Social Science 5-7 Eng Med-compressed

Social Science Day and night Fig 5.12 Look at the figure 5.12.Aleena and Ammu are two children living Fig 5.13 at places located on almost opposite faces of the Earth. Aleena lives in California in the USA and Ammu lives in Kerala. From the globe you can understand that these places are located on opposite faces of the Earth. While Ammu goes to school in the morning, Aleena is sleeping at night. While Aleena goes to school in the morning, it will be night at Ammu's place. When it is day on one face of the Earth, the opposite face experiences night. Thus day and night are experienced one after the other. Let us see how this happens through a simple experiment. As shown in the picture (Fig 5.13) place a globe against any source of light. Now one face will be illuminated and North Pole Equator Sunlight Day Night Fig 5.14 South Pole 70 The Earth: Myth and Reality

Standard VI the other will be in the dark. Turn the globe. You can see that the illuminated face turns dark and the dark face turns illuminated (Fig 5.14). It is in the same manner that day and night occurs on the Earth. Don't you know the source of light for the Earth is the Sun? You have already learned that the shape of the Earth is spherical and that it spins on its own axis. The spinning of the Earth on its own axis is called rotation. The part of the Earth facing the Sun due to rotation gets illuminated and experiences day. As the opposite face does not get sunlight, night is experienced there. Day and night is experienced one after the other due to the rotation of the Earth. The Earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation. It is considered as a day. See whether the face of the Earth where you live is now facing the Sun or not. Rotation of the Work sheet Rotation of the Earth from Earth from west to East Moon west to East Moon Sunlight Sunlight Earth Earth In the above pictures colour the face of the Earth experiencing day with yellow crayon and the face of the Earth experiencing night with black crayon. The Earth: Myth and Reality 71

Social Science Sunrise and sunset The change in the position of the Sun is experienced due to the rotation of the Earth. You might have noticed that the trees and buildings seem to move in the opposite direction while we travel in vehicles. Do they really move? Similarly, the Sun which is far away from the Earth seems to rise in the east and set in the west. Turn a globe placed on the table from left to right as shown in the picture (Fig 5.15). Imagine that the left side is the west and the right side is the east. It is because of the rotation of the Earth from west to east that the Sun seems to rise in the east and set in the west. Haven't you noticed the changes in the shadows over the day? Fig 5.15 Work sheet Draw the Sun at the proper positions with reference to the shadows given. 72 The Earth: Myth and Reality

Standard VI Changing seasons Along with the rotation on its axis, the Earth also moves around the Sun. The movement of the earth around the Sun is called revolution. What all changes occur in our surroundings in a single year? Rainy season begins with the re-opening of schools. Intermittent rain continues for four to five months. Then gradually it grows cold. After that it becomes hot. Some trees shed their leaves… bear flowers and fruits . Do you know why these seasonal changes occur? 73 It is due to the revolution of the Earth that we experience different seasons. You have learnt in the previous class that all the planets in the Solar System revolve around the Sun. Look at the picture (Fig 5.16) The Earth: Myth and Reality

Social Science Do you know how long it takes for the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun?Actually it will take 365¼ days, which is considered as a year. Wow…What a speed! Earth Do you know the average speed Fig 5.16 - Revolution of the Earth of an aeroplane? It is about 560 km per hour. But the speed of Leap Year revolution of the Earth is 96000 km per hour. To complete one revolution, the Earth takes 365¼ days. But a year normally has 365 days. The remaining ¼ part of a day will be considered as a full day once in every four years. Thus every fourth year has 366 days and is called a Leap Year Think, what might Oh! That is why I happen if I stop have birthday only revolving around once in every four the Sun years as I was born on 29th February. You can see the 'Rotation and Revolution' in Eduubuntu-School Resources - K Star 74 The Earth: Myth and Reality

Standard VI The Earth: My lifelong friend 1. The things you like on the Earth 2. The country you like the most and its location based on the ............................................................ latitudes and longitudes ............................................................ ............................................................ .............................................................. ............................................................ .............................................................. .............................................................. 3. Problems faced by the Earth .............................................................. ............................................................ 4. Suggestions to overcome the ............................................................ problems ............................................................ ............................................................ .............................................................. .............................................................. .............................................................. .............................................................. The unique shape of the Earth is called Geoid The latitudes and longitudes are imaginary lines drawn based on the angular distances from the centre of the Earth. The Earth: Myth and Reality 75

Social Science The locations on the Earth are determined based on the lines of latitudes and longitudes Day and night are caused by the rotation and seasons are caused by the revolution of the Earth Earth Shape Size Movements Latitudes Longitudes Rotation Revolution Location Effects The learner : explains the shape and characterisitics of the Earth. makes inferences regarding the size of the Earth. illustrates the latitudes and longitudes as angular distances from the centre of the Earth. 76 The Earth: Myth and Reality

Standard VI locates the features, places, etc. on the Earth based on the latitudes and longitudes. describes the effects of the rotation of the Earth. describes the effects of the revolution of the Earth. Name the unique shape of the Earth. Explain the characteristic features of this shape. Rotation and revolution cause varied effects. Explain the effects. If one longitude is drawn for every one degree of angular distance, how may longitudes will be there on Earth? Make a model to prove that the lines of latitudes and longitudes are angular distances from the centre of the Earth and display it in the Social Science class. Make working models demonstrating the rotation and revolution of the Earth as part of group activity in the class. The Earth: Myth and Reality 77

Social Science Self assessment Completely Partially Need imporvement Can explain the shape of the Earth Can explain the size of the Earth. Can illustrate the latitudes and longitudes Can locate the places Can explain rotation Can explain the effects of the Earth's rotation Can explain revolution Can explain the effects of revolution 78 The Earth: Myth and Reality

World of Diversities Have you seen the pictures? You might have noticed that the vegetation types shown in them are entirely different. What could be the reason? Diversities exist not only in the flora but also in fauna, human life, etc. These diversities have evolved in accordance with the climatic characteristics of each place. Regions on the Earth's surface that share almost similar climatic characteristics are known as climatic regions. You have learnt about the continents in the earlier class. Each of these continents has different climatic regions. Let us see a few of them.

Social Science Hot and rainy lands Fig 6.1 The picture (Fig 6.1) depicts the Pygmies, getting ready to hunt. They usually have a short stature and dark complexion. Cassava (tapioca) is their staple food. They also eat hunted meat and gathered fruits. They often wear deer skin or leaves as clothes. They build semi circular houses out of branches of trees and broad leaves (Fig 6.2). They dearly love and care for the forest. How does the nature influence the Pygmies' lifestyle? Let us see some peculiar features of the Congo basin inAfrica where the Pygmies mainly dwell. Fig 6.2 80 World of Diversities

SSttaannddaarrdd VVII High atmospheric temperature throughout the year and daily afternoon showers with thunder and lightening. Dense evergreen vegetation consisting of big trees, climbers, thick undergrowth, moss, vanda, and so on. Diverse fauna What may be the cause for the above mentioned peculiarities in the Congo basin? You have already learnt that the distribution of sunlight is not uniform everywhere. It is the proximity of these regions to the Equator that causes the above mentioned climatic peculiarities. This in turn causes the luxuriant plant and animal diversity here. Shouldn't there be equatorial regions with similar characteristics in other continents as well? Similar characteristics prevail in the Amazon river basin in South America, and in southeast Asian countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. The aborginal tribes of the Amazon river basin in South America, the Semangs of Malaysia, and the Kubus and Dayaks of Indonesia are also forest dwellers like the Pygmies. The above mentioned places are all located between 10O North and 10O South of the Equator. This region is known as the Equatorial Climatic Region. Identify the places belonging to the Equatorial Climatic Region with the help of an Atlas. The Equatorial Climatic Region is generally sparsely inhabited. 8 18 1 Why? World of Diversities World of Diversities

Social Science Download the pictures of the aborginal tribes of the Equatorial Climatic Region such as Pygmies, Semangs, etc. from the Internet and save in a separate folder. The Equatorial Climatic Region is characterised by dense forests with hardwood trees like mahagony, ebony, rosewood, etc. Equatorial evergreen forests More than a thousand species of plants grow densely in every square kilometre area of the equatorial forest region. Fig 6.3 The trees in these forests do not shed their leaves owing to high atmospheric temperature and copious rainfall. Hence these forests are called equatorial evergreen forests (Fig 6.3). Collecting forest resources is a major livelihood in the Equatorial Climatic Region. The fauna here is diverse with simian species like apes, lemurs, orangutans; reptiles crawling from tree to tree; animals like hippopotamus and crocodile that mostly dwell in water; and birds like parrots, hornbills, etc. 82 World of Diversities

Standard VI Most of the animals in equatorial forests are Biodiversity in the tree dwellers. Why? Amazon basin World's most expansive rain forests rich Collect the pictures of the birds and animals in in biodivesity belong to the Amazon river the Equatorial Climatic Region from the Internet basin in South America. Very high day and save in a separate folder. temperature and abundant rain foster the region's rich biodiversity. Innumerable species of vegetation All places in the Equatorial Climatic Region are ranging from tall hardwood trees to not forest lands. In some places like Brazil, moss are the speciality of the region. Infinite species of micro organisms, Malaysia, and Indonesia which fall in this climatic insects, different types of monkeys, region, agriculture, mining, and industrial activities amphibions, reptiles, birds, etc. also add are effectively practised. These places have been to the biodiversity of this basin. transformed into big cities (Fig 6.4). Try to find out the major towns or cities belonging to the Equatorial Climatic Region with the help of an Atlas. Fig 6.4 - Kuala Lumpur city in Malaysia Dry sandy stretches The aborginal tribes of Kalahari known as Bushmen, Tuareg people of Western Sahara, Bedouins of the Arabian Desert…They are World of Diversities 83

Social Science the inhabitants of the hot deserts spread over the different continents of the world. The lifestyle of these groups is in accordance with the climatic characteristics of this region. Collect pictures of Bushmen, Tuaregs, Bedouins, etc. from the Internet and save in a separate folder. The hot deserts are located along the western margins of continents on both the hemispheres between 20 and 30 latitudes. With the help of an Atlas complete the table by identifying the continents where the hot deserts are located. Hot deserts Continents Sahara Africa Kalahari Arabian Desert Thar Great Australian Desert Atacama Mohave 84 World of Diversities

Standard VI Do you know the common climatic characteristics of hot deserts? Though the day temperature is very high, nights are cool here. Summers are very hot, but very low temperature is experienced in winters. The amount of rainfall is very less here. Fig 6.5 85 Cacti, acacia, etc. form the common vegetation in these dry lands with vey high temperature and dry winds (Fig 6.5). The cacti have no leaves, only fleshy stem. Why is it so? Find out. A few species of animals, adapted to the physical conditions of hot deserts, are seen here. Camels, donkeys, horses, foxes, snakes, scorpions, lizards, etc. form the fauna here. World of Diversities

Social Science Collect the pictures of common plants and animals of the hot deserts from the Internet and save in a separate folder. Hunting and cattle rearing is the major livelihood of the aborginal tribes of the hot deserts. Meat, milk, millets, dates, etc. form their diet. Fig 6.6 - Oasis Agriculture is sparse in hot deserts. Why? Permanent settlements are found only around oases in hot deserts. Oases are the places where water is available in hot deserts. Plants, animals, and human habitations are largely concentrated in and around these water bodies (Fig 6.6). The Nile river basin in Africa is an example for regions with permanent settlements in hot deserts. Agriculture and animal rearing are the major human activities in the Nile basin. Wheat, maize, fruits, vegetables, cotton, etc. are the major agricultural crops here. Egypt: The Gift of Nile Egypt is aptly called the Gift of Nile. Most regions here are deserts. The only exception is the Nile basin. The Nile basin has not only witnessed the emergence of the early civilization, but it also provides water and fertile soil, which enables agriculture in the country. The Nile basin is one among the most densely populated areas in the world. Nile is also described as the life blood of Egypt. 86 World of Diversities

Standard VI Most of the hot deserts are rich in mineral deposits. The mining of these minerals led to the development of these regions. This development attracted people from other parts of the world. All Fig 6.7 - Riyadh city in Saudi Arabia the major cities in the desert regions of the world have evolved in this manner (Fig 6.7). The cities of the Arabian countries are of this kind. As you know, it is the petroleum deposit which has contributed to the development of these cities. Gather information about the climate and Ship of the desert life of the people in the Arabian countries from your relatives employed there. Light coloured loose fitting garments are Camels are the common commonly worn by the desert dwellers. animals of the deserts. Camels Turbans partially covering the face are are largely relied on for another speciality of their dressing (Fig 6.8). travelling and for carrying load. That is why camels are Fig 6.8 described as 'the ships of the Why do the desert dwellers deserts.' The camels survive in commonly use such dresses? the hostile desert conditions thanks to their capacity to store water within the body and to maintain a moderate body heat. Joined toes help them from sinking in sands. Double eyelids and long eye lashes protect them from the sandy winds. World of Diversities 87

Social Science Land of eternal snow Fig 6.9 - Igloo Look at the picture (Fig 6.9). This is a temperory house called 'igloo' built by the inuit tribes. Inuits are the dwellers of the permanently snow covered regions in the northern part of North America and Eurasia. The region is characterised by extremely long days and nights, each lasting about six months. Inuits are adapted to the adverse climate and the lack of resources. Hunting and fishing are the means of life. They live in small groups and never settle anywhere permanently. Essential commodities are exchanged with other groups on the way. They also make houses using the bones of whales, rough rocks, and leather. Why don't the Inuits make permanent settlements? During summer they hunt seals, reindeers, polar bears, etc. They consume the flesh of the hunted animals, clothe themselves with their skin and make weapons from their bones and horns. They never leave the igloo during the winter, which lasts for about six 88 World of Diversities

Standard VI months. To survive this period, they store food in advance. Airtight leather shoes and double layered jackets and trousers made of fur are the common costume of the Inuits (Fig 6.10). Fig 6.10 - Inuits Why do the Inuits have a different style of dressing? Inuits travelling on flat sledges driven by tamed dogs is a common scene in the region (fig 6.11). This climatic region lying to the north of the Arctic Circle (66½°N) and extending around the North Pole is known as the Tundra Climatic Region. This region characterised by very low rainfall, scarce vegetation, and extremely low population is actually a cold desert. The rarely experienced 10O Celcius in June is considered as the highest temperature here. Fig 6.11 With the help of an Atls, identify the continents where the 89 Tundra Climatic Region exists. World of Diversities

Social Science The major vegetation that survives the extreme cold climate comprises of moss and lichens. Small flowering plants and shrubs can be seen only during short summers. Tall trees are rare here. The major fauna includes polar bears; reindeers; and sea animals like whales, seals, and fishes. Polar bear Whale Reindeer Seal Collect more pictures and information about the plants and animals as well as the human life of the Tundra region and save in a separate folder. 90 World of Diversities

Standard VI Write down the features of the climatic regions you have discussed in the following table. Regions Extent of Flora Fauna Human life latitude Now you can prepare a digital album incorporating the pictures you have already collected on the life forms in the different climatic regions and display it in class. You have come across the three different climatic regions of the world. There are a few other 90North 65North climatic regions as well. Enquire about Frigid zone 30North those climatic regions. What may be Temperate zone the basis for the formation of these regions? Look at the picture (Fig 6.12) and Tropical zone 0 find out the temperature zones Tropical zone 30South marked in it. Temperate zone Tropical zone Frigid zone 65South 90South Fig 6.12 World of Diversities 91

Social Science The temperature zones are classified from the Equator towards the poles on the basis of the variation in the availability of sunlight. Within these temperature zones there exist different climatic regions. The location, nearness to sea, altitude etc. are the factors contributing to the formation of climatic regions. Complete the table by identifying the temperature zones to which the given climatic regions belong. Climatic region Temperature zone Equatorial Climatic Region • Hot Deserts • Tundra Climatic Region • 92 World of Diversities

Standard VI The regions sharing almost similar climatic characteristics are known as climatic regions. Each climatic region possesses unique characteristics. Based on the distribution of sunlight, the Earth's surface can be divided into different temperature zones. Different climatic regions are formed within each temperature zone in accordance with factors like its location, nearness to sea, and altitude. The climate of each region has a decisive influence on the human life. World of Diversities 93

Social Science The learner : identifies and explains the basic reasons for the evolution of climatic regions. compares the climatic regions and draws inferences on the unique characteristics of each. analyses the human life in each climatic region and draws inferences on the influence of the climate on human life. prepares a digital album by collecting from the Internet the pictures of plants and animals as well as human life of the different climatic regions. explains the resource diversity of different climatic regions. classifies the climatic regions based on the temperature zones. Human habitation is less in the equatorial climatic region. Give an account of the contributing factors. To which climatic region does each of the following areas belongs? • Amazon river basin • Atacama 94 World of Diversities

Standard VI Climate has a strong influence on the dressing habits. Justify it with reference to the dressing habits of the desert dwellers. The influence of nature is evident in the human life of different climatic regions. Explain on the basis of any one climatic region you have familiarised. Hints: - - Food - Shelter - Dressing Using different colours, mark the different climatic regions you have familiarised on a world map and display it in your classroom. Collect from reading materials or the Internet more information about the climatic regions other than the ones you have come across in this chapter. Prepare a pictorial edition on the plant and animal life as well as the human life of different climatic regions. World of Diversities 95

Social Science Self assessment Completely Partially Need Have understood that the temperature imporvement zones on the Earth are formed in accordance with the availability of sunlight. Can explain that the world climatic regions are areas having almost similar characteristics within the temperature zones. Can explain the characteristics of different climatic regions. Have realized that the unique features of different climatic regions are to be conserved. 96 World of Diversities

Medieval India: Art and Literature The foundation stone for the world famous Sun Temple on the banks of the river Chandrabhaga was laid in AD 1246. Different kinds of stones were brought from distant mountains. White, black and blue stones were brought from the Nilgiris and distant Kingdoms… Stones 25 feet high and weighing 56000 maunds, intended for the temple dome were transported from over 100 miles through water ways and were installed at the top of the temple at a height of 200 feet... 1200 sculptors gave up their comforts and desires and took a vow: '' We will not go back till the dome of konark is fixed'' .... They worked tirelessly for 12 years.

Social Science The description given above is an extract from the novel Shilapadmam, written by Pratibha Ray, the famous Odiya novelist. What information can you gather from it? Stones of different colours were brought from different parts of India for the construction of the temple. Besides the temple at Konark, several other structures were constructed in medieval India. Shall we take a look at these structures and their features? The Pallavas were the rulers based at Kanchipuram in South India. Mahabalipuram was their major port city. The temples constructed in Mahabalipuram during the reign of the Pallava king Narasimhavarman, are known as Pancharathas. Pancharathas in Mahabalipuram Each temple here is carved out of a single rock. Such rock cut temples were built in several parts of India. The cave temples at Ellora in Maharashtra were built in this style. They were built during the period between 6th and the 12th century 104 Medieval World

Standard VI CE. The temples of Buddhists, Jains, Vaishnavites, and Shaivites can be found here. Cave temples at Ellora In the period that followed, a new style of temple architecture came into being. In this style, tall temples were constructed using chiselled rocks. Most of these temples were multi-storeyed. The Brihadiswara Temple in Tanjavoor, constructed during the reign of Rajaraja Chola and the Kamakhya Temple in Assam epitomise this style. Kamakhya Temple in Assam Brihadiswara Temple in Tanjavoor 105 Later, the style of adorning temple walls with sculptures became prevalent. Excerpts from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Bhagavata were carved on the stone walls of the temples. In addition, the sculptures depicting scenes of war and art forms like dance and musical concerts also found a place on temple walls. Medieval World

Social Science Music War Dance Khajuraho Temple in Madhya Pradesh The Khajuraho Temple in Madhya Pradesh is an example of the style of adorning temple walls with sculptures. The contemporary style of temple architecture in India has developed through different stages. Substantiate. 106 Medieval World

Standard VI A new style of architecture developed during the Sultanate period. It is known as the Indo-Islamic style of architecture. Iam\\w Arch Dome Minaret Skilled architects from Turkey and Persia were brought to India for the construction of different structers. The indigenous sculptors, labourers, and masons also joined them. The Indo- Islamic style evolved out of the amalgamation of the styles of both the groups. Let's examine the major features of this style. Arches, domes, and minarets were the notable features of this style Figures of flowers and plants were carved for decorating buildings. Figures of plants and flowers used for decorating buildings 107 Medieval World

Social Science Qutab Minar Mortar, red sandstones, and marbles were used for construction. Spacious gardens were set on the building premises. The Qutab Minar was the first building constructed in this style. The construction of the Qutab Minar was started during the reign of Qutb ud din Aibak, the founder of the Sultanate. Later, Iltutmish completed the construction. A tall tower and balconies projecting from it are the striking features of this building. The Indo-Islamic style became popular during the Mughal period. The Mughal kings constructed several forts, mosques, and tombs in this style. Let's have a look at a few of these constructions. Humayun's Tomb in Delhi is an epitome of this style. It is situated at the centre of a beautiful garden. This tomb is made of red sandstone and marble. The Taj Mahal was constructed in the style and form of this monument. Humayun's Tomb - Delhi 108 Medieval World

Standard VI Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal in Agra, constructed by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, is the best example of Indo-Islamic style of architecture. White marble was used for its construction. KT 631-2/Soc. Science 6 (E) Vol-2 Red Fort 109 Here is the picture of the Red Fort in Delhi. Why is it named so? This is the most important fort built during the Mughal period. The fort is made entirely of red sandstone. Another building constructed in this style is the Jama Masjid in Delhi. Marble and red sandstone were used for its construction. Medieval World

Social Science Jama Masjid - Delhi The Gol Gumbaz in Bijapur, constructed during the reign of the Bahmani Sulthans and the Char Minar in Hyderabad, constructed during the reign of the Qutb Shahi Sulthans, are also examples of Indo-Islamic style of architecture. Collect information on the major structures constructed in medieval India and complete the following table. Structure Name Features Brihadiswara $ Situated in Tanjavoor in Tamil Nadu. Temple $ Constructed by Rajaraja, the Chola king. $ One of the spacious and tall temples in India. $ Multi storeyed temple made of chiselled stones. $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 110 Medieval World

Standard VI Identify the common features of the Indo-Islamic style of architecture and prepare a note. Vitthala Swami Temple and Hazara Rama Temple are the important temples built during the medieval period by the Vijayanagara kings of South India. Let us see how these structures are different from the earlier ones. Vitthala Swami Temple They are multi-storeyed and built of chiselled rocks. Mandapas were built adjacent to the temples. Pillars with carvings were constructed. Temples were expanded. During the 16th century, the Portuguese introduced a new style of architecture in India. It is known as the Gothic style. Pointed towers and arches are the major features of this style. the St. Francis Church in Kochi and the Bom Jesus Church in Goa are examples of this style. The buildings constructed in the styles of St. Francis Church in Kochi architecture discussed above are the symbols of the rich and diverse cultural tradition of India. 111 Medieval World

Social Science Music and Painting Apart from architecture, music also flourished during the medieval period. Carnatic music flourished in South India. Purandaradasa was the famous Carnatic musician of the age. During the Sultanate - Mughal period, the influence of Persian music gave birth to a new style of music. It is known as Hindustani music. Amir Khusrau, Tansen, etc. were the famous musicians of the period. Qawwali, a form of music, developed back then. Amir Khusaru played a major role in its development. Many new musical instruments evolved during Sitar this period. Tabala and sitar Tabala are examples of such Qawwali instruments. Qawwali is a form of music Several remarkable changes evolved in Khanqah where Sufi were apparent in the field of saints resided. The spiritual songs painting too. composed in Urdu are sung in tune to the fast rhythm of different Observe the pictures below. musical instruments. Mughal painting - Depiction of royal ife Mughal painting - Mughal painting - Mughal painting - An instance from the Bible Instances from the Ramayana Scenes from nature 112 Medieval World

Standard VI What were the themes adopted for painting during that period? The major themes were from the Ramayana, the Bible, royal life, and nature. Literature In addition to the progress in Bhakti Movement the fields of architecture, music, and painting, literature The Bhakti Movement formed in South India was also gained much advancement based on deep love and devotion towards God. The in medieval India The Bhakti Alvars and the Nayanars were the two streams of and Sufi movements which the Bhakti Movement. TheAlvars are Vaishnavites originated during the medieval and the Nayanars are Shaivites. The ideals of this period played a major role in the movement spread to North India by the 14th century. progress of literature. Guru Nanak, Kabirdas, Tulsidas, Surdas, Tukaram, Mirabai, and Chaitanya were the main propagators The Bhakti Movement of the Bhakti Movement in North India. strengthened the vernaculars. The poets of the Bhakti Movement wrote in the language of the common people. It stimulated the development of the following regional languages: Malayalam Telugu Sufi Movement Kannada Marathi The Sufis rejected luxurious life Hindi and gave importance to spiritual Bengali life. The term Sufism was derived Gujarathi from the Arabic word Suf. Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti, NizamuddinAuliya, etc. were the propagators of Sufism. 113 Medieval World

Social Science The names of some major literary works in regional languages and their authors are given below. Malayalam Regional Tamil Adhyatma languages and Iramavatharam Ramayanam - literary works (Kamba Ramayanam)- Ezhuthachan Kambar Hindi Telugu Ramacharitamanas - Mahabharata- Nannayya Tulsidas Kannada Odiya Vikramarjuna Odiya vijayam (Pamba Mahabharatam- Sarala Dasa bharatam) - Pamba Marathi Gujarathi Bengali Marathi Bhagavatam- Gujarathi Bhagavatam- Bengali Ramayanam- Eknath Premananda Kritivasa Collect information on the literary works in regional languages and the respective authors from the given chart and complete the table given below. 114 Medieval World

Regional languages Works Standard VI Authors The Sufi Movement played a major role in the development of the Urdu language. Urdu was formed by the hybridization of Arabic, Persian and the Indian languages, Hindi and Sanskrit. Several books were translated into Persian during the medieval period. A department exclusively for translation functioned during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar. Many Sanskrit texts including the Ramayana and the Mahabharata were translated into Persian during that period. It was Dara Shukoh, the son of Shah Jahan, who translated the Upanishads and the Atharva Veda into Persian. The translations played a major role in spreading the knowledge and culture of India to other parts of the world. It led to the cultural exchange with the rest of the world. 115 Medieval World

Social Science Medieval India - Art and Literature Styles of Sultanate-Mughal Painting Music Literature temple Architecture architecture Indo-Islamic style of architecture. bnhg Indian architecture developed through different periods. The influence of different styles of architecture is apparent in the structures of medieval India. Indian music and painting developed as a result of the mixing of different styles over the ages. The Bhakti and Sufi movements contributed to the progress of literature and the development of regional languages. The learner explains the features of different styles of medieval Indian architecture. analyzes the features of the Indo-Islamic style of architecture. analyzes the changes brought about in the fields of music and painting in medieval India. 116 Medieval World

Standard VI evaluates the role of the Bhakti and Sufi movements in the growth and development of literature and regional languages in medieval India. Find out the features of the Indo-Islamic style of architecture. Complete the table of structures and their corresponding periods of construction. Structures Period Brihadiswara Temple Chola Period Qutab Minar ......................................... Humayun's Tomb ......................................... Taj Mahal ......................................... Red Fort ......................................... Collect the historical and interesting information related 117 to different constructions in India. Collect pictures of the propagators of the Bhakti-Sufi movements and prepare an album with captions. Prepare a list of the propagators of the Bhakti movement and the current names of the Indian states where they functioned. Prepare a wall magazine using the pictures related to Mughal paintings. Medieval World

Social Science Self assessment Completely Partially Need improvement Can identify that the Indian architecture developed through different periods. Can explain the features of the Indo- Islamic style of architecture. Can evaluate the growth and development of architecture, music, and painting in medieval India. Can recognize that the medieval structures are the cultural symbols of India. Can analyse the influence of the Bhakti- Sufi movements on the Indian culture. 118 Medieval World

Medieval World CE 5th century... The Europeans lived in fear of the constant attacks by the Germanic tribes of Northern Europe. The intruding attackers looted cities and massacred people. The natives approached their kings for protection, but the kings were helpless. Finally, the kings arrived at a solution. They declared that pieces of land would be given as reward to those who protect the life and wealth of the people. Several chivalrous lords came forward to protect the people and they were rewarded as promised. They, in turn, distributed these pieces of land among others who were loyal to them and were ready to render their service. The land so obtained was handed over to some others on the same conditions. Farmers were engaged to work in this land throughout the day. The life of these farmers was not better than that of the slaves.

Social Science The above description gives us some hints about the European history between the 5th and the 15th centuries CE. In world history, this period is known as the medieval period. We have discussed the history of medieval India in the previous chapter. What information about the history of medieval Europe can you gather from the given description? The Europeans constantly faced attacks The King distributed pieces of land to the lords who helped in defending the attacks. From the diagram given below various strata of medieval European society can be identified. King Lords Lesser Lords Farmers The king enjoyed the highest status in the society. He was the sole owner of the entire land. He distributed land among the lords. In return, the lords offered military service. The lords in 120 Medieval World

Standard VI turn gave a part of their land to lesser lords and demanded services from them. This social system in medieval Europe, formed on the basis of land ownership, is called 'feudalism'. The farmers stood at the lowest stratum of the feudal society. They were the majority and were compelled to work in fields and houses of the lords. The vast areas of land held by the lords were known as 'manor'. Apart from the fields, each manor consisted of meadows, manor house (the residence of the lord), mills, huts of farmers, and a place of worship. Feudalism The word 'Feudalism' was derived from the German word 'feud' which means 'a piece of land' . Discuss and prepare a note on the plight of the farmers in the 121 feudal society. Cities, Trade, and Trade Guilds Trade was not prominent during the feudalistic period in the medieval era. The products of the manor were consumed right there. The farm products and farming tools were exchanged in the local markets. Many new cities, developed in Europe by the 11th century CE. Centres of trade and handicrafts gradually developed into cities. Areas around ports also became cities. Such new cities initially began to develop in Italy. The Italian cities had trade relations with the Asian and the West European countries. Venice, Milan, Florence, and Jenoa were the major newly developed Italian cities. Nuremberg (Germany) and Constatinople (Turkey) were Medieval World

Social Science the other major European cities. Spices, gems, and cloths from India and China were imported to these cities. From there, these goods were transported to other European countries. Most of these cities had their own administrative system. Tall boundary walls were built to protect these cities. These cities were not at all hygienic and were under the threat of epidemics like the plague. How did the medieval European cities develop? Analyse. Black Death ‘How many valiant men, how many fair ladies, (had) breakfast with their kinfolk and the same night supped with their ancestors in the next world! The condition of the people was pitiable to behold. They sickened by the thousands daily, and died unattended and without help. Many died in the open street, others dying in their houses, made it known by the stench of their rotting bodies. Consecrated churchyards did not suffice for the burial of the vast multitude of bodies, which were heaped by the hundreds in vast trenches, like goods in a ships hold and covered with a little earth.’ Giovanni Boccaccio - Decameron The plague was an epidemic that posed the greatest threat to the medieval cities. Boccaccio draws the terrifying picture of a city affected by the plague. The epidemic struck hard especially on the port cities. The ships that brought goods carried rats that caused the plague. This disease came to be known as 'Black Death' as thousands of people succumbed to it. The population of Europe which was 73 million in CE 1300, dropped to 45 million in a century, after the attack of the plague. 122 Medieval World

Standard VI Atlantic Ocean $ Nuremberg Jenoa$ $ M$ Vileannice Constatinople $ Florence $ Mediterranean sea Medieval European Cities Read the map. Identify and list out the countries where medieval cities developed. The newly developed European cities were the centres of handicrafts and trade. The traders in these cities formed associations called 'guilds'. Apart from traders, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, leather workers, and carpenters also formed guilds. 123 Medieval World

Social Science The guilds fixed the prices and the quality of products and the working hours of the labourers. Evaluate the role of the guilds in the economic life of medieval Europe. Knowledge and Art in Medieval Europe In medieval Europe, knowledge and art attained remarkable progress. Churches and monasteries were the major centres of education. There were libraries attached to the monasteries. Before the invention of printing technology, manuscripts of many books were prepared and preserved in the monasteries. Preparing manuscripts - An illustration 124 Medieval World

Standard VI Several universities functioned as centres of knowledge in medieval Europe. Read the table below and identify them. Universities Italy Spain France England Pavia Parma Paris Oxford Padua Cordova Tulos Cambridge Architectural splendour of medieval Europe is evident in the construction of churches. Arches and spacious interiors are the features of the churches constructed during this period. This style of architecture is known as the Romanesque style. A new style of architecture known as the Gothic evolved by the 12th century CE. Pointed towers are a major feature of this style. KT 631-3/Soc. Science 6 (E) Vol-2 Romanesque style Gothic style Medieval China and the Arab World We have discussed medieval Europe. The Chinese and the Arabs also made significant contributions in the fields of knowledge and art during the medieval period. 125 Medieval World