Những nhà thám hiểm hăm hở

["d\u00e2y x\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edbp, m\u1ed9t r\u00ecu \u0111\u1ebdo b\u0103ng, m\u1ed9t b\u1ebfp du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n \u0103n cho ba ng\u00e0y nh\u00e9t trong t\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng ai trong h\u1ecd t\u1eebng \u1edf tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ra cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng sao. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh Nam c\u1ef1c. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o s\u1ed1 08 Th\u1eddi gian: th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m 1916 \u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m: \u0111\u1ea3o Voi \u0110\u1ea2O Di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn: Sau ba l\u1ea7n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, GEORGIA cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Shackleton c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a NAM \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ed3ng quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o Voi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb NAM C\u1ef0C l\u00fac chia tay, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ea2O \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u gian kh\u1ed5. H\u1ecd VOI ph\u1ea3i qua m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi hai chi\u1ebfc xu\u1ed3ng l\u1eadt \u00fap, \u0103n x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u n\u1ea5u v\u1edbi rong bi\u1ec3n. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng g\u00ec n\u1eefa. Khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Shackleton, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tin n\u1ed5i v\u00e0o m\u1eaft m\u00ecnh. 149","V\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f3 tin c\u1ee7a Shackleton s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u00f3 h\u1eadu. Th\u1eadt k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng trong chuy\u1ebfn phi\u00eau l\u01b0u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00f4 ti\u1ec1n kho\u00e1ng h\u1eadu n\u00e0y. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 tin Gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 xuy\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Nam c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Shackleton \u0111\u00e3 tan v\u1ee1. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Anh qu\u1ed1c Sir Vivian Fuchs (1908- 1999) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1957-1958, Fuchs d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Xuy\u00ean Nam c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed1i Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung. \u0110o\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m chuy\u1ebfn xuy\u00ean Nam c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n Weddell t\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n Ross. Di chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng xe \u1ee7i (m\u00e1y k\u00e9o d\u00e2y x\u00edch) v\u00e0 xe ch\u00f3 k\u00e9o, Fuchs v\u00e0 12 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp 3.500 kil\u00f4met trong 99 ng\u00e0y. C\u1eacU C\u00d3 MANG THEO B\u1ea2N \u0110\u1ed2 KH\u00d4NG \u0110\u1ea4Y? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ef1c? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng pemmican, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u1edbi n\u00f3? a) \u0103n lu\u00f4n? b) n\u00e9m \u0111i? c) mang cho ch\u00f3 \u0103n? 150","Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: a) v\u00e0 c) l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Pemmican (\u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 pe-mi-k\u01a1n) hay l\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n b\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ef1c (v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con ch\u00f3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd). N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u00fap h\u1ecd gi\u1eef \u1ea5m c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng? C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn m\u00f3n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau... \t \t Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u: \uf0ea\t th\u1ecbt kh\u00f4 (th\u1ecbt b\u00f2 ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecbt ng\u1ef1a) \uf0ea\t m\u1ee1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee1 ph\u1ea7n \uf0ea\t b\u00e1nh m\u00ec kh\u00f4 b\u1ebb v\u1ee5n \uf0ea\t h\u00e0nh t\u00e2y ho\u1eb7c rau c\u1ee7 (t\u00f9y th\u00edch) \uf0ea\t c\u00e0-ri (t\u00f9y th\u00edch) C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m: 1. Tr\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi nhau. 2. Cho v\u00e0o l\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed9p. Ghi ch\u00fa: Ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00f3 th\u1ebf. \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng g\u00ec h\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u1eddi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i d\u00e0i ng\u00e0y. V\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 nu\u1ed1t n\u1eefa th\u00f4i? N\u00e0o, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft cho c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi r\u1ed3i. V\u1eady b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i khung c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng? N\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 y\u00ean b\u00ecnh, n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i n\u1eb1m kh\u1ec3nh v\u00e0 ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi? \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4i, b\u1ea1n may l\u1eafm \u0111\u1ea5y. Nhanh l\u00ean. H\u00e3y l\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n. V\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i cho chuy\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi Hi\u1ec3n. 151","152","S\u1ed2NG S\u1ed8C S\u00d4NG N\u01af\u1edaC 153","Sau m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y d\u00e0i v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f2n g\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng? Th\u1eed ngh\u0129 m\u00e0 xem. Chim h\u00f3t v\u00e9o von, ti\u1ebfng c\u00e1 qu\u1eaby v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. B\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u00e1n ph\u00e8o v\u1eeba h\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. C\u00f2n g\u00ec khoan kho\u00e1i h\u01a1n? Nh\u01b0ng xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng \u2013 s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u00eam \u0111\u1ec1m hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e2u. \u0110\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang hung h\u00e3n lao \u0111i \u1ea7m \u1ea7m, r\u1ed3i c\u00f2n th\u00e1c cao gh\u1ec1nh hi\u1ec3m, \u0111\u1ec9a v\u1eaft v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u \u0103n th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa ch\u1ee9.V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m h\u0103m h\u1edf k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn... AI M\u00c0 \u0110\u1eb8P TRAI TH\u1ebe! 154","Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 tin M\u1ed7i khi g\u1eb7p r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i, nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland Joseph Thomson (1858-1895) l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tuy h\u01a1i \u201cb\u1ea9n\u201d nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, khi \u0111ang th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i Phi ch\u00e2u, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. Thomson th\u00e1o v\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng nh\u1ed5 ph\u1eaft hai chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng c\u1eeda gi\u1ea3 ra. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n kia kinh ho\u1ea3ng ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5y. T\u1eda CH\u01afA T\u1eeaNG TH\u1ea4Y H\u00c0M R\u0102NG N\u00c0O KINH KH\u1ee6NG NH\u01af TH\u1ebe! Raleigh r\u1ee7i ro Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Thomson th\u00e1o v\u00e1t, nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Walter Raleigh c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t th\u00edch phi\u00eau l\u01b0u m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m. \u0110\u00f4i khi \u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u00ecm v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t El Dorado huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u201cg\u1eaby r\u0103ng\u201d. Truy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 L\u1eef kh\u00e1ch Giang h\u1ed3 SIR WALTER RALEIGH (1554-1618) QU\u1ed0C T\u1ecaCH: ANH 155","B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nh\u1edb chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha (trang 102)? H\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb chinh ph\u1ee5c T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1edbi Nam M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1ng v\u00e0ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u1eady n\u00ean N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111i\u00ean l\u00ean v\u00ec ghen t\u1ef5. Anh v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u1eddi chung, v\u00e0 b\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n h\u1edbt tay tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 b\u00e0 ta quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1eed vi\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eafc \u00fd nh\u1ea5t, Sir Walter Raleigh, \u0111i h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 Raleigh nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi ngay. (Th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng s\u1ebd ch\u1eb7t ph\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng do d\u1ef1). N\u0103m 1595, Sir Walter Raleigh kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh \u0111i Nam M\u1ef9. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i El Dorado, \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u1ed3n r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m t\u00edt trong r\u1eebng r\u1eadm x\u1ee9 Colombia. Raleigh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u2013 b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 sau... Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft xa x\u01b0a v\u1ec1 El Dorado Nghe n\u00f3i El Dorado ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ed3 Guatavita g\u1ea7n Bogot\u00e1. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, ng\u00e0y x\u1eeda ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nghi l\u1ec5 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean h\u1ed3. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m nh\u00e0 vua s\u1ebd th\u1ea3 xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e8 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0ng ng\u1ecdc. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u00e0 vua c\u0169ng ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn b\u1ecbt v\u00e0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u CH\u1ed6 N\u00c0Y L\u00c0 T\u01af\u01a0NG t\u1edbi ch\u00e2n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf LAI C\u1ee6A TA \u0110\u00c2Y m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 El Dorado (ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u00e0ng). Ra \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa h\u1ed3, nh\u00e0 vua n\u00e9m v\u00e0ng ng\u1ecdc xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n linh. 156","Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 tin Nghe \u0111\u1ed3n r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0ng ng\u1ecdc v\u00f4 gi\u00e1. M\u1ed9t kho b\u00e1u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m t\u00ean th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7n l\u1ed9i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u2013 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho b\u00e1u n\u00e0y? N\u0103m 1545, Jimenez de Quesada \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed t\u00e1t h\u1ed3. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. Jimenez l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i, d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1i b\u1ecb r\u1ee3 r\u1ed7ng thay cho x\u00f4. V\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u2013 n\u00f3i ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. De Quesada l\u00e0m m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3 c\u1ea1n \u0111i ch\u1eebng ba m\u00e9t v\u00e0 v\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng Orinoco Sau h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh gian kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t hai t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn, Raleigh c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn Trinidad. Ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u00f4ng ta t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 b\u1eaft s\u1ed1ng vi\u00ean th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c \u2013 c\u1ed1t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cra c\u00e1i v\u1ebb ta \u0111\u00e2y\u201d. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ta chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i chi\u1ebfm kho b\u00e1u. Vi\u00ean th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o Raleigh \u2013 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean qua r\u1eebng gi\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i theo con s\u00f4ng Orinoco. \u00d4ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi d\u00e3 th\u00fa, v\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng quay l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng Raleigh ch\u1ec9 c\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea9y. V\u1edbi vi\u00ean th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c v\u00e0 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng th\u1ee7 h\u1ea1 l\u00ean ca n\u00f4 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f4ng. Ch\u00e0, chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 l\u00e0m sao! H\u1ecd b\u1ecb mu\u1ed7i v\u1eaft c\u1eafn cho te tua v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i len l\u1ecfi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa v\u00f4 v\u00e0n con su\u1ed1i. Th\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i m\u00e0. Sau ba tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00e0i mi\u1ebfng v\u00e0ng v\u1edb v\u1ea9n. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i tr\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u01b0a. Kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0a. Ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u01a1n h\u1ed3ng th\u1ee7y m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y, d\u00f2ng Orinoco hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u1ed7ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean hung d\u1eef. Raleigh n\u00f3i: 157","TIM CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u0110\u1eacP M\u1ea0NH KHI NH\u00ccN TH\u1ea4Y C\u01a0N TH\u1ecaNH N\u1ed8 \u0110ANG D\u00c2NG L\u00caN TR\u00caN D\u00d2NG ORINOCO. B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 Raleigh bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i quay v\u1ec1. Gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 gi\u00e0u sang kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 xi\u1ebft th\u1ebf l\u00e0 tan bi\u1ebfn. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra El Dorado, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n n\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u00c0NH TR\u00ccNH C\u1ee6A RALEIGH \u0110\u1ea0I T\u00c2Y VENEZUELA D\u01af\u01a0NG BOGOT\u00e1 COLOMBIA BRAZIL 158","Sir Walter o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh qu\u1ed1c trong c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eafng tay. Kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i b\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Nam M\u1ef9 Sau v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3, ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Sir Walter kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. N\u0103m 1603, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth b\u0103ng h\u00e0, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua m\u1edbi, James \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Walter ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng ta n\u00ean t\u1ed1ng \u00f4ng v\u00e0o Th\u00e1p London (nh\u00e0 ng\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Anh), v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m x\u1ea5u s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 su\u1ed1t 14 n\u0103m. ...V\u00e0i b\u1ee9c tranh, m\u1ea5y t\u1ea5m r\u00e8m v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf b\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7t trong g\u00f3c... Th\u1ebf th\u00f4i, v\u1edbi t\u00f4i th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1616 vua James ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng ta th\u1ea3 Walter ra kh\u1ecfi ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ra l\u1ec7nh cho \u00f4ng sang Nam M\u1ef9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm El Dorado. (Nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e2m t\u00ednh. Th\u1ef1c ra \u00f4ng ta \u0111ang thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n Raleigh t\u00ecm v\u00e0ng cho m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha n\u1eefa). N\u0103m 1917, Raleigh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Nam M\u1ef9. V\u1eeba t\u1edbi n\u01a1i \u00f4ng l\u0103n quay ra \u1ed1m n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u1eed con trai, anh ch\u00e0ng Wat, \u0111i thay m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y g\u1ed5 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Kh\u00f4ng may anh ch\u00e0ng Wat tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi cha. Anh ta v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 h\u1ea1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, Sir Walter tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh trong n\u1ed7i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. V\u1eeba \u0111\u1eb7t 159","ch\u00e2n l\u00ean b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o Th\u00e1p. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y th\u00ec h\u1ebft thu\u1ed1c c\u1ee9u. Ph\u1ea3i, h\u1ebft thu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1eef h\u00f2a kh\u00ed v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, vua James ra l\u1ec7nh h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh Walter ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Ng\u00e0y 29-10-1618, Sir Walter Raleigh b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0i. B\u00e0 v\u1ee3 cho th\u1ee7 c\u1ea5p \u00f4ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1ecb da v\u00e0 mang v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0. B\u00e0 ta gi\u1eef n\u00f3 trong t\u1ee7, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng l\u1ea1i l\u00f4i ra cho kh\u00e1ch xem. \u0110\u00c2Y L\u00c0 WALTER, \u00d4NG NH\u00c0 T\u00d4I \u1eda, TH\u1ebe M\u00c0 EM C\u1ee8 T\u01af\u1edeNG \u00d4NG TA TO CAO OAI V\u1ec6 L\u1eaeM. C\u00f2n v\u1edbi El Dorado, cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ai t\u00ecm ra. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 tin N\u0103m 1904, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Anh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm El Dorado. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u con k\u00eanh ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3 Guatavita. N\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp b\u00f9n l\u00fac kh\u00f4 \u0111i th\u00ec c\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng. Trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111i t\u00ecm thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb khoan, n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1965, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Colombia ban l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Nam M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 t\u00e1o t\u1ee3n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t t\u00f2 m\u00f2. Tin hay kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y b\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u00ec danh ti\u1ebfng hay ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00f4i. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n g\u1eb7p \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng? 160","La Condamine la c\u00e0 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi b\u1ecb d\u1eb1n v\u1eb7t b\u1edfi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i c\u00e0 chua n\u00e1t hay gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng lu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3? Truy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 L\u1eef kh\u00e1ch Giang h\u1ed3 CHARLES-MARIE DE LA CONDAMINE (1701-1774) QU\u1ed0C T\u1ecaCH: PH\u00c1P Gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu ch\u00e0ng Charles-Marie gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 qu\u00fd ph\u00e1i kinh kh\u1ee7ng. N\u0103m 18 tu\u1ed5i, ch\u00e0ng trai \u0111\u0103ng l\u00ednh v\u00e0 ra tr\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra anh mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1c* h\u01a1n. * Tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1c (geodesist) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Khi chi\u1ebfn tranh qua \u0111i, Charles kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1730, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i n\u1ed5 ra trong Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Pari. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi nh\u1eb7ng x\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: 161","KH\u00d4NG NGHI NG\u1edc G\u00cc N\u1eeeA,TR\u00c1I NG\u1eda NG\u1ea8N. TR\u00c1I \u0110\u1ea4T L\u00c0 QU\u1ea2 C\u1ea6U L\u1ed2I*. N\u1ebeU SAI \u0110\u1ea4T L\u00c0 QU\u1ea2 C\u1ea6U B\u1eb8T*.T\u00d4I D\u00c1M T\u00d4I S\u1ebc \u0102N H\u1ebeT B\u1ed8 T\u00d3C C\u00c1 B\u1ed8T\u00d3C GI\u1ea2 C\u1ee6A M\u00ccNH! GI\u1ea2 C\u1ee6A T\u00d4I! B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ecd n\u00f3i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? * N\u00f3i cho d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u th\u00ec h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u b\u1eb9t l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u ph\u01a1i b\u1ecb \u00e9p l\u1ea1i.V\u00e0 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u l\u1ed3i l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u h\u01a1i b\u1ecb k\u00e9o c\u0103ng ra.Th\u1ebf th\u00f4i, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 ch\u01b0a? Ti\u1ec7n th\u1ec3, l\u00fd do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1eeb A t\u1edbi B \u2013 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u00ccNH C\u1ea6U B\u1eb8T H\u00ccNH CB\u1ea6U L\u1ed2I B NN 162","\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i, Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1eed hai \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u2013 m\u1ed9t t\u1edbi B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n kia \u0111i Nam M\u1ef9. V\u00e0 ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn d\u1eabn \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111i Nam M\u1ef9? C\u00f2n ai ngo\u00e0i La Condamine n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng r\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng N\u0103m 1735, tr\u00ean con t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u00f3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd n\u00f3ng t\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c. \u0110\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e3i nhau \u1ecfm t\u1ecfi. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, \u0111o\u00e0n khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1ed3ng r\u1eafn xuy\u00ean qua r\u1eebng gi\u00e0, t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Quito, t\u00edt m\u00edt tr\u00ean d\u00e3y Andes x\u1ee9 Peru (tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ecuador). H\u00c0NH TR\u00ccNH C\u1ee6A LA CODAMINE CARTEGENA \u0110\u1ea0I T\u00c2Y D\u01af\u01a0NG VENEZUELA QUITO COLOMBIA S\u00d4NG AMAZON CUENCA ECUADOR BRAZIL PERU TH\u00c1I B\u00ccNH BOLIVIA D\u01af\u01a0NG N\u1ebfu ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u01b0u thi\u1ebfp, h\u1eb3n La Condamine s\u1ebd vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m. 163","QKTvhv\u0111m\u00f4s\u00edu\u1ea3ch\u00ec\u0111nv\u1ed9\u0111\u1ebdCi\u0169\u1ecd\u01b0biv\u00e0h\u1ec3tn\u00e1onc\u00e0\u1ec7atghg\u1eb7ng\u0111r,gnn\u1eed\u00fat\u1ea5nchP\u1eed\u1ef1hrtcicrkgt\u00eainetcr\u1eddshh\u00e0\u1ea5n\u0111n\u00f4g\u01a1rhi\u1ed1\u1ebf\u00f3g.ninu\u00e0io,ctmg\u00d4,\u00e0.ntrkc\u00e2chT\u00f41a\u1ecdihhy\u00f4Ch\u00ecnn7imu\u0103\u00fa*nm\u1ed3nggty3h!nng\u1ea1hi\u00f3\u1ed9.\u1ee76g.Ncm\u1ee9nvtNTvc.\u00f3\u1eadh.t\u1ed9t\u00e0\u1ebfc\u0169\u1ecbry\u00f4Nc\u1ebfbtuhk\u00eanimhui\u00edtihng\u1ebf\u00f3t\u0111\u1ebf\u00f4\u00f4\u1ed9\u1ecftccli\u00e3n\u0111nk\u00e0tehkcg\u01b0\u1ea3hb.mnt\u1eb3h\u00f3\u1edb\u1eddy\u00f4\u1ecbgn\u00f4ninntkm\u01b0gntgongg\u01b0\u1ef7\u1eddhg\u1ed9\u01a1nmbii\u0111?ttnigh\u1eb1\u0111naiipvC,\u1ec7\u1ea5ng\u00e3yt\u00e0h\u0111m\u01b0mg\u1edda\u00e1cotng,.o\u00f4tch\u00e0gnV\u1eb7tiah\u00f4\u1ebfsn\u01b0\u00e0pcliiuto\u1edb\u00ea\u1ec7\u00f3btcnns\u00f4\u1ecb!ui ViK\u1ec7nhoHa\u00e0hn\u1ecdlc\u00e2,m Paris, Ph\u00e1p * La Condamine n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang. Cao su \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb nh\u1ef1a c\u00e2y cao su, lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y m\u1ecdc trong r\u1eebng r\u1eadm Nam M\u1ef9. Khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c loan b\u00e1o \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau ngh\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o cao su b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. TR\u1ea2 T\u1eda C\u1ee4C X\u01af\u01a0NG CAO SU \u0110\u00c2Y. 164","La Condamine v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c v\u00e0 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3. Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ea5y n\u0103m tr\u1eddi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ecd chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn. B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m kia \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u d\u1eb9t, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd n\u1eefa. V\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ea5t th\u1ec3u thu d\u1ecdn h\u00e0nh l\u00fd v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1. Sau bao gian nan v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3, c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c h\u1ecd b\u1ecf ra h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed1c. Cgc\u0111vx\u1eb7hh\u0111\u0111\u00e2\u00eck\u00f4(p\u00fa\u00faC\u1eddTmPiuhC\u00eatcix.\u00f4l.\u00e1\u1ed9hhn\u1ea1vuT\u00e1\u00f4nNmt\u1ec9\u01b0,\u00e0iet\u00f4ngpamc\u00f4ngigtx\u01a1\u00f4hrncn\u1ed9\u01b0\u0111nunougakgtgg\u1edd\u00f4\u00e3ni.h,nh)nii\u00e1\u00e0g.\u1ecfqgP\u0129gktiiNh)enu\u00e0t\u00e3ie.CarehyTirh\u01b0oth\u01b0\u1ebfuvl\u01b0\u1eeb\u00f4\u1edd\u00e0\u1ee7t,\u00ecdninvt1n\u0111\u1eadngk\u00f2tgh\u1ecbh7\u1ecb\u1ea1hnycan\u1eeft\u01113.\u00f4ghn\u00f4nhn\u1ea5H9nigngAsgusah\u1ebdx\u1ee3tmbi\u00e2qiunn\u00f2nmnu\u1ed1aggatnz\u1ed9(ch\u1ee9n\u01b0ygot\u1ee7\u1ec9cg\u1eddnsanvvih.t\u1ed1\u1ec1g\u00e0\u1ed1pemH\u01a1tnnhxn\u1ed9i\u1eb9glg\u00e1o\u00e0\u00f3ttn\u01b0at\u00ednniv\u1eddygh\u1ee5i VKi\u1ec7hnoHa\u00e0hn\u1ecdcl\u00e2, m Paris, Ph\u00e1p T\u00d4I \u1ede \u0110\u00c2Y! 165","Th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Amazon Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u00fa v\u1ecb. La Condamine l\u0103ng qu\u0103ng theo d\u00f2ng Amazon h\u00f9ng v\u0129 ra \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdn b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng tr\u1eddi, chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng l\u1ea1c v\u00e0o r\u1eebng gi\u00e0 b\u00e1t ng\u00e1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac s\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u hung d\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m c\u00e1 piranha ph\u00e0m \u0103n. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, Condamine ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c b\u00e8. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfc b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t xo\u00e1y n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee9 xoay v\u00f2ng xoay v\u00f2ng h\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3. Ngo\u00e0i ra tr\u1eddi n\u00f3ng \u1ea9m r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e0n ru\u1ed3i mu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1t cho s\u01b0ng t\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng h\u1ed1i h\u1ea3 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1eddi gian g\u1eedi th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7n, tr\u1eeb m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m b\u01b0u thi\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t. SKTgchr\u00f4n\u00edikhhcn\u1ec7\u1eadacnmhNh\u00e9\u1eadohmhng\u1eefs\u00f4p\u1edbnt\u1ee9hingnkinAth?i\u0111rgu\u1eedgh\u0111\u1ec1ha\u1eafT\u01b0yim\u00f4,u\u01b0cint\u1ec7\u1ee3\u00f4\u00f4\u1edfn\u1ee3hoabctcing\u0111c\u00e1n\u00eaz\u0111hpvg.\u1ed9icnou\u00e2t\u1eddtThhct\u1ea3hnCyyiu\u1ea3b\u1ec3!h\u00fa,\u1ec7ny\u1edd\u0111iTht\u1ebf1nt\u00e0\u00f4\u1ec7lc\u1ee7\u1ed1i\u00f4\u1ea1\u01117nitom\u1ed1qnit\u1ea74c*vmgu\u1ecb\u0111\u0111\u1edbtc?y3h\u1edd\u00ec\u00e1i\u01b0\u00e3\u1eafmh\u01b0viTk.\u0111\u1ee3,t\u1ec1acc\u1ef3.hc\u1ed9m\u1ee7\u00f3dN\u1ebf.bcha\u1ed9T\u00f2\u1eaf.kochtnn\u00f4tha\u00f3\u01b0cg\u00f3iognold.\u0111\u1ea3\u1eb7\u1ea1sgnR\u1ecb\u00e3n\u00f4pkt\u0111\u00f4gn\u1eebhghmn\u1ec3gn\u1ea3ht\u00f4gh\u1ed9goninv\u1eddtub\u00e0gvi\u00f4i\u00e0\u1ebfcit\u01a1 ViK\u1ec7nhoHa\u00e0hn\u1ecdlc\u00e2,m Paris, Ph\u00e1p 166","* Ch\u00fa \u00fd! Ch\u00fa \u00fd! \u1ea4y. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1edbi Amazon th\u00ec \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u00e0 nghe l\u1eddi La Condamine. Trong khu r\u1eebng r\u1eadm n\u00e0y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i r\u1eafn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9c. V\u1eady l\u00e0 La Condamine sai to\u00e9t t\u00f2e loe. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t con b\u00e1o g\u1ea5m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh ch\u00e1n n\u1ebfu \u0111em so v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m b\u00f2 s\u00e1t ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c n\u00e0y. La Condamine la c\u00e0 m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1745 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n nhi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1ed9t con s\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u1edbi La Condanmine l\u1eafm chuy\u1ec7n, s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u0103ng qu\u0103ng. S\u1ed5 tay c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u00f3c c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 con s\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 to\u00e0n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd kh\u00e1c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y bao gi\u1edd. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 tin C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng hay g\u1eb7p nguy hi\u1ec3m \u2013 \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3. V\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1eeb kh\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Baron Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t. N\u0103m 1799, M\u00ccNH GH\u00c9T M\u00d3N MU\u1ed6I Alexander t\u1edbi Nam M\u1ef9. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng QU\u00c1 CH\u1eeaNG! ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t kinh kh\u1ee7ng nh\u01b0: \uf0ea\tB\u1ecb mu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1t s\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi xu\u00f4i d\u00f2ng Orinoco \uf0ea\tH\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng qua ng\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1t cacao, chi\u00eau v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng. 167","\uf0ea\t\u00d4ng (c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn h\u1ebft m\u1ee9c) M\u1ea4Y TAY \u0110\u1ecaA L\u00dd N\u00c0Y u\u1ed1ng th\u1eed m\u1ed9t \u00edt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c CHO\u00c1NG TH\u1eacT! \u0111\u1ec3 xem t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (\u00f4ng ng\u1ea5t ng\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng may l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9t). \uf0ea\tV\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t con l\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u00edch. H\u1eb3n l\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n te tua \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf? Kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng tr\u00f4i. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng hung d\u1eef \u1edf Phi ch\u00e2u. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n. May sao, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m h\u0103m h\u1edf \u0111ang r\u1ea3nh r\u1ed7i... Livingstone l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i Tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i danh khi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1ec7t. \u0110i \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u00fam \u0111\u00f4ng x\u00fam \u0111\u1ecf h\u1ecfi han. C\u1ee9 th\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m tr\u1ee9 danh David Livingstone m\u00e0 xem. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m d\u00e2n ch\u00fang nh\u1eb7ng x\u1ecb c\u1ea3 l\u00ean. Truy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 L\u1eef kh\u00e1ch Giang h\u1ed3 DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813-1873) QSUC\u1ed0OCTTL\u1ecaACNH:D \t 168","Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u01b0u \u00e1i c\u1eadu b\u00e9 David. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 khi\u1ebfn c\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 m\u1edbi t\u00ed tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u David \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i l\u00e0m. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee9 r\u1ea3nh ra l\u00fac n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1eadu b\u00e9 l\u1ea1i v\u00f9i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. M\u1eb8 BI\u1ebeT \u0110\u1ebeN L\u00daC N\u00c0O \u0110\u00d3 M\u00d3N S\u00c1CH N\u00c0Y S\u1ebc R\u1ea4T C\u00d3 \u00cdCH. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn David ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng minh kinh kh\u1ee7ng, b\u1edfi ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc th\u00f4i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 theo h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c. V\u00e0 anh ch\u00e0ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con chi\u00ean ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o. Sau khi h\u1ecdc xong, anh l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sang Phi ch\u00e2u l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o*. * Nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. David ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng? Th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch David x\u00eda v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00ec r\u1ea5t ch\u0103m ch\u00fa l\u1eafng nghe b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u2013 ph\u1ea3i, anh ch\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ed9n. Len l\u1ecfi r\u1eebng gi\u00e0 169","Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ed1c Livingstone b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m th\u00f4i th\u00fac kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i. Su\u1ed1t 30 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi, \u00f4ng d\u1ecdc ngang kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u Phi, t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Livingstone \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f4ng h\u1ed3 Phi ch\u00e2u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Zambezi, con s\u00f4ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5). C\u00c1 S\u1ea4U! T\u00d4I CH\u1ea2 TH\u1ea4Y T\u00d4I C\u0168NG V\u1eacY G\u00cc C\u1ea2 Trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ngao du c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Livingstone d\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111i b\u1ed9. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng su\u00fdt \u0111i \u0111\u1eddi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n c\u00f2n b\u1ecb s\u01b0 t\u1eed v\u1ed3. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi Living th\u1ebf ch\u01b0a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111inh g\u00ec. N\u0103m 1865, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh qu\u1ed1c, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i sang ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chuy\u1ebfn phi\u00eau l\u01b0u kh\u00e1c. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y Livingstone mu\u1ed1n \u0111i t\u00ecm n\u01a1i kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n (n\u01a1i d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u) c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Nile h\u00f9ng v\u0129. Livingstone m\u1ea5t t\u00edch C\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 l\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ngu\u1ed3n con s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f3. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ecm ra cu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec7n tranh \u01b0a th\u00edch m\u1eb9 b\u1ea1n gi\u1ea5u m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 con s\u00f4ng d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Qu\u00e1 d\u1ec5. \u0110\u1eebng t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edf, nh\u1ea7m r\u1ed3i. Nh\u1ea7m to r\u1ed3i. Trong su\u1ed1t m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u1eddi, ng\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f4ng Nile v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec ng\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n con s\u00f4ng l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i 170","n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean n\u00fai, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat manh m\u1ed1i n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f4ng Nile. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00e0m r\u00f5 ng\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t Livingstone. N\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Anh qu\u1ed1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 \u0103n k\u1eb9o th\u00f4i. M\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t \u00eam xu\u00f4i... CHUY\u1ebeN TH\u00c1M HI\u1ec2M N\u0102M 1865 C\u1ee6A LIVINGSTONE: H\u1ed2 TANGANYIKA S\u00d4NG LUALABA UJIJI CABINDA ZANZIBAR LUANDA H\u1ed2 H\u1ed2 MWERI NYASA S\u00d4NG LUGENDA \u0110\u1ea0I T\u00c2Y D\u01af\u01a0NG SA M\u1ea0C \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8 KALAHARI D\u01af\u01a0NG NAM PHI CAP TOWN 171","Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m 1865, Livingstone t\u1ea1m bi\u1ec7t n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sang ch\u00e2u Phi. Khi t\u1edbi s\u00f4ng Lualaba, \u00f4ng tin ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f4ng Nile. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n quay ngo\u1eaft m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m l\u0103n quay ra \u1ed1m, ch\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea1y l\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Livingstone c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m li\u1ec7t v\u00e0, t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00f4m m\u1ea5t t\u00fai thu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. NH\u1edc GI\u1edcI T\u00daI THU\u1ed0C \u01a0, \u00d4NG CH\u1ee6... C\u1ee6A M\u00ccNH \u0110\u00c2Y R\u1ed2I. T\u00daI THU\u1ed0C... S\u1ed1ng d\u1edf ch\u1ebft d\u1edf, g\u00e0y d\u01a1 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u01b0\u1eddn, Livingstone l\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edbi Ujiji, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng b\u00ean h\u1ed3 Tanganyika. N\u01a1i kh\u1ec9 ho c\u00f2 g\u00e1y ch\u1eb3ng ai bi\u1ebft. \u1ede qu\u00ea nh\u00e0, n\u0103m n\u00e0y qua n\u0103m kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 tin t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 Livingstone v\u1eabn b\u1eb7t v\u00f4 \u00e2m t\u00edn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. \u00d4ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t X\u1ee9 s\u1edf S\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9. Oai ch\u1ebft \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Stanley ra tay Tuy v\u1eady t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn tin r\u1eb1ng Livingstone c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0 t\u1edd New York Herald c\u1eed m\u1ed9t ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean sang Phi ch\u00e2u t\u00ecm \u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904). Tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Stanley c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5y Livingstone. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n coi chuy\u1ec7n d\u1ecdn ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh th\u00ec h\u00e3y xem \u0111\u00e2y. C\u1eadu b\u00e9 Stanley b\u1ecb cha m\u1eb9 b\u1ecf r\u01a1i n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong tr\u1ea1i m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1eadu xin l\u00e0m th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i Stanley t\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, sau khi tr\u1ea3i 172","qua \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, anh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y anh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi sang Phi ch\u00e2u t\u00ecm Livingstone l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i. Stanley c\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m tr\u1ee9 danh? Hay \u00f4ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c? May cho b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 t\u1edd Tin nhanh \u0110\u1ecba c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadt g\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Stanley (t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n sao th\u00f4i). 11 th\u00e1ng 1871 M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t UJIJI, \u0110\u00d4NG PHI H\u00c0NH TR\u00ccNH T\u00ccM KI\u1ebeM LIVINGSTONE c\u1ee7a Henry Morton Stanley \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ng\u00e0y Ba. T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea7n theo h\u00f4m qua, t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng Ujiji t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong B\u00e1c s\u0129 David Livingstone. Th\u1eadt h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd. Sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng tr\u1eddi qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1i n\u00f3ng \u0111i t\u00ecm, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng kinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Anh \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i g\u1eb7p n\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4i c\u0169ng b\u1ecb s\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 Cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00fang l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i UJIJI TABORA \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8 D\u01af\u01a0NG nam ZANZIBAR phi 173","nghe d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1edbi, nh\u1ea5c m\u0169 l\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: \u201cB\u00e1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da tr\u1eafng \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu Livingstone ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng \u1ea1?\u201d. N\u1edf \u1edf l\u00e0ng Ujiji, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh, nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Tr\u00e1i tim t\u00f4i ch\u00f9ng xu\u1ed1ng. n\u1ed5i danh \u0111\u00e1p \u201cPh\u1ea3i.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 Livingstone \u2013 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac. t\u00f4i h\u1ed1i h\u1ea3 l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng b\u00e1c s\u0129 y\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 r\u1ed3i, r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3 h\u1ebft n\u1ed7i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c men v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. T\u00f4i sung s\u01b0\u1edbng khi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u00f4i gi\u00e1p m\u1eebng v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u00f4ng. T\u00f4i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. c\u0169ng mang t\u1edbi cho \u00f4ng tin t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb Th\u00fa th\u1ef1c t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1t n\u00ean l\u1eddi. qu\u00ea nh\u00e0, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang l\u00e0m \u00f4ng vui Nh\u01b0ng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1eb3n l\u00ean. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng. Hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1eed t\u1ebf, Tr\u00f4ng \u00f4ng h\u1ed1c h\u00e1c m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, b\u1ed9 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 k\u00eau ca ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n, r\u00e2u r\u1ed1i b\u00f9 r\u1eadm r\u1ecbt. Tuy v\u1eady t\u00f4i d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t vui khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea3. Hai ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y h\u1ee3p nhau n\u1ed7i mu\u1ed1n h\u00e9t l\u00ean v\u00ec sung s\u01b0\u1edbng. ngay t\u1ee9c th\u00ec v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 n\u00e9n l\u00f2ng, ch\u1ec9 b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft. STANLEY G\u1eb6P LIVINGSTONE 174","T\u00ecm v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n Trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfp theo, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng nhau th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng con s\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. R\u1ed3i Stanley quay v\u1ec1 London, nh\u01b0ng Livingstone kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu theo v\u1ec1. N\u0103m 1872, \u00f4ng t\u1edbi s\u00f4ng Lualaba, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Nile. Bu\u1ed3n thay, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m tr\u1ee9 danh. Ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c v\u00ec c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i, Livingstone qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 1 th\u00e1ng N\u0103m n\u0103m 1873. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u trung th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00f4n tr\u00e1i tim Livingstone t\u1ea1i Phi ch\u00e2u, theo \u0111\u00fang \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110au bu\u1ed3n v\u00ec c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Livingstone, Stanley tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: n\u0103m 1874 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Stanley c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n. V\u1eady l\u00e0 Livingstone huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang? Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 tin T\u00f4i s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i. H\u00f3a ra s\u00f4ng Nile ch\u1ea3y ra t\u1eeb h\u1ed3 Victoria, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u00e1c Ripon. V\u00e0 r\u1ea7u h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb 12 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Anh John Hanning Speke (1827-1864). Stanley \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9ng minh ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Speke l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. V\u1eady c\u00f2n s\u00f4ng Lualaba? \u1edc, th\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ea3 d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng g\u00ec t\u1edbi s\u00f4ng Nile c\u1ea3. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Congo kia. M\u00ccNH C\u1ee8 T\u01af\u1edeNG \u0110ANG \u0110I THEO CON S\u00d4NG, H\u00d3A RA L\u00c0 N\u1ebeP G\u1ea4P TR\u00caN B\u1ea2N \u0110\u1ed2! 175","V\u1eady l\u00e0 Stanley ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e2u m\u1edbi x\u1ee9ng). \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u00f4i d\u00f2ng Congo (nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Zaire) ra bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 trong l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 su\u00fdt ch\u00fat n\u1eefa \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean th\u1edbt (theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a \u0111en). Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t hi\u1ec3m trong gang t\u1ea5c... Mary may m\u1eafn C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef may m\u1eafn. V\u00e0o c\u00e1i th\u1eddi m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda ng\u1ed3i nh\u00e0, qu\u00e9t d\u1ecdn, gi\u1eb7t gi\u0169 hay n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec Mary l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea3y \u0111i Phi ch\u00e2u... b\u1eaft c\u00e1. Truy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 L\u1eef kh\u00e1ch Giang h\u1ed3 MARY KINGSLEY QU(1\u1ed08C6T2\u1eca-C1H9:0A0)NH Mary Kingsley kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i \u1edf nh\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng nom b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1eadu em y\u1ebfu \u1edbt. B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5y, cha c\u00f4 \u0111ang \u0111i l\u00e0m \u0103n xa. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m c\u00f4 30 tu\u1ed5i, cha m\u1eb9 qua \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean Mary c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec th\u00ec l\u00e0m. (Khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u1eadu em c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh bay xa). B\u1ea1n b\u00e8 cho c\u00f4 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean qu\u00fd gi\u00e1. H\u00e3y l\u00e0m chuy\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u00e9? Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eady. Hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111i ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n? Nh\u01b0ng Mary l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c. C\u00f4 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sang Phi ch\u00e2u l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m. (B\u1ea1n c\u00f4 ng\u00e3 ng\u1eeda khi nghe th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf). 176","Chuy\u1ebfn phi\u00eau l\u01b0u r\u00f9ng r\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a Mary \u1edf Phi ch\u00e2u N\u0103m 1893, Mary l\u0103ng qu\u0103ng \u1edf Phi ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i khi\u1ebfn Mary ng\u1ee9a ng\u00e1y ch\u00e2n tay n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m sau c\u00f4 l\u1ea1i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0... c\u00e1. \u0110\u00fang, c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea5y. B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Anh qu\u1ed1c \u1edf London y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Mary ki\u1ebfm m\u1ea5y gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 hi\u1ebfm \u1edf Phi ch\u00e2u. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 n\u00e0y s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng con s\u00f4ng heo h\u00fat, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m. V\u00ec sao \u00e0? Th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0103n th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong r\u1eebng r\u1eadm ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc con s\u00f4ng. Ph\u1ea3i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Fang. Th\u1ebf Mary c\u00f3 lo l\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng? Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u00f3. C\u00f4 h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i. V\u00e0 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi hai 1894, Mary quay l\u1ea1i Phi ch\u00e2u m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. N\u0103m sau, Mary tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh. V\u00e0 t\u1edd Tin nhanh \u0110\u1ecba c\u1ea7u c\u1eed ngay m\u1ed9t ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean t\u1edbi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4. C\u00f4 v\u1eeba t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf? T\u1eeb T\u00e2y Phi. T\u00f4i th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m hai con s\u00f4ng Ogowe v\u00e0 Rembwe, t\u00ecm gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm. C\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u00edch c\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f4 b\u1ea1n? V\u1edbi t\u00f4i, ch\u00fang th\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. 177","\u1edc, ph\u1ea3i. C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00f4i ng\u1ed3i t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y. R\u1ea5t tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng th\u00e1c gh\u1ec1nh n\u00ean t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111i ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng xu\u1ed3ng. C\u0169ng t\u1ed1t ch\u1eb3ng k\u00e9m, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u hay b\u1ecb l\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u n\u1eefa. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i phang v\u1ee1 m\u00f5m m\u1ed9t con. Cho n\u00f3 bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9. Ch\u1eafc r\u1ed3i. V\u1eady n\u01a1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng qua? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Fang, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng Efoua. Ai c\u0169ng ngh\u0129 h\u1ecda \u0111i\u00ean m\u1edbi t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f4 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Fang l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0103n th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u00ean th\u1edbt. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i t\u1eb7ng h\u1ecd \u00edt qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e2u, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u1ecd coi t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3i. L\u00e0m mi\u1ebfng gi\u00f2 g\u00e0 nh\u00e9, c\u00f4 b\u1ea1n? 178","Nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5y. V\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o l\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u00f4 s\u1ee3 nh\u1ea5t? H\u1eebm, \u0111\u1ec3 xem n\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i ba l\u00f4 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 trong l\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1ed1c m\u00f9i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f9i c\u00e1 \u01b0\u01a1n (m\u00f9i n\u00e0y t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 l\u1eafm). C\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft? T\u00f4i d\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ba l\u00f4, v\u00e0 c\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u \u2013 nguy\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n tay v\u00e0 m\u1ea5y ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i tai n\u1eefa ch\u1ee9 (t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1i nguy\u00ean)! C\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng sao ch\u1ee9 c\u00f4 b\u1ea1n? Tr\u00f4ng c\u00f4 xanh qu\u00e1. H\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Fang th\u00edch gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 x\u01a1i - \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u00fd m\u00e0. D\u1ec5 th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng? \u1ef0c! Khi \u0111i th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng mang theo nh\u1eefng g\u00ec? Khi \u0111i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i th\u00edch m\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o kho\u00e1c tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 v\u00e1y d\u00e0i m\u00e0u \u0111en, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e9t dao, s\u1ed5 tay, la b\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc kh\u0103n tay th\u01a1m n\u1ee9c n\u1eefa. 179","T\u00f4i m\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc qu\u1ea7n t\u00e2y b\u00ean trong v\u00e1y d\u00e0i \u2013 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec9a r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t m\u1ed7i khi t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u1ed9i qua \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y. \u1edc, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n th\u1ee7 theo m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang l\u1ee5c (d\u00f9 t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn). Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n v\u1ee3t v\u00e0 chai l\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft m\u1ea5y ch\u00fa c\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb v\u00e1y d\u00e0i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1eafm? \u1ed2 kh\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n \u01a1i. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c. T\u00f4i t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i v\u00e1y c\u1ee9u tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5y. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 b\u1eaby th\u00fa, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ecdc nh\u1ecdn ho\u1eaft. May qu\u00e1, chi\u1ebfc v\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u00f4i r\u01a1i ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n c\u00f3 khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e1t \u0111\u1eddi r\u1ed3i. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1edd chi\u1ebfc v\u00e1y m\u00e0 t\u00f4i m\u1edbi c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea5y. 180","C\u00f4 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i \u0111\u00e2y? T\u00f4i s\u1ebd vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u1edf T\u00e2y Phi. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0\u201cT\u00e2y Phi du k\u00fd\u201d- nghe cho n\u00f3 du d\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1ec9? T\u00f4i c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u0103ng \u0111\u00e0n di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. Chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n kinh kh\u1ee7ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Fang \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9! T\u00e2y Phi du k\u00fd C\u00f4 c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 v\u1eadt g\u00ec t\u1eeb chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 65 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 m\u1edbi. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 ba lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean t\u00f4i \u2013 oai ch\u01b0a.V\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng \u2013 to h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 con b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o \u1edf Anh. C\u00f4 c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n ng\u00f3 qua m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn? Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1eb9p tuy\u1ec7t. \u01a0, kh\u00f4ng, c\u00e1m \u01a1n. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00e2u. L\u1ea7n t\u1edbi c\u00f4 s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u? Th\u00ec quay l\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Phi, hy v\u1ecdng th\u1ebf. C\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. S\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1, tha h\u1ed3 m\u00e0 b\u1eaft. Gi\u1edd th\u00ec c\u00f4 b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn, u\u1ed1ng tr\u00e0 nh\u00e9? 181","Nh\u01b0ng Mary kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef duy nh\u1ea5t d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean danh ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m h\u0103m h\u1edf. Nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef can \u0111\u1ea3m kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n v\u1ee9t b\u00e9ng \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u00e1t \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u1ea5y, ra \u0111i c\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y m\u00e2y tr\u00f4i. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef can \u0111\u1ea3m kh\u00e1c Isabela Godin (1729-1792) k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Ph\u00e1p Jean Godin. N\u0103m 1749, Jean v\u00e0 Isabela quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quay v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p. Jean ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n xu\u00f4i d\u00f2ng Amazon \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd \u0111i. Ai ng\u1edd Jean kh\u00f4ng quay l\u1ea1i. Ch\u1edd m\u00e3i s\u1ed1t ru\u1ed9t, Isabela l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u1ed3ng. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i ngo\u00e0i s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4. L\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111o\u00e0n n\u1eb1m l\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i Isabela. M\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, Isabela \u0111\u00f3i l\u1ea3 v\u00e0 su\u00fdt b\u1ecf m\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. \u1ea4y th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f4 c\u0169ng ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edbi b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng sau... 20 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi xa c\u00e1ch! Elexandrine Tinn\u00e9 (1835-1869) d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 h\u01a1i g\u00e0n g\u00e0n \u2013 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m. N\u0103m 1861, c\u00f4 xu\u1ed1ng t\u00e0u \u0111i th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m s\u00f4ng Nile c\u00f9ng m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 b\u00e0 d\u00ec. H\u1ecd c\u00f2n mang theo 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c con l\u1eeba v\u00e0 65 vi\u00ean l\u00ednh cho ch\u1eafc \u0103n. \u00c1c thay, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a 182","Phi ch\u00e2u khi\u1ebfn m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 d\u00ec Tinn\u00e9 qua \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4 nh\u1ea5t m\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu r\u1eddi x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 1869, c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u0103ng qua sa m\u1ea1c Sahara, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u00e2n du m\u1ee5c s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i. Florence Baker (1841-1916) l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Anh qu\u1ed1c Samuel Baker. Chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y b\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t khu ch\u1ee3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf Hungary v\u00e0 tr\u00fang ngay ti\u1ebfng s\u00e9t \u00e1i t\u00ecnh. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi nhau n\u1eeda b\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 1861, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng nhau sang Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea7u ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f4ng Nile. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i r\u1ea5t v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 n\u00f3ng b\u1ee9c, d\u00f9 ru\u1ed3i mu\u1ed7i v\u00e0 bao hi\u1ec3m nguy, Florence kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf mi\u1ec7ng k\u00eau ca m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i \u0103n th\u1ecbt h\u00e0 m\u00e3 dai ngho\u00e1ch. (H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f4ng Nile, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean r\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra h\u1ed3 Albert v\u00e0 th\u00e1c Kabalega cao ng\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi m\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi). B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e8o l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao ng\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e3o t\u1ed1, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1i l\u1ea1nh c\u1eaft da c\u1eaft th\u1ecbt v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u00f4i theo nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng hoang d\u00e3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00e0, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5y, ch\u1eb3ng chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u1ea3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u1edbn. T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi hi\u1ec3m nguy, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u1edbi n\u01a1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t? T\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecfi th\u1eb3ng h\u1ecd xem? Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau to\u00e0n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m th\u1eddi nay. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ecd s\u1eafp l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed3i. 183","184","TH\u00c1M HI\u1ec2M gan d\u1ea1 TH\u1edcI NAY sao h\u1ecfa 185","C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m th\u1eddi nay c\u0169ng b\u1ea1o gan v\u00e0 th\u00edch phi\u00eau l\u01b0u kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e0n anh thu\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gian. Tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t hoang d\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m th\u1eddi nay l\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh tinh, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n. V\u1eabn c\u00f2n kh\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng lao \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m h\u0103m h\u1edf th\u1eddi nay m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang \u1ea9n n\u00e1u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m hay b\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao ng\u1ea5t t\u1ea7ng m\u00e2y. V\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0n anh ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m th\u1eddi nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m lu\u00f4n \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7i hi\u1ec3m nguy. Th\u1eed xem b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00e0o? H\u00e3y t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u qua c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 t\u00edch ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m th\u1eddi nay. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p h\u1ecd trong bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 trao gi\u1ea3i Nh\u00e0 Th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m H\u0103m h\u1edf h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u2013 Gi\u1ea3i Qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u V\u00e0ng. Gi\u1ea3i Nh\u00e0 Th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m H\u0103m h\u1edf T\u1edd Tin nhanh \u0110\u1ecba c\u1ea7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ch\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00edt sao. Sau \u0111\u00e2y Hi\u1ec3n s\u1ebd th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. 186","Chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1ng nh\u00ec N\u0103m 1968, nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Anh Wally Herbert (sinh n\u0103m 1934) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7y nguy nan. C\u00f9ng ba b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 xe ch\u00f3 k\u00e9o, \u00f4ng r\u1eddi Alaska, qua 5.820 kil\u00f4met B\u1eafc B\u0103ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u0103ng gi\u00e1, \u0111i ngang qua B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1edbi Spitzbergen t\u1ea1i Nauy. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i d\u00e0i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi 476 ng\u00e0y. M\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i ch\u01a1i. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb g\u1ea5u tr\u1eafng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y l\u1edbp b\u0103ng lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1, l\u00f4i h\u1ecd xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh gi\u00e1. V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u00e0... Trong th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa 1979 v\u00e0 1982, nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Ranulph Fiennes (sinh n\u0103m 1944) \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u1ec5n du th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c t\u1edbi Nam c\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Nam c\u1ef1c. N\u00ean nh\u1edb l\u00e0 hai c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u c\u00e1ch nhau tr\u00ean 12.000km. M\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 t\u00edch. Ranulph c\u0169ng th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m s\u00f4ng Nile v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4\u00eft th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a trong sa m\u1ea1c x\u1ee9 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp.V\u00e0 sau m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ef1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1eaft m\u1ea5t m\u1ea5y ng\u00f3n tay b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng v\u00ec gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh. \u00d4ng th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfc nh\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec trong nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m? \u1ea4y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea7m m\u00ecnh trong b\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1c s\u00f4c\u00f4la b\u1ecfng l\u01b0\u1ee1i. Hoan h\u00f4, Ranulph. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1. 187","Nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m may m\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1ng nh\u00ec Eric Hansen (sinh n\u0103m 1948), m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng \u0111i kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u n\u01a1i hoang \u0111\u1ea3o.Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, Eric \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7n l\u1ed9i trong nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng r\u1eadm x\u1ee9 Borneo ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m ch\u0103n, m\u1ea5y b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u00e0i th\u1ee9 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9c m\u1ed9c, Eric \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0n c\u00e2y s\u1ed1. R\u1eafc r\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ef7 nh\u1eadp tr\u00e0ng, chuy\u00ean gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u00fat m\u00e1u h\u1ecd.Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 Eric \u0111\u00e0nh\u201cph\u1eafn\u201dl\u1eb9. V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u00e0... N\u0103m 1947, Thor Heyerdahl (1914-2002), nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Nauy gan g\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ec5n du oai h\u00f9ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua 7.000km \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eeb Callao, Peru t\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Tuamoto \u1edf Nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u01a1ng... tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc b\u00e8 Kon-Tiki k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 balsa (m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 nh\u1eb9). Thor th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb Nam M\u1ef9 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Su\u1ed1t 101 ng\u00e0y l\u00eanh \u0111\u00eanh tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, Thor v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh b\u1ecb s\u00f3ng gi\u00f3 v\u00f9i d\u1eadp t\u01a1i b\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfc b\u00e8 c\u0169ng d\u1ea1t v\u00e0o b\u1edd m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o san h\u00f4. M\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng l\u1eaby l\u1eebng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 S\u1ee2 N\u01af\u1edaC. 188","Nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1ng nh\u00ec H\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940, nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, Wilfred Thesiger (1910-2003) \u0111\u00e3 b\u0103ng qua V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Tr\u1ed1ng (Empty Quarter) trong sa m\u1ea1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00e0 t\u1edbi hai l\u1ea7n. C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecba danh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. B\u1ed1n b\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n c\u00e1t tr\u1eafng ng\u00fat ng\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn c\u1ecf l\u00e1 c\u00e2y.Thesiger su\u00fdt ch\u1ebft kh\u00e1t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ecf b\u1ee5ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecf ra 5 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong sa m\u1ea1c. L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m h\u0103m h\u1edf l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 u\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 con l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e8 v\u00e0o. L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u00ed l\u00fd. MESSNER V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u00e0... Reinhold Messner (1944-) ng\u01b0\u1eddi Italy. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 leo n\u00fai v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi nay.T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1970 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1986, Reinhold tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean chinh ph\u1ee5c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 14 \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (cao t\u1eeb 8.000m tr\u1edf l\u00ean). V\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00e8o l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh Everest m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mang theo b\u00ecnh \u00f4xy. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 t\u1edbi Nam c\u1ef1c. N\u0103m 2004, Reinhold \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m d\u00e0i 2.000km qua sa m\u1ea1c Gubi.Tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, Reinhold. \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y Rei d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh cho B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng N\u00fai Non do \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp (\u1ed2! D\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng). 189","Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 tin N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i cho s\u1ef1 li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u2013 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Jacques Piccard v\u00e0 Trung \u00fay Don Walsh thu\u1ed9c H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3. Ng\u00e0y 23-1-1960, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7n xu\u1ed1ng v\u1ef1c Marianas ngo\u00e0i Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 l\u00e0 N\u01a0I S\u00c2U NH\u1ea4T H\u00c0NH TINH, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u 11 kilomet. H\u1ecd ng\u1ed3i trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u l\u1eb7n mini mang t\u00ean Trieste. Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 4 gi\u1edd 48 ph\u00fat h\u1ecd m\u1edbi xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, t\u00e0u l\u1eb7n Trieste c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ee1 tung d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n n\u01b0\u1edbc. XU\u1ed0NG \u0110\u00c1Y C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea0I D\u01af\u01a0NG KH\u00d3 TH\u01af\u01a0NG Tuy v\u1eady \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Khi b\u1eadt c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n pha, c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft hai nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m. M\u1ed9t con c\u00e1 tr\u1eafng b\u1ec7ch nh\u01b0 ma ph\u00f3ng t\u1edbi ph\u00eda h\u1ecd. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eebng t\u00e1m ti\u1ebfng r\u01b0\u1ee1i \u2013 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c t\u1edbi nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 t\u00edch v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi nay trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. 190","Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y h\u0103m h\u1edf B\u1ea1n v\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m? OK. Cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay t\u00e0u b\u00f2 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kh\u1ed1i n\u01a1i, kh\u1ed1i th\u1ee9 cho b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. H\u1eb3n l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u danh s\u1eed s\u00e1ch? V\u1eady th\u00ec b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e8o l\u00ean b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Nam c\u1ef1c. Nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9? V\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u1ed9i v\u00e0o n\u01a1i r\u1eebng thi\u00eang n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c d\u00f9ng c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh. Kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi. Trong l\u00fac b\u1ea1n suy t\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e3y nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u. L\u00e0m m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m. M\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u01a1i. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u0169ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u201c\u0111\u1ec9nh\u201d v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee3i m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 tin! 191","B\u01af\u1edaC CH\u00c2N TH\u00c1M HI\u1ec2M \u2013 D\u00d2NG TH\u1edcI GIANc) Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 TCN, Pytheas (Hy L\u1ea1p) TH\u1edcI XA X\u01afAb) N\u0103m 470 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Hanno ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenici (Carthage) Tr.CNKho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 600 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, a) \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn: Punth\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Phoenici c\u1ee7a Pharaon C\u1eed m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m 5 con t\u00e0u v\u00e0 250 th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n PhiNecho \u0111i v\u00f2ng quanh ch\u00e2u Phi. ch\u00e2u t\u1edbi Punt t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng HY V\u1eccNG KH\u00d4NG M\u1ea4Tnguy\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Polynesia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u T\u1edaI N\u1eecA NG\u00c0Y!th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u01a1ng. 192 a) kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1492 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Hatshepsut (Ai C\u1eadp)","d) 629-645 s\u01b0 Huy\u1ec1n Trang (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u0103ng). 399 s\u01b0 Ph\u1ed5 Hi\u1ec1n (Trung Qu\u1ed1c) du h\u00e0nh sang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 N\u0103m 150, Ptolemy (Hy L\u1ea1p) xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n Ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 146 TCN, Eudoxus (Hy L\u1ea1p) dong thuy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb Ai C\u1eadp t\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd. b) \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn: T\u00e2y Phi c) \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn: Anh v\u00e0 d) \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn: \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Dong thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i d\u1ecdc Phi Iceland Du h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb Trung Hoa ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Dong thuy\u1ec1n l\u00ean t\u00edt ph\u00eda sang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebfng \u0110\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1eadt b\u1eafc, t\u1edbi t\u1eadn Iceland v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u00edch, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 tinh tinh ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean th\u1ea5y bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 (v\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi). b\u0103ng. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng sa m\u1ea1c hoang ai tin v\u00e0o chuy\u1ebfn phi\u00eau vu. l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. TR\u00d2 KH\u1ec8 G\u00cc M\u00ccNH S\u1ebc PH\u1ea2I \u0110EM \u0110\u00c2Y \u0110\u00c2U PH\u1ea2I B\u1ea2N \u0110\u1ed2 TH\u1ebe N\u00c0Y? THEO NH\u1eeeNG \u0110\u00d4I SA M\u1ea0C, N\u00d3 CH\u1ec8 L\u00c0 T\u1edc GI\u1ea4Y B\u1ea2N NH\u00c0U N\u00c1T! T\u1ea4T D\u00c0Y H\u01a0N! 193","TH\u1edcI TRUNG C\u1ed4Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1095, C\u00e1c Hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 Th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u00c2u ch\u00e2u t\u1edbi a) \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn: Greenland\/IcelandJerusalem R\u1eddi qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4ng. B\u1ed1c ph\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng Greenland l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa xanh t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1000, Leif Ericsson ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng(Nauy) \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi Vinland (Canada) C\u00d3 L\u1ebc TA N\u00caN NHU\u1ed8M XANH TUY\u1ebeT?a) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Viking (Scandinavi), th\u1ebf 194k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 10 Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 860, Th\u00e1nh Brendan (Ireland) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 dong thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc M\u1ef9","c) Kho\u1ea3ng 1325-1354 Ibn Battutah (Ma R\u1ed1c) b) 1271-1295, Marco Polo (Italy) 1245-1247, Giovanni del Carpini (Italy) xuy\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u ch\u00e2u t\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111em theo th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng g\u1eedi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 1154, Al-Idrisi (Ma R\u1ed1c) v\u1ebd ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn b) \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn: Trung Qu\u1ed1c c) \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn: Trung \u0110\u00f4ng\/ Du h\u00e0nh t\u1edbi Trung Hoa theo sa m\u1ea1c Sahara Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng T\u01a1 l\u1ee5a n\u1ed5i danh. Su\u1ed1t 30 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi lang thang tr\u00ean L\u00e0m s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba Nguy\u00ean su\u1ed1t 17 n\u0103m (th\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u00e3 \u0111i qua tr\u00ean 120 ng\u00e0n Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t) c\u00e2y s\u1ed1, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i b\u1ed9, c\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0, thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 can\u00f4. L\u00c0M S\u1ee8 TH\u1ea6N M\u00ccNH S\u1ebc KI\u1ebeM B\u1eaaM! t\u00e0u l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i sa m\u1ea1c l\u00e0m say s\u00f3ng qu\u00e1! 195","b) 1497-1498, Vasco da Gama b) \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn: \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 196 (B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng a) 1492 Christopher Columbus \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n. M\u1edf ra tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb (Italy) \u00c2u ch\u00e2u sang ch\u00e2u \u00c1 M\u00ccNH KH\u00d4NG NGH\u0128 1419-1460, Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Henry Nh\u00e0 D\u00c2N CH\u00c2U \u00c2U H\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i (B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha) t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho KHO\u00c1I C\u00c0-RI! nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m b\u0103ng qua TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 15-16 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y a) \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn: B\u1eafc\/Nam M\u1ef9 Phi ch\u00e2u xu\u1ed1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Viking c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 1405-1433, Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a (Trung tr\u01b0\u1edbc). \u00d4ng ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2u Qu\u1ed1c) th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3y chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ec5n \u00c1 du c\u00f9ng h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m 60 thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m v\u00e0 25.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb Trung M\u00ccNH S\u1ebc PH\u1ea2I Hoa \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn H\u1ed3ng H\u1ea3i MANG THEO B\u1ea2N \u0110\u1ed2!","d) 1577-1580: Francis Drake (Anh) 1540-1542, Francisco de Orellana (T\u00e2y Ban Nha) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u00f4i d\u00f2ng Amazon ra \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n. c) 1519-1522, Ferdinand Magellan (B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha) 1513, Ponce de Leon (T\u00e2y Ban Nha), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n t\u1edbi Florida (M\u1ef9) c) \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn: V\u00f2ng quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t d) \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn: V\u00f2ng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi D\u1eabn \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111i v\u00f2ng D\u1eabn \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u1ec5n du th\u1ee9 hai \u0111i v\u00f2ng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n nh\u01b0ng t\u1eed n\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0u ch\u1edf ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd quay v\u1ec1. Ban Nha. CHUY\u1ebeN \u0110I N\u00c0Y CHUY\u1ebeN \u0110I N\u00c0Y S\u1ebc T\u1ea0O PH\u1ea2I TR\u1ea2 GI\u00c1 B\u1eb0NG D\u1ef0NG T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI... T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI... 197","TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 17-18 1661, hai th\u1ea7y tu, Cha D\u2019Orville v\u00e0 Cha Grueber t\u1edbi Lhasa, T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. 1620, di d\u00e2n Anh sang M\u1ef9 tr\u00ean con t\u00e0u Mayflower a) 1595-1617 Walter Raleigh (Anh) a) \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn: Nam M\u1ef9 b) \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn: S\u00f4ng Amazon \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u00e1nh ph\u1ed1 El Dorado huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i T\u1edbi Nam M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c h\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tay tr\u1eafng d\u00e1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Dong thuy\u1ec1n xu\u00f4i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0i. Amazon, b\u1eaft \u00edt c\u00e1 piranha. KHI TR\u1ede V\u1ec0 M\u00ccNH S\u1ebc \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C L\u00caN H\u00c0NG \u0110\u1ea6U 198"]