cf3) ph\u00b8i n\u00b5y b\u00e4n kia, nh\u2212 d\u00a9n ta ng\u2212\u00eai Nam th\u00d7 nghi ng\u2212\u00eai Trung, ng\u2212\u00eai Trung th\u00d7 khinh ng\u2212\u00eai B\u00bec, n\u00aan n\u00e7i y\u00d5u s\u00f8c \u00aei, nh\u2212 \u00ae\u00f2a m\u00e7i chi\u00d5c m\u00e7i n\u00aci. V\u00cby n\u00aan s\u00f8c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh ph\u00b6i t\u00cbp trung, mu\u00e8n t\u00cbp trung ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. 9. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh tr\u2212\u00edc h\u00d5t ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 c\u00b8i g\u00d7? Tr\u2212\u00edc h\u00d5t ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, \u00ae\u00d3 trong th\u00d7 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng, ngo\u00b5i th\u00d7 li\u00aan l\u00b9c v\u00edi d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c v\u00b5 v\u00ab s\u00b6n giai c\u00cap m\u00e4i n\u00aci. \u00a7\u00b6ng c\u00e3 v\u00f7ng c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh m\u00edi th\u00b5nh c\u00abng, c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00c7m l\u00b8i c\u00e3 v\u00f7ng thuy\u00d2n m\u00edi ch\u00b9y. \u00a7\u00b6ng mu\u00e8n v\u00f7ng th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca l\u00b5m c\u00e8t, trong \u00ae\u00b6ng ai c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i hi\u00d3u, ai c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i theo ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00cay. \u00a7\u00b6ng m\u00b5 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00abng c\u00e3 tr\u00dd kh\u00abn, t\u00b5u kh\u00abng c\u00e3 b\u00b5n ch\u00d8 nam. B\u00a9y gi\u00ea h\u00e4c thuy\u00d5t nhi\u00d2u, ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca nhi\u00d2u, nh\u2212ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca ch\u00a9n ch\u00ddnh nh\u00cat, ch\u00bec ch\u00ben nh\u00cat, c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh nh\u00cat l\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca L\u00aanin. _______________ 1) Gi\u00b6ng gi\u00b6i l\u00fd lu\u00cbn v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 gi\u00b6ng gi\u00b6i l\u00fd lu\u00cbn c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c - L\u00aanin (BT). 2) T\u00f8c l\u00b5 kh\u00abng bi\u00d5t n\u00bem th\u00eai c\u00ac c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng (BT). 3) D\u00a9n th\u2212\u00eang b\u00de chia r\u00cf (do \u00a9m m\u2212u c\u00f1a b\u00e4n th\u00f9c d\u00a9n l\u00b5 chia r\u00cf \u00ae\u00d3 d\u00d4 cai tr\u00de) (BT).","290 L\u00deCH S\u00f6 C\u00b8CH M\u00d6NH M\u00fc 1. L\u00dech s\u00f6 M\u00fc th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Th\u00d5 k\u00fb th\u00f8 14 v\u00d2 tr\u2212\u00edc, ch\u2212a ai bi\u00d5t M\u00fc \u00eb \u00ae\u00a9u. \u00a7\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1492, ng\u2212\u00eai bu\u00abn t\u00aan l\u00b5 Christophe Colomb \u00aei t\u00b5u bu\u00abn mu\u00e8n qua \u00can \u00a7\u00e9, nh\u2212ng \u00aei l\u00b9c \u00ae\u2212\u00eang, may l\u00b9i g\u00c6p ch\u00a9u M\u00fc. D\u00a9n x\u00f8 \u00cay l\u00b5 lo\u00b5i da \u00ae\u00e1, ch\u00d8 \u00aei s\u00a8n b\u00ben kh\u00abng bi\u00d5t bu\u00abn b\u00b8n v\u00b5 l\u00b5m ngh\u00d2. T\u00f5 l\u00f3c Colomb t\u00d7m ra ch\u00a9u M\u00fc, th\u00d7 ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc b\u00aan \u00a2u tr\u00b5n qua \u00ae\u00cay l\u00b5m \u00a8n. Ng\u2212\u00eai da tr\u00beng mu\u00e8n b\u00bet ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00ae\u00e1 l\u00b5m n\u00ab l\u00d6, nh\u2212ng n\u00e3 kh\u00abng ch\u00deu l\u00b5m, th\u00d7 ch\u00f3ng gi\u00d5t m\u00dfn gi\u00d5t m\u00e1i ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00ae\u00e1 \u00aei, r\u00e5i b\u00bet ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen b\u00aan Phi qua l\u00b5m cho ch\u00f3ng n\u00e3. Ng\u2212\u00eai \u00a2u qua M\u00fc th\u00d7 n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng c\u00e3, nh\u2212ng \u00ae\u00abng nh\u00cat l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai Anh (3.000.000 ng\u2212\u00eai). V\u00d7 v\u00cby, Anh gi\u00b5nh M\u00fc l\u00b5m thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. 2. V\u00d7 sao m\u00b5 M\u00fc l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh? Th\u00e6 s\u00b6n M\u00fc r\u00cat gi\u00b5u, \u00ae\u00e5ng, s\u00bet, than, b\u00abng, l\u00f3a, tr\u00a9u b\u00df, v\u00a9n v\u00a9n, v\u00cbt g\u00d7 c\u00f2ng nhi\u00d2u. Anh th\u00d7 tham, mu\u00e8n h\u00e8t v\u00d2 cho m\u00d7nh c\u00b6, cho n\u00aan \u00ae\u00c6t ra 3 ph\u00d0p nh\u2212 sau n\u00b5y: 1. C\u00e3 bao nhi\u00aau th\u00e6 s\u00b6n, M\u00fc ph\u00b6i cung c\u00cap cho Anh h\u00d5t, kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00b8n cho c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc kh\u00b8c. 2. D\u00a9n M\u00fc kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec l\u00cbp ra l\u00df m\u00b8y v\u00b5 h\u00e9i bu\u00abn b\u00b8n. 3. C\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec v\u00b5o bu\u00abn b\u00b8n v\u00edi M\u00fc, ch\u00d8 Anh \u00ae\u2212\u00eec bu\u00abn b\u00b8n m\u00b5 th\u00abi. V\u00d7 3 \u00aei\u00d2u \u00cay, l\u00b9i th\u00aam thu\u00d5 m\u00b8 n\u00c6ng n\u00d2, l\u00b5m cho kinh t\u00d5 M\u00fc r\u00cat kh\u00e8n \u00ae\u00e8n, n\u00aan t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1770, d\u00a9n M\u00fc t\u00f8c m\u00d7nh \\\"t\u00c8y chay\\\" Anh.","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - l\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh m\u00fc 291 3. Phong tri\u00d2u \u00cay k\u00d5t qu\u00b6 ra th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Phong tri\u00d2u \\\"t\u00c8y chay\\\" gi\u00bec dai \u00ae\u00d5n 5 n\u00a8m. Anh \u00aeem l\u00ddnh qua d\u00d1p, v\u00b5 b\u00bet nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00c7m \u00ae\u00c7u l\u00b5m t\u00e9i. M\u00e7i l\u00c7n b\u00bet m\u00e9t ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00c7m \u00ae\u00c7u, th\u00d7 d\u00a9n c\u00b5ng t\u00f8c gi\u00cbn th\u00aam. \u00a7\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1775, khi l\u00ddnh Anh b\u00bet m\u00cay ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00c7m \u00ae\u00c7u n\u00f7a, d\u00a9n k\u00d0o nhau ra c\u00f8u, l\u00b9i b\u00de l\u00ddnh Anh gi\u00d5t ch\u00d5t 9 ng\u2212\u00eai. Vi\u00d6c n\u00b5y nh\u2212 l\u00f6a r\u00aci v\u00b5o thu\u00e8c s\u00f3ng, d\u00a9n t\u00f8c qu\u00b8 th\u00d7 n\u00e6, s\u00e8ng ch\u00d5t c\u00f2ng quy\u00d5t \u00aeu\u00e6i \u00ae\u2212\u00eec Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 Anh m\u00edi th\u00abi. C\u00b8ch m\u00e9t n\u00a8m sau, \u00ae\u00d5n ng\u00b5y 4 th\u00b8ng 7 n\u00a8m 1776 th\u00d7 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00ae\u2212\u00eec v\u00b5 M\u00fc tuy\u00aan b\u00e8 \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp45, v\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc M\u00fc th\u00b5nh ra n\u2212\u00edc c\u00e9ng ho\u00b5. B\u00a9y gi\u00ea M\u00fc c\u00e3 48 t\u00d8nh1) v\u00b5 110.000.000 d\u00a9n. 4. \u00fd ngh\u00dca c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh M\u00fc v\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh An Nam th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? 1. Ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi An Nam b\u00a9y gi\u00ea x\u00cau h\u00acn Anh \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi M\u00fc tr\u2212\u00edc, v\u00d7 Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b7 v\u00ac v\u00d0t h\u00d5t c\u00f1a c\u00b6i d\u00a9n ta, \u00ae\u00b7 ng\u00a8n c\u00cam d\u00a9n ta l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c n\u00b5y vi\u00d6c kh\u00b8c; n\u00e3 l\u00b9i b\u00bet d\u00a9n ta h\u00f3t thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n v\u00b5 u\u00e8ng r\u2212\u00eeu. Anh ch\u00d8 ham ti\u00d2n M\u00fc, Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b7 ham ti\u00d2n l\u00b9i mu\u00e8n l\u00b5m m\u00cat n\u00dfi, m\u00cat gi\u00e8ng An Nam \u00aei. Th\u00d5 m\u00b5 d\u00a9n An Nam c\u00dfn ch\u2212a h\u00e4c M\u00fc m\u00b5 l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh! 2. Trong l\u00eai tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn c\u00f1a M\u00fc c\u00e3 c\u00a9u r\u00bbng: \\\"Gi\u00eai sinh ra ai c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 quy\u00d2n t\u00f9 do, quy\u00d2n gi\u00f7 t\u00ddnh m\u00d6nh c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, quy\u00d2n l\u00b5m \u00a8n cho sung s\u2212\u00edng... H\u00d4 Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 n\u00b5o m\u00b5 c\u00e3 h\u00b9i cho d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng, th\u00d7 d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng ph\u00b6i \u00ae\u00cbp \u00ae\u00e6 Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 \u00cay \u00aei, v\u00b5 g\u00a9y l\u00aan Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 kh\u00b8c...\\\". Nh\u2212ng b\u00a9y gi\u00ea Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 M\u00fc l\u00b9i kh\u00abng mu\u00e8n cho ai n\u00e3i \u00ae\u00d5n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, ai \u00ae\u00f4ng \u00ae\u00d5n Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1! 3. M\u00fc tuy r\u00bbng c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00b5nh c\u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 h\u00acn 150 n\u00a8m nay, nh\u2212ng c\u00abng n\u00abng v\u00c9n c\u00f8 c\u00f9c kh\u00e6, v\u00c9n c\u00f8 lo t\u00ddnh c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh l\u00c7n th\u00f8 hai. _______________ 1) 48 t\u00d8nh: 48 bang. Khi c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng t\u2212 s\u00b6n M\u00fc b\u00efng n\u00e6 (1776), \u00eb M\u00fc c\u00e3 kho\u00b6ng 3 tri\u00d6u d\u00a9n v\u00edi 13 bang (BT).","292 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP \u00cay l\u00b5 v\u00d7 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh M\u00fc l\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh t\u2212 b\u00b6n, m\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh t\u2212 b\u00b6n l\u00b5 ch\u2212a ph\u00b6i c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00aci1). Ch\u00f3ng ta \u00ae\u00b7 hy sinh l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, th\u00d7 n\u00aan l\u00b5m cho \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00aci, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 l\u00b5m sao c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh r\u00e5i th\u00d7 quy\u00d2n giao cho d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng s\u00e8 nhi\u00d2u, ch\u00ed \u00ae\u00d3 trong tay m\u00e9t b\u00e4n \u00ddt ng\u2212\u00eai. Th\u00d5 m\u00edi kh\u00e1i hy sinh nhi\u00d2u l\u00c7n, th\u00d5 d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng m\u00edi \u00ae\u2212\u00eec h\u00b9nh ph\u00f3c. _______________ 1) C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng t\u2212 s\u00b6n l\u00b5 cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng kh\u00abng tri\u00d6t \u00ae\u00d3 (BT).","293 C\u00b8CH M\u00d6NH PH\u00b8P 1. V\u00d7 sao Ph\u00b8p c\u00e3 phong tri\u00d2u c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh? H\u00e5i th\u00d5 k\u00fb th\u00f8 18, vua th\u00d7 ki\u00aau xa d\u00a9m d\u00cbt, qu\u00fd t\u00e9c v\u00b5 b\u00e4n c\u00e8 \u00ae\u00b9o th\u00d7 ho\u00b5nh h\u00b5nh; thu\u00d5 n\u00c6ng d\u00dech phi\u00d2n, d\u00a9n t\u00d7nh kh\u00e8n kh\u00e6. Ph\u00c7n th\u00d7 Cana\u00aea v\u00b5 \u00can \u00a7\u00e9, nguy\u00aan l\u00b5 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea Ph\u00b8p, nay b\u00de Anh v\u00ac m\u00cat. Ph\u00c7n th\u00d7 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai h\u00e4c th\u00f8c nh\u2212 \u00abng M\u00abngtexki\u00ac (1755), V\u00abnte v\u00b5 R\u00f3tx\u00ab (1778) tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u00f9 do b\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00bcng. Ph\u00c7n th\u00d7 phong tri\u00d2u c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Anh (\u00abng Kr\u00abmven ch\u00d0m vua Anh v\u00b5 l\u00cbp C\u00e9ng ho\u00b5 Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 n\u00a8m 1653) c\u00dfn m\u00edi, v\u00b5 phong tri\u00d2u d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 M\u00fc (1776) v\u00f5a qua. Nh\u00cat l\u00b5 v\u00d7 t\u2212 b\u00b6n m\u00edi b\u00de t\u00f4i phong ki\u00d5n ng\u00a8n tr\u00eb, d\u00a9n th\u00d7 b\u00de vua, qu\u00fd t\u00e9c v\u00b5 c\u00e8 \u00ae\u00b9o \u00b8p b\u00f8c. V\u00cby n\u00aan t\u2212 b\u00b6n m\u00edi li\u00aan hi\u00d6p v\u00edi h\u00e4c tr\u00df, d\u00a9n c\u00b5y v\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00ee \u00ae\u00d3 ph\u00b8 phong ki\u00d5n. 2. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Ph\u00b8p kh\u00ebi t\u00f5 bao gi\u00ea?46 Vua th\u00cay d\u00a9n ch\u00e9n r\u00e9n, th\u00d7 b\u00bet b\u00ed nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c. D\u00a9n th\u00cay v\u00cby th\u00d7 t\u00f8c qu\u00b8, \u00ae\u00d5n ng\u00b5y 14 th\u00b8ng 7 n\u00a8m 1789 k\u00d0o nhau \u00ae\u00d5n ph\u00b8 kh\u00b8m l\u00edn (Baxti). Vua \u00aeem l\u00ddnh v\u00d2 gi\u00f7 kinh \u00ae\u00ab; d\u00a9n l\u00b9i t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00ae\u00e9i \u00ae\u00d3 ph\u00dfng ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i. Vua lui ra \u00eb t\u00b9i t\u00d8nh V\u00d0cx\u00a9y. Ng\u00b5y 5 th\u00b8ng 10 n\u00a8m \u00cay, th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 con g\u00b8i Pari k\u00d0o nhau \u00ae\u00d5n V\u00d0cx\u00a9y b\u00bet vua v\u00d2 khai h\u00e9i, v\u00b5 k\u00fd t\u00ea tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn: 1. L\u00b5 b\u00e1 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 phong ki\u00d5n, gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng n\u00abng n\u00ab.","294 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP 2. L\u00b5 \u00aeem c\u00f1a c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 th\u00ea \u00ae\u00b9o l\u00b5m c\u00f1a Nh\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc. 3. L\u00b5 cho d\u00a9n t\u00f9 do l\u00b5m b\u00b8o, t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c, v\u00a9n v\u00a9n. 4. L\u00b5 l\u00cbp hi\u00d5n ph\u00b8p, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 vua kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec chuy\u00aan quy\u00d2n. 1792, v\u00d7 vua c\u00c7u c\u00f8u v\u00edi ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 th\u00abng v\u00edi b\u00e4n ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, d\u00a9n m\u00edi b\u00e1 vua m\u00b5 l\u00cbp ra c\u00e9ng ho\u00b5. 1793, ng\u00b5y 21 th\u00b8ng 1 l\u00b5m \u00b8n vua v\u00b5 v\u00ee con vua l\u00b5 ph\u00b6n qu\u00e8c t\u00c6c1), r\u00e5i \u00aeem ra ch\u00d0m. 3. C\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00a2u ch\u00a9u \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Ph\u00b8p th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? D\u00a9n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00d2u m\u00f5ng th\u00c7m v\u00b5 t\u00b8n th\u00b5nh. Nh\u2212ng vua v\u00b5 qu\u00fd t\u00e9c c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc th\u00d7 s\u00ee d\u00a9n m\u00d7nh b\u00bet ch\u2212\u00edc d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p, cho n\u00aan b\u00aan ngo\u00b5i ch\u00f3ng n\u00e3 li\u00aan binh \u00ae\u00b8nh c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh m\u00b5 b\u00aan trong th\u00d7 gi\u00f3p cho t\u00f4i ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. D\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p tuy l\u2212\u00acng th\u00f9c \u00ddt, s\u00f3ng \u00e8ng thi\u00d5u, nh\u2212ng ch\u00d8 nh\u00ea gan c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh m\u00b5 trong d\u00d1p n\u00e9i lo\u00b9n, ngo\u00b5i ph\u00b8 c\u2212\u00eang quy\u00d2n. H\u00e5i \u00cay l\u00ddnh c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh g\u00e4i l\u00b5 \\\"l\u00ddnh kh\u00abng qu\u00c7n\\\"2), ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00abng c\u00e3 n\u00e3n, k\u00ce kh\u00abng c\u00e3 gi\u00b5y, \u00b8o r\u00b8ch qu\u00c7n tua, m\u00c6t g\u00c7y b\u00f4ng \u00ae\u00e3i. Th\u00d5 m\u00b5 l\u00ddnh \u00cay \u00ae\u00d5n \u00ae\u00a9u, th\u00d7 l\u00ddnh ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c thua \u00ae\u00cay, v\u00d7 h\u00e4 gan li\u00d2u hy sinh qu\u00b8, kh\u00abng ai ch\u00e8ng n\u00e6i. Th\u00d5 th\u00d7 bi\u00d5t: m\u00e9t ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh c\u00e3 gan, h\u00acn m\u00e9t ng\u00b5n ng\u2212\u00eai v\u00ab ch\u00dd. 4. Ph\u00b8p c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00ae\u00d5n m\u00cay l\u00c7n? N\u00a8m 1792 \u00ae\u00d5n 1804 C\u00e9ng ho\u00b5 l\u00c7n th\u00f8 1. N\u00a8m 1804 Nap\u00abl\u00aa\u00abng ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh l\u00aan l\u00b5m ho\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00d5. N\u00a8m 1814 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00b8nh Nap\u00abl\u00aa\u00abng thua r\u00e5i \u00aeem d\u00dfng vua c\u00f2 l\u00aan ng\u00abi \u00ae\u00d5n 1848. _______________ 1) K\u00ce ph\u00b6n b\u00e9i T\u00e6 qu\u00e8c (BT). 2) Qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Ph\u00b8p th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp n\u00a8m 1793, g\u00e5m ph\u00c7n l\u00edn l\u00b5 n\u00abng d\u00a9n v\u00b5 th\u00ee th\u00f1 c\u00abng ngh\u00cco. H\u00e4 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec trang b\u00de qu\u00c7n ng\u00ben nh\u2212 qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i c\u00f1a b\u00e4n qu\u00fd t\u00e9c (BT).","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh ph\u00b8p 295 N\u00a8m 1848 l\u00b9i c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh l\u00c7n th\u00f8 21). N\u00a8m 1852 ch\u00b8u Nap\u00abl\u00aa\u00abng l\u00b9i ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh l\u00aan l\u00b5m vua. N\u00a8m 1870 nh\u00a9n thua \u00a7\u00f8c, Nap\u00abl\u00aa\u00abng th\u00f8 3 b\u00e1 ch\u00b9y, Ph\u00b8p l\u00b9i l\u00cbp l\u00aan C\u00e9ng ho\u00b5 l\u00c7n th\u00f8 3. 5. Pari C\u00abng x\u00b7 (Commune de Paris) l\u00b5 g\u00d747? N\u00a8m 1871 vua Ph\u00b8p thua ch\u00b9y r\u00e5i, l\u00ddnh \u00a7\u00f8c t\u00edi v\u00a9y kinh \u00ae\u00ab Ph\u00b8p l\u00b5 Pari. T\u2212 b\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p c\u00bet 2 t\u00d8nh c\u00f3ng cho \u00a7\u00f8c \u00ae\u00d3 c\u00c7u ho\u00b5. V\u00d7 gi\u00c6c gi\u00b7 m\u00b5 ch\u00d5t nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai, h\u00b9i nhi\u00d2u c\u00f1a. D\u00a9n kh\u00abng b\u00b8nh \u00a8n, th\u00ee kh\u00abng c\u00abng l\u00b5m. Ng\u00b5y 18 th\u00b8ng 3, th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n Pari n\u00e6i l\u00aan l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n (C\u00abng x\u00b7). V\u00d7 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n c\u00dfn non n\u00edt, t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c kh\u00abng kh\u00d0o, v\u00b6 l\u00b9i \u00a7\u00f8c gi\u00f3p cho t\u2212 b\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b8nh l\u00b9i th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n, n\u00aan cu\u00e8i th\u00b8ng 5 th\u00d7 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00cat b\u00b9i. 6. M\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch C\u00abng x\u00b7 \u00cay th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Khi v\u00f5a l\u00cay \u00ae\u2212\u00eec Pari r\u00e5i, th\u00d7 C\u00abng x\u00b7 l\u00cbp l\u00aan Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 d\u00a9n2) v\u00b5 tuy\u00aan b\u00e8 r\u00bbng C\u00abng x\u00b7 s\u00cf th\u00f9c h\u00b5nh nh\u00f7ng vi\u00d6c n\u00b5y: 1. Bao nhi\u00aau c\u00ac quan sinh s\u00b6n3) ri\u00aang \u00ae\u00d2u \u00aeem l\u00b5m c\u00f1a c\u00abng. 2. T\u00cat c\u00b6 tr\u00ce con trong n\u2212\u00edc, b\u00cat k\u00fa con trai con g\u00b8i, \u00ae\u00d2u ph\u00b6i \u00aei h\u00e4c. H\u00e4c ph\u00dd Nh\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc ph\u00b6i cho. 3. D\u00a9n c\u00e3 quy\u00d2n t\u00f9 do t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c, l\u00b5m b\u00b8o, khai h\u00e9i, xu\u00cat d\u2212\u00acng, v.v.. 4. B\u00cat k\u00fa \u00ae\u00b5n \u00abng \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5, ai c\u00f2ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec quy\u00d2n ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de, tuy\u00d3n c\u00f6 v\u00b5 \u00f8ng c\u00f6. 5. Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 t\u00f9 d\u00a9n c\u00f6 l\u00aan, v\u00b5 d\u00a9n c\u00e3 quy\u00d2n thay \u00ae\u00e6i Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1. _______________ 1) Ch\u00d8 cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng t\u2212 s\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p l\u00c7n th\u00f8 hai, n\u00e6 ra th\u00b8ng 2-1848 (BT). 2) T\u00f8c l\u00b5 Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n (BT). 3) C\u00ac s\u00eb s\u00b6n xu\u00cat (BT).","296 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP 7. K\u00d5t qu\u00b6 C\u00abng x\u00b7 ra th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? T\u2212 b\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p khi \u00cay nh\u2212 nh\u00b5 ch\u00b8y 2 b\u00aan, b\u00aan th\u00d7 \u00a7\u00f8c b\u00bet ch\u00deu \u00ae\u00c7u, b\u00aan th\u00d7 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh n\u00e6i tr\u2212\u00edc m\u00bet. T\u2212 b\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p th\u00d2 ch\u00deu nh\u00f4c v\u00edi \u00a7\u00f8c, ch\u00f8 kh\u00abng ch\u00deu ho\u00b5 v\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. \u00a7\u00f8c th\u00cay c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh c\u00f2ng s\u00ee, cho n\u00aan h\u00d5t l\u00dfng gi\u00f3p t\u2212 b\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b8nh l\u00b9i c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. L\u00f3c Ph\u00b8p v\u00f5a h\u00b5ng, th\u00d7 \u00a7\u00f8c b\u00bet b\u00e1 h\u00d5t l\u00ddnh, ch\u00d8 cho 40.000 cul\u00ddt1) m\u00b5 th\u00abi. Khi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh n\u00e6i l\u00aan, \u00a7\u00f8c l\u00b9i cho ph\u00d0p t\u2212 b\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p th\u00aam l\u00aan 100.000 l\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00d3 d\u00d1p c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. Xem v\u00cby th\u00d7 hi\u00d3u r\u00bbng: \\\"T\u2212 b\u00b6n kh\u00abng c\u00e3 T\u00e6 qu\u00e8c\\\". D\u00d1p \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh r\u00e5i th\u00d7 t\u2212 b\u00b6n ra s\u00f8c b\u00b8o th\u00ef. N\u00e3 gi\u00d5t h\u00d5t 30.000 ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00b6 \u00ae\u00b5n \u00abng, \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5, ng\u2212\u00eai gi\u00b5, tr\u00ce con. N\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b5y 28.000 ng\u2212\u00eai. N\u00e3 b\u00bet giam 650 \u00ae\u00f8a tr\u00ce con, 850 ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5, 37.000 ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b5n \u00abng. 8. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh An Nam th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? a) Trong 3 l\u00c7n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, 1789, 1848, 1870, \u00ae\u00d2u v\u00d7 d\u00a9n can \u00ae\u00b6m nhi\u00d2u, nh\u2212ng tr\u00dd th\u00f8c \u00ddt, cho n\u00aan \u00ae\u00d3 t\u2212 b\u00b6n n\u00e3 l\u00eei d\u00f4ng. b) Pari C\u00abng x\u00b7 v\u00d7 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c kh\u00abng kh\u00d0o v\u00b5 v\u00d7 kh\u00abng li\u00aan l\u00b9c v\u00edi d\u00a9n c\u00b5y, \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00e7i th\u00cat b\u00b9i. c) T\u2212 b\u00b6n n\u00e3 d\u00efng ch\u00f7 T\u00f9 do, B\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00bcng, \u00a7\u00e5ng b\u00b5o \u00ae\u00d3 l\u00f5a d\u00a9n, x\u00f3i d\u00a9n \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00ae\u00e6 phong ki\u00d5n. Khi d\u00a9n \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00ae\u00e6 phong ki\u00d5n r\u00e5i, th\u00d7 n\u00e3 l\u00b9i thay phong ki\u00d5n m\u00b5 \u00b8p b\u00f8c d\u00a9n. d) C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Ph\u00b8p c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh M\u00fc, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh t\u2212 b\u00b6n, c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00aci, ti\u00d5ng l\u00b5 c\u00e9ng ho\u00b5 v\u00b5 d\u00a9n ch\u00f1, k\u00fa th\u00f9c trong th\u00d7 n\u00e3 t\u2212\u00edc l\u00f4c2) c\u00abng n\u00abng, ngo\u00b5i th\u00d7 n\u00e3 \u00b8p b\u00f8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00ae\u00b7 4 l\u00c7n r\u00e5i, m\u00b5 nay c\u00abng n\u00abng Ph\u00b8p h\u00bdng c\u00dfn ph\u00b6i m\u2212u c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh l\u00c7n n\u00f7a m\u00edi h\u00dfng tho\u00b8t kh\u00e1i v\u00dfng \u00b8p b\u00f8c. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh An Nam n\u00aan nh\u00ed nh\u00f7ng \u00aei\u00d2u \u00cay. _______________ 1) Cul\u00ddt: C\u00b6nh s\u00b8t (BT). 2) T\u2212\u00edc \u00aeo\u00b9t (BT).","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh ph\u00b8p 297 9. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Ph\u00b8p l\u00b5m g\u2212\u00acng cho ch\u00f3ng ta v\u00d2 nh\u00f7ng vi\u00d6c g\u00d7? C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Ph\u00b8p d\u00b9y cho ch\u00f3ng ta: 1. D\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng c\u00abng n\u00abng l\u00b5 g\u00e8c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, t\u2212 b\u00b6n l\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00c7u1), khi n\u00e3 kh\u00abng l\u00eei d\u00f4ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng n\u00f7a, th\u00d7 n\u00e3 ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. 2. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c r\u00cat v\u00f7ng b\u00d2n m\u00edi th\u00b5nh c\u00abng. 3. \u00a7\u00b5n b\u00b5 tr\u00ce con c\u00f2ng gi\u00f3p l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nhi\u00d2u. 4. D\u00a9n kh\u00dd m\u00b9nh th\u00d7 qu\u00a9n l\u00ddnh n\u00b5o, s\u00f3ng \u00e8ng n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i. 5. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Ph\u00b8p hy sinh r\u00cat nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai m\u00b5 kh\u00abng s\u00ee; ta mu\u00e8n l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d7 c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng n\u00aan s\u00ee ph\u00b6i hy sinh. _______________ 1) K\u00ce theo ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00ac h\u00e9i (BT).","298 L\u00deCH S\u00f6 C\u00b8CH M\u00d6NH NGA 1. Nguy\u00aan do c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Nga t\u00f5 \u00ae\u00a9u ra? Nga l\u00b5 m\u00e9t n\u2212\u00edc r\u00cat r\u00e9ng, n\u00f6a n\u00bbm v\u00d2 ch\u00a9u \u00b8, n\u00f6a n\u00bbm v\u00d2 ch\u00a9u \u00a2u. D\u00a9n Nga h\u00acn 90 ph\u00c7n l\u00b5 d\u00a9n c\u00b5y, kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00c7y 10 ph\u00c7n l\u00b5 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n. Khi tr\u2212\u00edc theo ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 n\u00abng n\u00ab, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 bao nhi\u00aau \u00ae\u00cat ru\u00e9ng v\u00b5 d\u00a9n c\u00b5y \u00ae\u00d2u \u00eb d\u2212\u00edi quy\u00d2n \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1. \u00a7\u00dea ch\u00f1 xem n\u00abng n\u00ab nh\u2212 s\u00f3c v\u00cbt, n\u00e3 cho s\u00e8ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec s\u00e8ng, n\u00e3 b\u00bet ch\u00d5t ph\u00b6i ch\u00d5t, khi n\u00e3 c\u00c7n ti\u00d2n, th\u00d7 n\u00e3 \u00aeem n\u00abng n\u00ab \u00aei b\u00b8n nh\u2212 b\u00b8n tr\u00a9u b\u00b8n b\u00df. N\u00abng d\u00a9n kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00e1 x\u00f8 n\u00b5y qua x\u00f8 kh\u00b8c. Ch\u00f5ng n\u00f6a th\u00d5 k\u00fb th\u00f8 19, t\u2212 b\u00b6n m\u00edi h\u00aci ph\u00b8t \u00ae\u00b9t, n\u00e3 v\u00f5a m\u00eb l\u00df m\u00b8y, n\u00e3 c\u00c7n ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00b5m c\u00abng, n\u00e3 m\u00edi v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng b\u00e1 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 n\u00abng n\u00ab \u00ae\u00d3 cho d\u00a9n c\u00b5y t\u00edi l\u00b5m v\u00edi n\u00e3, \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1861, ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 n\u00abng n\u00ab m\u00edi b\u00e1. T\u2212 b\u00b6n m\u00edi v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1 t\u00f5 \u00ae\u00cay m\u00edi sinh hi\u00d2m kh\u00ddch to, m\u00b5 phong tri\u00d2u c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh c\u00abng n\u00abng c\u00f2ng t\u00f5 \u00ae\u00cay m\u00e4c ra. 2. N\u00abng n\u00ab \u00ae\u2212\u00eec gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng r\u00e5i th\u00d7 l\u00b5m g\u00d7? \u00a7\u2212\u00eec gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng r\u00e5i, ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00d7 ra th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8 l\u00b5m c\u00abng, ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00d7 \u00eb l\u00b9i l\u00b5m ru\u00e9ng. \u00a7i l\u00b5m c\u00abng th\u00d7 ti\u00d2n c\u00abng \u00ddt, gi\u00ea l\u00b5m nhi\u00d2u, ph\u00b6i l\u00b5m n\u00ab l\u00d6 cho t\u2212 b\u00b6n, \u00eb l\u00b9i c\u00b5y th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00cat ru\u00e9ng \u00ddt, tr\u00a9u b\u00df thi\u00d5u, ph\u00b6i ch\u00deu l\u00dfn t\u00f4i ph\u00f3 gia1). D\u00a9n ti\u00d5ng t\u00f9 do tuy \u00ae\u2212\u00eec, k\u00fa th\u00f9c c\u00f8 ki\u00d5p n\u00ab l\u00d6: ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00ee th\u00d7 c\u00f9c kh\u00e6, d\u00a9n c\u00b5y c\u00f2ng ch\u00bcng s\u2212\u00edng h\u00acn. _______________ 1) T\u00f8c l\u00b5 ph\u00b6i ch\u00deu lu\u00e5n c\u00f3i b\u00e4n nh\u00b5 gi\u00b5u (BT).","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - l\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Nga 299 Nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e3 l\u00dfng c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d7 l\u00cbp ra \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00ae\u00d3 li\u00aan hi\u00d6p d\u00a9n c\u00b5y l\u00b9i, nh\u2212ng m\u00b5 kh\u00abng ch\u00f3 \u00fd \u00ae\u00d5n th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n. N\u00a8m 1875 m\u00edi c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh g\u00e4i l\u00b5 \\\"C\u00abng nh\u00a9n gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng\u201d. N\u00a8m 1878 l\u00b9i c\u00e3 m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00b6ng m\u00edi g\u00e4i l\u00b5 \\\"C\u00abng \u00ae\u00b6ng\\\". Nh\u2212ng hai \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00cay ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ddt s\u00f8c h\u00ccn, l\u00b9i b\u00de Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 b\u00bet b\u00ed nhi\u00d2u, sau ho\u00b8 ra \u00ae\u00b6ng k\u00dech li\u00d6t, ch\u00d8 lo \u00aei \u00b8m s\u00b8t vua v\u00b5 c\u00b8c quan. 3. K\u00d5t qu\u00b6 hai \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00cay ra th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? \u00b8m s\u00b8t l\u00b5 l\u00b5m li\u00d2u, v\u00b5 k\u00d5t qu\u00b6 \u00ddt, v\u00d7 gi\u00d5t th\u00bbng n\u00b5y c\u00dfn th\u00bbng kh\u00b8c, gi\u00d5t sao cho h\u00d5t? C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00ae\u00e6 c\u00b6 c\u00b8i giai c\u00cap \u00b8p b\u00f8c m\u00d7nh, ch\u00f8 kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i ch\u00d8 nh\u00ea 5, 7 ng\u2212\u00eai gi\u00d5t 2, 3 anh vua, 9, 10 anh quan m\u00b5 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. Hai \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00cay tuy hy sinh h\u00d5t nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai, l\u00b5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nhi\u00d2u s\u00f9 \u00b8m s\u00b8t oanh li\u00d6t, nh\u2212ng v\u00d7 \u00aei sai \u00ae\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, kh\u00abng c\u00e3 s\u00f8c d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng l\u00b5m n\u00d2n, cho n\u00aan b\u00de Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 tr\u00de m\u00b7i \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00e7i tan. N\u00a8m 1883, \u00abng Pl\u00aakhan\u00e8p l\u00cbp n\u00aan \u00ae\u00b6ng \u201cLao \u00ae\u00e9ng t\u00f9 do\\\"48. \u00a7\u00b6ng n\u00b5y t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c theo c\u00b8ch \u00abng M\u00b7 Kh\u00bec T\u22121) d\u00b9y, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 li\u00aan hi\u00d6p c\u00b6 d\u00a9n c\u00b5y v\u00b5 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n l\u00b5m c\u00b6 kinh t\u00d5 v\u00b5 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. 4. \u00a7\u00b6ng n\u00b5y l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? \u00a7\u00b6ng n\u00b5y l\u00cay th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n l\u00b5m c\u00e8t c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, v\u00b5 d\u00a9n c\u00b5y ph\u00f4 v\u00b5o. L\u00b5m vi\u00d6c r\u00cat b\u00dd m\u00cbt. \u00eb Nga, ma t\u00b5, m\u00cbt th\u00b8m nhi\u00d2u qu\u00b8, n\u00aan c\u00ac quan \u00a7\u00b6ng ph\u00b6i l\u00cbp \u00eb ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c (Lu\u00a9n \u00a7\u00abn). N\u00a8m 1894, \u00abng L\u00aanin v\u00b5o \u00a7\u00b6ng2). _______________ 1) C\u00b8c M\u00b8c (BT). 2) N\u00a8m 1894, V.I. L\u00aanin tham gia v\u00b5o c\u00b8c nh\u00e3m m\u00b8cx\u00ddt Nga \u00eb P\u00aat\u00d0cbua. N\u00a8m 1895, Ng\u2212\u00eai h\u00eep nh\u00cat c\u00b8c nh\u00e3m m\u00b8cx\u00ddt \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b9i th\u00b5nh Li\u00aan minh chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 b\u2212\u00edc chu\u00c8n b\u00de cho vi\u00d6c th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Nga (BT).","300 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP N\u00a8m 1898, \u00a7\u00b6ng khai h\u00e9i m\u00e9t l\u00c7n trong n\u2212\u00edc49, ch\u00bcng may Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 d\u00df ra, b\u00bet h\u00d5t nhi\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b6ng vi\u00aan. Tuy \u00ae\u00b6ng vi\u00aan b\u00de b\u00bet, nh\u2212ng l\u00eai tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng \u00ae\u00b7 truy\u00d2n kh\u00bep c\u00b6 n\u2212\u00edc, cho n\u00aan phong tri\u00d2u c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh c\u00b5ng ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng cao. Nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u2212a b\u00de b\u00bet th\u00d7 h\u00d5t s\u00f8c b\u00dd m\u00cbt tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c. \u00ddt l\u00a9u \u00ae\u00e6i t\u00aan l\u00b5 \\\"X\u00b7 h\u00e9i d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 \u00a7\u00b6ng\\\", sau l\u00b9i \u00ae\u00e6i t\u00aan ra \\\"C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00a7\u00b6ng\\\". N\u00a8m 1904 - 1905, Nga v\u00edi Nh\u00cbt \u00ae\u00b8nh nhau, nh\u00a9n l\u00f3c d\u00a9n t\u00d7nh x\u00f4c r\u00f4c, \u00a7\u00b6ng ra s\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. 5. Sao m\u00b5 bi\u00d5t d\u00a9n t\u00d7nh x\u00f4c r\u00f4c m\u00b5 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng? a) Tr\u2212\u00edc khi \u00ae\u00b8nh Nh\u00cbt, vua ph\u00d8nh t\u2212 b\u00b6n xu\u00cat ti\u00d2n, l\u00f5a h\u00e4 r\u00bbng \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00d7 kinh t\u00d5 s\u00cf ph\u00b8t \u00ae\u00b9t, v\u00b5 t\u2212 b\u00b6n s\u00cf \u00ae\u2212\u00eec l\u00eei to. Sau \u00ae\u00b8nh thua th\u00d7 t\u2212 b\u00b6n m\u00cat ti\u00d2n nhi\u00d2u m\u00b5 ch\u00bcng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec g\u00d7, cho n\u00aan o\u00b8n vua. b) Th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n gh\u00d0t vua \u00ae\u00b7 s\u00bdn nay v\u00d7 \u00ae\u00b8nh thua l\u00b9i b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c th\u00aam, l\u00b9i th\u00aam gh\u00d0t vua. c) D\u00a9n c\u00b5y gh\u00d0t vua x\u2212a nay, b\u00a9y gi\u00ea \u00aei l\u00ddnh ch\u00d5t ch\u00e3c nhi\u00d2u, v\u00b6 l\u00b9i thu\u00d5 m\u00b8 n\u00c6ng th\u00aam, l\u00dfng gh\u00d0t vua c\u00f2ng c\u00b5ng ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng to. Ba h\u00b9ng \u00cay m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch tuy kh\u00b8c nhau, nh\u2212ng l\u00dfng gh\u00d0t vua th\u00d7 nh\u2212 nhau. \u00a7\u00b6ng bi\u00d5t v\u00cby th\u00d7 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00aeu\u00e6i vua. 6. L\u00f3c b\u00cay gi\u00ea vua x\u00f6 tr\u00dd th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Vua bi\u00d5t th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n l\u00b5 h\u00a8ng h\u00b8i c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh nh\u00cat, th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00c6t c\u00b8ch l\u00b5m cho t\u2212 b\u00b6n, d\u00a9n c\u00b5y v\u00b5 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n r\u00eai nhau. N\u00e3 x\u00f3i m\u00e9t ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e8 \u00ae\u00b9o ra t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i, m\u00e9t l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d3 lung l\u00b9c th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n, hai l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d3 d\u00df ai h\u00a8ng h\u00b8i th\u00d7 b\u00bet. Ng\u00b5y 9 th\u00b8ng 1 n\u00a8m 190550, anh c\u00e8 \u00ae\u00b9o \u00cay (t\u00aan l\u00b5 Gap\u00abng) \u00aeem th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n \u00ae\u00d5n ch\u00e7 vua \u00eb th\u00d8nh nguy\u00d6n. V\u00d7 anh ta qu\u00aan b\u00b8o tr\u2212\u00edc, v\u00b5 v\u00d7 vua th\u00cay \u00ae\u00abng ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00d7 s\u00ee b\u00b9o \u00ae\u00e9ng, n\u00aan sai l\u00ddnh ra d\u00d1p, b\u00ben ch\u00d5t m\u00cat nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai. Gap\u00abng b\u00e1 ch\u00b9y ra ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c. Th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n c\u00b8c t\u00d8nh nghe tin \u00cay th\u00d7 b\u00b7i c\u00abng v\u00b5 b\u00b9o \u00ae\u00e9ng, l\u00cbp ra c\u00abng nh\u00a9n h\u00e9i ngh\u00de.","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - l\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Nga 301 C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh ch\u00e8ng nhau v\u00edi vua v\u00b5 Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 t\u00f5 th\u00b8ng 1 \u00ae\u00d5n th\u00b8ng 10. Vua m\u00e9t \u00ae\u2212\u00eang th\u00d7 d\u00efng l\u00ddnh d\u00d1p c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, m\u00e9t \u00ae\u2212\u00eang th\u00d7 gi\u00b6 tuy\u00aan b\u00e8 l\u00cbp ra ngh\u00de vi\u00d6n cho \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u d\u00a9n b\u00b5n vi\u00d6c n\u2212\u00edc. 7. V\u00d7 sao c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh 1905 thua? 1. V\u00d7 khi \u00ae\u00c7u t\u2212 b\u00b6n mu\u00e8n l\u00eei d\u00f4ng th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n \u00ae\u00cbp \u00ae\u00e6 vua; sau n\u00e3 th\u00cay th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n h\u00a8ng h\u00b8i qu\u00b8, n\u00e3 s\u00ee \u00ae\u00cbp vua r\u00e5i l\u00b9i \u00ae\u00cbp c\u00b6 n\u00e3, cho n\u00aan n\u00e3 ph\u00b6n th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n m\u00b5 gi\u00f3p cho vua. 2. V\u00d7 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n v\u00edi d\u00a9n c\u00b5y kh\u00abng nh\u00cat tr\u00dd. Khi th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n n\u00e6i l\u00aan th\u00d7 d\u00a9n c\u00b5y kh\u00abng theo ngay. Th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n thua r\u00e5i, d\u00a9n c\u00b5y m\u00edi n\u00e6i l\u00aan, \u00ae\u00d3 cho vua n\u00e3 tr\u00de th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n r\u00e5i n\u00e3 tr\u00eb qua tr\u00de d\u00a9n c\u00b5y. 3. Th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n ch\u2212a c\u00e3 kinh nghi\u00d6m nhi\u00d2u, v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c ch\u2212a ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n. 4. Ch\u2212a v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng l\u00ddnh v\u00b5 s\u00f3ng \u00e8ng kh\u00dd gi\u00edi c\u00f1a d\u00a9n \u00ddt qu\u00b8. 8. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh 1905 th\u00cat b\u00b9i, th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n v\u00b5 \u00a7\u00b6ng c\u00e3 ng\u00b7 l\u00dfng kh\u00abng? Kh\u00abng. Tr\u00b6i qua l\u00c7n th\u00cat b\u00b9i \u00cay, \u00a7\u00b6ng nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u l\u00b9i, ph\u00aa b\u00d7nh l\u00b9i, sai l\u00c7m \u00eb \u00ae\u00a9u, v\u00d7 sao m\u00b5 th\u00cat b\u00b9i? Bi\u00d5t r\u00e2 r\u00b5ng nh\u00f7ng ch\u00e7 khuy\u00d5t \u00aei\u00d3m m\u00b5 s\u00f6a sang l\u00b9i. C\u00f2ng nh\u2212 r\u00ccn m\u00e9t con dao, th\u00f6 c\u00bet m\u00edi bi\u00d5t ch\u00e7 n\u00b5o s\u00bec, ch\u00e7 n\u00b5o c\u00efn; sau c\u00f8 theo ch\u00e7 c\u00efn m\u00b5 m\u00b5i, con dao m\u00edi t\u00e8t. Nh\u00ea chuy\u00d5n th\u00cat b\u00b9i 1905, th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n m\u00edi hi\u00d3u r\u00bbng: m\u00e9t l\u00b5 ph\u00b6i t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c v\u00f7ng v\u00b5ng, hai l\u00b5 ph\u00b6i li\u00aan l\u00b9c v\u00edi d\u00a9n c\u00b5y, ba l\u00b5 ph\u00b6i v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng l\u00ddnh, b\u00e8n l\u00b5 kh\u00abng tin \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00f4i \u00ae\u00d2 hu\u00d21), n\u00a8m l\u00b5 bi\u00d5t t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 vua c\u00efng l\u00b5 m\u00e9t t\u00f4i, mu\u00e8n \u00aeu\u00e6i vua th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i \u00aeu\u00e6i c\u00b6 t\u2212 b\u00b6n. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh 1905 th\u00cat b\u00b9i l\u00b5m g\u2212\u00acng cho c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh 1917 th\u00b5nh c\u00abng. _______________ 1) B\u00e4n c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng, tho\u00b6 hi\u00d6p (BT).","302 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP 9. L\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh 1917 th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh 1917 c\u00e3 m\u00cay c\u00ed sau n\u00b5y: 1. Khi \u00a2u chi\u00d5n1), \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca Anh v\u00b5 Ph\u00b8p l\u00eei d\u00f4ng vua Nga \u00ae\u00b8nh l\u00b9i \u00a7\u00f8c. Nh\u2212ng vua Nga l\u00abi th\u00abi, ti\u00aau h\u00d5t nhi\u00d2u ti\u00d2n, ch\u00d5t h\u00d5t nhi\u00d2u l\u00ddnh, t\u00cat b\u00de \u00a7\u00f8c \u00ae\u00b8nh thua m\u00b7i. C\u00b8c \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00cay gi\u00cbn v\u00b5 gi\u00f3p cho t\u2212 b\u00b6n \u00ae\u00c8y vua \u00aei. 2. T\u2212 b\u00b6n gi\u00cbn vua ch\u00d8 t\u00ddn d\u00f4ng2) b\u00e4n qu\u00fd t\u00e9c c\u00c7m binh quy\u00d2n, b\u00e4n qu\u00fd t\u00e9c l\u00b9i v\u00ab t\u00b5i, \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00ae\u00a9u thua \u00ae\u00e3. V\u00b6 t\u2212 b\u00b6n b\u00aan Nga ph\u00c7n nhi\u00d2u l\u00b5 chung v\u00edi t\u2212 b\u00b6n Anh v\u00b5 Ph\u00b8p; n\u00d5u Nga thua \u00a7\u00f8c, th\u00d7 ch\u00bcng nh\u00f7ng t\u2212 b\u00b6n Nga, m\u00b5 t\u2212 b\u00b6n Anh v\u00b5 Ph\u00b8p c\u00f2ng nguy; v\u00b5 n\u00d5u c\u00f8 \u00ae\u00d3 vua th\u00d7 ch\u00bec thua. V\u00cby n\u00aan t\u2212 b\u00b6n c\u00f2ng mu\u00e8n \u00ae\u00c8y vua. 3. Th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n v\u00b5 d\u00a9n c\u00b5y \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi vua nh\u2212 \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi th\u00ef \u00ae\u00dech \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00b5nh. 4. B\u00e4n ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00c7u nh\u00a9n c\u00ac h\u00e9i \u00cay, th\u00d7 l\u00eei d\u00f4ng 2 b\u00e4n n\u00b5y \u00aeu\u00e6i vua cho t\u2212 b\u00b6n Nga v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca Anh v\u00b5 Ph\u00b8p. T\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca l\u00b9i l\u00eei d\u00f4ng b\u00e4n ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00c7u. 10. B\u00e4n ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00c7u l\u00b5m th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Nh\u00a9n d\u00dep l\u00ddnh ch\u00d5t nhi\u00d2u, d\u00a9n gian \u00ae\u00e3i kh\u00e6, th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n th\u00cat nghi\u00d6p, Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 l\u00abi th\u00abi; b\u00e4n ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00c7u x\u00f3i d\u00a9n r\u00bbng b\u00a9y gi\u00ea c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00aeu\u00e6i vua \u00aei, th\u00d7 ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat s\u00cf v\u00d2 d\u00a9n c\u00b5y, c\u00abng x\u2212\u00ebng s\u00cf v\u00d2 ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00ee, nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n s\u00cf \u00ae\u2212\u00eec quy\u00d2n Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1, chi\u00d5n tranh s\u00cf ho\u00b8 ra ho\u00b5 b\u00d7nh. Ch\u00bcng ng\u00ea l\u00f3c th\u00b8ng 2 \u00aeu\u00e6i vua \u00aei r\u00e5i, t\u00f4i ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00c7u v\u00b5 t\u00f4i t\u2212 b\u00b6n l\u00aan c\u00c7m ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n, bao nhi\u00aau l\u00eai nguy\u00d2n \u2212\u00edc ch\u00f3ng n\u00e3 qu\u00aan h\u00d5t. Ch\u00f3ng n\u00e3 c\u00f8 b\u00bet l\u00ddnh \u00aei \u00ae\u00b8nh; ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat c\u00f8 \u00eb tay \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1, l\u00df m\u00b8y c\u00f8 \u00eb tay nh\u00b5 gi\u00b5u; c\u00abng n\u00abng c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec d\u00f9 v\u00b5o Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1. _______________ 1) Khi cu\u00e9c Chi\u00d5n tranh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi th\u00f8 nh\u00cat (1914 - 1918) n\u00e6 ra (BT). 2) Tin d\u00efng (BT).","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - l\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Nga 303 11. Sao \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n kh\u00abng ra tay l\u00b5m? Khi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00aeu\u00e6i vua, \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n v\u00c9n \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00ae\u00c7u d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng. Nh\u2212ng l\u00f3c \u00cay \u00ae\u00b6ng vi\u00aan h\u00bdng c\u00dfn \u00ddt, v\u00b5 ho\u00b5n c\u00b6nh ch\u2212a \u00ae\u00d5n, n\u00aan ch\u2212a gi\u00f9t l\u00cay ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh xong l\u00f3c th\u00b8ng 2. T\u00f5 th\u00b8ng 2 \u00ae\u00d5n th\u00b8ng 4, d\u00a9n nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00dfn t\u2212\u00ebng r\u00bbng Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 m\u00edi ch\u2212a k\u00dep thi h\u00b5nh nh\u00f7ng vi\u00d6c l\u00eei d\u00a9n, v\u00d7 ch\u2212a c\u00e3 th\u00d7 gi\u00ea. \u00a7\u00d5n th\u00b8ng 4 th\u00d7 \u00abng L\u00aanin v\u00b5 nhi\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd \u00eb ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c v\u00d2. T\u00f5 th\u00b8ng 4 \u00ae\u00d5n th\u00b8ng 11, Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 m\u00edi th\u00d7 m\u00e7i ng\u00b5y m\u00e7i l\u00e9 m\u00c6t ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh ra. C\u00dfn \u00ae\u00b6ng vi\u00aan c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n ph\u00c7n th\u00d7 \u00aei tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n cho d\u00a9n r\u00bbng: \\\"\u00a7\u00cay, c\u00b8c anh xem \u00ae\u00cay, t\u00f4i ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00c7u l\u00b5 th\u00c7y t\u00ed c\u00f1a t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, ch\u00f3ng n\u00e3 ch\u00bcng h\u00acn g\u00d7 vua...\u201d, l\u00b5m cho ai c\u00f2ng o\u00b8n Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 m\u00edi, ph\u00c7n th\u00d7 l\u00dfn v\u00b5o n\u00abng, c\u00abng, binh, t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c b\u00dd m\u00cbt \u00ae\u00d3 th\u00f9c h\u00b5nh c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. 12. C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00b5nh c\u00abng bao gi\u00ea? Cu\u00e8i th\u00b8ng 10, \u00ae\u00a9u c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00b6 r\u00e5i, ai c\u00f2ng mu\u00e8n c\u00f6 s\u00f9. Nh\u2212ng \u00abng L\u00aanin b\u00b6o: \\\"Khoan \u00ae\u00b7! Ch\u00ea \u00ddt b\u00f7a n\u00f7a cho ai ai c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e8i Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1, l\u00f3c \u00cay s\u00cf c\u00f6 s\u00f9\\\". \u00a7\u00d5n ng\u00b5y 5 th\u00b8ng 11, Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 khai h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00d3 ban b\u00e8 ph\u00d0p lu\u00cbt m\u00edi, m\u00b5 ph\u00d0p lu\u00cbt \u00cay th\u00d7 l\u00eei cho t\u2212 b\u00b6n m\u00b5 h\u00b9i cho c\u00abng, n\u00abng. \u00a4ng L\u00aanin n\u00e3i v\u00edi \u00ae\u00b6ng vi\u00aan r\u00bbng: M\u00e5ng 6 c\u00f6 s\u00f9 th\u00d7 s\u00edm qu\u00b8, v\u00d7 d\u00a9n ch\u2212a bi\u00d5t h\u00d5t lu\u00cbt l\u00d6 x\u00cau \u00cay, m\u00b5 ch\u2212a bi\u00d5t lu\u00cbt l\u00d6 \u00cay th\u00d7 ch\u2212a gh\u00d0t Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 l\u00bem. M\u00e5ng 8 c\u00f6 s\u00f9 th\u00d7 mu\u00e9n qu\u00b8 v\u00d7 khi \u00cay th\u00d7 Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 \u00ae\u00b7 bi\u00d5t r\u00bbng d\u00a9n o\u00b8n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00dfng b\u00de nghi\u00aam ng\u00c6t r\u00e5i. Qu\u00b6 nhi\u00aan ng\u00b5y m\u00e5ng 7 \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n h\u00b9 l\u00denh c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, th\u00d7 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n \u00b5o \u00ae\u00d5n v\u00a9y Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1, d\u00a9n c\u00b5y \u00b5o \u00ae\u00d5n \u00aeu\u00e6i \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1. Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 ph\u00b8i l\u00ddnh ra d\u00d1p, th\u00d7 l\u00ddnh \u00efa theo th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n m\u00b5 tr\u00eb l\u00b9i \u00ae\u00b8nh Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1. T\u00f5 b\u00f7a \u00cay, Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00c7u b\u00e1 ch\u00b9y, \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n c\u00c7m quy\u00d2n, t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c ra Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 c\u00abng, n\u00abng, binh, ph\u00b8t \u00ae\u00cat ru\u00e9ng cho","304 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP d\u00a9n c\u00b5y, giao c\u00abng x\u2212\u00ebng cho th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n, kh\u00abng b\u00bet d\u00a9n \u00aei ch\u00d5t cho t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca n\u00f7a, ra s\u00f8c t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c kinh t\u00d5 m\u00edi, \u00ae\u00d3 th\u00f9c h\u00b5nh ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca th\u00d5 gi\u00edi \u00ae\u00b9i \u00ae\u00e5ng1). 13. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Nga \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh An Nam th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi b\u00a9y gi\u00ea ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Nga l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00b5nh c\u00abng, v\u00b5 th\u00b5nh c\u00abng \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00aci2), ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec h\u2212\u00ebng c\u00b8i h\u00b9nh ph\u00f3c t\u00f9 do, b\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00bcng th\u00cbt, kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i t\u00f9 do v\u00b5 b\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00bcng gi\u00b6 d\u00e8i nh\u2212 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca Ph\u00b8p khoe khoang b\u00aan An Nam. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Nga \u00ae\u00b7 \u00aeu\u00e6i \u00ae\u2212\u00eec vua, t\u2212 b\u00b6n, \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1 r\u00e5i, l\u00b9i ra s\u00f8c cho c\u00abng, n\u00abng c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc v\u00b5 d\u00a9n b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea3) l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00cbp \u00ae\u00e6 t\u00cat c\u00b6 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca v\u00b5 t\u2212 b\u00b6n trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Nga d\u00b9y cho ch\u00f3ng ta r\u00bbng mu\u00e8n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00b5nh c\u00abng th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng4) (c\u00abng n\u00abng) l\u00b5m g\u00e8c, ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b6ng v\u00f7ng b\u00d2n, ph\u00b6i b\u00d2n gan, ph\u00b6i hy sinh, ph\u00b6i th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat. N\u00e3i t\u00e3m l\u00b9i l\u00b5 ph\u00b6i theo ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b7 Kh\u00bec T\u2212 v\u00b5 L\u00aanin. _______________ 1) Th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n tr\u00aan to\u00b5n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi (BT). 2) Th\u00b5nh c\u00abng tri\u00d6t \u00ae\u00d3 (BT). 3) L\u00b9i ra s\u00f8c gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec c\u00abng n\u00abng c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c \u00eb c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea (BT). 4) Th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i l\u00cay d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng (BT).","305 QU\u00e8C T\u00d5 1. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 l\u00b5 g\u00d7? Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi, b\u00cat k\u00fa n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5o, d\u00a9n t\u00e9c n\u00b5o, c\u00e3 m\u00e9t m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch nh\u2212 nhau, h\u00eep s\u00f8c nhau \u00ae\u00d3 l\u00b5m cho \u00ae\u00d5n m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch \u00cay. Nh\u2212 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca li\u00aan l\u00b9c nhau, \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00cc n\u00d0n c\u00b8c d\u00a9n h\u00ccn y\u00d5u (Ph\u00b8p li\u00aan l\u00b9c T\u00a9y Ban Nha \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00b8nh l\u00cay An Nam, li\u00aan l\u00b9c Nh\u00cbt \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00f7 An Nam, v.v.), c\u00b8c t\u2212 b\u00b6n li\u00aan l\u00b9c nhau \u00ae\u00d3 t\u2212\u00edc b\u00b8c1) th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n (t\u2212 b\u00b6n Anh, M\u00fc, Ph\u00b8p li\u00aan l\u00b9c t\u2212 b\u00b6n \u00a7\u00f8c \u00ae\u00d3 t\u2212\u00edc l\u00f4c th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n \u00a7\u00f8c). Th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc li\u00aan l\u00b9c nhau \u00ae\u00d3 ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i t\u2212 b\u00b6n (nh\u2212 H\u00e9i C\u00abng nh\u00a9n Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5). Ch\u00f3ng ta c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d7 c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i li\u00aan l\u00b9c t\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi \u00ae\u00d3 ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca (nh\u2212 \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5). 2. \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 l\u00b5 g\u00d7? Mu\u00e8n bi\u00d5t \u00a7\u00d6 tam2) qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 l\u00b5 g\u00d7 th\u00d7 tr\u2212\u00edc ph\u00b6i bi\u00d5t \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat3) v\u00b5 \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de4) qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00b7. T\u00f5 th\u00d5 k\u00fb th\u00f8 18 tr\u00eb xu\u00e8ng, t\u2212 b\u00b6n ph\u00b8t \u00ae\u00b9t r\u00cat th\u00denh, \u00b8p b\u00f8c th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n r\u00cat nghi\u00d6t. Th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c th\u00d7 t\u00ddnh c\u00b8ch ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e8i, nh\u2212 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i, b\u00b7i c\u00abng b\u00b9o \u00ae\u00e9ng. Nh\u2212ng h\u00c7u h\u00d5t t\u00d8nh _______________ 1) B\u00e3c l\u00e9t (BT). 2), 3), 4) Trong nguy\u00aan b\u00b6n th\u2212\u00eang vi\u00d5t l\u00b5 \u00a7\u00d6 3, \u00a7\u00d6 1, \u00a7\u00d6 2 (BT).","306 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP n\u00b5o bi\u00d5t t\u00d8nh n\u00cay, n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5o bi\u00d5t n\u2212\u00edc n\u00cay m\u00b5 th\u00abi, cho n\u00aan s\u00f8c kh\u00abng m\u00b9nh l\u00bem. N\u00a8m 1840, th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n \u00a7\u00f8c l\u00cbp ra m\u00e9t h\u00e9i t\u00aan l\u00b5 Nh\u00a9n quy\u00d2n h\u00e9i51. Kh\u00c8u hi\u00d6u h\u00e9i \u00cay l\u00b5 \\\"Trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi ai c\u00f2ng l\u00b5 anh em\\\". Kh\u00c8u hi\u00d6u \u00cay tuy r\u00cat hay, nh\u2212ng kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00f3ng; v\u00d7 b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca v\u00b5 ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh l\u00b5 th\u00ef \u00ae\u00dech d\u00a9n, g\u00e4i ch\u00f3ng l\u00b5 anh em sao \u00ae\u2212\u00eec? N\u00a8m 1847, h\u00e9i \u00cay s\u00f6a l\u00b9i g\u00e4i l\u00b5: \\\"To\u00b5n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi v\u00ab s\u00b6n giai c\u00cap li\u00aan h\u00eep h\u00e9i\\\" - \u00abng M\u00b7 Kh\u00bec T\u2212 v\u00b5 \u00a1ngghen v\u00b5o h\u00e9i \u00cay. Nh\u00ea hai \u00abng \u00cay s\u00f6a ch\u2212\u00acng tr\u00d7nh l\u00b9i, v\u00b5 kh\u00c8u hi\u00d6u h\u00e9i l\u00b5: \u00a7\u00cbp \u00ae\u00e6 t\u2212 b\u00b6n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca - th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n gi\u00b5nh l\u00cay ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n - l\u00b5m cho th\u00d5 gi\u00edi \u00ae\u00b9i \u00ae\u00e5ng. 3. Hai h\u00e9i \u00cay c\u00e3 ph\u00b6i \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat v\u00b5 \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 kh\u00abng? Kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i. Trong hai h\u00e9i tuy l\u00b5 c\u00e3 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n \u00a7\u00f8c v\u00b5 Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5o, nh\u2212ng h\u00e9i vi\u00aan c\u00e3 \u00ddt, s\u00f8c l\u00f9c c\u00dfn y\u00d5u ch\u2212a l\u00b5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec g\u00d7. Ch\u00bcng qua l\u00b5 bi\u00d3u hi\u00d6n r\u00bbng th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc ph\u00b6i gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec l\u00c9n nhau v\u00b5 b\u00bec c\u00c7u cho \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00aei. N\u00a8m 1862 \u00eb Kinh \u00ae\u00ab Anh (Lu\u00a9n \u00a7\u00abn) m\u00eb h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00cau x\u00b6o; t\u2212 b\u00b6n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc ph\u00b8i c\u00abng nh\u00a9n qua xem x\u00d0t c\u00b8c m\u00b8y m\u00e3c. C\u00abng nh\u00a9n l\u00b9i g\u00c6p nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Nga, \u00a7\u00f8c, Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc kh\u00b8c tr\u00e8n \u00eb \u00ae\u00cay. Hai b\u00aan b\u00b5n b\u00b9c l\u00cbp m\u00e9t h\u00e9i c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. N\u00a8m 1864, (ng\u00b5y 28 th\u00b8ng 2) m\u00edi l\u00cbp th\u00b5nh \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. 4. \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 l\u00b5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nh\u00f7ng vi\u00d6c g\u00d7? H\u00e9i \u00cay tuy c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00c7m \u00ae\u00c7u th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc v\u00b5o, nh\u2212ng v\u00d7: 1. Ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00dfn \u00ddt, 2. C\u00b8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i trong c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc c\u00dfn y\u00d5u, 3. Kh\u00abng th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat cho n\u00aan ch\u00d8 tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n m\u00b5 ch\u2212a l\u00b5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec vi\u00d6c g\u00d7 l\u00edn. Kh\u00abng th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat l\u00b5 v\u00d7 ba ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca ch\u00e8ng nhau:","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 307 1. Ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca Pru\u00ae\u00abng (Ph\u00b8p); 2. Ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca Bacunin (Nga); 3. Ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b7 Kh\u00bec T\u2212 (\u00a7\u00f8c) (xem \u00aeo\u00b9n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d7 bi\u00d5t). Sau l\u00f3c Pari C\u00abng x\u00b7 th\u00cat b\u00b9i, nhi\u00d2u h\u00e9i vi\u00aan b\u00de ch\u00d5t, b\u00de b\u00bet, n\u00aan h\u00e9i ti\u00aau \u00aei\u00d2u d\u00c7n, \u00ae\u00d5n 1874 th\u00d7 gi\u00b6i t\u00b8n. \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 tuy ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec 10 n\u00a8m, nh\u2212ng kh\u00c8u hi\u00d6u \\\"To\u00b5n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi v\u00ab s\u00b6n giai c\u00cap li\u00aan h\u00eep l\u00b9i!\\\" v\u00b5 tinh th\u00c7n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh v\u00c9n truy\u00d2n \u00ae\u00d5n b\u00a9y gi\u00ea. Tuy kh\u00abng l\u00b5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nhi\u00d2u vi\u00d6c, nh\u2212ng c\u00b8i c\u00abng d\u00b9y cho th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d7 r\u00cat to. 5. \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 l\u00cbp ra bao gi\u00ea? \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 tan r\u00e5i, v\u00f5a l\u00f3c t\u2212 b\u00b6n ph\u00b8t \u00ae\u00b9t l\u00bem, c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f2ng ph\u00b8t \u00ae\u00b9t. Trong kho\u00b6ng 15 n\u00a8m \u00cay (t\u00f5 1874 \u00ae\u00d5n 1889)52 trong c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc nhi\u00d2u c\u00abng \u00ae\u00b6ng m\u00edi l\u00cbp l\u00aan, v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b6ng n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng hi\u00d3u r\u00bbng th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc kh\u00abng gi\u00efm gi\u00f3p l\u00c9n nhau kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. N\u00a8m 1889, \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u c\u00b8c c\u00abng \u00ae\u00b6ng h\u00e9i nhau t\u00b9i Pari, l\u00cbp n\u00aan \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. T\u00f5 khi l\u00cbp ra, \u00ae\u00d5n ng\u00b5y \u00a2u chi\u00d5n, khai h\u00e9i ch\u00ddn l\u00c7n b\u00b5n b\u00b9c v\u00b5 ngh\u00de \u00ae\u00denh: 1. N\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i l\u00cbp ra c\u00abng \u00ae\u00b6ng; 2. M\u00e7i n\u00a8m \u00ae\u00d5n ng\u00b5y 1 th\u00b8ng 5 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n c\u00b6 th\u00d5 gi\u00edi \u00ae\u00d2u b\u00b7i c\u00abng v\u00b5 th\u00d8nh nguy\u00d6n; 3. T\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi ra s\u00f8c \u00ae\u00dfi ch\u00d8 l\u00b5m c\u00abng m\u00e7i ng\u00b5y 8 gi\u00ea m\u00b5 th\u00abi; 4. Ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e8i \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca; 5. C\u00b8c c\u00abng \u00ae\u00b6ng kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00ae\u00d2 hu\u00d2 v\u00edi t\u2212 b\u00b6n; 6. \u00a7\u00b6ng vi\u00aan kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ra l\u00b5m quan v\u00edi t\u2212 b\u00b6n; 7. N\u00d5u c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00e3 s\u00f9 chi\u00d5n tranh, th\u00d7 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00d2u b\u00b7i c\u00abng v\u00b5 ki\u00d5m ph\u2212\u00acng th\u00d5 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00ae\u00d3","308 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP gi\u00b5nh l\u00cay ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n. V\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 th\u00f8 7, th\u00d7 trong 9 l\u00c7n \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 b\u00b5n \u00ae\u00d5n c\u00b6. 6. V\u00d7 sao \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 l\u00b9i hay b\u00b5n \u00ae\u00d5n vi\u00d6c chi\u00d5n tranh? V\u00d7 \u00ae\u2212\u00acng l\u00f3c \u00cay, t\u2212 b\u00b6n \u00ae\u00b7 ho\u00b8 ra \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, ho\u00c6c th\u2212\u00eang \u00ae\u00b8nh nhau \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00b5nh thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, ho\u00c6c \u00aei c\u2212\u00edp n\u2212\u00edc h\u00ccn y\u00d5u l\u00b5m thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. Nh\u2212: N\u00a8m 1894, Nh\u00cbt \u00ae\u00b8nh v\u00edi T\u00b5u; 1895, Anh \u00ae\u00b8nh v\u00edi \u00a3g\u00fdpt\u00ac1); 1896, Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b8nh v\u00edi Ma\u00aeag\u00b8txca; 1898, M\u00fc \u00ae\u00b8nh v\u00edi T\u00a9y Ban Nha \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00b5nh Phil\u00ddppin; 1900, Anh \u00ae\u00b8nh v\u00edi Nam Phi ch\u00a9u; 1904, Nga \u00ae\u00b8nh v\u00edi Nh\u00cbt; 1912, c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc Banc\u00a8ng2) \u00ae\u00b8nh nhau, v\u00a9n v\u00a9n. Th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n th\u00cay v\u00cby, th\u00d7 bi\u00d5t r\u00bbng c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca s\u00cf c\u00e3 tr\u00cbn \u00ae\u00b8nh nhau l\u00edn. V\u00cby n\u00aan ki\u00d5m c\u00b8ch d\u00cc tr\u2212\u00edc \u00aei. Ng\u00ea \u00ae\u00a9u \u00ae\u00d5n 1914 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00b8nh nhau, th\u00d7 ph\u00c7n nhi\u00d2u h\u00e9i vi\u00aan \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00d2u gi\u00f3p cho \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, c\u00abng \u00ae\u00b6ng n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng khuy\u00aan d\u00a9n \u00aei \u00ae\u00b8nh. 7. \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 l\u00cbp ra t\u00f5 bao gi\u00ea? V\u00d7 b\u00e4n ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00c7u trong \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b6n m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch h\u00e9i m\u00b5 ho\u00b8 ra ch\u00e3 s\u00a8n cho t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, ho\u00b8 ra ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh; nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00a9n ch\u00ddnh c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh nh\u2212 \u00abng L\u00aanin, \u00abng C\u00b8c L\u00ddpn\u00d5ch, R\u00abda Luyx\u00a8mbua, v\u00a9n v., cho Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00cay nh\u2212 ch\u00d5t r\u00e5i, ph\u00b6i l\u00cbp ra Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 kh\u00b8c. N\u00a8m 1915 v\u00b5 1916, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh h\u00e9i nhau t\u00b9i n\u2212\u00edc Su\u00ddt (Th\u00f4y S\u00dc) s\u00bep s\u00f6a l\u00cbp \u00a7\u00d6 _______________ 1) N\u2212\u00edc Ai C\u00cbp (BT). 2) C\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc n\u00bbm tr\u00aan B\u00b8n \u00ae\u00b6o Banc\u00a8ng, g\u00e5m: Anbani, Bungari, Nam T\u2212, Hy L\u00b9p, m\u00e9t ph\u00c7n Th\u00e6 Nh\u00dc K\u00fa (BT).","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 309 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, \u00ae\u00d3 n\u00e8i theo ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 1) m\u00b5 l\u00b5m c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. N\u00a8m 1917, Nga c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n th\u00b5nh c\u00abng. N\u00a8m 1919, \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp t\u00b9i Kinh \u00ae\u00ab Nga l\u00b5 Mosku (ng\u00b5y 6 th\u00b8ng 3). Khi khai h\u00e9i l\u00c7n \u00ae\u00c7u, c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n trong 24 n\u2212\u00edc d\u00f9 h\u00e9i. Trong l\u00eai tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 x\u2212\u00edng r\u00e2 r\u00b5ng r\u00bbng: 1. Th\u00d5 n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng \u00ae\u00cbp \u00ae\u00e6 t\u2212 b\u00b6n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca nh\u00cat thi\u00d5t kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00d2 hu\u00d2 nh\u2212 \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5; 2. Th\u00d5 n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng quy\u00d5t l\u00b5m cho ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n v\u00d2 tay c\u00abng n\u00abng. 8. T\u00f5 khi l\u00cbp ra \u00ae\u00d5n gi\u00ea (\u00ae\u00c7u n\u00a8m 1927) \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 khai h\u00e9i m\u00cay l\u00c7n? N\u00a8m 1920 khai \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i l\u00c7n th\u00f8 II53, c\u00e3 31 n\u2212\u00edc d\u00f9 h\u00e9i. T\u00f4i ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00c7u \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00cay h\u00e9i n\u00b5y m\u00b9nh, mu\u00e8n xen v\u00b5o \u00ae\u00d3 \\\"theo \u00ae\u00e3m \u00a8n t\u00b5n\\\", cho n\u00aan \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00c6t ra c\u00b8ch t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c r\u00cat nghi\u00aam; ai th\u00f5a nh\u00cbn theo 21 \u00aei\u00d2u quy t\u00bec m\u00edi \u00ae\u2212\u00eec v\u00b5o. (Xem sau c\u00efng \u00aeo\u00b9n n\u00b5y). N\u00a8m 1921, \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i l\u00c7n th\u00f8 III54. T\u00f5 l\u00f3c c\u00e3 \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc chia ra hai ph\u00b8i, ph\u00b8i theo c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n (\u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5), ph\u00b8i theo \u00ae\u00d2 hu\u00d2 (\u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5). V\u00d7 v\u00cby m\u00b5 s\u00f8c k\u00d0m \u00aei; cho n\u00aan \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00denh r\u00bbng khi ph\u00can \u00ae\u00cau v\u00edi t\u2212 b\u00b6n th\u00d7 hai ph\u00b8i ph\u00b6i h\u00eep s\u00f8c nhau l\u00b9i kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec chia hai. N\u00a8m 1922, \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i l\u00c7n th\u00f8 IV55. Nh\u00a9n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh phong tri\u00d2u trong c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc r\u00c7m r\u00e9, t\u2212 b\u00b6n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca toan c\u00efng \u00ae\u2212\u00eang, ch\u00f3ng n\u00e3 l\u00cbp ra \u00ae\u00b6ng fasity2) ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e8i c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh t\u00een l\u00bem. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00denh c\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00e8i \u00ae\u00b7i \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00cay. _______________ 1) Ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c m\u00b5 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 nh\u00cat \u00aei theo (BT). 2) Trong \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n t\u00e6ng kh\u00f1ng ho\u00b6ng c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n, giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00f1 s\u00f8c duy tr\u00d7 s\u00f9 th\u00e8ng tr\u00de c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng b\u00bbng ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p ngh\u00de tr\u2212\u00eang \u00ae\u2212\u00eec n\u00f7a, m\u00b5 ph\u00b6i d\u00efng \u00ae\u00d5n nh\u00f7ng ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch ph\u00b8t x\u00ddt: \u00ae\u00e9c t\u00b5i, kh\u00f1ng b\u00e8 c\u00efng v\u00edi ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch m\u00de d\u00a9n. \u00a7\u00d3 th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n c\u00b8c ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00e3, giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n \u00eb m\u00e9t s\u00e8 n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00cbp ra nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00b6ng ph\u00b8t x\u00ddt (BT).","310 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP N\u00a8m 1924, \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i l\u00c7n th\u00f8 V, c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00d5n 61 n\u2212\u00edc d\u00f9 h\u00e9i. V\u00d7 nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00c7m t\u2212\u00ebng r\u00bbng t\u2212 b\u00b6n l\u00b9i t\u00edi h\u00e5i th\u00denh v\u2212\u00eeng nh\u2212 tr\u2212\u00edc khi \u00a2u chi\u00d5n. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i \u00aeem ch\u00f8ng r\u00e2 r\u00b5ng r\u00bbng th\u00denh v\u2212\u00eeng \u00cay l\u00b5 th\u00denh v\u2212\u00eeng gi\u00b6; k\u00fa th\u00f9c t\u2212 b\u00b6n trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi g\u00c7n \u00ae\u00d5n m\u00b9t l\u00e91), v\u00b5 c\u00abng n\u00abng c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh ph\u00b6i s\u00bep s\u00f6a ra tay. 9. \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? a) M\u00e7i n\u00a8m hay c\u00b8ch v\u00b5i n\u00a8m, \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e9i m\u00e9t l\u00c7n. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i c\u00e3 quy\u00d2n \u00aeo\u00b8n \u00ae\u00denh t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c vi\u00d6c c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng trong c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc. b) \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i c\u00f6 m\u00e9t H\u00e9i Trung \u2212\u00acng 24 ng\u2212\u00eai. H\u00e9i n\u00b5y thay m\u00c6t \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e9i. C\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng trong c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00d2u ph\u00b6i theo m\u00d6nh l\u00denh Trung \u2212\u00acng. c) C\u00e3 Thanh ni\u00aan b\u00e9, \u00ae\u00d3 xem v\u00d2 vi\u00d6c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng thanh ni\u00aan; Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 b\u00e9, xem vi\u00d6c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng ph\u00f4 n\u00f7; \u00b8 - \u00a7\u00abng b\u00e9 xem v\u00d2 vi\u00d6c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea b\u00aan \u00b8 - \u00a7\u00abng. Tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n, t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c, c\u00f8u t\u00d5, v.v., \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 m\u00e9t b\u00e9 ri\u00aang. d) \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. C\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc l\u00b5 nh\u2212 chi b\u00e9, \u00ae\u00d2u ph\u00b6i nghe theo k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch v\u00b5 quy t\u00bec chung. Vi\u00d6c g\u00d7 ch\u2212a c\u00e3 m\u00d6nh l\u00denh v\u00b5 k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00d7 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec l\u00b5m. 10. \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00b5 \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 gi\u00e8ng nhau c\u00b8i g\u00d7? kh\u00b8c nhau c\u00b8i g\u00d7? \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00edi \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 kh\u00b8c nhau. a) \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 nh\u00e1, \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 to; b) \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ch\u00d8 l\u00fd lu\u00cbn, \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00f9c h\u00b5nh; c) \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 kh\u00abng th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat, \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ch\u00d8 huy t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n trong c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc ph\u00b6i theo; d) \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ch\u00d8 n\u00e3i: \\\"Th\u00d5 gi\u00edi v\u00ab s\u00b6n giai c\u00cap li\u00aan h\u00eep\\\"; \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00e3i th\u00aam \\\"V\u00ab s\u00b6n giai c\u00cap v\u00b5 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p _______________ 1) \u00a7\u00d5n l\u00f3c c\u00efng \u00ae\u2212\u00eang (BT).","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 311 b\u00f8c trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi li\u00aan h\u00eep l\u00b9i\\\". \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 kh\u00abng b\u00bet h\u00e9i vi\u00aan gi\u00f3p d\u00a9n thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca nh\u2212 \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. \u00cay l\u00b5 v\u00d7 ho\u00b5n c\u00b6nh hai Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00cay kh\u00b8c nhau. Nh\u2212 vi\u00d6c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c, \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00e3i \u00ae\u00d5n \u00ddt, v\u00d7 l\u00f3c \u00cay \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca ch\u2212a ph\u00b8t \u00ae\u00b9t m\u00cay. V\u00b6 l\u00b9i, \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 sinh ra sau th\u00d7 c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u kinh nghi\u00d6m h\u00acn \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. \u00a7\u00d5n nh\u2212 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh cho \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00aci, l\u00b5m cho th\u00d5 gi\u00edi \u00ae\u00b9i \u00ae\u00e5ng, th\u00d7 hai Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00c9n nh\u2212 nhau; ch\u00bcng qua \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00cat qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 l\u00b5m kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00aci, m\u00b5 \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ch\u00bec l\u00b5 l\u00b5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec, nh\u00ea nay Nga c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00b5nh c\u00abng \u00ae\u00d3 l\u00b5m n\u00d2n cho c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. 11. \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00b5 \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 kh\u00b8c nhau c\u00b8i g\u00d7? \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 tr\u2212\u00edc v\u00c9n l\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, nh\u2212ng v\u00d7 k\u00fb lu\u00cbt kh\u00abng nghi\u00aam, t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c kh\u00abng kh\u00d0o, \u00ae\u00d3 t\u00f4i ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00c7u xen v\u00b5o nhi\u00d2u qu\u00b8; sau ho\u00b8 ra ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. Hai Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00cay kh\u00b8c nhau nh\u00f7ng \u00aei\u00d2u sau n\u00b5y: \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00cbp \u00ae\u00e6 t\u2212 b\u00b6n l\u00b5m th\u00d5 gi\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00d2 hu\u00d2 v\u00edi t\u2212 b\u00b6n. \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 gi\u00f3p d\u00a9n thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca. \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00cc n\u00d0n d\u00a9n thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea (To\u00b5n quy\u00d2n Varen l\u00b5 h\u00e9i vi\u00aan \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5). \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 d\u00b9y cho v\u00ab s\u00b6n giai c\u00cap trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi - b\u00cat k\u00fa n\u00dfi gi\u00e8ng n\u00b5o, ngh\u00d2 nghi\u00d6p g\u00d7, t\u00abn gi\u00b8o g\u00d7 - h\u00eep s\u00f8c l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 xui d\u00a9n n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5y ch\u00e8ng d\u00a9n n\u2212\u00edc kia, ngh\u00d2 nghi\u00d6p n\u00b5y ch\u00e8ng ngh\u00d2 nghi\u00d6p kh\u00b8c. 12. \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh An Nam th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Xem trong c\u00b8ch t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00c6t ra m\u00e9t b\u00e9 ri\u00aang, chuy\u00aan nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u v\u00b5 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec cho c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh b\u00aan \u00b8 - \u00a7\u00abng. Xem kh\u00c8u hi\u00d6u \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, ch\u00bcng nh\u00f7ng r\u00bbng \\\"v\u00ab s\u00b6n giai","312 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP c\u00cap\\\" m\u00b5 l\u00b9i th\u00aam c\u00a9u \\\"... v\u00b5 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi li\u00aan h\u00eep l\u00b9i\\\". Xem quy t\u00bec \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 trong 21 \u00aei\u00d2u, \u00aei\u00d2u th\u00f8 8 n\u00e3i r\u00bbng: \\\"C\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, nh\u00cat l\u00b5 \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p... ph\u00b6i h\u00d5t s\u00f8c gi\u00f3p d\u00a9n thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh\\\". Xem \u00ae\u2212\u00acng l\u00f3c Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b8nh Mar\u00e8c v\u00b5 Xyri, v\u00d7 gi\u00f3p hai n\u2212\u00edc \u00cay m\u00b5 \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p hy sinh m\u00cay m\u2212\u00aci \u00ae\u00b6ng vi\u00aan b\u00de b\u00bet, b\u00de t\u00ef, \u00a7\u00b6ng b\u00de ph\u00b9t h\u00acn 100 v\u00b9n \u00ae\u00e5ng b\u00b9c. Xem c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Nga gi\u00f3p cho c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh T\u00b5u, Th\u00e6 Nh\u00dc K\u00fa, P\u00d0csia1), M\u00abng C\u00e6. L\u00b9i xem k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch v\u00d2 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea l\u00b5 t\u00f9 tay \u00abng L\u00aanin l\u00b5m ra. Xem nh\u00f7ng vi\u00d6c \u00cay th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00f1 bi\u00d5t r\u00bbng An Nam mu\u00e8n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00b5nh c\u00abng, th\u00d7 t\u00cat ph\u00b6i nh\u00ea \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. _______________ 1) Nay l\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc Iran (BT).","313 PH\u00f4 N\u00f7 QU\u00e8C T\u00d5 1. V\u00d7 sao l\u00cbp ra Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5? \u00a4ng C\u00b8c M\u00b8c n\u00e3i r\u00bbng: \\\"Ai \u00ae\u00b7 bi\u00d5t l\u00dech s\u00f6 th\u00d7 bi\u00d5t r\u00bbng mu\u00e8n s\u00f6a sang x\u00b7 h\u00e9i m\u00b5 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 gi\u00f3p v\u00b5o, th\u00d7 ch\u00bec kh\u00abng l\u00b5m n\u00e6i. Xem t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng v\u00b5 vi\u00d6c l\u00b5m c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 con g\u00b8i, th\u00d7 bi\u00d5t x\u00b7 h\u00e9i t\u00can b\u00e9 ra th\u00d5 n\u00b5o?\\\". \u00a4ng L\u00aanin n\u00e3i: \\\"\u00a7\u00b6ng c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh ph\u00b6i l\u00b5m sao d\u00b9y cho \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 n\u00cau \u00a8n c\u00f2ng bi\u00d5t l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c n\u2212\u00edc, nh\u2212 th\u00d5 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh m\u00edi g\u00e4i l\u00b5 th\u00b5nh c\u00abng\\\". Nh\u00f7ng l\u00eai \u00cay kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i c\u00a9u n\u00e3i l\u00abng b\u00abng. Xem trong l\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh ch\u00bcng c\u00e3 l\u00c7n n\u00b5o l\u00b5 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 con g\u00b8i tham gia. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Ph\u00b8p c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai nh\u2212 c\u00ab h\u00e4c tr\u00df S\u00b8cl\u00e8t Co\u00e3c\u00ae\u00a9y r\u00f3t dao \u00ae\u00a9m ch\u00d5t ng\u2212\u00eai T\u00d3 t\u2212\u00edng hung b\u00b9o, nh\u2212 b\u00b5 Luy Misen ra gi\u00f3p t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c Pari C\u00abng x\u00b7. Khi Nga c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 ra t\u00d7nh nguy\u00d6n \u00aei l\u00ddnh; sau t\u00ddnh l\u00b9i l\u00ddnh c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 ch\u00d5t h\u00d5t 1.854 ng\u2212\u00eai. Nay c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Nga th\u00b5nh c\u00abng mau nh\u2212 th\u00d5, \u00ae\u00f8ng v\u00f7ng nh\u2212 th\u00d5, c\u00f2ng v\u00d7 \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 con g\u00b8i h\u00d5t s\u00f8c gi\u00efm v\u00b5o. V\u00cby n\u00aan mu\u00e8n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00b5nh c\u00abng, th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 con g\u00b8i c\u00abng n\u00abng c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc. V\u00d7 v\u00cby \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. 2. L\u00dech s\u00f6 Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? N\u00a8m 1910, b\u00b5 Clara D\u00d0tkin (c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00a7\u00f8c) \u00ae\u00d2 ngh\u00de trong \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 r\u00bbng: M\u00e7i n\u00a8m \u00ae\u00d5n ng\u00b5y 8 th\u00b8ng 3 th\u00d7 l\u00b5m m\u00e9t","314 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP ng\u00b5y ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng g\u00e4i l\u00b5 \\\"Ng\u00b5y \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 con g\u00b8i\u201d56. Sau ng\u00b5y \u00cay \u00ae\u00e6i ra m\u00e9t tu\u00c7n. Kh\u00c8u hi\u00d6u tu\u00c7n \u00cay l\u00b5: \\\"\u00a7\u00dfi quy\u00d2n tuy\u00d3n c\u00f6 cho n\u00f7 gi\u00edi\\\". N\u00a8m 1917, ng\u00b5y 23 th\u00b8ng 2, \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 \u00eb Kinh \u00ae\u00ab Nga n\u00e6i l\u00aan \\\"\u00ae\u00dfi b\u00b8nh cho con\\\" v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00dfi \\\"gi\u00b6 ch\u00e5ng ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi l\u00b9i cho ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi\\\" (v\u00d7 ch\u00e5ng ph\u00b6i \u00aei \u00ae\u00b8nh). S\u00f9 b\u00b9o \u00ae\u00e9ng n\u00b5y l\u00b5m ng\u00dfi cho c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Nga57. M\u00e5ng 8 th\u00b8ng 3 n\u00a8m 1920, \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ph\u00b8i b\u00b5 D\u00d0tkin t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. Kh\u00c8u hi\u00d6u l\u00b5: \\\"\u00a7\u00b5n b\u00b5 con g\u00b8i c\u00abng n\u00abng ph\u00b6i li\u00aan h\u00eep v\u00edi \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, \u00ae\u00d3 l\u00b5m th\u00d5 gi\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh\\\". N\u00a8m 1923, n\u00f7 gi\u00edi Nga \u00a8n m\u00f5ng \\\"ng\u00b5y 8 th\u00b8ng 3\\\" th\u00d7 m\u00eb 66 nh\u00b5 nu\u00abi tr\u00ce con, 36 \u00cau tr\u00dc vi\u00aan, 18 nh\u00b5 nu\u00abi \u00ae\u00e5ng t\u00f6, 22 nh\u00b5 th\u2212\u00acng v\u00b5 nh\u00b5 ngh\u00d8, 15 nh\u00b5 nu\u00abi \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 sinh c\u00f7, 15 nh\u00b5 \u00a8n chung cho 10.000 ng\u2212\u00eai; 27 nh\u00b5 hi\u00d6p t\u00b8c x\u00b7 d\u00efng \u00ae\u00d5n 1.300 ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 l\u00b5m c\u00abng, 11 c\u00b8i c\u00abng vi\u00aan c\u00e3 nh\u00b5 ngh\u00d8 cho nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e3 b\u00d6nh. 3. C\u00b8ch t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00f1a Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ra th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Quy t\u00bec v\u00b5 ch\u2212\u00acng tr\u00d7nh th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00b9i kh\u00b8i c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. Nh\u2212ng b\u00aan n\u00b5y th\u00d7 ch\u00d8 chuy\u00aan tr\u00b8ch v\u00d2 m\u00c6t tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n, t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c v\u00b5 hu\u00can luy\u00d6n \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 con g\u00b8i, v\u00b5 gi\u00f3p v\u00d2 \u00ae\u2212\u00eang gi\u00b8o d\u00f4c tr\u00ce con c\u00abng n\u00abng. M\u00e7i \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 m\u00e9t b\u00e9 ph\u00f4 n\u00f7, tr\u00f9c ti\u00d5p thu\u00e9c v\u00d2 Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. Nh\u2212ng \u00ae\u00b6ng vi\u00aan \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 trong c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng ph\u00b6i theo m\u00d6nh l\u00denh Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, khi ph\u00b8i \u00ae\u00d3 l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c g\u00d7 d\u00c9u kh\u00e3 nh\u00e4c, nguy hi\u00d3m m\u00cay c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i l\u00b5m. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: \u00a7\u00b6ng vi\u00aan A kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i l\u00b5 l\u00b5m th\u00ee, nh\u2212ng khi Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 b\u00b6o ph\u00b6i xin v\u00b5o l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c trong l\u00df m\u00b8y n\u00b5o \u00ae\u00d3 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 trong \u00cay, th\u00d7 t\u00cat ph\u00b6i b\u00e1 ngh\u00d2 c\u00f2 m\u00b5 v\u00b5o l\u00b5m trong l\u00df m\u00b8y. N\u00e3i t\u00e3m l\u00b9i l\u00b5 quy t\u00bec r\u00cat nghi\u00aam, h\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9ng r\u00cat th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat, v\u00b5 vi\u00d6c l\u00b5m c\u00f2ng r\u00cat kh\u00e3. V\u00d7 ph\u00c7n nhi\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 con g\u00b8i c\u00dfn c\u00e3 t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng th\u00f1 c\u00f9u. Tuy v\u00cby, ai c\u00f2ng h\u00d5t l\u00dfng, cho n\u00aan ti\u00d5n b\u00e9 mau.","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 315 Nh\u00ea Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 m\u00b5 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n m\u00edi l\u00cbp ra nh\u2212 \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00eb Java1), \u00ae\u00b6ng vi\u00aan \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 m\u00e7i ng\u00b5y m\u00e9t th\u00aam nhi\u00d2u. An Nam c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 n\u00f7 gi\u00edi tham gia m\u00edi th\u00b5nh c\u00abng, m\u00b5 n\u00f7 gi\u00edi An Nam mu\u00e8n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i theo Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ch\u00d8 b\u00b6o. _______________ 1) Nay l\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc In\u00ae\u00abn\u00aaxia (BT).","316 C\u00a4NG NH\u00a2N QU\u00e8C T\u00d5 1. L\u00dech s\u00f6 C\u00abng nh\u00a9n Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Tr\u2212\u00edc ph\u00b6i bi\u00d5t qua l\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng, sau s\u00cf n\u00e3i \u00ae\u00d5n l\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. L\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng chia l\u00b5m 3 th\u00eai k\u00fa: a) tr\u2212\u00edc \u00a2u chi\u00d5n, b) \u00ae\u2212\u00acng l\u00f3c \u00a2u chi\u00d5n, c) khi \u00a2u chi\u00d5n r\u00e5i. a) Tr\u2212\u00edc khi \u00a2u chi\u00d5n: B\u00aan \u00a2u v\u00b5 M\u00fc c\u00e3 ch\u00f5ng 16 tri\u00d6u th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n c\u00e3 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c v\u00b5 c\u00e3 m\u00e9t h\u00e9i g\u00e4i l\u00b5 \\\"V\u00b9n qu\u00e8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i\\\"58. Nh\u2212ng 16 tri\u00d6u ng\u2212\u00eai \u00cay kh\u00abng v\u00b5o \\\"V\u00b9n qu\u00e8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i\\\" c\u00b6. Nh\u00f7ng \u00aeo\u00b5n th\u00d3 v\u00b5o l\u00b9i chia ra nhi\u00d2u ph\u00b8i bi\u00d6t: 1. C\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca Anh v\u00b5 M\u00fc ch\u00d8 lo sao th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n sinh ho\u00b9t kh\u00b8, m\u00b5 kh\u00abng n\u00e3i \u00ae\u00d5n \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00ae\u00e6 t\u2212 b\u00b6n. 2. V\u00ab ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n59 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc Latinh1), th\u00d7 kh\u00abng mu\u00e8n l\u00cbp ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng. 3. C\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca60 th\u00d7 ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng c\u00abng h\u00e9i n\u00aan gi\u00f3p ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng, nh\u2212ng kh\u00abng n\u00aan h\u00eep v\u00edi ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng2). 4. Trung l\u00cbp ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca61 ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng r\u00bbng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i l\u00b5 n\u00d2n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. _______________ 1) Ph\u00b8p, \u00fd, T\u00a9y Ban Nha, B\u00e5 \u00a7\u00b5o Nha - nh\u00f7ng n\u2212\u00edc n\u00e3i ti\u00d5ng Latinh (TG). 2) Ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng c\u00abng h\u00e9i n\u00aan gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng nh\u2212ng kh\u00abng n\u00aan ch\u00deu s\u00f9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng (BT).","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - C\u00abng nh\u00a9n Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 317 5. C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00cbp \u00ae\u00e6 t\u2212 b\u00b6n, c\u00abng nh\u00a9n l\u00b5 n\u00d2n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00ae\u00d3 d\u00bet c\u00abng h\u00e9i l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. V\u00d7 m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca l\u00e9n x\u00e9n kh\u00abng th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat nh\u2212 th\u00d5, cho n\u00aan h\u00e9i kh\u00abng c\u00e3 l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng. b) Khi \u00a2u chi\u00d5n: H\u00e9i n\u00b5y \u00aei theo \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 c\u00abng h\u00e9i n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5o gi\u00efm t\u2212 b\u00b6n n\u2212\u00edc \u00cay. V\u00b6 l\u00b9i, ti\u00d5ng l\u00b5 V\u00b9n qu\u00e8c nh\u2212ng ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n \u00a2u v\u00b5 M\u00fc, c\u00dfn th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n \u00b8, Phi, \u00f3c th\u00d7 kh\u00abng v\u00b5o. c) Sau khi \u00a2u chi\u00d5n: Ph\u00c7n th\u00d7 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n c\u00f9c kh\u00e6, ph\u00c7n th\u00d7 phong tri\u00d2u c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Nga, c\u00abng h\u00e9i c\u00b5ng ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng to. Nh\u2212: N\u00a8m 1913 N\u00a8m 1919 Anh ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 4.000.000 ng\u2212\u00eai 8.000.000 ng\u2212\u00eai Ph\u00b8p ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 1.000.000 ng\u2212\u00eai 2.500.000 ng\u2212\u00eai T\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc: 15.000.000 ng\u2212\u00eai 50.000.000 ng\u2212\u00eai C\u00abng h\u00e9i b\u00aan \u00b8 - \u00a7\u00abng c\u00efng r\u00c7m r\u00c7m r\u00e9t r\u00e9t l\u00cbp l\u00aan (T\u00b5u, Nh\u00cbt, \u00can \u00a7\u00e9, Java, Phil\u00ddppin, v\u00a9n v.). 2. Phong tri\u00d2u \u00cay k\u00d5t qu\u00b6 ra th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? T\u2212 b\u00b6n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc th\u00cay th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n th\u00denh th\u00d7 s\u00ee, v\u00b5 ki\u00d5m c\u00b8ch l\u00b5m cho \u00aam d\u00deu xu\u00e8ng. N\u00a8m 1919 c\u00e3 khai \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e9i b\u00aan kinh \u00ae\u00ab M\u00fc, \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t vi\u00d6c th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. Trong h\u00e9i \u00cay c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u c\u00b8c Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1, c\u00b8c t\u2212 b\u00b6n, v\u00b5 c\u00b8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc. Nh\u2212ng n\u00e3 ch\u00d8 cho b\u00e4n \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u cho th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n. N\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n th\u00denh \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00dfi \u00ae\u2212\u00eec 8 gi\u00ea (nh\u2212 Anh, Ph\u00b8p), th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 n\u2212\u00edc \u00cay y\u00aau c\u00c7u c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc kia c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i d\u00efng 8 gi\u00ea l\u00b5m l\u00d6 chung (v\u00d7 s\u00ee t\u2212 b\u00b6n n\u2212\u00edc kia \u00ae\u2212\u00eec l\u00eei h\u00acn t\u2212 b\u00b6n n\u2212\u00edc n\u00e3). Sau t\u2212 b\u00b6n l\u00cbp ra h\u00e9i V\u00b9n qu\u00e8c, l\u00b9i l\u00cbp th\u00aam m\u00e9t b\u00e9 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, c\u00e3 12 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u cho c\u00b8c Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1, 6 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u cho t\u2212 b\u00b6n, v\u00b5 6 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u cho th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n. N\u00e3 l\u00b9i d\u00bet m\u00cay anh c\u00abng t\u00c6c1) l\u00b5m \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n! _______________ 1) Nh\u00f7ng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n b\u00de b\u00e4n t\u2212 s\u00b6n mua chu\u00e9c (BT).","318 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP 3. T\u2212 b\u00b6n l\u00b5m nh\u2212 v\u00cby, th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc c\u00e3 l\u00b5m g\u00d7 kh\u00abng? Th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n c\u00e3 31 qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. 29 qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ngh\u00d2 nghi\u00d6p, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 ngh\u00d2 nghi\u00d6p n\u00b5o c\u00e3 ri\u00aang qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ngh\u00d2 nghi\u00d6p \u00cay; 1 qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 g\u00e4i l\u00b5 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 Amxt\u00d0c\u00aeam hay l\u00b5 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \\\"v\u00b5ng\\\" v\u00b5 1 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ngh\u00d2 nghi\u00d6p c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00a9u, \u2212\u00edc ch\u00f5ng 20.000.000 h\u00e9i vi\u00aan. Trong 29 qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00cay, ngh\u00d2 s\u00bet to h\u00acn h\u00d5t (3.000.000 ng\u2212\u00eai); hai l\u00b5 ngh\u00d2 than (2.500.000 ng\u2212\u00eai); ba l\u00b5 th\u00ee l\u00b5m nh\u00b5 m\u00b8y (2.300.000 ng\u2212\u00eai), v\u00a9n v.. L\u00f3c \u00a2u chi\u00d5n, c\u00b8c qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00cay c\u00f2ng tan, \u00a2u chi\u00d5n r\u00e5i l\u00cbp l\u00b9i, nh\u2212ng v\u00d7 b\u00e4n ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00c7u c\u00c7m quy\u00d2n, n\u00aan c\u00abng vi\u00d6c kh\u00abng ra g\u00d7. Nh\u2212 n\u00a8m 1921, 1.000.000 ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b5o than Anh b\u00b7i c\u00abng, v\u00d7 ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b5o than M\u00fc, \u00a7\u00f8c v\u00b5 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc kh\u00abng gi\u00f3p m\u00b5 thua. Qua n\u00a8m 1922, 500.000 th\u00ee \u00ae\u00b5o than M\u00fc b\u00b7i c\u00abng, c\u00f2ng v\u00d7 kh\u00abng ai gi\u00f3p m\u00b5 th\u00cat b\u00b9i. N\u00e3i t\u00e3m l\u00b9i l\u00b5 c\u00b8c qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00cay c\u00e3 danh m\u00b5 kh\u00abng th\u00f9c. 4. Sao g\u00e4i l\u00b5 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 Amxt\u00d0c\u00aeam hay \\\"v\u00b5ng\\\"? V\u00d7 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00cay l\u00cbp ra t\u00b9i Amxt\u00d0c\u00aeam (kinh \u00ae\u00ab Hol\u00a8ng1)). Trong ti\u00d5ng m\u00edi, ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh g\u00e4i l\u00b5 s\u00bec v\u00b5ng; c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh g\u00e4i l\u00b5 s\u00bec \u00ae\u00e1. N\u00a8m 1919, c\u00b8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i theo V\u00b9n qu\u00e8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i h\u00e9i nhau t\u00b9i Amxt\u00d0c\u00aeam l\u00cbp n\u00aan qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y. Khi \u00ae\u00c7u r\u00cat to, nh\u2212ng sau nhi\u00d2u c\u00abng h\u00e9i b\u00e1 v\u00b5o Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u201c\u00ae\u00e1\u201d, nay ch\u00d8 c\u00dfn l\u00b9i c\u00abng h\u00e9i 23 n\u2212\u00edc, t\u00cat c\u00b6 14.400.000 ng\u2212\u00eai. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y theo b\u00e4n ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00c7u \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00d2 hu\u00d2 v\u00edi t\u2212 b\u00b6n, v\u00b5 l\u00b5m nhi\u00d2u vi\u00d6c ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh nh\u2212: 1. T\u00b8n th\u00b5nh \u00aei\u00d2u \u2212\u00edc V\u00d0cx\u00a9y c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca b\u00bet \u00a7\u00f8c \u00ae\u00d2n 400.000.000 \u00ae\u00e5ng. _______________ 1) N\u2212\u00edc H\u00b5 Lan (BT).","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - C\u00abng nh\u00a9n Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 319 2. \u00a7\u00f8c kh\u00abng g\u00b8nh n\u00e6i, M\u00fc l\u00b9i \u00ae\u00c6t ra k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch (g\u00e4i l\u00b5 k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch \u00a7\u00b9o Uy T\u2212)1) b\u00bet \u00a7\u00f8c \u00ae\u00d2n 132.000.000.000 \u00ae\u00e5ng. K\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch \u00cay l\u00b5m cho c\u00abng n\u00abng \u00a7\u00f8c ho\u00b8 ra n\u00ab l\u00d6. Th\u00d5 m\u00b5 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 Amxt\u00d0c\u00aeam c\u00f2ng t\u00b8n th\u00b5nh. 3. Kh\u00abng cho c\u00abng h\u00e9i Nga v\u00b5o. 4. Ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e8i c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n r\u00cat k\u00dech li\u00d6t, m\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e8i \u00ae\u00b7i fasity r\u00cat ho\u00b5 b\u00d7nh. 5. Sao g\u00e4i l\u00b5 C\u00abng nh\u00a9n Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1? Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00d2 hu\u00d2 v\u00edi t\u2212 b\u00b6n, nh\u00f7ng th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n thi\u00d6t c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh ki\u00d5m c\u00b8ch l\u00cbp ra qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 kh\u00b8c. N\u00a8m 1920, th\u00b8ng 7, ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 m\u00cay ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Anh, \u00fd, Ph\u00b8p, T\u00a9y Ban Nha v\u00b5 Nga l\u00cbp ra m\u00e9t c\u00ac quan tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n. N\u00a8m 1921, \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u c\u00abng h\u00e9i b\u00e1 b\u00aan kia theo b\u00aan n\u00b5y. Ng\u00b5y m\u00e5ng 3 th\u00b8ng 7 n\u00a8m \u00cay, C\u00abng nh\u00a9n Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 l\u00cbp th\u00b5nh. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 theo v\u00d2 \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, quy\u00d5t l\u00b5m giai c\u00cap c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. Nay \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 c\u00abng h\u00e9i 47 n\u2212\u00edc, 11.750.000 ng\u2212\u00eai v\u00b5o. Th\u00b8ng 5 n\u00a8m 1925 b\u00aan \u00b8 - \u00a7\u00abng c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng h\u00e9i n\u00b5y v\u00b5o: T\u00b5u: 450.000 ng\u2212\u00eai; Java: 35.000 ng\u2212\u00eai; Nh\u00cbt: 32.000 ng\u2212\u00eai; Cao Ly: 5.000 ng\u2212\u00eai; M\u00abng C\u00e6: 5.000 ng\u2212\u00eai; Th\u00e6 Nh\u00dc K\u00fa: 20.000 ng\u2212\u00eai; An Nam: 000. 6. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh An Nam ra th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Xem trong Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00b5ng kh\u00abng c\u00e3 c\u00abng h\u00e9i \u00b8 - \u00a7\u00abng n\u00b5o, Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 th\u00d7 c\u00e3 8 h\u00e9i thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5o. _______________ 1) K\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch \u00a7aox\u00ac (BT).","320 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP Khi th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n Java, \u00can \u00a7\u00e9 b\u00b7i c\u00abng, Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 h\u00d5t s\u00f8c gi\u00f3p, c\u00dfn Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00b5ng th\u00d7 kh\u00abng ng\u00e3 \u00ae\u00d5n. \u00eb T\u00b5u, th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n Th\u2212\u00eeng H\u00b6i b\u00b7i c\u00abng h\u00acn ba th\u00b8ng, H\u2212\u00acng C\u00b6ng b\u00b7i c\u00abng h\u00acn m\u00e9t n\u00a8m r\u2212\u00eci, Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 \u00ae\u00b7 gi\u00f3p ti\u00d2n b\u00b9c, ph\u00b8i \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u qua y\u00aan \u00f1i, l\u00b9i s\u00f8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc gi\u00f3p. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00b5ng ch\u00d8 in v\u00b5i t\u00ea tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn r\u00e5i l\u00b5m thinh. V\u00cby th\u00d7 bi\u00d5t n\u00d5u th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n An Nam bi\u00d5t t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c th\u00d7 ch\u00bec Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 s\u00cf h\u00d5t l\u00dfng gi\u00f3p cho m\u00b5 l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. Nh\u2212ng mu\u00e8n ng\u2212\u00eai ta gi\u00f3p cho, th\u00d7 tr\u2212\u00edc m\u00d7nh ph\u00b6i t\u00f9 gi\u00f3p l\u00cay m\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00b7.","321 C\u00e9NG S\u00b6N THANH NI\u00a3N QU\u00e8C T\u00d5 1. C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Thanh ni\u00aan Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 l\u00b5 g\u00d7? Tr\u2212\u00edc kia c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng x\u00b7 h\u00e9i c\u00e3 x\u00b7 h\u00e9i thanh ni\u00aan. C\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00cay h\u00eep l\u00b9i th\u00b5nh \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. C\u00b8c thanh ni\u00aan \u00cay c\u00f2ng t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c x\u00b7 h\u00e9i thanh ni\u00aan qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. Khi \u00a2u chi\u00d5n, ph\u00c7n nhi\u00d2u \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00d2 hu\u00d2 v\u00edi t\u2212 b\u00b6n, ph\u00c7n nhi\u00d2u thanh ni\u00aan c\u00f2ng b\u00bet ch\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00d2 hu\u00d2. Nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai thanh ni\u00aan c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh b\u00e1 h\u00e9i \u00cay c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 \u00abng L\u00aanin v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00a9n ch\u00ddnh c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh b\u00e1 \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ra. \u00a7\u00d5n th\u00b8ng 11 n\u00a8m 1919, thanh ni\u00aan c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh 14 n\u2212\u00edc b\u00aan \u00a2u h\u00e9i nhau t\u00b9i kinh \u00ae\u00ab \u00a7\u00f8c (B\u00d0clin) l\u00cbp ra Thanh ni\u00aan C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. N\u00a8m 1921 \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 thanh ni\u00aan 43 n\u2212\u00edc theo v\u00b5o. N\u00a8m 1922 c\u00e3 60 n\u2212\u00edc, 760.000 ng\u2212\u00eai. N\u00a8m 1924 c\u00e3 h\u00acn 1.000.000 (thanh ni\u00aan Nga ch\u2212a t\u00ddnh). 2. C\u00b8ch t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c ra th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? \u00a7\u00b9i kh\u00b8i c\u00f2ng theo c\u00b8ch t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. Thanh ni\u00aan c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc khai \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e9i, c\u00f6 ra m\u00e9t H\u00e9i u\u00fb vi\u00aan; H\u00e9i u\u00fb vi\u00aan c\u00e3 quy\u00d2n ch\u00d8 huy, v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc nh\u00cat thi\u00d5t ph\u00b6i theo k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch v\u00b5 m\u00d6nh l\u00denh H\u00e9i \u00cay. \u00a6\u00edc ch\u00f5ng 16 \u00ae\u00d5n 20 tu\u00e6i th\u00d7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec v\u00b5o H\u00e9i. Tr\u2212\u00edc l\u00f3c H\u00e9i cho v\u00b5o th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i th\u00f6, c\u00abng n\u00abng binh th\u00d7 6 th\u00b8ng, h\u00e4c tr\u00df th\u00d7 m\u00e9t n\u00a8m, l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c \u00ae\u2212\u00eec m\u00edi cho v\u00b5o.","322 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP M\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Thanh ni\u00aan Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 l\u00b5: 1. Th\u00d5 gi\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh; 2. B\u00e5i d\u2212\u00ecng nh\u00a9n t\u00b5i \u00ae\u00d3 \u00aeem v\u00b5o \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n; 3. Chuy\u00aan m\u00abn v\u00d2 vi\u00d6c kinh t\u00d5 v\u00b5 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de, c\u00e3 quan h\u00d6 cho b\u00e4n thanh ni\u00aan; 4. Tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c v\u00b5 hu\u00can luy\u00d6n b\u00e4n th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n, d\u00a9n c\u00b5y, h\u00e4c tr\u00df v\u00b5 l\u00ddnh thanh ni\u00aan; 5. Ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e8i m\u00aa t\u00ddn v\u00b5 khuy\u00aan d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng h\u00e4c h\u00b5nh. 3. C\u00b8ch h\u00e4 l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? N\u00aci th\u00d7 c\u00abng khai, nh\u2212 \u00eb Nga, n\u00aci th\u00d7 n\u00f6a c\u00abng khai, n\u00f6a b\u00dd m\u00cbt, nh\u2212 \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00a2u v\u00b5 M\u00fc. N\u00aci th\u00d7 b\u00dd m\u00cbt nh\u2212 \u00eb Cao Ly, Java, v\u00a9n v.. Tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c th\u00d7 theo ho\u00b5n c\u00b6nh. Ph\u00b8i ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00dfn v\u00b5o \u00eb l\u00ddnh, ho\u00c6c l\u00b5m th\u00ee, ho\u00c6c \u00aei c\u00b5y, ho\u00c6c \u00aei h\u00e4c \u00ae\u00d3 tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n v\u00b5 ki\u00d5m \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd. Khi ki\u00d5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec m\u00e9t \u00ddt \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd r\u00e5i, th\u00d7 l\u00cbp ra ti\u00d3u t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c. Ho\u00c6c l\u00cbp ra h\u00e9i h\u00e4c, h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b8 b\u00e3ng, h\u00e9i ch\u00aci \u00ae\u00d3 l\u00f9a \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd v\u00b5 tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n. N\u00e3i t\u00e3m l\u00b9i l\u00b5 h\u00e4 l\u00b5m h\u00d5t c\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00d3 xen v\u00b5o trong d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng. 4. C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Thanh ni\u00aan \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Hai \u00aeo\u00b5n th\u00d3 \u00cay \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi nhau theo c\u00b8ch d\u00a9n ch\u00f1, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 khi \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e3 vi\u00d6c g\u00d7 th\u00d7 c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u thanh ni\u00aan d\u00f9 h\u00e9i. Khi thanh ni\u00aan c\u00e3 vi\u00d6c g\u00d7, th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u d\u00f9 h\u00e9i. \u00a7\u2212\u00eang ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de, th\u00d7 thanh ni\u00aan theo \u00ae\u00b6ng ch\u00d8 huy, nh\u2212ng vi\u00d6c l\u00b5m th\u00d7 thanh ni\u00aan \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp. N\u00d5u \u00ae\u00b6ng v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan c\u00e3 vi\u00d6c g\u00d7 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00e5ng \u00fd, th\u00d7 c\u00e3 hai Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 x\u00f6 ph\u00a9n. Thanh ni\u00aan C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c r\u00cat n\u00e7 l\u00f9c, r\u00cat hy sinh. Trong n\u00a8m 1921, Thanh ni\u00aan \u00a7\u00f8c ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 27.000 ng\u2212\u00eai v\u00b5 M\u00fc ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 4 chi b\u00e9. N\u00a8m 1922 \u00a7\u00f8c \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00d5n 70.000 ng\u2212\u00eai v\u00b5 M\u00fc c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00d5n 150 chi b\u00e9. H\u00e5i l\u00ddnh Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00e3ng b\u00aan \u00a7\u00f8c, v\u00d7 vi\u00d6c tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n, ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e8i \u00ae\u00d5","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n thanh ni\u00aan qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 323 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca trong qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i, m\u00b5 120 thanh ni\u00aan Ph\u00b8p b\u00de t\u00ef. H\u00e5i Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b8nh Mar\u00e8c, c\u00f2ng v\u00d7 vi\u00d6c \u00cay m\u00b5 h\u00acn 3.000 thanh ni\u00aan Ph\u00b8p b\u00de b\u00bet. Vi\u00d6c b\u00b7i kho\u00b8 \u00eb T\u00b5u, v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00eb Cao Ly, b\u00b7i c\u00abng \u00eb Anh, v\u00a9n v., C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Thanh ni\u00aan \u00ae\u00d2u \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00ae\u00c7u \u00aei tr\u2212\u00edc. Ng\u00b5y nay n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 thanh ni\u00aan c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n. Ch\u00d8 An Nam l\u00b5 ch\u2212a!1). _______________ 1) L\u00f3c \u00ae\u00e3 \u00eb Vi\u00d6t Nam ch\u2212a th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp \u00a7o\u00b5n Thanh ni\u00aan C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n (BT).","324 QU\u00e8C T\u00d5 GI\u00f3P \u00a7\u00ec 1. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec l\u00b5 g\u00d7?62 N\u00a8m 1921, n\u2212\u00edc Nga b\u00de \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00b9n m\u00cat m\u00efa, d\u00a9n ch\u00d5t \u00ae\u00e3i nhi\u00d2u. \u00a7\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca l\u00eei d\u00f4ng c\u00ac h\u00e9i \u00cay, b\u00aan th\u00d7 mu\u00e8n xui d\u00a9n Nga n\u00e6i lo\u00b9n, b\u00aan th\u00d7 mu\u00e8n k\u00d0o binh v\u00b5o ph\u00b8 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Nga. Ph\u00c7n th\u00d7 \u00aeem c\u00b8c t\u00b5u b\u00cc v\u00a9y bi\u00d3n Nga, kh\u00abng cho c\u00b8c t\u00b5u b\u00cc \u00aei l\u00b9i ch\u00eb \u00ae\u00e5 \u00a8n b\u00b8n cho d\u00a9n Nga. Nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e3 l\u00dfng t\u00e8t nh\u2212 \u00abng Nanx\u00a8n (ng\u2212\u00eai khoa h\u00e4c r\u00cat c\u00e3 danh ti\u00d5ng n\u2212\u00edc No\u00e3cve1), \u00abng \u00cay \u00aei t\u00b5u bay qua B\u00bec c\u00f9c), v\u00b5 c\u00b8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c h\u00e9i c\u00f8u t\u00d5 \u00aei quy\u00aan ti\u00d2n, \u00ae\u00e5 \u00a8n, v\u00b5 \u00b8o qu\u00c7n g\u00f6i cho d\u00a9n Nga. Nh\u2212ng v\u00d7 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c t\u00b6n m\u00b8t cho n\u00aan s\u00f8c l\u00f9c y\u00d5u. \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00b5 C\u00abng nh\u00a9n Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 (m\u00edi t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c) x\u2212\u00edng l\u00aan l\u00cbp m\u00e9t h\u00e9i Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec, \u00ae\u00d3 t\u00cbp trung t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c h\u00e9i c\u00f8u t\u00d5 l\u00b9i. \u00a7\u00d6 nh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00b5 C\u00abng nh\u00a9n Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00b5ng kh\u00abng ch\u00deu v\u00b5o, l\u00cbp ri\u00aang ra m\u00e9t h\u00e9i c\u00f8u t\u00d5 ri\u00aang. Tuy v\u00cby, Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec c\u00f2ng l\u00cbp th\u00b5nh. T\u00f5 cu\u00e8i n\u00a8m 1921, \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1922, Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y quy\u00aan \u00ae\u2212\u00eec h\u00acn 5.000.000 \u00ae\u00e5ng b\u00b9c, v\u00b5 40.000.000 kil\u00ab \u00ae\u00e5 \u00a8n cho d\u00a9n Nga. 2. Khi Nga kh\u00e1i \u00ae\u00e3i r\u00e5i, qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c g\u00d7? Nga kh\u00e1i \u00ae\u00e3i r\u00e5i, Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y v\u00c9n ti\u00d5p t\u00f4c l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c m\u00b7i. B\u00cat k\u00fa x\u00f8 n\u00b5o c\u00e3 tai n\u00b9n g\u00d7, Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00d2u ra s\u00f8c gi\u00f3p. Nh\u2212 n\u00a8m 1923 _______________ 1) Na Uy (BT).","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec 325 Ailan (Ireland) m\u00cat m\u00efa, m\u00cay v\u00b9n d\u00a9n c\u00acm kh\u00abng c\u00e3 \u00a8n, \u00b8o kh\u00abng c\u00e3 m\u00c6c, nh\u00ea Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 qua gi\u00f3p m\u00b5 kh\u00e1i ch\u00d5t \u00ae\u00e3i. N\u00a8m 1924, th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n \u00a7\u00f8c b\u00b7i c\u00abng h\u00acn 60 v\u00b9n ng\u2212\u00eai, Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y l\u00cbp ra nh\u00b5 \u00a8n kh\u00abng m\u00cat ti\u00d2n, m\u00e7i ng\u00b5y h\u00acn 25.000 ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00ee t\u00edi \u00a8n. L\u00b9i l\u00cbp ra nh\u00b5 th\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00d3 nu\u00abi nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00b7i c\u00abng \u00aeau \u00e8m; l\u00cbp ra nh\u00b5 nu\u00abi tr\u00ce con c\u00f1a th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n, l\u00cbp ra \u00ae\u00e9i l\u00f7 h\u00b5nh \u00aeem tr\u00ce con \u00a7\u00f8c qua g\u00f6i cho c\u00abng h\u00e9i c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc nu\u00abi d\u00b9y. L\u00f3c b\u00b7i c\u00abng g\u00c7n r\u00e5i m\u00edi \u00aeem v\u00d21). N\u00a8m Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat, T\u00b5u m\u00bec l\u00f4t, Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y c\u00f2ng ch\u00eb \u00ae\u00e5 \u00a8n, \u00ae\u00e5 m\u00c6c v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e5 l\u00b5m nh\u00b5 qua gi\u00f3p. N\u00e3i t\u00e3m l\u00b9i l\u00b5 \u00eb \u00ae\u00a9u m\u00bec n\u00b9n l\u00edn, l\u00b5 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00d2u gi\u00f3p c\u00b6. 3. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec l\u00cay ti\u00d2n \u00ae\u00a9u? Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i l\u00b5 m\u00e9t h\u00e9i l\u00b5m ph\u00f3c ph\u00b8t ch\u00c8n v\u00b5 b\u00e8 th\u00dd nh\u2212 c\u00b8c h\u00e9i c\u00f1a t\u2212 b\u00b6n l\u00cbp ra. M\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y l\u00b5 \\\"th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n v\u00b5 d\u00a9n c\u00b5y trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi l\u00b5 anh em, khi anh em x\u00f8 n\u00b5y r\u00f1i ro, th\u00d7 anh em x\u00f8 kh\u00b8c ph\u00b6i gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec\\\", v\u00cby n\u00aan, khi c\u00e3 vi\u00d6c th\u00d7 h\u00e9i vi\u00aan ra s\u00f8c quy\u00aan, khi v\u00ab s\u00f9 th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i g\u00e3p h\u00e9i ph\u00dd. H\u00e9i ph\u00dd tu\u00fa theo h\u00b9ng ng\u2212\u00eai nh\u2212 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n l\u00b5m ra \u00ae\u00e5ng ti\u00d2n d\u00d4, th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00e3ng nhi\u00d2u h\u00acn, d\u00a9n c\u00b5y \u00ddt ti\u00d2n th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00e3ng \u00ddt. Nh\u2212ng ai c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i \u00ae\u00e3ng. V\u00d7 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00e3 chi b\u00e9 kh\u00bep c\u00b6 5 ch\u00a9u, v\u00b5 h\u00e9i vi\u00aan r\u00cat \u00ae\u00abng, nh\u00cat l\u00b5 \u00eb Nga, cho n\u00aan ch\u00d8 h\u00e9i ph\u00dd g\u00e3p l\u00b9i c\u00f2ng \u00ae\u00b7 kh\u00b8 nhi\u00d2u. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 l\u00b9i \u00aeem ti\u00d2n \u00cay l\u00b5m ra hoa l\u00eei, nh\u2212 m\u00eb s\u00eb c\u00b5y, l\u00b5m h\u00b8t b\u00e3ng, m\u00eb nh\u00b5 bu\u00abn, s\u00eb \u00ae\u00b8nh c\u00b8, v\u00a9n v.. Ph\u00c7n nhi\u00d2u nh\u00f7ng c\u00abng cu\u00e9c n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00d2u l\u00b5 \u00eb Nga. Ch\u00d8 m\u00e9t ch\u00e7 \u00ae\u00b8nh c\u00b8 \u00eb Atrakan m\u00e7i n\u00a8m \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00ae\u2212\u00eec 4-5 tri\u00d6u kil\u00ab c\u00b8. Ti\u00d2n b\u00b8n ra \u00ae\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d3 d\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec cho th\u00d5 gi\u00edi c\u00b6. 4. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh c\u00e3 \u00ddch g\u00d7? Nh\u2212 n\u2212\u00edc An Nam g\u00c6p l\u00f3c v\u00ec \u00ae\u00aa v\u00f5a r\u00e5i, hay nh\u00f7ng khi \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00b9n v\u00b5 l\u00f4t. N\u00d5u Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 bi\u00d5t, ch\u00bec c\u00e3 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec. Song: _______________ 1) L\u00f3c b\u00b7i c\u00abng g\u00c7n th\u00beng l\u00eei r\u00e5i m\u00edi \u00aeem v\u00d2 (BT).","326 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP 1. L\u00b5 v\u00d7 d\u00a9n ta ch\u2212a ai bi\u00d5t \u00ae\u00d5n m\u00b5 k\u00aau van; 2. L\u00b5 Ph\u00b8p s\u00ee Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 l\u00b5m cho d\u00a9n ta bi\u00d5t c\u00b8ch th\u00a9n \u00b8i v\u00b5 li\u00aan h\u00eep c\u00f1a v\u00ab s\u00b6n giai c\u00cap trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi; 3. N\u00e3 s\u00ee tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh cho n\u00aan n\u00e3 h\u00d5t s\u00f8c gi\u00cau d\u00a9n ta kh\u00abng cho bi\u00d5t r\u00bbng trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi c\u00e3 m\u00e9t h\u00e9i nh\u2212 th\u00d5 v\u00b5 ng\u00a8n tr\u00eb Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00cay l\u00e4t v\u00b5o \u00ae\u00d5n An Nam. C\u00b8i g\u00d7 Ph\u00b8p gh\u00d0t, t\u00cat l\u00b5 c\u00e3 \u00ddch cho An Nam. C\u00dfn nh\u2212 vi\u00d6c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y c\u00f2ng gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nhi\u00d2u. Xem nh\u2212 khi d\u00a9n Nga \u00ae\u00e3i, nh\u00ea Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y m\u00b5 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00e7i o\u00b8n Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. Th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n Nh\u00cbt nh\u00ea Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y m\u00b5 kh\u00abi ph\u00f4c \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00abng h\u00e9i l\u00b9i mau. Th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n \u00a7\u00f8c nh\u00ea Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y m\u00b5 c\u00f8 vi\u00d6c ph\u00can \u00ae\u00cau, v\u00a9n v., th\u00d7 bi\u00d5t r\u00bbng Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y s\u00cf c\u00e3 \u00ddch cho c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh An Nam nhi\u00d2u.","327 QU\u00e8C T\u00d5 C\u00f8U T\u00d5 \u00a7\u00e1 1. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00f8u t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 l\u00b5 g\u00d7?63 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec th\u00d7 c\u00f8u t\u00d5 cho d\u00a9n b\u00de tai n\u00b9n, v\u00b5 c\u00f2ng c\u00f8u t\u00d5 cho nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de ph\u00b9m n\u00f7a. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00f8u t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 th\u00d7 chuy\u00aan m\u00abn gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec cho ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de ph\u00b9m m\u00b5 th\u00abi. B\u00a9y gi\u00ea l\u00b5 h\u00e5i tranh \u00ae\u00cau; v\u00ab s\u00b6n th\u00d7 tranh \u00ae\u00cau v\u00edi t\u2212 b\u00b6n, d\u00a9n b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c th\u00d7 tranh \u00ae\u00cau v\u00edi \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca. T\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca v\u00d2 m\u00e9t phe, v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00b5 d\u00a9n b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c v\u00d2 m\u00e9t phe. Hai phe \u00cay c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 hai qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b8nh nhau. Qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d7 theo c\u00ea \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. Qu\u00a9n ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d7 theo c\u00ea b\u00e4n nh\u00b5 gi\u00b5u. \u00a7\u00b8nh nhau th\u00d7 ch\u00bec c\u00e3 ng\u2212\u00eai ph\u00b6i b\u00bet1), ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de th\u2212\u00acng, ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de ch\u00d5t. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00f8u t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 l\u00b5 nh\u2212 c\u00b8i nh\u00b5 th\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00d3 s\u00a8n s\u00e3c cho nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de th\u2212\u00acng, gi\u00efm gi\u00f3p cho nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de b\u00bet, tr\u00abng nom cho cha gi\u00b5 m\u00d1 y\u00d5u, v\u00ee d\u00b9i con th\u00ac c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00f6 tr\u00cbn cho c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. 2. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00f8u t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 l\u00cbp ra bao gi\u00ea? N\u00a8m 1923, \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 khai \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e9i, c\u00e3 h\u00e9i \\\"b\u00de \u00ae\u00b5y chung th\u00a9n\\\" v\u00b5 h\u00e9i \\\"nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n gi\u00b5\\\" \u00ae\u00d2 ngh\u00de, v\u00b5 \u00a7\u00d6 tam qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 t\u00b8n th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp ra Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00f8u t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1. Tr\u2212\u00edc h\u00d5t l\u00cbp ra T\u00e6ng b\u00e9 t\u00b9i Nga. B\u00a9y gi\u00ea n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 Chi b\u00e9. (Ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 An Nam ch\u2212a). Nga b\u00a9y gi\u00ea c\u00e3 50.000 ph\u00a9n b\u00e9 v\u00b5 9 tri\u00d6u h\u00e9i vi\u00aan. T\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00abng _______________ 1) B\u00de b\u00bet (BT).","328 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 nhi\u00d2u d\u00a9n c\u00b5y v\u00b5o h\u00e9i \u00cay, ho\u00c6c v\u00b5o t\u00f5ng ng\u2212\u00eai, ho\u00c6c c\u00b6 \u00aeo\u00b5n th\u00d3. T\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n v\u00b5 c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n thanh ni\u00aan \u00ae\u00d2u ph\u00b6i v\u00b5o h\u00e9i \u00cay. Khi m\u00edi l\u00cbp ra, ba th\u00b8ng \u00ae\u00c7u \u00ae\u00b7 quy\u00aan \u00ae\u2212\u00eec 300.000 \u00ae\u00e5ng. B\u00e8n th\u00b8ng sau th\u00d7 quy\u00aan \u00ae\u2212\u00eec 4.000.000 \u00ae\u00e5ng. \u00eb t\u00d8nh Qu\u00b6ng \u00a7\u00abng, T\u00b5u m\u00edi l\u00cbp Chi b\u00e9 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec 6 th\u00b8ng m\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec 250.000 h\u00e9i vi\u00aan. Xem th\u00d5 th\u00d7 bi\u00d5t Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00cay ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n r\u00cat ch\u00e3ng. 3. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 gi\u00f3p c\u00b8ch th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Khi nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh ho\u00c6c b\u00de \u00aeu\u00e6i, ho\u00c6c b\u00de b\u00bet, ho\u00c6c b\u00de t\u00ef, ho\u00c6c b\u00de ch\u00d5t, th\u00d7 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec: 1. Ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de; 2. Kinh t\u00d5; 3. V\u00cbt ch\u00cat; 4. Tinh th\u00c7n. a) Gi\u00f3p ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de: Nh\u2212 c\u00e3 ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de b\u00bet, b\u00de giam, th\u00d7 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 s\u00f8c1) cho c\u00b8c Chi b\u00e9 khai h\u00e9i v\u00b5 tu\u00c7n h\u00b5nh th\u00de uy. Nh\u2212 v\u00f5a r\u00e5i c\u00e3 hai ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh \u00fd b\u00de b\u00bet t\u00b9i M\u00fc, toan ph\u00b6i \u00b8n ch\u00d5t, Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 s\u00f8c ch\u00bcng nh\u00f7ng l\u00b5 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n M\u00fc l\u00b5m nh\u2212 th\u00d5, m\u00b5 l\u00b9i n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5o, x\u00f8 n\u00b5o c\u00e3 l\u00dcnh s\u00f92) M\u00fc th\u00d7 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n \u00ae\u00d2u khai h\u00e9i tu\u00c7n h\u00b5nh v\u00b5 tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn r\u00bbng: N\u00d5u Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 gi\u00d5t hai ng\u2212\u00eai \u00cay, th\u00d7 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n M\u00fc b\u00b7i c\u00abng, v\u00b5 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi s\u00cf t\u00c8y chay M\u00fc. M\u00fc th\u00cay v\u00cby th\u00d7 kh\u00abng d\u00b8m l\u00b5m t\u00e9i hai ng\u2212\u00eai \u00cay. b) Gi\u00f3p kinh t\u00d5: H\u00d4 b\u00de giam th\u00d7 th\u2212\u00eang \u00a8n u\u00e8ng c\u00f9c kh\u00e6, c\u00dfn v\u00ee con cha m\u00d1 \u00eb nh\u00b5 th\u00d7 kh\u00abng ai nu\u00abi. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 g\u00f6i ti\u00d2n cho \u00ae\u00d3 mua \u00ae\u00e5 \u00a8n trong nh\u00b5 giam v\u00b5 gi\u00f3p cho ng\u2212\u00eai nh\u00b5 \u00ddt nhi\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d3 kh\u00e1i ph\u00b6i \u00ae\u00e3i r\u00b8ch. Nh\u2212 v\u00cby th\u00d7 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de giam c\u00c7m \u00ae\u00b7 kh\u00e1i c\u00f9c kh\u00e6 qu\u00b8, m\u00b5 l\u00b9i vui l\u00dfng. Ho\u00c6c Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 xu\u00cat ti\u00d2n thu\u00aa th\u00c7y ki\u00d6n \u00ae\u00d3 ch\u00e8ng \u00b8n cho. Ho\u00c6c g\u00f6i \u00b8o qu\u00c7n s\u00b8ch v\u00eb cho. _______________ 1) Ch\u00d8 th\u00de (BT). 2) L\u00b7nh s\u00f9 qu\u00b8n (BT).","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00f8u t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 329 c) Gi\u00f3p tinh th\u00c7n: Ho\u00c6c ph\u00b8i ng\u2212\u00eai ho\u00c6c g\u00f6i th\u00ac \u00ae\u00d5n th\u00a8m. 1. Ng\u2212\u00eai \u00eb giam bi\u00d5t r\u00bbng m\u00d7nh tuy hy sinh cho qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng m\u00b5 qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng kh\u00abng qu\u00aan m\u00d7nh, th\u00d5 th\u00d7 trong l\u00f3c b\u00de giam \u00ae\u00b7 kh\u00abng bu\u00e5n sau \u00ae\u2212\u00eec kh\u00e1i1) l\u00b9i c\u00b5ng h\u00d5t s\u00f8c. 2. L\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai ta bi\u00d5t r\u00bbng m\u00d7nh tuy ph\u00b6i giam m\u00e9t n\u00aci, nh\u2212ng c\u00abng vi\u00d6c c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh v\u00c9n c\u00f8 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n, v\u00c9n c\u00e3 ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00b5m th\u00d5 cho m\u00d7nh. 4. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh An Nam n\u00aan theo Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y kh\u00abng? N\u00aan l\u00bem. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh An Nam c\u00f2ng l\u00b5 m\u00e9t b\u00e9 ph\u00cbn trong c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. Ai l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi \u00ae\u00d2u l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd c\u00f1a d\u00a9n An Nam c\u00b6. \u00a7\u00b7 l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd, th\u00d7 sung s\u2212\u00edng c\u00f9c kh\u00e6 ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 nhau. Hu\u00e8ng g\u00d7, d\u00a9n An Nam l\u00b5 \u00ae\u2212\u00acng l\u00f3c tranh \u00ae\u00cau v\u00edi \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca Ph\u00b8p, ch\u00bec l\u00b5 v\u00d2 sau s\u00cf c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh ph\u00b6i hy sinh, ph\u00b6i kh\u00e8n kh\u00e6, ph\u00b6i c\u00c7n anh em trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi gi\u00f3p gi\u00efm. _______________ 1) N\u00aan hi\u00d3u l\u00b5 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec tr\u00b6 t\u00f9 do (BT).","330 C\u00b8CH T\u00e6 CH\u00f8C C\u00a4NG H\u00e9I 1. T\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i l\u00b5m g\u00d7? T\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i tr\u2212\u00edc l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d3 cho c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00aei l\u00b9i v\u00edi nhau cho c\u00e3 c\u00b6m t\u00d7nh; hai l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d3 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u v\u00edi nhau; ba l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d3 s\u00f6a sang c\u00b8ch sinh ho\u00b9t c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n cho kh\u00b8 h\u00acn b\u00a9y gi\u00ea; b\u00e8n l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00f7 g\u00d7n l\u00eei quy\u00d2n cho c\u00abng nh\u00a9n; n\u00a8m l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00f3p cho qu\u00e8c d\u00a9n, gi\u00f3p cho th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. \u00a7i l\u00b9i kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i l\u00b5 b\u00f7a n\u00b5y ng\u2212\u00eai A c\u00e3 gi\u00e7 ch\u00b9p th\u00d7 ng\u2212\u00eai B t\u00edi \u00a8n; mai ng\u2212\u00eai B c\u00e3 c\u00f3ng qu\u00b6y l\u00b9i m\u00eai ng\u2212\u00eai C t\u00edi u\u00e8ng r\u2212\u00eeu. Nh\u2212ng \u00aei l\u00b9i \u00ae\u00d3 b\u00b5y v\u00cf cho nhau \u00aei\u00d2u kh\u00abn l\u00cf ph\u00b6i, \u00ae\u00d3 giao ho\u00b8n tr\u00dd th\u00f8c cho nhau. Nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u ch\u00bcng nh\u00f7ng l\u00b5 gi\u00eb s\u00b8ch v\u00eb, gi\u00eb b\u00b8o ra gi\u00b6ng; nh\u2212ng ph\u00b6i b\u00b5n b\u00b9c c\u00b8ch ph\u00can \u00ae\u00cau v\u00edi t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca1). S\u00f6a sang c\u00b8ch sinh ho\u00b9t nh\u2212 l\u00cbp hi\u00d6p t\u00b8c x\u00b7, m\u00eb h\u00e9i h\u00e4c, h\u00e9i ch\u00aci cho c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, v\u00a9n v\u00a9n. Gi\u00f7 g\u00d7n l\u00eei quy\u00d2n l\u00b5 khi h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 th\u00d5 l\u00f9c r\u00e5i, th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00dfi th\u00aam ti\u00d2n c\u00abng, b\u00edt gi\u00ea l\u00b5m, v\u00a9n v\u00a9n. Gi\u00f3p cho qu\u00e8c d\u00a9n v\u00b5 th\u00d5 gi\u00edi l\u00b5 \u00aeem l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh l\u00b5m cho ai c\u00f2ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00bcng t\u00f9 do nh\u2212 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n Nga \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00b5m t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1917. _______________ 1) C\u00a9u n\u00b5y hi\u00d3u nh\u2212 sau: Nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u ch\u00bcng nh\u00f7ng l\u00b5 gi\u00eb s\u00b8ch v\u00eb, gi\u00eb b\u00b8o ra gi\u00b6ng, m\u00b5 c\u00dfn ph\u00b6i b\u00b5n b\u00b9c c\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00cau tranh v\u00edi b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca (BT).","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - C\u00b8ch t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i 331 2. C\u00b8ch t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? T\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00e3 hai c\u00b8ch, c\u00b8ch ngh\u00d2 nghi\u00d6p v\u00b5 c\u00b8ch s\u00b6n nghi\u00d6p. Ngh\u00d2 nghi\u00d6p l\u00b5 ai l\u00b5m ngh\u00d2 g\u00d7 th\u00d7 v\u00b5o h\u00e9i ngh\u00d2 \u00cay. Nh\u2212 th\u00ee may v\u00b5o h\u00e9i may, th\u00ee r\u00ccn v\u00b5o h\u00e9i r\u00ccn. S\u00b6n nghi\u00d6p l\u00b5 b\u00cat k\u00fa ngh\u00d2 g\u00d7, h\u00d4 l\u00b5m m\u00e9t ch\u00e7 th\u00d7 v\u00b5o m\u00e9t h\u00e9i. Nh\u2212 vi\u00d6c xe l\u00f6a, ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00e8t than, ng\u2212\u00eai s\u00acn xe, ng\u2212\u00eai ph\u00b8t v\u00d0, ng\u2212\u00eai coi \u00ae\u2212\u00eang, ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00c7m m\u00b8y; t\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00cbp v\u00b5o m\u00e9t c\u00abng h\u00e9i xe l\u00f6a. T\u00e6 ch\u00f8c theo c\u00b8ch s\u00b6n nghi\u00d6p th\u00d7 m\u00b9nh h\u00acn, v\u00d7 th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat h\u00acn. Th\u00dd d\u00f4 khi xe l\u00f6a mu\u00e8n b\u00b7i c\u00abng, n\u00d5u h\u00e9i l\u00b5 s\u00b6n nghi\u00d6p th\u00d7 h\u00e9i vi\u00aan \u00ae\u00d2u ph\u00b6i b\u00b7i c\u00abng h\u00d5t, th\u00d7 t\u2212 b\u00b6n s\u00ee h\u00acn. N\u00d5u h\u00e9i l\u00b5 ngh\u00d2 nghi\u00d6p, th\u00d7 c\u00e3 khi ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00e8t l\u00f6a b\u00b7i c\u00abng m\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00c7m m\u00b8y kh\u00abng, ho\u00c6c ng\u2212\u00eai ph\u00b8t v\u00d0 b\u00b7i c\u00abng m\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00b5m ga kh\u00abng, th\u00d5 th\u00d7 s\u00f8c b\u00b7i c\u00abng y\u00d5u \u00aei. 3. M\u00e9t ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00abng nh\u00a9n c\u00e3 th\u00d3 v\u00b5o hai h\u00e9i kh\u00abng? Kh\u00abng. N\u00d5u h\u00e9i \u00cay l\u00b5 ngh\u00d2 nghi\u00d6p, th\u00d7 ch\u00d8 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00e5ng ngh\u00d2 nghi\u00d6p \u00ae\u2212\u00eec v\u00b5o; ai \u00ae\u00b7 v\u00b5o h\u00e9i s\u00b6n nghi\u00d6p r\u00e5i th\u00d7 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec v\u00b5o h\u00e9i ngh\u00d2 nghi\u00d6p n\u00f7a. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: xe l\u00f6a \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c theo s\u00b6n nghi\u00d6p, m\u00cay ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00ee vi\u00d6c1) \u00ae\u00b7 v\u00b5o h\u00e9i \u00cay r\u00e5i. Trong x\u00f8 \u00cay l\u00b9i c\u00e3 m\u00e9t h\u00e9i th\u00ee m\u00e9c kh\u00b8c, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00ee m\u00e9c trong h\u00e9i xe l\u00f6a2) kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec v\u00b5o. Trong m\u00e9t ngh\u00d2 ho\u00c6c m\u00e9t s\u00b6n nghi\u00d6p c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec l\u00cbp hai h\u00e9i. Nh\u2212ng m\u00b5 m\u00e9t c\u00abng h\u00e9i c\u00e3 ph\u00d0p v\u00b5o hai t\u00e6ng c\u00abng h\u00e9i. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: H\u00e9i xe l\u00f6a H\u00b5 N\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b7 v\u00b5o T\u00e6ng c\u00abng h\u00e9i xe l\u00f6a An Nam l\u00b9i v\u00b5o t\u00e6ng c\u00abng h\u00e9i ta n\u00b5o3). _______________ 1) C\u00abng nh\u00a9n c\u00b8c ngh\u00d2 trong ng\u00b5nh xe l\u00f6a (BT). 2) C\u00abng h\u00e9i xe l\u00f6a (BT). 3) C\u00a9u n\u00b5y hi\u00d3u l\u00b5: H\u00e9i xe l\u00f6a H\u00b5 N\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b7 v\u00b5o T\u00e6ng c\u00abng h\u00e9i xe l\u00f6a Vi\u00d6t Nam, c\u00dfn c\u00e3 th\u00d3 v\u00b5o m\u00e9t t\u00e6ng c\u00abng h\u00e9i kh\u00b8c (BT).","332 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP N\u00e3i t\u00e3m l\u00b9i l\u00b5 \u00aeo\u00b5n th\u00d3 th\u00d7 c\u00e3 ph\u00d0p v\u00b5o nhi\u00d2u t\u00e6ng c\u00abng h\u00e9i m\u00b5 t\u00f5ng ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00d7 ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec v\u00b5o m\u00e9t h\u00e9i m\u00b5 th\u00abi. N\u00d5u gi\u00edi h\u00b9n n\u00b5y kh\u00abng nghi\u00aam th\u00d7 sau hay b\u00e8i r\u00e8i. 4. C\u00abng h\u00e9i v\u00edi ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng kh\u00b8c nhau th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? C\u00abng h\u00e9i ch\u00f3 tr\u00e4ng m\u00c6t kinh t\u00d5 h\u00acn. \u00a7\u00b6ng ch\u00f3 tr\u00e4ng m\u00c6t ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de h\u00acn. Ai l\u00b5 th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n th\u00d7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec v\u00b5o h\u00e9i, d\u00ef tin Ph\u00cbt, tin \u00ae\u00b9o, tin c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, tin v\u00ab ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1, tin g\u00d7 c\u00f2ng m\u00c6c, mi\u00d4n l\u00b5 theo \u00ae\u00f3ng quy t\u00bec h\u00e9i l\u00b5 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. \u00a7\u00b6ng th\u00d7 b\u00cat k\u00fa ng\u2212\u00eai \u00cay l\u00b5m ngh\u00d2 g\u00d7, th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n hay l\u00b5 d\u00a9n c\u00b5y, h\u00e4c sinh hay l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai bu\u00abn, mi\u00d4n l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai \u00cay tin theo ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00b6ng, ph\u00f4c t\u00efng ph\u00d0p lu\u00cbt \u00ae\u00b6ng1) th\u00d7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec v\u00b5o. Ai v\u00b5o c\u00b6 \u00ae\u00b6ng v\u00b5 h\u00e9i, ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de th\u00d7 theo \u00ae\u00b6ng ch\u00d8 huy, m\u00b5 kinh t\u00d5 th\u00d7 theo c\u00abng h\u00e9i ch\u00d8 huy. \u00a7\u00b6ng vi\u00aan ai c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i v\u00b5o h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00d3 m\u00b5 tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00b6ng. Nh\u2212ng kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i h\u00e9i vi\u00aan n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng v\u00b5o \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00ae\u00b6ng. 5. C\u00b8i g\u00d7 l\u00b5 h\u00d6 th\u00e8ng c\u00f1a c\u00abng h\u00e9i? H\u00d6 th\u00e8ng l\u00b5 c\u00b8ch t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c ngang hay l\u00b5 d\u00e4c. Ngang l\u00b5 nh\u2212 trong m\u00e9t t\u00d8nh c\u00e3 h\u00e9i th\u00ee r\u00ccn, h\u00e9i th\u00ee may, h\u00e9i th\u00ee m\u00e9c, h\u00e9i th\u00ee n\u00d2, v\u00a9n v\u00a9n, t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c h\u00e9i t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c th\u00b5nh t\u00d8nh t\u00e6ng c\u00abng h\u00e9i; h\u00e9i n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng b\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00bcng, b\u00bbng ngang nhau. D\u00e4c l\u00b5 nh\u2212 m\u00e7i huy\u00d6n c\u00e3 m\u00e9t h\u00e9i th\u00ee may, 4, 5 h\u00e9i huy\u00d6n t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c m\u00e9t h\u00e9i th\u00ee may tuy\u00d2n t\u00d8nh, t\u00cat c\u00b6 h\u00e9i th\u00ee may trong m\u00cay t\u00d8nh t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c m\u00e9t h\u00e9i th\u00ee may c\u00b6 n\u2212\u00edc. \u00cay l\u00b5 d\u00e4c, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 t\u00f5 d\u2212\u00edi l\u00aan tr\u00aan. \u00a7\u00b7 ngang l\u00b9i d\u00e4c, th\u00d5 th\u00d7 theo m\u00d6nh l\u00denh t\u00e6ng c\u00abng h\u00e9i ngang hay l\u00b5 t\u00e6ng c\u00abng h\u00e9i d\u00e4c? N\u00d5u quan h\u00d6 v\u00d2 s\u00b6n nghi\u00d6p th\u00d7 theo m\u00d6nh l\u00denh d\u00e4c. N\u00d5u quan h\u00d6 v\u00d2 \u00ae\u00dea ph\u2212\u00acng th\u00d7 theo m\u00d6nh l\u00denh ngang. _______________ 1) \u00a7i\u00d2u l\u00d6 \u00a7\u00b6ng (BT).","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - C\u00b8ch t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i 333 6. Mu\u00e8n h\u00e9i v\u00f7ng b\u00d2n th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i tr\u00b8nh nh\u00f7ng vi\u00d6c g\u00d7? \u00a7\u00b7 v\u00b5o c\u00abng h\u00e9i th\u00d7: 1. N\u00aan b\u00e1 gi\u00edi h\u00b9n x\u00f8 s\u00eb, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 ch\u00ed ph\u00a9n bi\u00d6t ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00b5y l\u00b5 Trung K\u00fa, ng\u2212\u00eai kia l\u00b5 Nam K\u00fa, ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00e4 l\u00b5 B\u00bec K\u00fa. V\u00b5 c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng n\u00aan chia ra ng\u2212\u00eai An Nam, ng\u2212\u00eai T\u00b5u hay l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5o. \u00a7\u00b7 m\u00e9t ngh\u00d2, m\u00e9t h\u00e9i t\u00f8c l\u00b5 anh em c\u00b6, ph\u00b6i xem nhau nh\u2212 ng\u2212\u00eai m\u00e9t nh\u00b5. 2. \u00a7\u00b5n \u00abng, \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d2u ph\u00b6i b\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00bcng. 3. Ch\u00ed c\u00e3 b\u00d8 th\u00f61) m\u00d7nh kh\u00d0o h\u00acn, l\u2212\u00acng cao h\u00acn, m\u00b5 khinh ng\u2212\u00eai v\u00f4ng v\u00b5 \u00a8n ti\u00d2n \u00ddt. 4. Ch\u00ed c\u00cby m\u00d7nh l\u00b5 nhi\u00d2u tu\u00e6i m\u00b5 mu\u00e8n l\u00b5m \u00ae\u00b5n anh. 5. Ch\u00ed cho b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5o h\u00e9i. 7. Ph\u00b6i t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c th\u00d5 n\u00b5o cho ki\u00aan c\u00e8? C\u00abng h\u00e9i l\u00b5 c\u00ac quan c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u00d3 ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, cho n\u00aan t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c ph\u00b6i nghi\u00aam nh\u00c6t, ch\u00d8 huy ph\u00b6i mau m\u00ben, l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c ph\u00b6i k\u00ddn \u00ae\u00b8o. Mu\u00e8n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nh\u2212 th\u00d5 th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c nh\u2212 qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i. Qu\u00a9n l\u00ddnh th\u00d7 c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00e9i ng\u00f2. Th\u00ee thuy\u00d2n ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 ti\u00d3u t\u00e6, chi b\u00e9. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: Trong t\u00d8nh c\u00e3 5 nh\u00b5 m\u00b8y d\u00d6t v\u00b6i, m\u00e7i nh\u00b5 m\u00b8y ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 m\u00e9t chi b\u00e9. Trong m\u00e7i chi b\u00e9 l\u00b9i chia l\u00b5m m\u00cay ti\u00d3u t\u00e6; m\u00e7i chi b\u00e9 ph\u00b6i c\u00f6 3 ho\u00c6c 5 ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00b5m u\u00fb vi\u00aan; (ph\u00c7n nhi\u00d2u n\u00aan c\u00f6 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00b5m trong l\u00df \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00a9u, thu\u00e9c t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh nhi\u00d2u) m\u00e7i ti\u00d3u t\u00e6 ph\u00b6i c\u00f6 t\u00e6 tr\u2212\u00ebng. M\u00e7i ti\u00d3u t\u00e6 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec qu\u00b8 10 ng\u2212\u00eai. Ti\u00d3u t\u00e6 theo m\u00d6nh l\u00denh chi b\u00e9, chi b\u00e9 theo t\u00d8nh h\u00e9i, t\u00d8nh h\u00e9i theo qu\u00e8c h\u00e9i2). C\u00e3 th\u00f8 t\u00f9 nh\u2212 th\u00d5 th\u00d7 trong h\u00e9i c\u00e3 m\u00cay m\u2212\u00aci v\u00b9n ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00d8 huy c\u00f2ng d\u00d4, v\u00b5 h\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f2ng nh\u00cat tr\u00dd. _______________ 1) So s\u00b8nh, so k\u00cc (BT). 2) C\u00abng h\u00e9i to\u00b5n qu\u00e8c (BT).","334 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP 8. Ti\u00d3u t\u00e6 l\u00b5m nh\u00f7ng vi\u00d6c g\u00d7? C\u00a9y c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u r\u00d4 m\u00edi v\u00f7ng, h\u00e9i c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u ti\u00d3u t\u00e6 m\u00edi b\u00d2n. Ti\u00d3u t\u00e6 ph\u00b6i: 1. Hu\u00can luy\u00d6n v\u00b5 ph\u00aa b\u00d7nh anh em; 2. Thi h\u00b5nh nh\u00f7ng vi\u00d6c h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00denh; 3. B\u00b5n b\u00b9c vi\u00d6c h\u00e9i; 4. \u00a7i\u00d2u tra t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh trong l\u00df m\u00b8y; 5. \u00a7\u00d2 ngh\u00de nh\u00f7ng vi\u00d6c h\u00e9i n\u00aan l\u00b5m; 6. Thu h\u00e9i ph\u00dd; 7. B\u00b8o c\u00b8o nh\u00f7ng vi\u00d6c l\u00b5m cho chi b\u00e9, \u00ae\u00d3 chi b\u00e9 b\u00b8o c\u00b8o cho t\u00d8nh b\u00e9, v\u00a9n v\u00a9n. Chi b\u00e9 nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00e3 khai h\u00e9i, kh\u00e3 xem x\u00d0t. Ti\u00d3u t\u00e6 \u00ddt ng\u2212\u00eai, l\u00b5m g\u00c7n nhau, quen bi\u00d5t nhau, cho n\u00aan xem x\u00d0t, hu\u00can luy\u00d6n, l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c v\u00b5 khai h\u00e9i d\u00d4 b\u00dd m\u00cbt h\u00acn v\u00b5 mau m\u00ben h\u00acn. Ti\u00d3u t\u00e6 l\u00b5 c\u00e3 \u00ddch nh\u2212 th\u00d5. V\u00b6 l\u00b9i, n\u00d5u Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 c\u00cam c\u00abng h\u00e9i, m\u00b5 ti\u00d3u t\u00e6 kh\u00d0o t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c, th\u00d7 c\u00abng h\u00e9i c\u00f8 ti\u00d5n b\u00e9, c\u00f8 l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. V\u00cby cho n\u00aan ng\u2212\u00eai ta g\u00e4i ti\u00d3u t\u00e6 l\u00b5 g\u00e8c c\u00f1a h\u00e9i. 9. Th\u00f8 t\u00f9 trong c\u00abng h\u00e9i th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Ti\u00d3u t\u00e6 l\u00aan chi b\u00e9. N\u00d5u trong t\u00d8nh nhi\u00d2u l\u00df m\u00b8y, 4, 5 chi b\u00e9 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c m\u00e9t b\u00e9 u\u00fb vi\u00aan (4, 5 l\u00df \u00cay m\u00e7i l\u00df c\u00f6 1 ho\u00c6c 2 ng\u2212\u00eai). B\u00e9 u\u00fb vi\u00aan l\u00aan t\u00d8nh h\u00e9i. T\u00d8nh h\u00e9i l\u00aan qu\u00e8c h\u00e9i. \u00cay l\u00b5 th\u00f8 t\u00f9 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c. C\u00dfn quy\u00d2n b\u00ddnh th\u00d7 v\u00d2 d\u00f9 h\u00e9i, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 t\u00cat c\u00b6 h\u00e9i vi\u00aan khai h\u00e9i b\u00b5n \u00ae\u00denh. N\u00d5u h\u00e9i vi\u00aan nhi\u00d2u qu\u00b8, khai h\u00e9i kh\u00abng ti\u00d6n th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00denh m\u00cay ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00f6 m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u d\u00f9 h\u00e9i, \u00cay l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e9i. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i ngh\u00de \u00ae\u00denh vi\u00d6c g\u00d7, th\u00d7 ch\u00cap h\u00b5nh u\u00fb vi\u00aan h\u00e9i ph\u00b6i thi h\u00b5nh. Khi h\u00e9i tan th\u00d7 quy\u00d2n v\u00d2 ch\u00cap h\u00b5nh u\u00fb vi\u00aan h\u00e9i. \u00a7\u00b9i bi\u00d3u \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e9i trong t\u00d8nh m\u00e9t th\u00b8ng khai h\u00e9i m\u00e9t l\u00c7n. \u00a7\u00b9i bi\u00d3u \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e9i trong n\u2212\u00edc, m\u00e9t n\u00a8m m\u00e9t l\u00c7n.","\u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh - C\u00b8ch t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i 335 \u00a7\u00b9i bi\u00d3u n\u00aan c\u00f6 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n l\u00b5m, kh\u00abng n\u00aan c\u00f6 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00f8c vi\u00d6c1) trong h\u00e9i. Khi khai h\u00e9i, \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u ph\u00b6i b\u00b8o c\u00b8o t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng v\u00b5 \u00fd ki\u00d5n c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n (kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i \u00fd ki\u00d5n ri\u00aang m\u00d7nh), \u00ae\u00d2 ngh\u00de v\u00b5 b\u00b5n b\u00b9c c\u00b8c vi\u00d6c. Khai h\u00e9i r\u00e5i, ph\u00b6i v\u00d2 b\u00b8o c\u00b8o vi\u00d6c h\u00e9i cho c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. 10. C\u00e3 vi\u00d6c g\u00d7 th\u00d7 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? T\u00f5 ti\u00d3u t\u00e6 \u00ae\u00d5n \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00d2u theo c\u00b8ch d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 t\u00cbp trung. Ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 c\u00e3 vi\u00d6c g\u00d7 th\u00d7 ai c\u00f2ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00b5n, c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i b\u00b5n. Khi b\u00b5n r\u00e5i th\u00d7 b\u00e1 th\u00a8m, \u00fd ki\u00d5n n\u00b5o nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai theo h\u00acn th\u00d7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. \u00cay l\u00b5 d\u00a9n ch\u00f1. \u00a7\u00b7 b\u00e1 th\u00a8m r\u00e5i, th\u00d7 giao cho h\u00e9i u\u00fb vi\u00aan l\u00b5m, khi \u00cay th\u00d7 t\u00cat c\u00b6 h\u00e9i vi\u00aan ph\u00b6i theo m\u00d6nh l\u00denh h\u00e9i \u00cay. \u00cay l\u00b5 t\u00cbp trung. Ai kh\u00abng nghe l\u00eai th\u00d7 u\u00fb vi\u00aan h\u00e9i c\u00e3 quy\u00d2n ph\u00b9t. G\u00c6p vi\u00d6c b\u00cat th\u2212\u00eang kh\u00abng k\u00dep khai h\u00e9i, th\u00d7 u\u00fb vi\u00aan c\u00e3 quy\u00d2n x\u00f6 tr\u00dd, sau b\u00b8o c\u00b8o cho h\u00e9i. G\u00c6p vi\u00d6c b\u00cat th\u2212\u00eang l\u00bem, th\u00d7 h\u00e9i u\u00fb vi\u00aan c\u00f8 ph\u00d0p giao quy\u00d2n cho m\u00e9t ng\u2212\u00eai, ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00b5y c\u00e3 quy\u00d2n \u00ae\u00e9c \u00aeo\u00b8n, vi\u00d6c r\u00e5i2) b\u00b8o c\u00b8o v\u00edi h\u00e9i. 11. Sao h\u00e9i vi\u00aan ph\u00b6i n\u00e9p h\u00e9i ph\u00dd? C\u00e3 h\u00e9i th\u00d7 c\u00e3 ph\u00dd t\u00e6n, nh\u2212 thu\u00aa nh\u00b5, b\u00f3t m\u00f9c, v\u00a9n v\u00a9n, \u00cay l\u00b5 th\u2212\u00eang ph\u00dd, h\u00e9i vi\u00aan ph\u00b6i g\u00b8nh. L\u00b9i c\u00e3 b\u00cat th\u2212\u00eang ph\u00dd, nh\u2212 \u00ae\u00d3 d\u00b5nh ph\u00dfng l\u00f3c b\u00b7i c\u00abng ho\u00c6c gi\u00f3p nh\u00f7ng h\u00e9i kh\u00b8c b\u00b7i c\u00abng, ho\u00c6c gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai trong h\u00e9i m\u00cat vi\u00d6c l\u00b5m, ho\u00c6c l\u00b5m c\u00b8c vi\u00d6c c\u00abng \u00ddch, v\u00a9n v\u00a9n. N\u00d5u h\u00e9i kh\u00abng ti\u00d2n th\u00d7 l\u00b5m kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. Cho n\u00aan h\u00e9i vi\u00aan ph\u00b6i \\\"g\u00e3p gi\u00e3 l\u00b5m b\u00b7o\\\". Khi h\u00e9i c\u00e3 ti\u00d2n th\u00f5a th\u00b7i, th\u00d7 n\u00aan l\u00b5m nh\u00f7ng vi\u00d6c n\u00b5y: 1. L\u00cbp tr\u2212\u00eang h\u00e4c cho c\u00abng nh\u00a9n; _______________ 1) Ch\u00f8c vi\u00d6c: Ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e3 ch\u00f8c v\u00de. \u00eb \u00ae\u00a9y n\u00aan hi\u00d3u l\u00b5 kh\u00abng c\u00f6 ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e3 ch\u00f8c v\u00de trong b\u00e9 m\u00b8y ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n th\u00f9c d\u00a9n, phong ki\u00d5n (BT). 2) Xong vi\u00d6c r\u00e5i (BT)."]