Social Science 5-7 Eng Med-compressed

Stages of Election For the People Try to find out answers to the following questions related to elections. Who among your family members can vote? Which is your state legislative constituency? Who is the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from your constituency? Which is your Lok Sabha constituency? Who is the Member of Parliament (MP) from your constituency? Stages of election Isn't a leader elected from your class to the School Parliament? The election process of our country passes through certain stages. Observe the following flowchart showing these stages: Issue of election notification Submission of nomination Scrutiny of nomination Withdrawal of nomination Voting Counting of votes and declaration of result 111

Social Science V All elections strictly follow these stages. Election is an inevitable part of democracy. Democracy depends on some other factors too. Let us see what they are. Factors sustaining democracy • The Rule of Law All are equal before the law. Everyone is obliged to obey the law. Nobody is above the law. The significance of the rule of law can be understood from a simple example. What will happen if somebody drive carelessly? Discuss its consequences. The aim of traffic rule is to ensure smooth and safe traffic for vehicles. Identify similar rules and evaluate their role in making our lives comfortable. • Rights Rights are granted to the citizens for the progress of individual and the country. Different laws implemented by the government to ensure various rights of the people are given in column ‘A’ of the following table. Identify the rights ensured by each law and try to fill in column ‘B’. A B Laws Rights • Right To Education Act (RTE) • ................................. • Traffic laws • ................................. • Right to Information Act • ................................. • The Senior Citizens Act • ................................. (Maintenance, Protection and Welfare) 112

For the People You have seen that the citizens of a democratic country enjoy various rights by various laws like those mentioned in the table. Conduct a discussion in the class on the impact of the absence of these rights and how it will adversely affect democracy. • Social and economic justice Democracy is the form of government that ensures the participation of all people. It is meaningful only when all are equal. Ensuring equal treatment for all by minimising social and economic inequalities is the principle behind the idea of social and economic justice. The following are a few social conditions that violate social and economic justice. How do they affect democracy? Analyse. -- -Slavery - Gender discrimination - Unemployment - Poverty • Mass Media 113

Social Science V Observe the picture and try to identify what all come under mass media. List out the different television channels and newspapers. The mass media is a major means that helps in informing the public about events happening in the society. Free and impartial media are the foundation of democracy. The media play an important role to familiarize the public with individual opinions and to bring common demands to the government’s attention. The media also informs the public of the decisions of the government. Identify such news from the newspapers and present them in class. What will be the condition of democracy in the absence of media? Prepare a note. • Opposition We have seen the significance of election in democracy. Election creates both ruling and opposition parties. It is the duty of the Opposition to persuade the government to function better by pointing out the wrongs of the government. Collect news on the functioning of the Opposition. Conduct a discussion on the role of the Opposition in democracy. Election, rule of law, rights, social and economic justice, mass media and Opposition are the factors that sustain democracy. Democracy- a way of life As a way of life democracy upholds human values and individual liberty. Respecting opinions of others is a part of democratic way of life. An individual has the right to agree or disagree with the opinion of others. Democracy becomes meaningful when we are able to form collective decisions. We should be able to adopt the democratic way of life at home, in school and in society. 114

For the People We imbibe several democratic habits from our day-to-day life. What are they? • We accept the opinions of others. • We wait for our turn. • We value the freedom of others. Is your friend democratic? Observe the table. Put a tick mark in () the suitable box. Context Yes No Obey traffic rules Boards the school bus in a queue Returns the library book in time. Disagrees to certain opinions that he/she considers wrong. Wears the school uniform without fail. Does not litter public places. Try to add more statements to the list. The tick mark () in the 'yes'-box implies that the individual is a democrat. An increase in the number of tick marks in the 'yes' column signifies that the person is more in tune with the democratic way of life. Every individual should respect the democratic activities of others for the progress of the society. No one has the right to obstruct the democratic activities of another. Democracy is based on the legal system. It is undemocratic to break the law. 115

Social Science V Observe the picture indicating sound pollution. Have you noticed similar undemocratic activities? Discuss how they obstruct democracy. Democracy is the world’s best form of government. It enables each citizen to be a part of the government. We have to stay alert to empower democracy. Summary • Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. • Democracy is not only a form of government but also a way of life. • Elections, the rule of law, rights, social and economic justice, mass media and the Opposition are the factors that sustain democracy. 116

For the People Significant learning outcomes The learner can: • state the ideas relating to democracy by comparing its various definitions. • explain the stages of election process. • identify the basic factors that sustain democracy. • recognize that democracy is a system of government as well as a way of life and that it is essential for the common good of the society. Let us assess • List three features of democracy. • Certain conditions favourable for the smooth functioning of democracy are given below. A ˛ Election B ˛ Courts C ˛ Rights D ˛ Social and economic justice E ˛ Mass media F ˛ Opposition Mark the appropriate letter (signifying the aforementioned factors) against the statements given below. 1. Constructed a bridge across the river 2. Any individual can assume an office, if he/she has the required qualification 3. The court sentenced the convict for life imprisonment. 4. All TV channels highlighted the news of the corrupt public figure. 5. People elect their representatives once in five years. • Prepare a note on a situation where democratic principles are applied 117

Social Science V Extended activities • Prepare a report on the election of your class leader. (You may include details like the submission of nomination, the mode of election, number of votes secured by each candidate, etc.) • Collect news on election and rule of law. • Prepare a wall magazine featuring the views of great men on democracy. • Prepare a questionnaire to conduct an interview with your ward member/councillor (concerning developmental activities). • Prepare a short note on the importance of election in democracy. • Prepare a collage incorporating the news and pictures related to election. 118

In the Land of Kerala Kerala is well endowed with natural beauty. Hills, rivers, backwaters, coastlines, diverse plant and animal life, and moderate climate are the special features of Kerala. Read these lines of Sri. S K Pottekkatt, an eminent writer, describing the beauty of Kerala. tIc-f-ta, \\ns‚tbma-\\-t∏¿ tIƒs° tImƒabn¿ sIm≈p-s∂-∂p≈sa∂pw \\ocmfn∏® hncn® hb-ep-Iƒ \\osf°nS-°p-apƒ \\mSp-Ifpw hmcnfw ]p√-Wn-°p-∂n≥ ]pd-ßfpw t\\c‰ \\oc-e¿s∏m-bvI-Ifpw ]qØncn IØn® ]mXn-cmhpw ]ns∂ ]qØn-cp-hm-Xnc∏q\\n-emhpw Paddy fields of emerald green Blankets the vast interiors, The green lushy valleys, The mesmerizing ponds in bloom, The sparklers lit night And the divinely pure moon! O my Kerala, how flutters my heart To hear thy dear name just mentioned! (Unpublished translation) 119

Social Science V Don't you wish to know more about our beautiful state? Kerala is located in the southern part of India between the Western Ghats in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west. Observe the given map (Fig. 10.1) Kasaragod Kasaragod Kannur Karnataka Kannur Lakshad weep sea Wayanad Kalpetta Kozhikkode Kozhikkode Malappuram Malappuram Palakkad Tamil Nadu Palakkad Thrissur Thrissur Ernakulam Ernakulam Idukki Kottayam Painavu Alappuzha Kottayam Alappuzha Pathanamthitta Index Pathanamthitta Kollam District headquarters Kollam State headquarters District boundary Thiruvananthapuram State boundary Thiruvananthapuram Fig : 10.1 120

In the Land of Kerala • Which are the neighbouring states of Kerala? • How many districts are there in Kerala? • Which is the smallest district in Kerala? • Identify the districts that do not have a coastline. • Prepare more questions based on this map. Write down the answers in your notebook. A quiz programme may be conducted in your class with the questions you have prepared. Physiography The physiography of our state extends from the sandy stretches along the Arabian Sea in the west, through hills and valleys, to the torrenting streams and lofty peaks in the east. Based on the elevation from sea level, the physiography of Kerala can be divided into three. Observe the given map (Fig. 10.2) and list out the physiographic divisions of Kerala. • Highland • • Highland 121

Social Science V Lakshadweep Sea Karnataka Tamil Nadu Index K.M. Lowland m Midland m Highland m Fig. 10.2 122

In the Land of Kerala Highland is the area with an elevation of over 75 metres from the sea level. All our rivers originate from this physiographic unit composed of lofty mountains and hills. Most of this region is covered with forests. In the lap of the Sahya The highland region of Kerala is part of the Western Ghat mountain ranges which extend from Tamil Nadu in the south to Gujarat in the north. The Western Ghats is the abode of a wide variety of animals including tiger and leopard, different types of birds and butterflies, reptiles like king cobra, and rare species like the nilgiri tahr and the lion-tailed macaque. Malabar Hornbil Nilgiri Tahr 123

Social Science V The Western Ghat region In the valley of silence... is also home to trees such as rosewood, eaglewood, Silent Valley sandalwood, red sandal is a forested wood and orchids of tract in the different kinds. This We s t e r n region is also known as the Ghat region of the Mannarkad taluk Sahyadri mountain range. in Palakkad district. 'Silent Valley' owes its name to the perceived Collect the pictures of the absence of noisy cicada. This forest flora and fauna in the is the habitat of several plant and Western Ghats from the animal species including the internet and prepare a endangered lion-tailed macaque. digital album in the computer of the Social Science lab. Midland The midland includes areas lying between an elevation of 7.5 metres and 75 metres above the sea level. The midland zone consists of small hills, valleys and river basins. Identify from the map the physiographic units bordering the east and the west of the midland. Lowland The lowland is the area that has an elevation upto 7.5 metres from the sea level. Generally this is a sandy tract. 124

In the Land of Kerala Climate Kerala experiences a moderate climate. Nearness to the sea is the main reason for a climate which is neither too hot nor too cold in Kerala. Kerala receives the highest amount of rainfall during the south west monsoon season which begins in June. It is known as Edavappathi or Kalavarsham. The north east monsoon is known as Thulavarsham. Evening showers accompanied by thunder is the peculiarity of Thulavarsham. During which months is Thulavarsham experienced in Kerala? By the end of December, a slightly cooler climate is experienced in Kerala. The summer season begins by the middle of February. What features of summer are experienced in your locality? • Decrease in the flow of water in rivers. • 125

Social Science V Rivers There are 44 rivers originating from the Western Ghats and flowing through Kerala. Of these, the Kabani, the Bhavani, and the Pambar flow towards the east. The Periyar is the longest river in Kerala. Observe the maps in the Social Science lab and answer the following questions. • Which are the rivers flowing through your district? • From which physiographic division do the rivers in Kerala originate? Write down the uses of rivers. • Drinking water • Look at the picture which shows the present state of our rivers. 126

In the Land of Kerala Today, the rivers in Kerala are under the threat of pollution. Do the rivers in your locality face such a threat? List out the other problems faced by the rivers in your locality. • Bank shelving • A revival The Kodungarappallampuzha in Attappadi which had dried up twenty five years ago, is in the course of regaining its flow. The Kodungarappallampuzha is a tributary of the Bhavani river originating from Perumalmudi in the Tamil Nadu border. Deforestation led to the degeneration of the river. Aided by activities such as the construction of rainwater percolation pits, check-dams and afforestation programmes, the river has regained its flow through Attappadi. Enquire about the problems faced by the rivers in your locality and prepare notes. Though Kerala has numerous rivers, many places face acute water shortage during summer. Why? Backwaters Backwaters are large waterbodies located close to the sea. The Vembanattu Kayal spread across the districts of Alappuzha, Kottayam, and Ernakulam, is the largest backwater in 127

Social Science V Kerala. The backwaters are utilized for fishing, shell mining, coir industry, and tourism. Lakes Lakes are large waterbodies located close to the sea. The Sasthamkotta lake in Kollam district is the largest freshwater lake in Kerala. Backwaters and lakes face several problems. List them out. • Dumping of industrial waste • The rivers, lakes, and backwaters are closely related to the life of Keralites. Many of the historically and culturally important places are located along the river banks. Shouldn't these water bodies which are closely linked to our culture be conserved? Agriculture and human life Kerala is an agricultural state. Fertile soil and abundant rainfall make Kerala favourable for agriculture. Coconut and paddy are the main crops in the coastal region. The backwaters here are widely used for pisciculture. 128

In the Land of Kerala But in the midland diverse crops can be found. Besides paddy, coconut, plantain, elephant yam, butter yam, and arecanut, rubber, tapioca, coffee, and pepper are grown in this region. The cool climate of the highland is ideal for tea, cardamom, and pepper. Do you know that Onam, the regional festival of Kerala, is connected with the harvest in the month of Chingam? The arrangement of Kani on Vishu and planting of saplings on Pathamudayam emphasize the role of agriculture in Kerala's culture. These festivals become relevant only if our crop diversity and agrarian culture are preserved. Collect proverbs associated with agriculture. 129

Social Science V The vanishing crop diversity Nowadays Keralites cultivate industrially significant crops like rubber instead of traditional crops. Now, many educated people are attracted towards non-agricultural jobs. Lack of interest in cultivating traditional crops is another issue in Kerala. Isn't it be changed? Discuss. What are the agricultural produce used to prepare food in your home? Classify these into those cultivated in your state and those coming from others. My courtyard farm Cultivate in your courtyard and in your school campus. It is a delightful experience to produce the vegetables and paddy needed for our consumption. What are the merits of it? • Poison-free vegetables • Transport In Kerala the modes of transport have developed in accordance with the physiographic divisions. Water transport is of great importance in the lowlands marked with backwaters, lakes, and river mouths. We have an inland waterway leading from Thiruvananthapuram to Hosdurg. Ports for the purpose of fishing, transport, defence, etc. have also been developed. As bridges were constructed across the backwaters, railway lines and national highways developed in Kerala. Road transport is prominent in the midlands and highlands. These 130

In the Land of Kerala roads extend to Tamil Nadu and Karnataka through the passes in the Western Ghats. Air transport to different parts of the country as well as to several foreign countries operate from the international airports in Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode in Kerala. Observe the map (Fig. 10.3). Kasaragod Karnataka Kannur Lakshad weep sea Wayanad Kozhikkode Malappuram Palakkad Tamil Nadu Thrissur Ernakulam Idukki K.M. Kottayam Alappuzha Pathanamthitta Idex Kollam Thiruvananthapuram Railway State highway National highway District boundary State boundary Figure 10.3 131

Social Science V • Identify the districts with no railway lines. What could be the reason for this? • Which physiographic division has the maximum length of National Highways? Why is it so? Gods own country Kerala is endowed with abundant rainfall, numerous rivers, pleasant climate, highly literate and cultured society and a physiography of green mountains and hills. It is our duty to conserve the rich resources and diversity of Kerala for generations to come. Let us unite in this mission. Summary • Kerala is a state located at the southern part of India on the shores of the Arabian Sea. • Kerala consists of three distinct physiographic divisions, namely, the highland, the midland and the lowland. • The alternating rainy and summer seasons provide favourable conditions for diverse crops. • Kerala has an agro-based culture. Significant learning outcomes The learner can: • describe the location, boundaries, and districts of Kerala. • explain the physiography of Kerala. • analyse the importance of the Western Ghats. • prepare an album of flora and fauna in the Western Ghats with proper captions. • infer on the climate of Kerala. • illustrate the origin and course of the rivers in Kerala. • analyse the problems faced by rivers. • express in different modes the value of conservation of rivers and backwaters. 132

In the Land of Kerala • make inferences on Kerala's culture is agro-based. • analyse the different modes of transport developed in Kerala in accordance with the topographical peculiarities. Let us assess 1. 'Crops cultivated in Kerala are in accordance with its physiography'. Write a few examples justifying the statement. 2. The rivers in Kerala face several problems. Prepare notes on the problems faced by the rivers in your locality. 3. What are the climatic features of Kerala? 4. The eastern zone of Kerala does not have rail transport. Why? Extended activities Prepare a model of the physiography of Kerala using cardboard and clay. Materials required Cardboard (Size 30 cm × 30 cm) Clay Pencil Water colour Marker pen Draw the outline of Kerala on the cardboard of the size 30 cm × 30 cm. Make the model of Kerala using clay on the cardboard. Give suitable colours to the different physiographic divisions. Label the physiographic divisions as 'highland', 'midland' and 'lowland'. 133

Social Science V Recall your pledge in the school assembly. It begins as follows. India is my country. All Indians are by brothers and sisters. I love my country and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage... We Indians are proud of the varied heritage of our country. The diversity in attire, language, tradition, etc. makes India unique. This diversity is also evident in physiography, climate, 134

Our India vegetation, lifestyle, etc. Amidst these diversities, the Indians live united like siblings; breaking the barriers of caste, religion and language. This chapter will help you to know more about the diversities of India. India - Location and neighbouring countries We have earlier discussed the continents. Can you identify the continent to which India belongs? Find out India's neighbouring countries from the map of Asia. You may use the atlas or wall maps for this. Have you noticed the ocean to the south of India on the map of India provided (fig 11.1)? This is the Indian Ocean. The part of the ocean to the east of India is known as the Bay of Bengal and that to the west is known as the Arabian Sea. India - States For administrative convenience, India is divided into 29 states. On 2014 June Andhrapradesh has been divided in to two states namely Seemandhra and Telangana. The administrative headquarters of each state is known as the state capital. • List out the 29 states and their capital cities from the map of India. Delhi is the National Capital Territory. 135

Social Science V N INDIA Srinagar Political Map Jammu & Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Punjab Simla Chandigarh Dehradun Uttarakhand Haryana Arunachal Delhi Pradesh Itanagar Rajasthan New Delhi Sikkim Gangtok Jaipur Luknow MeAgSshhsaialllmaoynDagispuNr IaKmgoaphlhaimnalda Uttar Pradesh BengalTriApguarrathMaliazAoMirzaahmnwipaul r Patna Gujarat Bhopal Bihar Gandhinagar Madhya Pradesh Jharkhand RanchWi est Kolkata Chattisgarh Maharashtra Raipur Odisha Mumbai Bhubaneswar Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh PanGaojia Lakshadweep Bay of Bengal Arabian Sea Karnataka Andaman and Nicobar Islands International Boundary Bengaluru Chennai State Boundary State Capital Kerala TamilNadu National Capital Thiruvananthapuram Indian Ocean Fig - 11.1 136

Our India Other than the states, there are six union territories in India. They are Puducherry, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, and the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Locate the union territories and the National Capital Territory on the map (fig 11.1). India - Physiography There are different landforms like mountains, plateaus, plains and islands on the earth. Such features of a region constitute its physiography. The physiography of India is diverse with mountain ranges, plains, vast plateaus, deserts, coastal plains, and islands. Mountains in India You have learned about the major mountain ranges in different continents. The Himalayas The Western Ghats A part of the Himalayas, the loftiest mountain range in the world, belongs to India. The other major mountain ranges in India are the Aravallis, the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats, the Vindhya ranges, and the Satpura ranges. They are comparatively lower than the Himalayas in height. A number of rivers originate from these mountain ranges. 137

Social Science V Plains in India Plains are extensive and level landforms. There is a vast expansive plain to the south of the Himalayan mountain ranges. These plains were formed by the deposition of alluvium brought down by the rivers originating from the Himalayas. These are known as the Indo - Ganga - Brahmaputra plains. Crops such as paddy, wheat, maize, and sugarcane are cultivated in these fertile plains. Hence, this region is also referred to as India's granary. Ganga plain Deserts in India Strong winds, scorching heat, and extensive sand dunes are the characteristic features of deserts in India. A major part of the state of Rajastan, situated to the north west of India, is a desert. This region, known as the Thar desert, is sparsely inhabited and the least cultivated due to the scarcity of Thar desert rain. 138

Plateaus in India Our India Deccan plateau Plateaus are comparatively elevated landforms with almost flat surfaces. The Deccan plateau is the largest in India. The other major plateaus are Malwa and Chotanagpur. Coastal regions in India Coastal regions are low lands bordering the sea. India has a long coastline. A coastal region Identify the southern most coastal state from the map of India. Islands in India The land surrounded by sea is called an island. The Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian Sea and the Andaman & Nicobar islands in the Bay of Bengal are part of India. 139

Social Science V The pictures given below are of these islands. Identify the location of the Lakshadweep and the Andaman & Nicobar islands from the map (Fig 11.1) A Lakshadweep island Andaman & Nicobar islands India - Rivers We have discussed the major mountain ranges in India. Many of these mountain ranges are the sources of a number of rivers. The Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra originating from the The River Ganga Himalayas, and the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, the Kaveri, the Narmada, and the Tapti originating from the high altitude regions of peninsular India are the major rivers of India. India - Climate In the rainy season Diverse climate prevails in India. India experiences rainy, winter, and summer seasons. Of the two rainy seasons in India, the first extends from June to September and the second, from October to November. The western 140

Our India coastal region bordering the A glimpse of winter Arabian Sea and the north eastern states receive heavy rainfall during these periods. Cherrapunji in Meghalaya receives the highest rainfall in India. The agricultural sector in India is highly dependent on these rainy seasons. A summer scene The winter season in India is experienced from December to February. It is followed by the summer season from March to May. India - Natural vegetation and animal life You have learnt that India's physiography and climate are diverse. Consequently, diversity can also be found in plant and animal life. India's natural vegetation includes rain forests, decidious forests, thorn and shrub forests, and grasslands. These regions which are the habitat of different types of birds and animals such as elephant, lion, tiger, leopard, wild gaur, deer, peacock, and hornbill are undoubtedly a treasure of India. Rain forest Deciduous forest 141

Social Science V Grassland Thorn forest We, the Indians You are now aware of the diversties in physiography, climate, and plant and animal life in India, aren't you? There is a corresponding diversity in the human life as well. While rice is the staple food of the South Indians, it is wheat for the North Indians. What might be the reason for these regional differences in food habits? Discuss in the class. The people of South India commonly use cotton clothes, while the people living in the moutain regions prefer woollen clothes. Do you know why? Festivals are diverse. Onam is the regional festival of Kerala. The major festival of Tamil Nadu is Pongal. Bihu is celebrated in Assam and Holi in North India. Such diversities are evident in rituals also. Try to find out more examples for the cultural diversity of India. • Language • 142

Our India The other parts of India is entirely different from where we live. Though there are diversities in physiography, climate, vegetation, animal and human life; India stands united as a single nation. We are indeed proud of the rich and varied heritage of India. Summary • India is located in the south of Asia. • India is divided into 28 states, 6 union territories and a National Capital Territory. • The physiography of India includes mountains, plateaus, plains, coastal regions, and islands. • The major rivers of India are the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra, the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, the Kaveri, the Narmada, and the Tapti. • India experiences three seasons as rainy season, winter season, and summer season. • Rainforests, deciduous forests, thorn and shrub forests, grasslands, etc. are the major types of vegetation in India. • Though diversities exist in physiography, climate, vegetation, language, dressing, food habits, rituals, and festivals; India stands united as a single nation. Significant learning outcomes The learner can: • explain that India is a part of Asia and can define its location, size, neighbouring countries, states, and capitals. • describe the diversities in physical features of India such as physiography, rivers, climate, vegetation, and animal life. 143

Social Science V • describe the diversities in India's cultural features like language, dressing, rituals, festivals, food habits, and agricultural practices. • explain the concept of 'Unity in Diversity'. Let us assess 1. Find out the capital cities of the following states. • Arunachal Pradesh • Rajasthan • Himachal Pradesh • Chattisgarh • Mizoram • Goa 2. Explain the features of India's physiography. 3. List out the rivers originating from the Himalayas and those originating from the high altitude regions of peninsular India. 4. Describe the features of the climate in India. Extended activities • Observe the political map of India and list the 28 states and their capitals in the following table. Sl. No. State Capital 1 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar 2 • • 28 • Prepare a digital album on the diversity in dressing of India. • Locate the mountains, plains, and plateaus of India in atlas or wall maps. (India : Physical map) 144

Social Science Part I Standard VI GOVERNMENTOFKERALA DEPARTMENT OFEDUCATION State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT, Kerala) 2016

Content 1. Medieval India: The Centres of Power 07 2. Medieval India:Society, Resource, and Trade 21 3. Kerala: The land, the Rain, and the People 31 4. Production Process 47 5. The Earth: Myth and Reality 59 6. World of Diversities 79

Content 103 119 7. Medieval India: Art and Literature 131 8. Medieval World 143 9. Medieval Kerala 157 10. Democracy and Rights 171 11. Diversity in Social Life 12. Gift of Nature

Medieval India: The Centres of Power Friends, I am the River Yamuna. YtoiTJsDsrrouuhiibueocgmeluhnihanmQteiamaiuMorghtatifehaebjatesstfsshMrjhotwioeiadfmciiv,inttmenhahttiehprehhss,oeeetsGraoteRthYrrdaadieenancdtamgtoIhlarfFueco,minmontrtoroiiheetstnP.es,eruiiItlolamlhoinananneermdngmIUteofnysosfattdntlwcMielaraaairnooveayGffhekbrra.shteaehtaiuevnefn.leo.idr.I,u.a.nMntldDhdaieaenhl.yheIrie. dynasties. Haven't you listened to what the Yamuna spoke about Delhi? Shall we journey into the medieval history of Delhi? The period between CE 8th century and 18th century is generally known as the medieval period in Indian history.

Social Science Across the topography of Delhi… Observe the map (map 1.1) given below. What all information can you gather from it? Indo-Gangetic plain Map 1.1 You have seen that Delhi is situated in the Indo-Gangetic plain. The fertility of the region has been favourable for agricultural progress. Observe the location of the Aravalli mountain ranges marked on the map. These mountain ranges helped Delhi to resist the invasions of enemies. The massive rocks of this mountain range supplied the stones for the construction of forts and buildings. The river Yamuna facilitated water transportation and ensured enough water supply for Delhi. It was these geographical features that attracted the rulers to Delhi. What were the geographical features that motivated the rulers to opt Delhi as the centre of their power? Delhi as a seat of power It was under the Tomar kings, who were Rajputs, that Delhi first became a seat of power in CE 8th century. Back then, Delhi was known as 'Dhillika'. Following the Tomars, the Chauhan dynasty ruled Delhi. Prithviraj Chauhan was the last king of the Chauhan 8 Medieval India: The Centres of Power

Standard VI dynasty. Muhammad of Ghor (in the present Rajputs Afghanistan) defeated Prithviraj Chauhan and established his domination over Delhi. The Rajputs were the kshatriyas QutbuddinAybak was his Commander-in-chief.After of the central and north-west the death of Muhammad of Ghor, Qutbuddin India. The Tomars and the established his rule in CE 1206 with Delhi as the Chauhans were prominent seat of power. This dynasty is known as the Mamluk among them. dynasty (Slave Dynasty). Four major dynasties ruled Delhi after the decline of the Mamluk dynasty and their rule lasted until CE 1526. The rulers of Delhi between CE 1206 and CE 1526 are known as Sultans and the period of their reign is known as the Sultanate period. Look at the flow chart given below. It chronologically lists the dynasties and the respective major rulers during the Sultanate period. Mamluk Dynasty (Slave Dynasty) Qutbuddin Aybak, Iltutmish, Balban  Khalji Dynasty Alauddin Khalji  Tughluq Dynasty Muhammad Bin Tughluq, Firuz Shah Thughluq  Sayyid Dynasty Khizr Khan  Lodi Dynasty Ibrahim Lodi Medieval India: The Centres of Power 9

Social Science Complete the table given below based on the flow chart Dynasties of the Major rulers Sultanate period • Mamluk dynasty • QutbuddinAybak, Iltutmish, Balban • • • • • • • • The coins of Iltutmish Let us discuss the expansion of power of the Delhi Sultans to other parts of the Indian subcontinent. Iltutmish was the ruler who assumed power after Qutbuddin. He conquered Multan, Lahore, Bengal, etc. He introduced a uniform monetary system in the regions under his control. Tanka and Jital were the newly introduced coins. Balban was the major ruler who rose to power after the reign of Iltutmish. Lahore Bengal Sultana Raziyya Multan Sultana Raziyya was the only Gujarat woman ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. She was the daughter of Iltutmish. She lost her power owing to the protest from some nobles. The regions under Iltutmish Map 1.2 10 Medieval India: The Centres of Power

Standard VI The expansion of the Sultanate The Khalji dynasty succeeded the Mamluk dynasty. Alauddin Khalji was the most prominent among the Khalji rulers. It was during his reign that the south and west regions of India came under the Delhi Sultanate. Gujarat was the first region that came under his control. Identify Gujarat in the given map 1.2. What are the geographical peculiarities of Gujarat? You can find that the long coastline is a peculiar feature of Gujarat. Therefore, several seaports exist here. With the conquest of Gujarat, these sea ports came under the control of Alauddin Khalji. He could import fine horses from Iraq through these ports. This strengthened his military power and he conquered the regions in the southern and western India. How did the domination over Gujarat strengthen the military of Alauddin Khalji? Daulatabad The region under the control The region under of Alauddin Khalji. Arrow the control of marks denote the military Muhammad Bin movements Tughluq Map 1.3 Map 1.4 Medieval India: The Centres of Power 11

Social Science The Khalji dynasty was succeeded by the Tughluq dynasty. Muhammad Bin Tughluq was an important ruler of the Tughluq dynasty. To rule more efficiently he shifted the capital from Delhi to Devagiri and renamed the latter as Daulatabad. Observe the location of Daulatabad in map 1.4. Daulatabad was situated almost at the centre of the expanded state. Muhammad Bin Tughluq thought that all the regions could be controlled effectively by shifting the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. Later he found that shifting the capital was not practical and withdrew the decision. The rulers of the Sayyid and the Lodi dynasties who succeeded the Tughluq dynasty were weak. The Sultanate rule began to decline with the end of the Tughluq dynasty. Delhi under the Mughal rule 26th April 1526... The armies of Sultanate ruler Ibrahim Lodi and Babur, the ruler of Kabul (in Afghanistan) fought at Panipat near Delhi. Since the army of Babur made use of cannon and gunpowder, they could easily defeat the army of Ibrahim Lodi. Babur ended the Sultanate reign and established a new rule known as the Mughal rule with Delhi as the capital. Battlefield of Panipat - An illustration 12 Medieval India: The Centres of Power

Standard VI Let us see the names of the major Mughal rulers with the help of the flow chart given below. Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangazeb 1526-1530 1530-1540, 1556-1605 1605-1627 1627-1658 1658-1707 1555 - 1556 The Mughal rule established by Babur was later Sher Shah Suri extended. Akbar played an important role in the expansion of the Mughal empire. He formed a huge Delhi was ruled by Sher Shah army. To maintain it, he adopted a special system Suri of the Sur dynasty from CE known as Mansabdari. Under this system, every 1540 to CE 1545. He rose to officer was liable to maintain a specific number of power by defeating the Mughal soldiers. Raja Man Singh, Raja Todar Mal, Birbal, ruler Humayun. His successors Raja Jay Singh, etc. were the prominent Rajputs who were weak. Hence, Humayun held important office during the Mughal period. could recapture Delhi in CE 1555. Observe the map 1.5 and complete the diagram. Kabul Kashmir Khandesh Multan Bihar The region under Delhi Bengal the Mughal empire Malwa Gujarat Khandesh India under Akbar Map 1.5 Medieval India: The Centres of Power 13

Social Science Jats Akbar Nama and Rajputs Ain-i-Akbari Marathas Akbar Nama is a work on history written by Abul Fazl, a courtier of Akbar. The work is in three volumes. The first volume deals with Akbar's ancestors, the second with the events during Akbar's reign, and the third with Akbar's administration. The third volume is also known as Ain-i-Akbari. India under The Mughal empire expanded the most Aurangazeb during the reign ofAurangazeb. (Observe map 1.6). He ruled for fifty years. Though Map 1.6 the empire began to decline after Aurangazeb, it lasted until 1857. Prepare a seminar paper on 'The expansion of the Sultanate- Mughal rule in medieval India'. Centres of power in southern and western India We have discussed the growth of Delhi as a seat of power in medieval India. The other important kingdoms that prevailed in southern and western India during the period are given below. Kingdom Region Southern India Chola Western India Vijayanagara Bahmani Maratha 14 Medieval India: The Centres of Power

Standard VI Chola kingdom SriLanka Malaysia Indonesian Islands The Chola dynasty became powerful by CE 9th century. Raja Raja Chola and Rajendra Map 1.7 Chola were the prominent Chola rulers. The Cholas had a powerful navy. The influence of the Cholas was extended even to countries like Malaysia and the Indonesian islands. Observe the map 1.7 and locate the nations outside India that were under the dominion of the Chola rule . Vijayanagara kingdom This prince has in three months his dominions three journey. The hundred ports, each country is for the of which is equal to most part well Calicut and on terra cultivated, very firma his territories fertile. The troops comprise a space of amount in number to eleven lakhs. Abdur Razzaq This is an extract from the description of the Persian traveller Abdur Razzaq. What information can you obtain from it? There were many ports in Vijayanagara. Medieval India: The Centres of Power 15

Social Science The Vijayanagara kingdom was established by Harihara and Bukka in CE 14th century. Krishnadeva Raya was the major ruler of Vijayanagara. Bahmani kingdom Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah was the founder of the Bahmani kingdom. The Raichur region located between the Tungabhadra and the Krishna rivers was fertile. It was known as 'the rise bowl of South India'. The rulers of Bahmani and Vijayanagara frequently engaged in wars to gain control over the Raichur region. With the help of a map, locate the present Indian states where the Raichur region is situated. What are the factors that motivated the Vijayanagara and Bahmani rulers to engage in battles for the Raichur region? Maratha kingdom Pune It was in CE 17th century that the Marathas Region under the became a prominent power. The geographical Maratha kingdom features of the region helped the growth of the Marathas. The Vindhya- Satpura mountain ranges Map 1.8 and the Narmada-Tapti rivers separated the Maratha region from the nearby regions. These geographical features offered natural protection to it. The Marathi language and literature instilled a sense of unity among the Marathas. 16 Medieval India: The Centres of Power

Standard VI What were the factors that helped the growth of the Marathas? Shivaji was the major ruler of the Maratha kingdom. He adopted the title 'Chatrapati'. The Marathas had strong army and navy. It helped them to be a major political power. Pune was the capital of the Maratha kingdom. In addition to Delhi, various centres of power existed in different parts of India during the medieval period. Prepare a note on them. It was the geographical features that inspired the rulers to opt Delhi as a centre of power. It was under the Tomar kings that Delhi first became the centre of power. The Sultanate rule was established with Delhi as its capital. The Sultanate rule expanded further during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Bin Tughluq. Babur who defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the battle of Panipat in 1526 established the Mughal rule. Akbar and Aurangazeb played an important role in the expansion of the Mughal empire. Different centres of power existed in western and southern India during the medieval period. Medieval India: The Centres of Power 17

Social Science Medieval India Tomar Dynasty (Delhi) Cholas (South India) Chauhan Dynasty (Delhi) Vijayanagara (South India) Sultanate Rule (Delhi) Bahmani (South India) Mughal Dynasty (Delhi) Maratha (Western India) The learner : explains the topographical features that helped Delhi to become a centre of power. analyses the growth and expansion of the Sultanate and Mughal dynasties . analyses the influence of the topographical features in the growth of the dynasties. explains the various centres of power that existed in southern and western India. 18 Medieval India: The Centres of Power

Standard VI Which are the geographical factors that contributed to Delhi becoming a centre of power? The battle of Panipat was crucial in the history of India. Substantiate. Analyse the policy adopted by Akbar in the expansion of the Mughal empire. The rulers of Vijayanagara and Bahmani frequently engaged in wars for the possession of the Raichur region. Based on this statement, examine the features of the Raichur region. Which are the geographical factors that helped in the rise of the Maratha kingdom? Match column 'A' with 'B' A B Iltutmish The battle of Panipat Krishnadeva Raya Mansabdari system Muhammad Bin Tughluq Jital coin Babur Vijayanagara Akbar Shifting of capital Collect the proof for the cultural relations between 19 southeast Asian countries and India. Medieval India: The Centres of Power