Social Science 5-7 Eng Med-compressed

Social Science V Galileo Galilei : 1564 - 1642 AD Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. Started observing sky with a self-made telescope. Discovered four satellites of Jupiter. Identify the other members of the Solar System from the diagram (fig 5.1) • Asteroids • Dwarf planets The rock fragments revolving around the Sun in between Mars and Jupiter are the asteroids. On rare occasions they come towards the Earth and pose threat to the Earth. Fig. 5.2 Asteroid named Ida Amazing Facts • Uranus is the rolling planet in the solar system. While all the other planets spin like top, Uranus spins like the wheel of vehicles. • If you are planning to go to Venus, don't forget that the Sun rises in the west there! • In the Moon, stars are visible during day time also. 54

Universe : A Great Wonder For a celestial body to be The Expelled Pluto considered as a planet, it should have spherical Pluto was considered a planet till shape, should revolve very recently. The International around the sun and should Astronomical Union (IAU) withdrew have its own obstacle free its status and declared Pluto as a orbit. The celestial bodies dwarf planet in August 2006. Such which do not follow these a decision was due to the fact that conditions set by the Pluto crosses the orbit of Neptune International Astronomical and revolves around its own satellite Union (IAU) are called namely Charon. 'Dwarf Planets'. Guests in the Solar system Fig. 5.3 Halley's Comet Comets are rare visitors to the solar system. They are lumps of cosmic dust and snow particles. Their tail is formed as they approach the sun and it glows in the sun light. Though they revolve around the sun, they come close to the sun very 55

Social Science V rarely. The length and the brightness of the comet's tail increase as it approaches the Sun. Do you remember the comet ISON which arrived by the end of 2013? It rushed towards the Sun and will never return. Meteoroids Haven't you noticed light beams flashing in the sky during clear nights? These disappear in no time before one can show it to another person. Such rock fragments of various size, which enter into the earth's atmosphere are called meteoroids. Meteorite fallen in Namibia (Africa) Meteorite fallen in the Fig. 5.4 Chinke river side in Russia They burn due to friction with air on entering into the atmosphere. This is the flash that we see in the sky. The unburned remains of the meteors falling on the earth are called meteorites. You have learned that the solar system includes the Sun, the planets revolving around the Sun, their satellites, asteroids, comets and the dwarf planets. 56

Universe : A Great Wonder List out the members of the solar system. • Sun • • • Earth, Our Planet The earth is the only planet where life is found to exist. Vast expanse of surface water reserve exists only on the Earth. When viewed from space, the Earth's colour appears to be pale blue. This is due to the fact that two third of the Earth's surface is covered with water. It is our duty to protect the wealthy diversity of nature in terms of air, water, soil and life forms. The World of Stars The Sun is the closest star to the earth. As the Sun sets, the other stars start twinkling one by one. As the night grows 57

Social Science V darker stars become countless. Crores of stars make a galaxy. The galaxy which includes the Solar System is the Milky Way. It is also known as 'Akasha Ganga'. It contains nearly ten thousand crore stars. Fig. 5.5 Milky Way Universe Universe includes millions of galaxies. What would be its size then! It is beyond our imagination, isn't it? The universe was a tiny ball crores of years ago! It is believed that the universe expanded to the present form by a violent explosion. The news regarding the celestial bodies and the universe appear very often in the dailies. Collect and paste them in a notebook. 58

Universe : A Great Wonder Continue this activity throughout the year. This collection can be named as 'My Universe Book'. The Milkyway is one among the nearly ten thousand crore galaxies which contains crores of stars, of which the Sun is the one around which the eight planets revolve, of which earth is the one, where our country is located, in which our state of Kerala is, in which my beautiful land is, .... However, with his unending thirst for knowledge, inquisitive mind and with his hard work, man is able to understand the secrets of the universe. Summary • The universe includes crores of galaxies. • Galaxies contain crores of stars. • Milky way is the galaxy containing the solar system. • Solar system includes the Sun, the planets and their satellites. • Sun is at the centre of the solar system. • Asteroids, dwarf planets and comets are also part of the solar system. • Earth is a member of the solar system. • The earth is the only planet where life is found to exist. • Man is one among the millions of life forms on the Planet Earth, which revolves around the Sun, which is a small star in this gigantic universe. Significant learning outcomes • Explains the features of the solar system. • Picturises sequentially the planets in the solar system. • Describes the universe, the milky way, the Solar System, which is part of it and the Earth, a member of the solar system. 59

Social Science V Let us assess 1. Identify the position of asteroids in the solar system. a. between Mercury and Earth b. between Earth and Mars c. between Mars and Jupiter d. between Mercury and Venus 2. Meteorite fall on the earth is not as frequent as on the Moon - Why? Extended activities • India has a wealthy tradition in astronomy from ancient times. Try to identify the contributions of great astronomers in India, starting from Aryabhata and Varahamihira to the modern astromers like Subramanyam Chandrasekhar. 60

Continents and Oceans Man’s sea voyages in search of the unknown world, for wealth, and to satisfy curiosity have a long history. Where could these explorers have reached in search of a new world? Some of them have gone around the world travelling exclusively along sea routes. Is it possible to go around the world along a land route? Find this out from the globe in your Social Science lab. Fig. 6.1 61

Social Science V Try to answer the following questions by observing the world map in the Social Science lab. • Which colour represents the major part of the map? • What does this colour indicate? These vast waterbodies are called oceans. About two third of the earth’s surface is covered by oceans. The other areas represented in different colours signify land. Continents are vast land masses, located in between the oceans. Identify the continents from the globe? • Asia • Antarctica • Africa • Europe • North America • Australia • South America Let us examine the features of the continents one by one. Asia Zzo]p-Iƒ • Asia is the largest Asia continent. • It is located to the north of the Indian Ocean. • It is the world’s most populated continent. 62

Continents and Oceans • India is part of this continent. • Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world, is situated here. • The continent has regions that enjoy diverse climatic features Mount Everest like heavy rainfall, low rainfall, snowfall, extreme heat, moderate heat and cold. Paddy cultivation in China The Indus River • Crops like paddy, wheat and maize are cultivated in this continent. • Asia is the largest producer of paddy in the world. The Lofty Himalayas The Himalayas are the world’s highest mountain range. Located to the north of India in the continent of Asia, it greatly influences the climate and the culture of India. This mountain range acquired the name 'Himalaya' from its several permanently snow-covered peaks including the Mount Everest in Nepal, which is the highest peak in the world. 63

Social Science V Collect the pictures of the important plants and animals in Asia from the internet. These can be kept in a separate folder on the computer in your Social Science lab. Africa • Africa is the second Africa largest continent. • It is located between the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. • It stands second in population. • Most of the regions are deserts. Hence agriculture is sparse. African tribals African elephant • The Sahara, the world’s largest desert, is located here. • The Nile, the world’s longest river, flows through this continent. The Sahara Desert 64

Continents and Oceans • Dense forests with the The Nile world’s richest animal diversity exist in this The Nile coursing through continent. North-East Africa is the longest river in the world. It Collect the pictures of the has an approximate length of important plants and 6850 km and is known as an animals in Africa from the international river because it Internet. These can be kept flows through 11 countries. in a separate folder on the The Nile is usually described computer in your social as the life blood of nations like science lab. Egypt and Sudan. North America North America • It is located between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. • It stands third in size. • Mount Mckinley in the Alaska Mountain Range is the highest peak. • The five great lakes which together hold 21% of the world’s available fresh water are located here. • The Inuits (Eskimos) living in snow-covered regions are a special feature of this continent. 65

Social Science V New York • The climate and soil are suitable for agriculture. • It is the world’s largest producer of wheat. Collect the pictures of animals and plants in North America from the internet. Save them in a separate folder on the computer in your Social Science lab. Wheat fields in North America Inuits (Eskimos) Ice Homes The Five Great Lakes The Inuits (Eskimos) living in the frozen regions of the North Pole, The lakes Superior, make temporary houses with Michigan, Huron, Erie, and blocks of ice. These are known as Ontario located in Canada ‘igloos’. and the United States of America are collectively known as the five great lakes of North America. 66

Continents and Oceans South America South America • It is located between the Coffee plantation in Brazil Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. • It stands fourth in size. • Mount Aconcagua is the highest peak. • River Amazon with the largest share of fresh water, flows through this continent. • The dense forests of the Amazon river basin situated to the north of South America are rich in diverse plant and animal life. • Cattle rearing is an important occupation of the people. The Amazon River Commercial cattle rearing 67

Social Science V Don’t Step into the River! Piranha is a type of fish found in the river Amazon. They have extremely sharp teeth with which they ferociously attack other fishes and animals, and finish them off within seconds! Tapioca is a Foreigner Tapioca, the favourite food of Keralites, originated in South America. Many of our agricultural crops have come from South America. Collect the pictures of the important animals and plants of South America from the internet and save them in a separate folder on the computer in your Social Science lab. Antarctica • Antarctica stands fifth in size. • It is the coldest region of the world. • It is known as 'the White Continent' since it is covered with snow Antarctica throughout the year. 68

• There is no permanent Continents and Oceans human settlement. Penguins of Antarctica • Many countries have set up research centres for climate studies and mineral explorations in this mineral- rich continent. Maitri - The Indian Research Centre Icebergs • Maitri and Bharathi are the Indian research centres in Antarctica. Dakshin Gangotri P.O. India opened a post office in 1983 at its first Antarctic Research Centre named Dakshin Gangotri. Nearly 2000 letters were mailed from there! Collect the pictures of animals in Antarctica from the Internet and save them in a separate folder on the computer in your Social Science lab. Europe • It is located between the Atlantic Ocean and Asia. 69

Social Science V • It stands sixth in size. Europe • The Ural mountain range seperates it from Asia. • It is the third most populated continent. • Though Southern Europe enjoys moderate heat and cold, the northern part experiences severe cold. • It is industrially developed. • Fishing is an important occupation. Skiing Grape cultivation London Collect the pictures of plants and animals of Europe from the Internet and save them in a separate folder on the computer in your Social Science lab. 70

Continents and Oceans Norway - The Land of the Midnight Sun Countries like Norway and Finland, falling within the Arctic circle (66½°N), experience six months of night and six months of day every year. To know more about these places read ‘Pathira Sooryante Nattil’ by S. K. Pottekkatt. Australia • It is the smallest continent. • Australia along with Australia a few surrounding islands is known as Oceania. • It is referred to as 'the Island Continent' as it is surrounded by Ocean. • Platypus (the egg laying mammal), kangaroo (the animal with a pouch), Dingo (belonging to the dog family), etc. are found exclusively in Australia. Sydney Kalgoorlie goldmine 71

Social Science V • Wheat is cultivated Islands extensively. • Minerals like gold, iron ore Islands refer to land that are completely surrounded by and uranium are heavily water. The Greenland, located mined here. to the north of the Atlantic • It is famous for sheep Ocean, is the world’s largest island. rearing. The Baby in the Skin Pouch A skin pouch on the belly outside the body; a baby inside that pouch. Do you recognise the animal? It is the kangaroo, commonly found in Australia. It can hop fast using its hind legs and tail. Collect the pictures of the important animals and plants in Australia from the Internet and save them in a separate folder on the computer in your Social Science lab. Prepare a list of the Cattle rearing in Newzealand information gathered about the continents. You can also use an atlas. 72

Continents and Oceans Continents in Decreasing Major Deserts Major Other Order of Size Mountains Rivers Peculiarities Copy this on to a chart paper and display it in the class or in the Social Science lab. (Please remember that all the columns are not applicable to all continents). Prepare a digital album with the pictures collected in connection with different continents. You are now familiar with the seven continents of the world. Haven’t you noticed the vast oceans in between these continents? Can you name these oceans? You may refer to a world map. Write them down. • The Pacific Ocean • Sea • Seas are the parts of oceans • partially surrounded by land. • Oceans are interconnected. You can identify this with the help of a globe or softwares like the Sunclock and the Marble. These interconnected oceans are together known (Not to Scale) as the 'World Ocean'. 73

Social Science V Let us learn about each ocean. The Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean (Fig 6.2). It has the largest number of islands. 'The Challenger Deep' in the The Size of the Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean is the world’s deepest point. The Pacific Ocean along with its The Pacific Ocean is the associated seas, covers one third of the earth’s total area. It is more than the world’s largest fishing total size of all the continents put ground and is rich in together. minerals. TThhee Arctic Ocean Asia North America The Pacific Ocean South America Australia (Not to Scale) Fig : 6.2 The Pacific Ocean 74

Continents and Oceans Observe Fig 6.2 and list out the continents bordering the Pacific Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean. 'The Grand Banks' which is an important fishing ground is in this ocean. The northern part of this ocean is the world's busiest ocean route. North America Europe The Atlantic Ocean Africa South America (Not to Scale) Fig : 6.3 The Atlantic Ocean Observe Fig 6.3 and note down the continents bordering the Atlantic Ocean. 75

Social Science V The Indian Ocean Observe Fig 6.4. Third in size, this ocean has the distinction of being an ocean named after a country. The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are parts of the Indian Ocean. Identify the continent situated to the north of the Indian Ocean from Figure 6.4. Asia Africa The Indian Ocean Australia (Not to Scale) Fig. 6.4. The Indian Ocean The Coral Reefs The coral reefs are an important feature of the Indian Ocean. Corals are formed by the accumulation of calcium compounds secreted by tiny marine organisms called coral polyps found in tropical oceans. Lakshadweep islands are formed of these accumulated coral polyps. 76

Continents and Oceans Observe Fig. 6.4 and list out the continents bordering the Indian Ocean. The Antarctic Ocean The ocean bordering Antarctica is known as the Antarctic Ocean. Since the region experiences severe cold, the surface of this ocean is almost entirely frozen. It is believed that the ocean bed is rich in minerals. Many varieties of fish are also present in this ocean. The Arctic Ocean The ocean that encircles the North Pole is the Arctic Ocean. It remains frozen for over six months a year. Locate the Antarctic and Arctic oceans with the help of a world map and globe. You would have now realised that the earth we live in is vast and diverse. The plant and animal life including man, make use of this diversity for their existence. Man depends on the earth’s land masses for the basic needs like water, food, shelter and clothing. Like the continents, the oceans also play an important role in making life on earth possible. We utilise oceans directly or indirectly for various purposes such as fishing, minerals, exploration, transport and recreation.This beautiful earth belongs to all living beings. It is the duty of every individual to preserve the resources on land and in water for the future generations. Summary • Major portion of the Earth’s surface is water. • There are seven continents and five oceans on the Earth. • Oceans are extremely vast water bodies. 77

Social Science V • Continents are vast land masses situated between oceans. • Diversity exists in the topography, climate and plant and animal life in the continents. • Like the continents, oceans also play an important role in sustaining life on the Earth. • It is the duty of every individual to preserve the resources and diversities on the Earth. Significant learning outcomes • Explains different continents and oceans with the help of a map, globe and atlas. • Finds out basic knowledge regarding the continents and oceans. • Analyses one's role in this diverse world, realises that the existence of all life forms is based on this diversity, and recognises the need for its conservation. • Describes that it is the duty of every individual to preserve the resources and diversities on Earth. Let us assess 1. Identify the continents from the clues given and name the oceans surrounding them. a) The world’s largest desert is in this continent. b) This continent is called the Island Continent. 78

Continents and Oceans 2. Asia is a continent of diversities. Elucidate. 3. Arrange the continents in the order of size. Extended activities Prepare a class magazine using the information and pictures collected on continents. 79

Changes Wrought by Iron JheluRmavCi henBSabuetalsej Indus Ganga Figure 7.1 Which are the rivers marked in the given map? • Indus • • • •• • 87

Social Science V Which among them flow through the north west region of India? They are the River Indus and its tributaries. The Harappan civilization that we discussed earlier had flourished along these river basins. Around 3500 years ago, a group of people, namely Aryans, migrated to this region. The Vedas provide us information about them. The Vedas are composed in Sanskrit language. In the earlier period the Vedas were passed orally from generation to generation. The period during which the human life as depicted in the Vedas existed, is known as the Vedic Period. Look at the following chart that sheds light on the Vedic Period. Vedic Period 1500 - 600 BC Rig Vedic Period Later Vedic Period 1500 - 1000 BC 1000 - 600 BC Rig Veda Sama Veda Atharva Veda Yajur Veda What information do you obtain from the chart? • The period between 1500 BC and 600 BC is known as the Vedic Period • Rig Veda is the earliest among the Vedas • The period of human life described in the Rig Veda is known as the Rig Vedic Period • • • Cattle, the measure of wealth Let us see the observation made by the famous historian A L Basham on the Aryan social life during the Rig Vedic Period. \"The farmers prayed for the increase of cattle, the warriors expected cattle as booty and the sacrificial priest was rewarded with cattle for his service.\" 88

Changes Wrought by Iron What could be the reason for giving such importance to cattle during that period? During the Rig Vedic Period cattle were considered to be the most important form of wealth. The main occupation was cattle rearing. People were also engaged in agriculture. The main crop was barley. The groups of Aryans who reared cattle were known as tribes. The chieftain of each tribe was known as 'Rajan'. The tribes fought each other for the possession of cattle. There were battles among different Aryan tribes as well as between the Aryans and the Non-Aryans. The Aryans possessed horses and weapons made of copper and bronze. With the advantage of these, they conquered the Non- Aryans. The subjugated people were known as Dasas or Dasyus. Aryans captured the cattle of the defeated Non-Aryans. Compare the social life of the Rig Vedic Period with that of the Harappa, based on the following indicators: • Occupations • Tools During the Rig Vedic Period people worshipped the gods such as Indra, Varuna, and Agni; and goddesses such as Atithi and Ushas. The pottery used in this period was grey in colour and was known as 'Grey ware'. The given picture is of the Grey ware remnant of a Grey ware used in the Rig Vedic Period. Towards the Gangetic Plain JT-509/2/ Social Sci. - 5 (E), Vol-2 Later Vedic Period is the period during which human life as depicted in the Sama, Yajur, and the Atharva Vedas existed. The Aryans, who had been cattle-rearers in the Rig Vedic Period, reached the gangetic plain in the Later Vedic Period. The gangetic valley is the area surrounding river Ganga. Conflict between tribes, emergence of new tribes, and growth in population were the main reasons for their migration to the gangetic plain. 89

Social Science V Locate the gangetic plain on the map (Fig.7.1) and identify the present states across which the gangetic plain stretches. Let us examine the features of the gangetic plain. - Dense forests - Fertile alluvial soil - Plenty of rain Which metals were used by the Aryans to make tools and weapons when they migrated to the gangetic plain? It was very difficult for them to clear the trees and till the hard soil using their tools made of copper and bronze. So they set fire to jungles for clearing the area. However, the stumps of the burnt trees hindered their way forward. It was necessary for them to have a harder metal to make more effective tools and implements and this led to the invention of iron. Which is the metal we use to make the tools used for felling trees and ploughing land? How is iron different from copper and bronze? The gangentic plain was rich in iron ore deposit. With the invention of iron, the people of the gangetic plain made harder weapons and implements, with which they could easily clear the jungles. They used iron ploughs for tilling hard soil. Agriculture became the prime occupation. This period in which iron implements were used is known as the Iron Age. How far were the conditions in the gangetic plain favourable for agriculture? Write down your opinion. Let us see the major impacts of the shift from cattle rearing to agriculture. - Beginning of settled life - Increase in agricultural production - Exchange of surplus products Discuss the changes in human life brought about by the the invention of iron and iron implements along the gangetic plain. 90

Changes Wrought by Iron Prepare a brief note based on your discussion. The earthenware used by the people of Later Vedic Period is known as 'painted grey ware'. The remnants of a few such pots are seen in the picture. When people began to lead a settled life, some changes were brought about in their social life. The society got divided into four based on occupations: the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas and the Sudras. This Remnants of painted grey ware stratification is known as chaturvarnya. Can you name the gods and goddesses worshipped in the Rig Vedic Period? In the Later Vedic Period, this mode of worship lost its importance and instead yagas became important. Most of the yagas involved animal sacrifice on a large scale. Some features of the Rig Vedic and Later Vedic Periods are given below. Read them carefully and write down the relevant period in the space provided. Stones do have a story to tell... Features Rig Vedic/ Later Vedic Period Agriculture became the chief occupation Yagas became prevalent Iron tools and implements were used Cattle rearing was the main occupation Began settled life Gods like Indra and Varuna were worshipped Painted grey wares were used Let us now discuss the human life in Tamilakam during the Iron Age. Kerala was a part of Tamilakam during that period. In the ancient period South Indian regions were generally known as Tamilakam. 91

Social Science V Look at the pictures given below. Nattukallu Kudakallu These are 'megaliths', big stones of different shapes, placed over graves in ancient Tamilakam. Remnants of iron tools and implements, earthenware, grains, and other objects used during that period have been found in such graves. These megaliths are evidences of the human life in ancient Tamilakam. Hence the period is known as the Megalithic Age. Observe the picture given below. These are the tools and weapons used during the Megalithic Age. All of them were made of iron. The iron implements of the Megalithic Age 92

Changes Wrought by Iron Why is the Iron Age of ancient Tamilakam known as the Megalithic Age? How does the Megalithic Age differ from the Stone Age? The major sources on the life of people in ancient Tamilakam are the megaliths and the pazhamthamizhpattukal (ancient Tamil songs). The latter are also known as 'Sangham Literature'. Do you know why these songs are known as 'Sangham Literature'? The Pandyas who ruled the ancient Tamilakam with Madurai as their capital, patronized an assembly of poets known as Sangham. The important works included in the Sangham literature are Pathupattu, Patittupattu, Akananuru, and Purananuru. The ancient Tamilakam was ruled by the dynasties called the Cheras, the Cholas, and the Pandyas, collectively known as Moovendars. In the map given below, the regions where the Cheras, the Cholas and the Pandyas ruled are marked. Can you identify the dynasty which ruled the region that includes the present Kerala? Cheras Cholas Madurai Pandyas South India in the Sangham Age 93

Social Science V Through the Pazhamthamizhpattu The Sangham literature (the ancient Tamil literature) tells us that the ancient Tamilakam was classified into five geographical regions. They were known as Tinais. Each Tinai had its own geographical features. Let us have a look at these. Tinai Geographical features Kurinchi Hilly zones Mullai Jungles and grasslands Palai Dry land Marutam Agricultural fields Neytal Coastal zones Have you heard of places like Mullassery, Maruthur, and Palakkad? These names have been formed with relation to a specific Tinai. Now go through the list of Tinais and try to relate these names to the respective Tinai. Find out the names of places related to Tinais and prepare a list of them. Pepper was abundantly cultivated in the Kurinchi region during this period. The foreign traders came to the coastal towns of South India in search of pepper. The features of this age are depicted in the literary works of the period. Read the follwing verses from Purananuru, one of the Sangham works. ao≥ hn‰v ]Icw t\\Snb s\\¬°q-ºmcw sIm≠v The heap of rice obtained by selling fish hoSpw Db¿∂ tXmWn-Ifpw Made difficult to discern Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ ]mSn√m-Xm-bn. The house and huge boats. A{]-Imcw Iq´n-bn-´n-cn-°p∂ apf-Ip-Nm-°p-Iƒ The confused folk struggle to part i_vZm-b-am-\\-amb Ic-bn¬\\n∂pw The stacked pepper sacks th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bmsX From noisy land hnj-an°pw ImWp∂ Bfp-Iƒ I∏-ep-Iƒ sIm≠p-h∂ kz¿Æw 94

Changes Wrought by Iron tXmWn-Iƒhgn- I-c-bn-se-Øp-∂p. The gold brought by ships ae-bn¬\\n∂v In´p∂ hn`-h-ßfpw Bourne inland by boats Ic-bn¬\\n∂v In´p∂ hn`-h-ßfpw The gifts from land and hill tN¿Øv A¿∞n-Iƒ°v sImSp-°p-∂p. Exchanged with traders from afar. (Unpublished translation) What information do you get from the song? • Goods were exchanged in the Tinais • Trade of pepper flourished • Lumps of gold were received in return • There were overseas trade relations • Traders came in search of other goods besides pepper Find out and add more information. Discuss the major changes that human life underwent as it evolved through the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. Summary • The period from 1500 BC to 600 BC is known as the Vedic Period. • The Vedic Period is divided into the Rig Vedic Period and the Later Vedic Period. • The human life of these two periods was different in many ways. • The use of iron became widespread in India during the Later Vedic Period and hence this period is known as the Iron Age. • The Iron Age of the ancient Tamilakam is known as the Megalithic Age. • Tinais with different geographical characteristics were an important feature of ancient Tamilakam. 95

Social Science V Significant learning outcomes The learner can: • describe the Vedic Period. • compare the human life of the Vedic Period with that of the Harappan civilization. • identify the features of human life during the Later Vedic Period and differentiate it from that of the Rig Vedic Period. • describe the peculiarities of the Megalithic Period. • list out the peculiarities of the Tinais. Let us assess • Compare and contrast the social life of the Rig Vedic Period with that of the Later Vedic Period • List out the the major Sangham works • Match the items in Column A with that of Column B in the given table. AB Kurinchi Dry land Mullai Agricultural land Neytal Hilly zone Palai Grassland Marutam Coastal area • The invention of iron and use of iron implements was an important milestone in the human history. Justify. Extended activities • Collect the pictures of Megalithic monuments and prepare an album with proper description. 96

Non-Violence, Wisdom, Power ImSpw ]Sepw shÆo-cm°n Burnt jungles down to ashes I\\-I-°-Xn-cn\\p hf-taIn To nurture golden grains, ITn\\- a- nc- pº- pI- pg- º- m°- n∏- e Hard iron we tamed to fashion Icp\\- nc- h- m¿Øp]- W- nt- °In Handy tools to serve toil, Adnh- n≥ XncnI- ƒ sImfpØ- n°- e- I- ƒ˛ Lit the lamps of lore to spread The fiery zeal of life to arts, °mthi- Ø- n¬ NqtSIn And wings to suffering souls were lent amtemS- ng- bpw a¿Øymfl- mh- n\\v To ascend unscaled heights of yore. tatem´- pb- c- m≥ NndI- pX- In ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n (unpublished translation) Read the given poem. Based on this poem, find out the way in which the human life attained progress in India. We have discussed the Aryan invasion along the gangetic valley. As a result of Aryan expansion to the gangetic plains by the sixth century BC, several agricultural lands and settlements were formed in the region. These settlements with newly developed trading centres and towns were known as Janapadas. Several such Janapadas extended upto the Godavari basin. Sixteen Janapadas gained prominence among them and came to be known as the 'Mahajanapadas'. Ganga Magadha was the most powerful Magadha among the Mahajanapadas. JT-509/3/ Social Sci. - 5 (E), Vol-2 Locate Magadha in the given map. Godavari Mahajanapadas Magadha, Anga, Vajji, Vatsa, Malla, Kasi, Kosala, Chedi, Panchala, Ashmaka, Avanti, Surasena, Kuru, Matsya, Gandhara, and Kamboja. 97

Social Science V Magadha had large deposits of iron ore. The use of iron weapons and implements were instrumental in the growth of Magadha. Iron axe was effective in clearing the dense forests of the gangetic plain. They were able to till hard soil using iron ploughshare. Consequently, agricultural production increased. This stimulated trade and the subsequent growth of cities. Magadha attained prosperity with the progress of agriculture and trade. This helped Magadha to organize a huge army and conquer the nearby regions. Rulers of Magadha, during their reigns, annexed other Janapadas to Magadha, thus making it a larger kingdom. What are the factors that helped Magadha to grow as a powerful kingdom? • Large deposits of iron ore • •• Ahimsa This is the proclamation of King BcmWaokbieskdnosgoaifiiualsnmureculrekikigrtcilMnnbechbhndudtgeiosogailasotaunhvsaugoomlcteearefrafhhfaav.doomecldeadrfhaopaiyaCtpafapsprntayorgcallrMugooesgurtotarc.iutrsomaceasllegasueg.ssThempalsaEhtadoidtduianxewenfvtrhgtfdytiaeeepteohahlnrarrno.heiesnswes?nwieWiedgmvgrelceryoestrhtoarolehatwferouettHlThoasilrhftgAieiifhpsfbcoenlsuyeieq.fahselaNTssfaunHsth\"ejettsonhirhoeTrd.miai\"awgsiiebnhdnrshateeooighhginlsdndrnsaepesdiwkgtyosnsareiosnctincoart.snr.phone.chifrlftefwrylkoiohioraoctitmlrnuemruemhedtdlaedidhefaatnlHorktgs.tseeirpiefsindpBomrssrdo.a.nailarosmctnootfidoHdsfeis affected agriculture. It is in this context that King Bimbisara made such a royal proclamation. 98

Non-Violence, Wisdom, Power During this period, Buddhism and Jainism evolved against the inequalities that existed in the society. Jainism propagated by Vardhamana Mahavira and Buddhism by Gautama Buddha gave emphasis to Ahimsa. It was widespread animal sacrifice that prompted Buddha and Mahavira to spread the doctrine of Ahimsa. Statue of Mahavira Statue of Buddha They preached their ideology in the language of the common man. Prakrit was the language that Mahavira used, while Buddha used Pali language. Mahavira and Buddha were brought up in royal families in the lap of every luxury. Still they were unhappy and worried about the sufferings of the common man and thought of the ways to relieve them of their sufferings. Jain Principles Buddhist Principles • Right knowledge • The worldly life is full of sufferings • Right faith • Desire is the sole reason for • Right conduct unhappiness • One can ward off sufferings, if one frees oneself from desires • Adopting the eight-fold path frees one from desires and sufferings Why did Buddhism and Jainism give much importance to the idea of Ahimsa? 99

Social Science V Expansion of power Isn't this picture familiar to you? Where have National emblem you seen it? It is our national emblem. It is taken from the pillar erected by Emperor Ashoka at Saranath. The Dharma Chakra of Ashoka, depicted in the emblem, can be seen at the centre of our national flag. Ashoka was the most important among the kings of the Maurya dynasty with Magadha as the capital. It was Chandragupta Maurya who established the Maurya dynasty. Arthasasthra Chanakya Chanakya, also known as Kautilya, was the chief advisor to Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan empire. Arthasasthra is the greatest work of Chanakya. It discusses how a powerful and effective administration should be organised. Duty of a king There will be peace in the kingdom only if different sections of people co-exist harmoniously. To ensure this in his empire, Ashoka adopted the policy of Dhamma (Dharma). Dhamma aimed at maintaining peace in the nation by promoting unity and tolerance among the people. Some of the ideals of it are given below.  Obey parents  Respect gurus (teachers)  Denounce animal sacrifice  Express tolerance towards every religion  Show kindness towards fellow creatures Discuss the contemporary relevance of Asoka's policy of Dhamma. 100

Non-Violence, Wisdom, Power Ashoka, conveyed his directions, decisions, and dhamma to his subjects through stone edicts. These edicts were placed along the sides of the main roads and in the city centres. Buddhism inspired Ashoka to Ashoka's stone edict propagate Dhamma. Ashoka had waged many wars to expand his kingdom. The war with the kingdom of Kalinga was the most important among them. In this war, Kalinga was defeated. It was after the Kalinga war which caused the death and devastation of many people that Ashoka adopted Buddhism. He played a significant role in propagating Buddhism in different parts of the world. No More War When Ashoka ascended the throne, he waged many wars to expand his empire. He sent a message to the king of Kalinga demanding his surrender. But the king of Kalinga refused the Kalinga War - An illustration demand. In 261 BC Ashoka led a huge army against Kalinga. The freedom - loving people of Kalinga put up a stiff resistance against the attack of Ashoka. Contrary to Ashoka's expectation Kalinga came close to victory on a number of occasions. But ultimately the victory was Ashoka's. The battlefield was filled with corpses of soldiers of both sides. Vultures hovered over the heap of dead bodies... the sufferings of those who had lost their limbs... lamenting of the orphaned children... despaire of widows... These sights overwhelmed Ashoka. He realized that such a victory was meaningless. Soon Ashoka became an ardent follower of Buddhism and continued his reign based on Buddhist principles. Present the scene of the war of Kalinga that influenced Ashoka as a skit in the classroom. 101

Social Science V Society, economy, art Let us examine the socio-economic life during the Maurya period.  Social stratification based on Chaturvarnya doctrine prevailed.  Sudras were confined to agricultural work.  Buddhism and Jainism became more popular.  Agriculture and trade flourished.  The rulers provided better irrigation facilities for the progress of agriculture.  Handicrafts like sewing and weaving existed.  Coins were in use for transactions.  Several roads were constructed for the progress of trade. The given picture is of the stupa built by Emperor Ashoka at Sanchi. Several such stupas were built during the reign of the Mauryas. Besides these, the Maurya kings built many palaces and several pillars like the one at Saranath. All these The stupa of Sanchi monuments point to the progress in the fields of architecture and sculpture during that period. Compare and contrast the social life of the Marurya period with that of the Later Vedic Period. Transition of ages After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the fourth century AD marked the growth of a new dynasty in the gangetic plain - the Guptas. Chandragupta I, Samudragupta and Chandragupta II were the important rulers of the Gupta 102

Non-Violence, Wisdom, Power dynasty. By the end of the Gupta period there was a remarkable decline in trade with distant lands. More people engaged in agriculture. The kings used to offer large shares of land as gift to priests and places of worship. The farmers were made to engage in agriculture in these lands by the priests. There was an increase in social inequality during this period. The popularity of Buddhism and Jainism weakened. Compare the socio-economic life of the Maurya and the Gupta periods. The blooming of wisdom Many works were written in Sanskrit during the Gupta period. Kalidasa was the important literary figure of the period. Abhijnanashakuntalam, Meghasandesam, and Kumarasambhavam are his great works. Navaratna A group of nine scholars who lived in the court of Chandragupta II is known as the Navaratna. They were Kalidasa, Ghatakarpara, Kshapanaka, Vararuchi, Varahamihira, Vetalbhata, Dhanvantari, Amarasimha, and Sanku. Have you noticed the iron pillar in the picture? This pillar, constructed during the period of Chandragupta II, is presently situated at Mehrauli in Delhi. Aren't you amazed at the survival of this iron pillar still remaining rust - resistant even after centuries of snow, rain and sun? This iron pillar is the epitome of the smelting process of iron in the Gupta period. Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Bhaskaracharya, and Aryabhatta Iron pillar at Mehrauli gave valuable contributions to the field of science in the Gupta period. Varahamihira and Brahmagupta made remarkable contributions to astronomy, Bhaskaracharya to mathematics, and Aryabhatta to both astronomy and mathematics. 103

Social Science V The names of famous scholars of the Gupta period are given in the table. Write down the field in which they were famous. Scholars Fields Aryabhatta Kalidasa Varahamihira Bhaskaracharya Brahmagupta The picture given below shows the remnants of the Nalanda University, a famous educational centre in ancient India. It was established during the Gupta period. Students from different parts of Asia came here in pursuit of knowledge. Thousands of students and hundreds of teachers were engaged in educational activities in the University. The remnants of the Nalanda University The pictures of some monuments that we have discussed in this chapter are given below. Each of them signifies the progress in a particular field. Identify the fields. 104

Monument Non-Violence, Wisdom, Power Fields JT-509/4/ Social Sci. - 5 (E), Vol-2 'The Gupta period was marked by excellence in the fields of science, art, literature, and education'. Substantiate. We have discussed the changes that took place in the society right from the beginning of the Magadha period till the end of the Gupta period. Let us find out the important ones among them.  Extensive farming led to increased agricultural production.  Agriculture and related occupations created new knowledge.  The ideologies that came up against social inequalities, influenced the society and the rulers.  The rulers promoted the changes in the fields of science, art, and literature. 105

Social Science V Summary • Settled life and spread of agriculture led to the emergence of Mahajanapadas. • Jainism and Buddhism originated in the sixth century BC. • Magadha emerged the most powerful among the sixteen Mahajanapadas that became the centre of the Mauryan Empire. • The Gupta period was marked by excellence in the fields of science, art, literature, and education. • The Nalanda University was one of the important educational centres in ancient India. Significant learning outcomes The learner can: • describe the Mahajanapadas that existed in ancient India • identify the factors that helped in the growth of Magadha • evaluate the social background that led to the emergence of Buddhism and Jainism • evaluate the features of the Mauryan period • evaluate the progress achieved in the fields of art, literature, and science during the Gupta period • compare the socio-economic life of the Gupta period with that of the Maurya period. Let us assess • Was the emergence of Buddhism and Jainism the need of the period? Substantiate your opinion. • Elucidate the factors that favoured the growth of Magadha. 106

Non-Violence, Wisdom, Power • What role did the agricultural sector play in the formation of the Janapadas? • Explain the Dhamma of Ashoka. • Elucidate the progress achieved in the fields of art, literature and science during the Gupta period. Extended activities • List out the objects on which the national emblem is imprinted. • List out the ancient Indian writers and their works. • Collect and read the Jataka Stories, Panchatantra Stories and Vikramaditya Stories. 107

Social Science V Have you heard of Gramasabha? The picture shows a Gramasabha in session. Are such Gramasabhas convened in your locality? Try to find out the participants and topics discussed in those meetings. 108

For the People Gramasabha is a forum to decide the developmental activities at ward level in each panchayat. In municipalities and corporations they are known as ‘Ward Sabhas’. Every voter in a ward can participate in the Gramasabha/Ward Sabha. They have the opportunities to express their opinions in the discussions. People take collective decisions on the developmental activities to be carried out in their wards. Such activities are led by the people’s representative elected from the ward. These representatives are known as ward members in panchayats and councillors in municipalities and corporations. Where else can you see such election of representatives? • Class / school • Co-operative society • Club / library • Block Panchayat • District Panchayat • State Legislative Assembly • Parliament • People can directly participate and take decisions in Gramasabha. However, at the state and national levels the representatives elected by the people take decisions collectively. Democracy is an impossible thing until the power is shared by all. - Mahatma Gandhi Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, and for the people. - Abraham Lincoln 109

Social Science V Democracy is the only system of government that captures global respect. - Amartya Sen You have seen the views of Democracy some great men reflecting certain features of The English word democracy is democracy. Let’s see what derived from the Greek term democracy is. Democracy is ‘demokratia’. It is a blend of two the system in which the words, ‘demos’, means people people are governed either and ‘kratos’, means power. directly by themselves or by their elected representatives. Direct and Indirect Democracy In direct democracy people directly take important decisions. In the State Legislative Assemblies and in the Parliament the decisions are not taken directly by the people. Here, the representatives elected by the people take decisions on their behalf. Such representative democracy is called indirect democracy. Democracy and election The people elect their representatives to govern at various levels, from the local level to the Parliament. Elections are held on the basis of universal adult franchise. Any citizen attain the age of 18 years has the right to vote in elections. The representatives to Local Self Governments, State Legislative Assemblies and Lok Sabha are elected through voting. Election is a basic feature of democracy. 110