AXBOROT TIZIMLARI

["bosqichlari marketing faoliyati kommunikatsion jarayonning ajralmas qismi bo\u2019ladi. Ularni amalga oshirish ko\u2019p mehnat talab qilishni tegishli malakaga ega bajaruvchilarning mavjudligi va katta moliyaviy harajatlar bilan bog\u2019liqdir. Marketingning axborot ta\u2019minoti. Marketingning axborot ta\u2019minoti aniq foydalanuvchilarning axborotga ehtiyojini qanoatlantirishning, uni olish, ishlab chiqish, jamlash va foydalanish uchun qulay ko\u2019rinishda topshirishning maxsus usullari va vositalarini qo\u2019llashga asoslangan jarayondir. Marketing tadbirlarini bajarish uchun zarur axborotlar majmuasini odatda marketing axborotlar tizimi deb ataladi. Uni shakllanishi va faoliyat yuritishi marketingning axborotli ta\u2019minlanishi tizimiga suyanadi. Rivojlangan MAT o\u2019z ichiga quyidagi tizimlarni oladi: 1. Ichki axborotlar; 2. Tashqi axborotlar; 3. Marketing tadqiqotlari axborotlari. Belgilanishi bo\u2019yicha marketing axborotlarini quyidagilarga bo\u2019lish mumkin: Ma\u2019lumotnomaviy axborot \u2013 tanishtiruvchi, yordamchi harakterga ega. Tavsiyali axborot \u2013 maxsus marketing tadqiqotlari natijasida yoki bosma nashrlar va tijorat ma\u2019lumotlari banklarida keltirilgan ma\u2019lumotlarining tahlili asosida shakllantiriladi. Me\u2019yoriy axborot \u2013 asosan ishlab chiqarish sohasida shakllanadi va o\u2019z ichiga ishlab chiqarishning turli elementlarining me\u2019yorlari va me\u2019yornomalarini hamda me\u2019yoriy qonunchilik hujjatlarini oladi. Signalli axborot \u2013 odatda marketing muhiti ob\u2019ektlarining haqiqiy hulqini rejalashtirilganidan chetga chiqishi paydo bo\u2019lishini borishida vujudga keladi. CHetda chiqishning sabablari belgilangandan keyin ularni bartaraf qilish maqsadida tartibga soluvchi axborotda aks ettirilgan tegishli tadbirlar bajariladi. O\u2019zbekistonda bozor munosabatlarining rivojlanishi, uning jahon integratsion jarayonlariga faol qo\u2019shilishi xorijiy sheriklar foydalanilayotgan eng yangi texnologiyalarini tadbiq etishga majbur qilmoqda. Bugungi kunda butun jahon bozori kompyuter texnologiyalari bilan to\u2019ladir. Butun jahonda talab va taklif bo\u2019yicha axborotlar ma\u2019lumotlar bazasida saqlanadi, chunki bozor munosabatlari bozorni baholash bo\u2019yicha huddi shunday axborot ta\u2019minoti jihatdan qo\u2019llab-quvvatlashga zaruriyat tug\u2019iladi. Bu xususan, hammadan avval yo\u2019ldoshli aloqa kommunikatsion tizimlari, ma\u2019lumotlarning yirik banklariga qaratilgan global axborot tizimlaridir. Axborotlarni tijoratli tarqatish sanoati va texnologiyalari. Zamonaviy kompyuter texnologiyalari bizning fikrimizcha axborot manbalariga jadal kirishga, ularni olishga, ishlab chiqishga va foydalanuvchi uchun kerakli axborotlarni belgilangan vaqtda va ko\u2019rsatilgan shaklida ishlab chiqishga imkon beruvchi dasturiy texnik qurilmalar, kommunikatsiyalar orgtexnika va aloqa vositalaridir. Kerakli marketing axborotlarini saqlash, ishlab chiqish va talab qilingan shaklida taqdim etishni ta\u2019minlovchi vosita marketing axborot boshqaruv tizimi bo\u2019ladi. Axborotlar sohasi korxonalarida marketingning texnikasi va strategiyasini tadbiq etilishi nafaqat katta hajmdagi tadqiqot va hisoblash ishlari sababli, balki 201","shakllanayotgan axborot mahsulotlari va xizmatlarining tuzilishi, tarkibi va mazmunini rejalashtirishda bozor vaziyatlarini xuddi shunday hisobga olish maqsadida marketing tadqiqotlari jarayonida olingan dastlabki tahliliy axborotlarini talqin qilishning bir ma\u2019noli emasligi va ularni o\u2019zlashtirishning murakkabligi natijasida katta qiyinchiliklari bilan bog\u2019liq. Ushbu holat axborot mahsulotlari va xizmatlari marketingiga zamonaviy kompyuter texnologiyalarini jalb qilishni talab qiladi. Marketing axborot boshqaruv tizimlari \u2013 bu hammadan avval informatikaning zamonaviy axborot kommunikatsion va dasturiy vositalari asosida faoliyat yurituvchi interaktiv xizmatlarning marketing faoliyatini qo\u2019llab-quvvatlash maqsadida marketing axborotlarini yig\u2019ish, saqlash, faollashtirish va ishlab chiqishni ta\u2019minlovchi majmuidir. Hozirgi vaqtda har tomonlama rivojlangan jamiyatni axborotlashgan deb ataydilar. Zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalari tufayli insonning ishlab chiqarish va noishlab chiqarish faoliyati, uning kundalik muloqot sohasi jahon tsivilizatsiyasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan tajribalar, bilimlar va ma\u2019naviy boyliklarni jalb qilish hisobiga haqiqatdan ham chegarasi kengaymoqda. Inson yashayotgan dunyo moddiy va nomoddiy ob\u2019ektlardan, hamda ular o\u2019rtasidagi aloqalar va o\u2019zaro hamkorliklardan iboratdir. Sezgi organlari asboblar yordamida qayd etiluvchi atrofdagi dunyoning dalillari ma\u2019lumotlar deb ataladi. Ular aniq vazifalarni hal qilgan taqdirda axborotlarga aylanadi. Vazifalarni echish natijasida yangi bilimlar tizimlashtiriladi, haqiqiy yoki tekshiruvdan o\u2019tgan qonunlar, nazariyalar, tasavvurlar va qarashlarning boshqa majmualari ko\u2019rinishida umumlashtirilgan ma\u2019lumotlar paydo bo\u2019ladi. Keyinchalik bu bilimlarning o\u2019zlari boshqa vazifalarni echish va o\u2019tganlarni aniqlash uchun zarur bo\u2019lgan ma\u2019lumotlarning tarkibiga kirishlari kerak bo\u2019lishi mumkin. Tijorat mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqaruvchilar o\u2019zlarining modellarida foydalanuvchilarning modellarini ham hisobga olishga harakat qiladilar. SHunday qilib, zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalari yordamida yaratilayotgan va tarqatilayotgan asosiy tovar \u00abaxborot mahsulotlari va xizmatlari\u00bb dan iborat. O\u2019z- o\u2019zicha ma\u2019lumotlarning mavjudligi, hatto noyob bo\u2019lsada, agar foydalanuvchi ularni eng qulay shaklda ololmasa, tijorat muvaffaqiyatini kafolatlamaydi. Eng umumiy ko\u2019rinishda axborotlarni tijoratli tarqatishning zamonaviy texnologiyalarida, foydalanuvchilar o\u2019zlarining terminal qurilmalari yordamida axborot mahsulotlari bilan \u00abmuloqot\u00bb qiladilar. Ulardan asosiysi ma\u2019lumot bazalari belgilangan muammo sohaga tegishli mashina o\u2019qiydigan shakldagi ma\u2019lumotlar to\u2019plamlari, hamda turli ma\u2019lumotli direktoriyalar MB da foydalanuvchilarga qidirishni engillashtiruvchi rubrikatorlar va boshqa ma\u2019lumotlardir. Umuman MB sanoatining asosiy tarkibiy tuzilmalari quyidagilar: 1. Axborot mahsulotlari va xizmatlarini shaxsan ishlab chiqaruvchilar: MB ni ishlab chiqaruvchilar \u2013 axborotlarni yig\u2019ish va ularni mashina yig\u2019ish va ularni mashina o\u2019qiydigan shaklga ko\u2019chirishni amalga oshiruvchi iqtisodiy ob\u2019ektlar. Interaktiv xizmatlar \u2013 MB ga interaktiv usulda kirishni amalga oshiruvchilar, ya\u2019ni axborot ma\u2019lumotlari va xizmatlarini ishlab chiqaruvchilar va 202","foydalanuvchilar, hamda interaktiv xizmatlar bozorining asosiy elementi bo\u2019yicha iqtisodiy ob\u2019ektlar; 2. Telekommunikatsion xizmatlar; 3. Foydalanuvchilar yakuniy va oraliq foydalanuvchilarga yoki o\u2019z mijozlariga axborot qidirish bo\u2019yicha xizmatlar ko\u2019rsatuvchi vositalarga bo\u2019linadilar. Axborot marketingini tashkil qilish. Axborot faoliyatining tijoratlashgani sari unga ishlab chiqarishning, boshqarishning bozor tamoyillari sifatida marketingning umumiy tamoyillari asoslana boshlandi, bunda xo\u2019jalik qarorlarini qabul qilishning asosida bozor axborotlari yotadi, qarorlarning asoslanganligi esa tovarlarining sotilishi bilan tekshiriladi. Buning natijasida axborot marketingi vujudga keladi. Axborot marketingining elementlari quyidagilardan iborat: - axborot bozorini tahlil qilish; - axborot mahsulotlari va xizmatlarining narxlarini shakllan-tirish; - axborot mahsulotlari va xizmatlarini ishlab chiqaruvchilar bilan ularni foydalanuvchilari o\u2019rtasida o\u2019zaro munosabatlarini o\u2019rnatish; - reklama \u2013 targ\u2019ibot tadbirlari. Axborot bozorining tahlili. Axborot marketingi dasturining ushbu bosqichi taklif qilinayotgan axborot mahsulotlari va xizmatlari uchun ularning vazifaviy parametrlariga mos keluvchi ehtiyojlarini aniqlash orqali bozor holatini belgilashga qaratilgan. Uni o\u2019tkazishning natijasi quyidagilarga nisbatan tavsiyalarni ishlab chiqishdan iborat bo\u2019ladi: - qanday axborot MABga kiritilishi kerak? - foydalanuvchi MAB bilan ishlashga rozi bo\u2019lishi uchun qanday talablar qanoatlantirilishi kerak. Quyidagi savollarga javob berish uchun ikkita asosiy usul qo\u2019llaniladi: mavjud MAB analoglari yoki mahsulotlarining tahlili; talabning tahlili, bozor sigmentlariga ajratish uning asosiy elementi bo\u2019ladi. Judayam tez o\u2019zgarib va rivojlanib borayotgan hozirgi davrda, jamiyatimizning har bir a\u2019zosidan fan va ilmiy-texnika yutuqlariga asoslangan zamonaviy bilimlarni mukammal o\u2019rganishni talab etilmoqda. 14 -bob bo\u2019yicha xulosalar Zamonaviy avtomatlashtirilgan axborot tizimlarini va axborot texnologiyalarini milliy iqtisodning barcha sohalariga tadbiq qilinishi nafaqat iqtisodiy foyda keltiradi, balki foydalanuvchi ish joyining sifat jihatdan yuqori darajada tashkil qilinishini ta\u2019minlaydi. Demak, axborotlashtirishning milliy tizimini shakllantirishda, iqtisodiyot va jamiyat hayotining barcha sohalarida zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalarini, kompyuter texnikasi va telekommunikatsiya vositalarini ommaviy ravishda joriy etish hamda ulardan foydalanish, fuqarolarning axborotga ortib borayotgan talab- extiyojlarini yanada to\u2019liqroq qondirish, jahon axborot resurslardan bahramand bo\u2019lishni kengaytirish \u2013 jamiyat taraqqiyotining asosiy omillaridan biridir. 203","15- bob Zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalari va tizimlarining rivojlanish tendentsiyalari 15.1 Zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalarini qo\u2019llashning samarasi Zamonaviy axborot texnologiyasi (kompyuter axborot texnologiyasi) \u2013 personal kompyuter va telekommunikatsiya vositalaridan foydalanuvchining do\u2019stona \u00abinterfeysi\u00bb axborot texnologiyasidir (15.1-jadval). Ma\u2019lum bir turdagi kompyuter uchun mo\u2019ljallangan bir yoki bir necha o\u2019zaro bog\u2019liq dasturiy mahsulotlar zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalarining vositasi sanaladi. 15.1-jadval Zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalarining asosiy tavsifi Metodologiya Asosiy belgisi Natija Axborotni qayta Boshqaruv texnologiyasiga Kommunikatsiyaning \u00abjoylashish\u00bb yangi texnologiyasi ishlashning asosiy yangi vositasi YAxlit texnologik Mutaxassislar va menejerlar Axborotni qayta tizimlar vazifasining integrallashuvi ishlash bo\u2019yicha yangi texnologiya Maqsadga qaratilgan Ijtimoiy muhit Boshqaruv qarorlarini holda axborotni yaratish, qabul qilishning yangi uzatish, saqlash va aks qonunchiligini hisobga olish texnologiyasi ettirish Zamonaviy axborot texnologiyaning asosiy elementlari quyidagicha: \uf0b7 ma\u2019lum bir vaqt ko\u2019lamidagi axborotni kiritish va qayta o\u2019zgartirish; \uf0b7 tasvirni kiritish va unga ishlov berish; \uf0b7 signal axboroti paydo bo\u2019lgan erda uni qayta ishlash; \uf0b7 og\u2019zaki axborotni qayta ishlash; \uf0b7 foydalanuvchining kompyuter bilan faol muloqti; \uf0b7 turli axborot tizimlarida mashinali modellashtirish; \uf0b7 axborot almashuvining tarmoq texnologiyasi (dialog yuritish, video va telekommunikatsiya, elektron pochta, videoteka, teleteka, elektron gazeta); \uf0b7 taqsimlangan tarmoq tizimlarida ma\u2019lumotlarni mul\u044ctiprotsessor asosida qayta ishlash; \uf0b7 mahalliy, mintaqaviy va halqaro tarmoqlar bo\u2019yicha axborotni tezkor tarqatish. Axborot texnologiyasining bazaviy texnologiyasi quyidagilar: texnik ta\u2019minot texnologiyasi, telekommunikatsiya texnologiyasi, dasturiy ta\u2019minot texnologiyasi. Bu texnologiyalar hisoblash tizimlari va tarmoqlari arxitekturasining 204","aniq variantlari doirasida birgalikda harakat qiladi va birlashadi. Ularning ayrimlari axborot texnologiyasi rivojlanishida hal qiluvchi rol o\u2019ynaydi [18,19]. Zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalari rahbarlarga, mutaxassislarga, texnik xodimlarga axborotni qayta ishlash va qaror qabul qilishda, o\u2019z vaqtida ishonchli va kerakli hajmda axborot olish, avtomatlashtirilgan ofislar tashkil etish, kompyuterlar va aloqa vositalarini qo\u2019llagan holda tezkor majlislarni o\u2019tkazish uchun mo\u2019ljallangan zamonaviy axborot tizimlarini yaratish imkonini beradi. Jahondagi iqtisodiy vaziyatni tahlil etish shuni ko\u2019rsatmoqdaki, jahon iktisodiy tizimi zamonaviy axborotlashgan jamiyatga kirib borayapti. Bunday jamiyat elektron mehnat qurollariga asoslangan bo\u2019lib, sifat jihatidan yangi boshqarish apparati hamda axborot-kommunikatsiyalar texnologiyalaridan keng miqyosda samarali foydalanish kabi jihatlari bilan tavsiflanadi. Kirib kelgan yangi asrda jahon mamlakatlari iqtisodiy o\u2019sishining asosiy sharti - bu ularning barcha sohalarni qanchalik darajada kompyuterlashtirishi bo\u2019lib qoladi Hozirgi kunda milliy iqtisodiyotning bank, buxgalteriya, marketing , ta\u2019lim,ishlab chikarish va boshqa sohalarga zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalari keng ko\u2019lamda kirib kelmoqda. Respublikamizda yagona iqtisodiy axborot tizimini yaratish bu milliy iqtisodiyot axborotlashtirish makonini tashkil qiluvchi asosiy omillardan hisoblanadi. YAgona iqtisodiy axborot tizimini yaratishdan asosiy maqsad hozirgi sharoitda vazirliklar, idoralar va bank tizimini bir-birlari bilan aloqalarini zamon talablaridan kelib chiqqan holda tashkil qilishdan iborat bo\u2019lib, bunda axborotni yig\u2019ish, jamg\u2019arish, saqlash va tahlil qilish jarayonlarini shakllantirish hisoblanadi. Bank tizimida zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalaridan keng foydalanish, ushbu sohadagi iqtisodiy islohotlarni chuqurlashtirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Bugungi kunda barcha iqtisodiyot sohalari qatorida bank sohasida ham zamonaviy texnologiyalar, elektron to\u2019lovlar, mamlakatlar o\u2019rtasida elektron pul o\u2019tkazmalari kabi \u00abBank-mijoz\u00bb tizimi keng qo\u2019llanilib kelinmoqda. Mustaqillik davrida barcha sohalar kabi bank tizimini isloh qilishdagi sa\u2019y harakatlar va erishilgan yutuqlar, tizimda axborot texnologiyalarining samarali qo\u2019llash natijasidir. Iqtisodiyotni boshqarishdagi o\u2019zgarishlar, bozor munosabatlariga o\u2019tish buxgalteriya hisobini tashkil qilish va olib borishga ham katta ta\u2019sir ko\u2019rsatdi. Korxonaning marketing tizimida ham axborot va uni qayta ishlovchi axborot texnologiyalari asosiy ahamiyatga ega, chunki har qanday marketing faoliyati tovarlar ishlab chiqarish bozorida vujudga kelgan aniq vaziyatni bilishga asoslanadi. SHunday kilib , axborot texnologiyalarini turli sohalarga qo\u2019llash yuksak samaralarni beradi. Masalan boshqaruv tizimiga avtomatlashtirilgan axborot texnologiyalarini qo\u2019llash quyidagi natijalarni beradi: \uf0b7 boshqaruv darajasi miqdori qisqarishi; \uf0b7 ma\u2019muriy harajatlarning kamayishi; \uf0b7 o\u2019rta boshqaruv bo\u2019g\u2019ini xodimlarining ishdan ozod bo\u2019lishi; \uf0b7 avtomatlashtirish hisobiga xodimlarni qo\u2019l mehnatidan ozod qilish, intellektual faoliyat uchun vaqt qolishi; 205","\uf0b7 matematik uslublar va intellektual tizimlarni tatbiq etish \uf0b7 hisobiga boshqaruv vazifalarini hal qilishning oqilona variantlariga ega bo\u2019lish; \uf0b7 zamonaviy tashkiliy tuzilma yaratiladi; \uf0b7 avtomatlashtirilgan texnologiya tashkiliy jihatdan moslashuvchanlikni yuzaga keltiradi; \uf0b7 ish unumdorligining oshishi. \uf0b7 vaqtni iqtisod qilish; \uf0b7 boshqaruvchilar malakasi va kasbiy bilimining oshishi; \uf0b7 raqobatchilik avzalligi kuchayadi; \uf0b7 tushum, daromad ko\u2019payadi, ortiqcha harajat kamayadi. Axborot tizimiga avtomatlashtirilgan axborot texnologiyalarini qo\u2019llash quyidagi natijalarni beradi: \uf0b7 axborot oqimi tuzilmasini takomillashtirish; \uf0b7 elektron pochta yordamida samarali muvofiqlashtirish; \uf0b7 ishonchli axborot bilan ta\u2019minlash; \uf0b7 ma\u2019lumotlarni qog\u2019ozda tashuvchilarni optikmagnitli tashuvchilarga almashtirish axborotlarini kompyuterda qayta ishlashni oqilona tashkil etishga va qog\u2019ozdagi hajmining kamayishiga olib keladi; Ishlab chiqarishga avtomatlashtirilgan axborot texnologiyalarini qo\u2019llash quyidagi natijalarni beradi: \uf0b7 loyihalashtirish va ishlab chiqarish vaqtining qisqarishi; \uf0b7 mahsulot nisbatan ko\u2019proq qayta ishlanishi natijasida yanada ishonchli bo\u2019ladi, buzilib qolganda ko\u2019p turib qolmaydi, ya\u2019ni oson ta\u2019mirlanadi; \uf0b7 mahsulotning foydali xususiyati va undan foydalanish imkoniyati kengayadi; \uf0b7 ish hajmi va buyurtmalarni qabul qilish, qayta ishlash va boshqarish harajatlari qisqarishi; \uf0b7 iste\u2019molchilarga namunaviy xizmat ko\u2019rsatish; \uf0b7 ish unumdorligining oshishi; \uf0b7 tovar va xizmat sifatining oshishi; \uf0b7 moddiy-texnik ta\u2019minotni ratsionallizatsiyalash (oqilona tashkil etish); Marketing sohasiga avtomatlashtirilgan axborot texnologiyalarini qo\u2019llash quyidagi natijalarni beradi: \uf0b7 mahsulotni tarqatishga kam vaqt ketishi; \uf0b7 yangi bozorlarni izlab topish; \uf0b7 mahsulot iste\u2019molchilarini identifikatsiyalash imkoniyati; \uf0b7 axborot olish va tarqatishning yangi imkoniyatlarini yaratish; \uf0b7 savdoni qo\u2019llab-quvvatlash; \uf0b7 buyurtmachilar bilan nisbatan samarali o\u2019zaro hamkorlik qilish; \uf0b7 talabga nisbatan moslashuvchanlik bilan javob berish qobiliyatining oshishi va iste\u2019molchilar yangi istaklarining qondirilishi Ta\u2019lim sohasiga avtomatlashtirilgan axborot texnologiyalarini qo\u2019llash quyidagi natijalarni beradi: \uf0b7 Ta\u2019lim sifati ,samaradorligi oshadi; 206","\uf0b7 Uzoq masofadan turib,bilim olish mumkin; \uf0b7 Masofaviy ta\u2019lim tizimini tashkillashtirish mumkin; \uf0b7 Xohlagan vaqtda, xohlagan joyda shug\u2019ullanish imkoniyati. Fanni egallashga ajratilgan vaqtning chegaralanmaganligi. \uf0b7 Bir vaqtning o\u2019zida o\u2019quv axborotlarining bir qancha manbalariga (elektron kutubxonalar, axborot bazalari, bilimlar bazalari va h.k.), o\u2019quvchilarning ko\u2019pchiligi murojaat qilishi. Aloqa to\u2019rlari orqali bir-birlari va o\u2019qituvchilar bilan muloqatda bo\u2019lishi. \uf0b7 O\u2019quv xonalari, texnika vositalaridan samarali foydalanish, o\u2019quv axborotlari mujassamlashgan va unifikatsiyalashgan holda taqdim qilish va unga mul\u044cti erishish o\u2019quv jarayonlarini tashkil etish harajatlarini kamaytirish. \uf0b7 O\u2019quvchining qaerda yashashidan, sog\u2019lig\u2019ining holati va moddiy ta\u2019minlanganligidan qat\u2019i nazar, ta\u2019lim olish imkoniyatidagi tenglik va xakozo . Xulosa qilib aytganda, zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalaridan iqtisodiyotning turli tarmoqlarida foydalanish \u2013 iqtisodiyotni rivojlantirishda muhim omillardan bo\u2019lib hisoblanadi. 15.2 Axborot texnologiyalari rivojlanishining tendentsiyalari Horijiy mutahassislar axborot texnologiyalari rivojlanishining beshta asosiy tendentsiyalarini ajratib ko\u2019rsatadi: 1. Axborot mahsulotlarining murakkablashuvi. Axborot vositasi ko\u2019rinishidagi axborot mahsuloti, ekspert ta\u2019minoti xizmatining ma\u2019lumotlar bazasi strategik ahamiyat kasb eta boradi. Turli shakldagi (nutq, ma\u2019lumot, tasvir) axborot mahsulotlari eshitish, ko\u2019rish va anglash uchun foydalanuvchining talabiga ko\u2019ra ishlab chiqiladi hamda unga qulay vaqtda va shaklda mahsulotni etkazib berish vositasi mavjud bo\u2019ladi. Axborot mahsuloti borgan sari yakka foydalanuvchiga taqdim etiladigan o\u2019ziga xos xizmat va hisobot-tahlil ishlari natijalari o\u2019rtasidagi gibridga aylanib bormoqda. 2. Birgalikda harakat qilish qobiliyati. Axborot mahsulotining ahamiyati oshib borishi bilan mazkur mahsulotlarni kompyuter va inson yoki axborot tizimlari o\u2019rtasida ideal tarzda almashuvini o\u2019tkazish imkoniyati ilg\u2019or texnologik muammo kasb etadi. Axborot mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash va uzatish muammosi ularning kelishi va tez harakatlanishi bo\u2019yicha to\u2019liq muvofiq bo\u2019lishi lozim. 3. Oraliq bo\u2019g\u2019inlarni tugatish. Birgalikda harakatlanish qobiliyatining rivojlanishi axborot mahsulotlari almashish jarayonining takomillashuviga, so\u2019ngra, axborot manbai yo\u2019lidan iste\u2019molchiga qarab (ya\u2019ni, bu sohadagi etkazib beruvchi va iste\u2019molchilar) oraliq bo\u2019g\u2019inlar tugatiladi. Masalan, muallif va o\u2019quvchi, sotuvchi va haridor, qo\u2019shiqchi va tinglovchi, o\u2019qituvchi va o\u2019quvchi yoki iqtisodiy ob\u2019ektlarda mutahassislar o\u2019rtasida videokonferentsiya, elektron kiosk, elektron pochta tizimi orqali bevosita muloqot qilish imkoniyati tug\u2019iladi. 4. Globallashtirish. Iqtisodiy ob\u2019ekt yo\u2019ldosh aloqa va Internet tarmog\u2019idan foydalanib axborot texnologiyalari yordamida hohlagan joyda va hohlagan paytda ish 207","olib borishi mumkin. Aynan Internet tufayli odamlar dunyoning har qanday nuqtasidan turib o\u2019zaro muloqot qilish imkoniga ega. Bu holatda doimiy va yarim doimiy harajatlar yanada keng geografik mintaqada taqsimlanish hisobiga ustuvorlikka ega bo\u2019ladi. 5. Konvergentsiya. Konvergentsiya AATning zamonaviy rivojlanish jarayonining oxirgi bosqichi sifatida ko\u2019rib chiqiladi. Bunda mahsulotlar va xizmatlar, axborot va dam olish, shuningdek, ovozli, raqamli hamda videosignallarni uzatish kabi ish rejimlari o\u2019rtasidagi farq yo\u2019qoladi. Moddiy ishlab chiqarish va axborot biznesi sohalari o\u2019rtasidagi tafovut o\u2019chib ketadi, firmalar va korporatsiyalarning faoliyat turlari diverfikatsiyasi, sanoat tarmoqlari, moliya sektori va xizmat sohalari o\u2019zaro uyg\u2019unlashib ketadi. SHunday qilib, yangi axborot texnologiyalari \u2013 bu dunyo miqyosida jamiyat taraqqiyotining sanoat asridan axborot asriga qarab o\u2019tish asosidir. Mazkur tendentsiyaning biznesda qo\u2019llanilishi quyidagi o\u2019zgarishlarga olib keladi: \uf0b7 har bir ish o\u2019rnida resurslar etarli bo\u2019lganda axborotni qayta ishlash uchun taqsimlangan shaxsiy (personal) hisoblashlarni amalga oshirish; \uf0b7 xabarlarni jo\u2019natish uchun ish o\u2019rinlari birlashganda kommunikatsiyaning rivojlangan tizimini yaratish; \uf0b7 iqtisodiy ob\u2019ekt axborot oqimiga ulanganda, moslashuvchan global kommunikatsiyalarga ega bo\u2019lishi; \uf0b7 elektron savdo tizimini yaratish va rivojlantirish; \uf0b7 iqtisodiy ob\u2019ekt integratsiyasi \u2013 tashqi muhit tizimidagi oraliq bo\u2019g\u2019inlarni bartaraf etish. 15.3 Masofaviy ta\u2019lim - elektron ta\u2019lim tizimi Masofaviy ta\u2019lim - o\u2019qitishning universal shakli sifatida, zamonaviy axborot va telekammunikatsiya texnologiyalariga va texnik vositalarning keng spektrlaridan foydalanishga asoslangan bo\u2019lib, o\u2019quvchilar tomonidan o\u2019qitish darslarini erkin tanlash, o\u2019qituvchi bilan muloqot qilish imkoniyatlarini ta\u2019minlaydi. Bunda o\u2019qitish jarayoni o\u2019quvchilarning ham hududiy, ham vaqt bo\u2019yicha joylashishiga bog\u2019liq bo\u2019lmaydi. Masofaviy o\u2019qitishning axborot - ta\u2019lim muhiti o\u2019z ichiga axborotlar, axborot resurlari, o\u2019zaro-munosabatlar protokollari, apparat-dasturlar va tashkiliy uslubiy ta\u2019minotlardan iborat tizimli tashkiliy to\u2019plam vositalarini oladi hamda foydalanuvchilarning ta\u2019limga bo\u2019lgan ehtiyojlarini qanoatlantirishga yo\u2019naltiriladi [16,17,18]. Masofaviy o\u2019qitish an\u2019anaviy o\u2019qitish shakllaridan quyidagi harakterli xususiyatlar bilan ajralib turadi. Moslanuvchanligi. Xohlagan vaqtda, xohlagan joyda va sur\u2019atda shug\u2019ullanish imkoniyati. Fanni egallashga ajratilgan vaqtning chegaralanmaganligi. Modulliligi. Mustaqil fanlar kurslaridan modullardan individual yoki guruh ehtiyojlariga javob beradigan o\u2019quv rejalarini shakllantirish. Parallellik. Kasbiy faoliyati yoki boshqa o\u2019quv yurtlaridagi o\u2019qishi bilan parallel holda ta\u2019lim olish. 208","Qamrab olish. Bir vaqtning o\u2019zida o\u2019quv axborotlarining bir qancha manbalariga (elektron kutubxonalar, axborot bazalari, bilimlar bazalari va h.k.), o\u2019quvchilarning ko\u2019pchiligi murojaat qilishi. Aloqa to\u2019rlari orqali bir-birlari va o\u2019qituvchilar bilan muloqatda bo\u2019lishi. Iqtisodiyligi. O\u2019quv xonalari, texnika vositalaridan samarali foydalanish, o\u2019quv axborotlari mujassamlashgan va unifikatsiyalashgan holda taqdim qilish va unga mul\u044cti erishish o\u2019quv jarayonlarini tashkil etish harajatlarini kamaytirish. Texnologiyaliligi. Ta\u2019lim jarayonida axborot va telekommunikatsiya texnologiyalarining erishgan yangi yutuqlaridan foydalanish insonni jahon axborotlar olamiga kirib berishini ta\u2019minlaydi. Ijtimoiy tenglik. O\u2019quvchining qaerda yashashidan, sog\u2019lig\u2019ining holati va moddiy ta\u2019minlanganligidan qat\u2019i nazar, ta\u2019lim olish imkoniyatidagi tenglik. Internatsionallik. Ta\u2019lim xizmati bozorida jahon yutuqlarining eksport va importi. O\u2019qituvchining yangi o\u2019rni. Masofaviy ta\u2019lim o\u2019qituvchining o\u2019rnini kengaytiradi va yangilaydi, bilim olish jarayonini muvofiqlashtiradi, o\u2019qitiladigan kurslarni doimo takomillashtiradi, ijodiy faolligi va mutaxasisligi bo\u2019yicha yangiliklar va innovatsiyalarga bo\u2019lgan talabi mos ravishda ortib boradi. Masofadan o\u2019qitishning sifati ta\u2019lim olishning kunduzgi shakli sifatida, ko\u2019zga ko\u2019ringan o\u2019qituvchi kadrlar tarkibini jalb qilish va o\u2019quv jarayonlarida eng yaxshi o\u2019quv-uslubiy ishlar va fanlar bo\u2019yicha nazorat testlaridan foydalanish hisobiga qolishmaydi. O\u2019qitish usullari. Masofali o\u2019qitish shakli besh umumdidaktik o\u2019qitish usullarini o\u2019z ichiga oladi: - axborotli-retseptli; - repraduktivli; - muomila bayon qilish; - evristik; - izlanuvchanlik. Ular o\u2019qituvchi va o\u2019quvchilar munosabatlaridagi barcha pedogogik aktlar to\u2019plamini o\u2019z ichiga oladi. O\u2019quv dasturlari bo\u2019yicha o\u2019qitish uchun zarur bo\u2019lgan moddiy va texnik vositalar majmui o\u2019z ichiga o\u2019quv va o\u2019quv-yordamchi xonalarni; laboratoriya uskunalari, o\u2019qitishning texnik vositalari, o\u2019quv kitoblari, o\u2019quv qullanmalari va boshqa o\u2019quv uslubiy materiallarni oladi. O\u2019quv ilmiy materiallarning katta qismi tinglovchilarning uzoqdaligi sababli virtual axborot-ta\u2019lim muhitini tashkil etadi. Masofadan o\u2019qitish shakli qo\u2019llanilganda o\u2019qitish vositalari an\u2019anaviylardan tashqari bir qancha qo\u2019shimcha vositalarni o\u2019z ichiga oladi: \uf0b7 elektron o\u2019quv nashrlari; \uf0b7 o\u2019rgatuvchi komp\u044cter tizimlari; \uf0b7 audio-video o\u2019quv materiallari va bir qancha boshqa vositalar. O\u2019quv jarayoniga mo\u2019ljallangan elektron nashrlar, qogoz nashrlarning barcha xususiyatlariga ega bo\u2019lish bilan birga bir qancha tomonlari va afzalliklari bor. Xususan, komp\u044cterning xotirasida yoki diskda kompakt holda saqlash, gipertekst 209","imkoniyatlari, ko\u2019paytirish imkoniyati, tezkor tarzda o\u2019zgarishlar va qo\u2019shimchalar kiritish imkoniyatlari, elektron pochtadan axborot jo\u2019natish qulayliklari, avtomatlashgan o\u2019qitish tizimi bo\u2019lib, o\u2019z ichiga o\u2019qish dasturi bo\u2019yicha didaktik, uslubiy va axborot-ma\u2019lumotlar materiallarini hamda dasturiy ta\u2019minotni oladi va ularni mustaqil bilim olishi va nazorat qilishida kompleks foydalanish imkonini beradi. Masofadan o\u2019qitish ta\u2019limi jarayonida an\u2019aviy o\u2019qitish vositalari bilan birga zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalari va axborot-telekomunikatsiya vositalariga asoslangan hamda ta\u2019lim texnologiyasi sohasida erishilgan oxirgi yutuqlaridan foydalaniladi. Elektron aloqa - axborotlarni qayta ishlash va uzatishda elektron usullardan foydalanishdir. Bu usul orqali bosma materiallarni, chizmalarni, turli hujjatlarni, jadvallarni va boshqa ma\u2019lumotlarni uzatish mumkin. Elektron aloqa \u00abqog\u2019ozsiz\u00bb aloqa munosabatlarini tashkil qiladi va hujjatlashtirilgan xabarlarni telefon va ma\u2019lumot uzatish tarmoqlari orqali yig\u2019ish, qayta ishlash va uzatish tizimini ifodalaydi. Telegraf bo\u2019limi, masofali aloqa va teleks tizimi birgalikda elektron aloqaning elementlari hisoblanadi. Jumladan, teleks tizimi 100 ortiq mamlakatlarda mavjud bo\u2019lib, 800 mingta abonentga xizmat ko\u2019rsatadi. Mikroprotsessorlarni joriy qilinishi elektron aloqa usuliga yangi o\u2019zgartirish kiritdi. SHu sababli ham, elektron aloqa-ob\u2019ektlar o\u2019rtasidagi aloqa munosabatlarini axborotlashtirish va elektron aloqa vositalaridan foydalangan holda amalga oshiruvchi tizim hisoblanadi. Elektron aloqaning ishlash tamoyili quyidagiga asoslanadi. Foydalanuvchi terminal orqali tegishli iqtisodiy ob\u2019ektlarga, ularning manzilgohlarini ko\u2019rsatgan holda ma\u2019lumotlarni uzatishi mumkin. Bu xabarlar kompyuter orqali qabul qilinadi, tartiblashtiriladi va elektron qutilarga jo\u2019natiladi. Iqtisodiy ob\u2019ektlar kelib tushgan xabarlarning ro\u2019yxatini doimo nazorat qilib turadi va tegishli ma\u2019lumotlarni tayyorlaydi. Elektron aloqa yordamida katta hajmdagi axborot to\u2019plamlarini, turli ma\u2019lumotlarni tayyorlash mumkin. Bundan barcha axborotlar kompyuter xotirasida saqlanadi va kerakli nusxada tegishli ma\u2019lumotlar bosmaga chiqariladi. 8.1-rasmda elektron aloqa tizimining tuzilishi ko\u2019rsatilgan. Elektron aloqa tizimi o\u2019zining funktsiyalarini amalga oshirish uchun kompyuter, magnitli barkash xotira, masofaga uzatish apparati, tasvirlarni ifodalash va bosmaga chiqarish vositalari bilan ta\u2019minlangan bo\u2019lishi kerak. Elektron aloqa tizimining asosiy afzalliklari quyidagilardan iborat: - axborot uzatuvchi va qabul qiluvchi xodimlarning ish vaqtini optimal tashkil qilish; - uzoq masofalarga axborotni uzatish; - turli ko\u2019rinishdagi ma\u2019lumotlarni uzatish; - elektron aloqa qutisidagi xabarlarni istagan vaqtda olish va boshqalar. 210","x kompyterlar a b a multip- leksor r masofaga uzatish modem modem l vositasi a r terminal 15.1-rasm. Elektron aloqa tizimining tuzilishi Elektron aloqa tizimi yordamida AQSH da 2000 yilda 30 mln. xabar jo\u2019natilgan. Mutahassislarning hisob-kitobiga qaraganda, xabarlarning uzatish uchun 15 mlrd. dollor sarf qilinmoqda Hozirgi kunda E-COM (Electro Computer Originated Mail) tizimi yordamida elektron xabarlar jo\u2019natilmoqda. Uning asosini CBMS (Computer Based Massase System) tizimi tashkil etadi. Ma\u2019lumotlarni uzatishda Tymnet, Telenet, Uninet tarmog\u2019idan foydalaniladi. Teleanjuman va videotasvirli tizim. Inson faoliyatining turli sohalarida axborot almashish zaruriyati, yangi ma\u2019lumotlarni olish ehtiyoji muloqat, ya\u2019ni anjuman, seminar, maslahatlashish kabi usullarni keltirib chiqaradi. Har bir masala turli darajada muhokama qilinadi va tegishli qaror ishlab chiqiladi. Turli masofadagi shaxslar o\u2019rtasidagi ma\u2019lumotni almashish jarayonini kelib chiqishida telefonning ahamiyati juda katta bo\u2019ldi. Hozirgi kunda bu vositalar birgalikda teleanjuman usulini yaratishga asos soldi. Teleanjuman asosida bir necha shaxslar o\u2019zaro muloqatda bo\u2019ladi va turli ko\u2019rinishdagi axborotlarni uzatish mumkin. Ma\u2019lumki, maslahat jarayonini tashkil etish bir muncha harajatlarni sarf qilishni talab qiladi. Masalan, G\u2019arbiy Evropada 1990 yilda 100 mingta, 2000 yilda esa 130 mingta anjumanlar o\u2019tkazildi. AQSHda shu yillar ichida 55 mlrd. dollar sarf qilindi. Har bir rahbar ish vaqtining 6 foizini telefon orqali suhbatlashish, 10-20 foizini turli hujjatlarni o\u2019qish va yozish, 70 foizini turli uchrashuvlarda ishtirok etish uchun sarflaydi. Ish vaqtidan samarali foydalanish, ularni ish joylaridan qo\u2019zg\u2019atmaslik maqsadida muloqat jarayoniga zamonaviy texnik vositalarni tatbiq qilishga kirishildi. Teleanjuman usulining asosiy afzalliklari quyidagilardan iborat: \uf0b7 zarur masalalarni operativ muhokama qilish va tegishli shaxslarga etkazish; \uf0b7 muhokama uchun turli ko\u2019rinishdagi axborotlardan foydalanish; \uf0b7 muhokamada qatnashuvchi mutaxasislarning miqdorini kengaytirish; \uf0b7 ma\u2019lumotlar bazasidagi axborotlarni olish va anjuman qatnashuvchilariga etkazish va boshqalar. 15.2-rasmda teleanjumanni tashkil qilishning tasviri ko\u2019rsatilgan. 211","kompyuterlar teleanjum teleanju B man xo apparati na A an xona apparati B multiple multip- apparat G ksor leksor xo xona apparat modem modem na 15.2-rasm. Teleanjumanlarni tashkil qilishning tasviri Teleanjuman o\u2019tkazishda yo\u2019ldosh aloqalardan foydalanish muhim ahamiyatga ega. Bunda ma\u2019lumotlar 1.5 Mbit\/sek tezlikda uzatiladi. Lekin, juda katta mablag\u2019 sarf qilinadi. Videotasvirli xizmat xabar va ma\u2019lumotlarni olishning yangi turi hisoblanib, elektron aloqaning ko\u2019rinishidir. Bu usulda terminal vositasi sifatida oddiy televizordan foydalanish mumkin. U adapter orqali harflar dastasi va modemga bog\u2019lanadi hamda telefon tarmog\u2019iga ulanadi. Kelayotgan xabarlarni tekshirish uchun ma\u2019lumotlar bazasi kompyuterda tashkil qilinadi. Natijada foydalanuvchi \u00abmuloqat\u00bb tartibida ma\u2019lumotlar bazasi bilan ishlaydi va tegishli axborotlarni oladi. 15.3-rasmda videotasvir usulining ko\u2019rinishi berilgan. Foydalanuvchi tegishli ma\u2019lumotlarni o\u2019z faylida saqlashi yoki boshqa foydalanuvchiga jo\u2019natishi mumkin. Har bir bog\u2019lanish ma\u2019lum bir mahfiy so\u2019zlar orqali amalga oshiriladi. Videotasvir usuli interaktiv tartibda axborot xizmatini ko\u2019rsatuvchi tizim hisoblanadi. Bu tizim quyidagi imkoniyatlarga ega: \uf0b7 foydalanuvchi talabiga muvofiq turli ma\u2019lumotlarni olish; \uf0b7 kompyuter xotirasida shaxsiy faylga ega bo\u2019lish; \uf0b7 sport musobaqalarini ko\u2019rish; \uf0b7 turli kompyuter o\u2019yinlaridan foydalanish; \uf0b7 transport vositalar chiptalarini band qilish va boshqalar. Videotasvir tizimi birinchi marta 1972 yilda Angliyada tuzilgan. Uning tarkibiga televizor, telefon apparati, modem, harf-raqamli ma\u2019lumotlarni jamlovchi vositalar kirgan. Prestel tizimi tijorat, sport, madaniyat va boshqa bir qator ma\u2019lumotlarni uzatish uchun mo\u2019ljallangan. Tizimning ma\u2019lumotlari maxsus bo\u2019limlar tomonidan o\u2019zgartirib turiladi. Hozirgi kunda videotasvirli tizimlar Germaniya, Gollandiya, AQSH, YAponiya va boshqa bir qator mamlakatlarda muvofaqqiyatli xizmat ko\u2019rsatmoqda. 212","MB televizor kompyuter modem adapter telefon tarmog\u2019i telefon xarflar dastasi 15.3-rasm. Videotasvir usulining ko\u2019rinishi Axborot almashuv tizimlari. Axborot almashuv tizimi xizmat ko\u2019rsatishning yangi turi hisoblanib, elektron xotiralar orqali ma\u2019lumot almashish jarayonini avtomatlashtirilgan holda amalga oshiradi. Bu tizim elektron aloqaning bir ko\u2019rinishi bo\u2019lib, matnli ma\u2019lumotlarni abonentlar o\u2019rtasidagi almashuvini ta\u2019minlaydi. Har bir xabar xususiy xotiralarda saqlanadi va avtomatik tarzda tizimlar o\u2019rtasida almashinadi. Foydalanuvchi harflar dastasi, displey, bosgich va boshqa qurilmalar yordamida matnli ma\u2019lumotlarni uzatadi va qabul qiladi. Bunda matnlar turli muharrirlar yordamida tahrirlanishi mumkin. Tegishli ma\u2019lumotlar bilan bog\u2019lanishda maxsus qoida va qurilmalar ishtirok etadi. Bu jarayon interfeys buferi, xotira buferi va ma\u2019lumotlarni uzatish apparati orqali boshqariladi (15.4-rasm). Teletekst tizimida har bir xabar 2400 bit\/sek tezlikda uzatiladi. A4 o\u2019lchamli qog\u2019ozlarda 1500 belgi joylashadi. Har bir belgi 8-razryadli raqamlar bilan shifrlanadi va sahifa 5 sek. ichida uzatiladi. Teletekst tizimi matnli ma\u2019lumotlarni televizor signallari bilan bir qatorda uzatishga mo\u2019ljallangan. Har bir televizion signal o\u2019rtasida ma\u2019lum bir vaqt bo\u2019sh qoladi. Ana shu vaqt oralig\u2019ida 36 Kbit\/sek tezlikda tegishli ma\u2019lumotlar uzatiladi. Telemarkazda kelayotgan ma\u2019lumotlar ajratiladi va yuborilayotgan xabar vaqt oralig\u2019ida qayta takrorlanadi. 15.5-rasmda teletekst tizimining ko\u2019rinishi tasvirlangan. 213","Xarflar dastasi Bosgich xotira xotira ma\u2019lumotlarni buferi uzatish apparati kompyuter muxarrir 15.4-rasm. Teletekst tizimining tuzilishi xarflar xarflar xarflar dastasi dastasi dastasi Yuqori televizor chastotali blok 15.5-rasm. Teletekst tizimining ko\u2019rinishi Matn ko\u2019rilayotgan vaqtda televizor tasvirlari ko\u2019rinmaydi. Teletekst tizimi yordamida oynoma va ro\u2019znomalardan olingan maqolalar uzatilishi mumkin. Elektron kitoblar. CD-ROM rusumidagi katta hajmli uncha qimmat bo\u2019lmagan xotira-qurilmalarning mavjudligi tufayli elektron kitoblarning paydo bo\u2019lishi mumkin bo\u2019ldi. Elektron kitoblar atamasi sahifalari displey ekranida tasvirlanadigan yangi rusmdagi kitobni anglatadi. Boshqacha aytganda, bu axborot interaktiv tizimi foydalanuvchi (o\u2019quvchi) uchun sahifama-sahifa tashkil etilgan axborotga kirishni taminlaydi. 650 Mb sig\u2019imli kompakt disk axborotning quyidagi keltirilayotgan hajmlaridan birini yozishga imkon beradi: \uf0b7 A4 formatdagi matnning 200.000 sahifasi; \uf0b7 20.000 grafik rasmlar; 214","\uf0b7 2.000 televizion statik tasvirlar; \uf0b7 30 soniya videotasvir; \uf0b7 18 soat o\u2019rtacha sifatli tovush. Elektron kitob sahifalaridagi axborot uch xil bo\u2019lishi mumkin: estetik (kitobning \u00abyoqimli\u00bb ko\u2019rinishini belgilovchi va uning o\u2019quvchiga ta\u2019sirini kuchaytiruvchi), axborot (kitob mazmunini ochib beruvchi) va nazorat (piktogramma, ikona, dialogli darchalar, dinamik menyu va hokozolar ko\u2019rinishida taqtim etilgan material). Elektron kitoblarni to\u2019rt sinfga: qomusiy, axborot, o\u2019qituvchi va imtihon oluvchilarga bo\u2019lishi mumkin. Elektron kitoblarni birinchi xili muayayn mavzu bo\u2019yicha ulkan hajmdagi axborotni o\u2019zida saqlaydi. Crolier Enceclopedia, Comptons Multimedia Enceclopedia, Microsoft Bookshelf va boshqa shu kabi mashhur mahsulotlar bunga misol bo\u2019la oladi. Elektron kitobning ikkinchi xili birinchisiga o\u2019xshamaydi, biroq bu kitoblarda saqlanuvchi axborot unchalik keng emas va maqsadga yo\u2019naltirilgan xususiyatga ega. Masalan, Oxford Textbook of Medicine on Compact Disk, Elsevie\u2019s Active Library on Corrosion va boshqalar. Uchinchi xil elektron kitoblar amaliyotda ko\u2019p tarqalgan va ta\u2019lim jarayonida, bolalar bog\u2019chalarida (masalan, Broderburd\u2019s Living Book) hamda o\u2019qishdan keyingi malaka oshirish kurslarida foydalanilishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, mazkur kitoblar badiiy asarlarni o\u2019zida saqlashi mumkin (masalan, Herman Melville\u2019s Moby Disk, Gustave Flaubert\u2019s Madame Bovary, Michael Crichton\u2019s Jurassic Park, Adam Hitchhiker\u2019s Guide to Galaxy). To\u2019rtinchi xil kitoblarda uch muhum komponent: masalalar (vazifalar) banki, testlash va javoblar moduli, tahlil va baholash uchun o\u2019quvchi javoblaridan foydalanuvchi ekspert tizimi mavjud. Mul\u044ctimedia-kitoblar bitta tashuvchida (CD-ROM yoki magnit diskda) yozilgan va bir chiziqda (to\u2019g\u2019ri) tashkil qilingan, ya\u2019ni zarur axborot izchil ravishda aks ettirilgan matn audio, statik tasvir va videodan foydalaniladi. Polimedia-kitoblar, avvalgilardan farqli ravishda o\u2019quvchi axborotni taqdim etish uchun bir necha turli tashuvchilar (CD-ROM, magnitli disk, qog\u2019oz va boshqalar) kombinatsiyasidan foydalaniladi. Gipermedia-kitoblar mul\u044ctimedia \u2013 kitoblar bilan ko\u2019p umumiylikka ega bo\u2019lsada, o\u2019zidagi axborotning notekis tashkil etilishi bilan farqlanadi, masalan, o\u2019quvchi \u201csichqon\u201d yordamida asosiy materialni bir chetga qo\u2019yib, konteks va foydalanilayotgan usul bo\u2019yicha atama va tushunchalar tizimiga tuzatishlar, sharhlar so\u2019rashi mumkin. Intellektual-kitoblar ma\u2019nosi jixatidan ilgari kiritilgan imtihon oluvchi kitoblarga yaqin va o\u2019quvchi qobilyatlariga u bilan muloqot jarayonida jadal moslashishi mumkin. So\u2019ngi ikki kitobning istiqboli ham qiziqligi shubhasizdir. Telemedia \u2013 kitoblar masofadan turib o\u2019qitadigan taqsimlovchi interaktiv tizimni qo\u2019llab-quvvatlash uchun telekommunikatsiya imkoniyatlaridan foydalanadi. Kibernetik-kitoblar ham matematik modellash vositalarini o\u2019zida saqlaydi va shu bois bayon etilgan hodisalar 215","va o\u2019bektlarni har tomonlama o\u2019rganish hamda tadqiq etish imkoniyatini o\u2019quvchiga taqdim etadi. Horijiy tillarni o\u2019rganish uchun tizimlar. Bunday katta miqdordagi amaliy mul\u044ctimedia \u2013 tizimlar orasida Learning English in Multimedia o\u2019qituvchi tizimini ajratib ko\u2019rsatish mumkin. U boshlovchilar uchun ingliz tilini o\u2019qitish maqsadlariga mo\u2019ljallangan hamda IFAP\/IRI (Italiya) firmasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan. Kurs moduli printsipi bo\u2019yicha qurilgan, har bir modul u yoki bu hayotiy vaziyatga muvofiq keladi. Ko\u2019rib chiqilayotgan holatlar va ularga muvofiq keluvchi xatti-harakatlar uchun tegishli so\u2019z, tushuncha, jumla va gaplar kiritiladi. SHunday qilib, tinglovchilar o\u2019z lug\u2019at boyligini to\u2019ldiradi, grammatika va sintaksis qoidalarni o\u2019rganadi. Kompyuter dasturi yordamida o\u2019qitish og\u2019zaki nutqni tinglash va talaffuzini nazorat etish uchun videokasseta va audiokassetadan, shuningdek, grammatika qoidalari berilgan ikki o\u2019quv qo\u2019llanmasidan foydalanilgan holda to\u2019ldiriladi. O\u2019z- o\u2019zini nazorat qilishning bunday usuli o\u2019qitish jarayoni samaradorligini oshiradi. Fan va zamonaviy texnologiyani o\u2019rganish uchun tizimlar. Bu katta sinfdagi amaliy mul\u044ctimedia \u2013 tizimlariga quyidagi misollarni (oddiydan murakkabga qarab) keltirish mumkin. Singapurning Ngee Ann politexnika instituti tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan COMAPP o\u2019qitish dasturi talablarga hisoblash texnikasi asoslarini, ya\u2019ni kompyuter ishlashi printsiplari va uni qo\u2019llashni o\u2019rgatishga mo\u2019ljallangan. U Authorware Professional mualliflik tizimi yordamida qurilgan va turli o\u2019quv mavzulariga tegishli modul tizimiga ega. Uning bosh menyusida quyidagi ma\u2019lumotlar mavjud: \uf02d kompyuter o\u2019zi nima? \uf02d raqamli kompyuterlar tarixi; \uf02d kompyuterlar tasnifi; \uf02d axborotni taqdim etish; \uf02d mikrochizmalarni ishlab chiqish; \uf02d kompyuter qanday ishlaydi; \uf02d mikroprotsessorlar; \uf02d dasturdan chiqish; \uf02d muqaddima. Ko\u2019pgina kontseptual qoidalarni yaxshi o\u2019zlashtirish uchun ko\u2019p joy oladigan so\u2019z bayonlari o\u2019rniga animatsiya yordamida ochib beriladi. Dastur CD-ROM da yozilgan va o\u2019n mingdan ziyod talaba o\u2019qiydigan ushbu institutda keng foydalaniladi. 15- bob bo\u2019yicha xulosalar Jahondagi iqtisodiy vaziyatni tahlil etish shuni ko\u2019rsatmoqdaki, jahon iktisodiy tizimi zamonaviy axborotlashgan jamiyatga kirib borayapti. Bunday jamiyat elektron mehnat qurollariga asoslangan bo\u2019lib, sifat jihatidan yangi boshqarish apparati hamda axborot-kommunikatsiyalar texnologiyalaridan keng miqyosda samarali foydalanish kabi jihatlari bilan tavsiflanadi. Kirib kelgan yangi asrda jahon mamlakatlari iqtisodiy 216","o\u2019sishining asosiy sharti - bu ularning barcha sohalarni qanchalik darajada kompyuterlashtirishi bo\u2019lib qoladi. Masofaviy ta\u2019lim - o\u2019qitishning universal shakli sifatida, zamonaviy axborot va telekammunikatsiya texnologiyalariga va texnik vositalarning keng spektrlaridan foydalanishga asoslangan bo\u2019lib, o\u2019quvchilar tomonidan o\u2019qitish darslarini erkin tanlash, o\u2019qituvchi bilan muloqot qilish imkoniyatlarini ta\u2019minlaydi. Bunda o\u2019qitish jarayoni o\u2019quvchilarning ham hududiy, ham vaqt bo\u2019yicha joylashishiga bog\u2019liq bo\u2019lmaydi. SHunday qilib, mul\u044ctimedia-tizimlar hozirgi paytda ta\u2019lim va kasbga tayorlash sohasida, nashriyot faoliyatida (elektron kitoblar), biznesni kompyuterlashtirish uchun (reklama, mijozlarga xizmat ko\u2019rsatish), axborot markazlarida (kutubxona, muzey) va hokazolarda muvaffaqiyatli qo\u2019llanilmoqda. SHunday qilib, zamonaviy axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalarini joriy qilish nafaqat mahsulotlar ishlab chiqarish va xizmat ko\u2019rsatishni o\u2019zinigina tubdan o\u2019zgartirib qolmay, balki malakaviy majburiyatlarni bajarishda, fuqarolar xuquqini amalda qo\u2019llash, oilaga nisbatan munosabatda, yoshlar ma\u2019naviy-madaniy ongini shakllanishida ham o\u2019z ta\u2019sirini ko\u2019rsatadi. SHuning bilan birga jamiyat ijtimoiy tarkibiga, iqtisodiyot, fan va ta\u2019limdagi o\u2019zgarishlarida hal qiluvchi ta\u2019sir ko\u2019rsatadi. 217","Glossariy Axborot madaniyati - axborotlashgan jamiyat fuqarolarining axborot bilan ishlashi va uni kompyuter axborot texnologiyalari yordamida yaratish, qayta ishlash va uzatish qobiliyatiga aytiladi. Axborot - bu eng oxiridagi foydalanuvchi tomonidan olingan tushunchalar va foydali deb baholangan yangi ma\u2019lumot. Axborot resurslari - jamiyatda maxsus qo\u2019llash uchun insonlar tomonidan tayyorlangan va mashina tashuvchiga o\u2019rnatilgan bilimlar. Axborot potentsiali \u2013 jamiyat axborot resurslarini qo\u2019llashga imkon beruvchi vositalar, uskunalar va sharoitlar to\u2019plami. Axborotlashgan jamiyat \u2013 ko\u2019pchilik ishlovchilarning axborot, ayniqsa uning oliy shakli bo\u2019lmish bilimlarni ishlab chiqish, saqlash, qayta ishlash va amalga oshirish bilan band bo\u2019lgan jamiyatidir. Axborot mahsuloti va hizmatlari \u2013 axborot kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari mahsuloti bo\u2019lib, ularning axborot resurslarida qo\u2019llanilishi jarayoni oqibatida qandaydir yangi axborot yoki yangi shakldagi axborot hosil qilinadi. Axborot texnologiyasi (AT) \u2013 ob\u2019ekt, jarayon yoki xodisaning xolati haqida yangi sifat axboroti olish uchun ma\u2019lumotlar yig\u2019ish, qayta ishlash va uzatish (boshlang\u2019ich axborot) vosita va uslublari jamlanmasidan foydalanadigan jarayon. Axborot havfsizligi \u2013 qimmatli ma\u2019lumotlar darajasiga kirish ruxsatini o\u2019zgartirishga, u yoki bu ma\u2019lumotlarni yo\u2019qotishga, ko\u2019rinishini tabiiy yoki sun\u2019iy xususiyatlarini o\u2019zgartirishga qaratilgan xatti-harakatlardan himoyalovchi axborot tizimi. Axborot faoliyati - tizimtik ravishda alohida shaxslar, shaxslar gruhi, tashkilotlar tomonidan amalga oshiriladigan va axborotni yig\u2019ish, o\u2019zgartirish, saqlash, qidirish va tarqatish jarayonlarining to\u2019plami. Amaliy dasturiy vositalar va amaliy dasturiy qarorlar \u2013 ishlab chiqarish va biznesniYU muhim funktsiyalarini amalga oshirish uchun zarur bo\u2019lgan, maxsus masalalarni echishga mo\u2019ljallanib yaratilgan dasturlar. Amaliy dasturlar paketi (ADP) \u2013 bu muayyan (funktsional tizimosti, biznes - ilova) sinf vazifalarini hal etish uchun mo\u2019ljallangan dasturlar majmui. Avtomatlashtirish darajasi \u2013 ish joyida, bo\u2019limda, korxonada axborot texnologiyalari vositalarini qo\u2019llash darajasi. Avtomatlashtirilgan axborot texnologiyalari \u2013 axborot jarayonini amalga oshiruvchi dasturiy \u2013 texnik vositalar. Axborot \u2013 mantiqiy model (AMM) - predmet sohasini va ular orasidagi bog\u2019lanishlarni axborot ob\u2019ektlari (mohiyatlari) majmuasiga aytiladi. 218","Axborot mahsulotlari va xizmatlari bozori \u2013 tijorat asosida mahsulot va xizmatlar nomenklaturasi, ularni bahosi, taqdim etish mexanizmi va shartlarini axborot mahsulotlari va xizmatlarini sotishga nisbatan iqtisodiy, huquqi va tashkiliy tizimlar. Axborot industriyasi \u2013 davlat organlari, yuridik shaxslar, jismoniy shaxslar tomonidan tadbirkorlik faoliyati yo\u2019nalishida axborot mahsulotini ishlab chiqarish. Axborot ob\u2019ekti - predmet sohasini - real ob\u2019ektni, jarayonni, hodisa yoki namoyon bo\u2019lishning qaysidir mohiyatini tasvirlashga aytiladi. Axborot ob\u2019ekti (mohiyati) ob\u2019ektning (mohiyatni) sifat va miqdoriy tavsiflarini ko\u2019rsatib beruvchi mantiqiy o\u2019zaro bog\u2019langan atributlar(xossalar) to\u2019plami ko\u2019rinishida shakllanadi. Axborot jihatlari - axborotni uchta asosiy jihatdan ko\u2019rib chiqish mumkin, ya\u2019ni, pragmatik, semantik va sintaksis tomonidan. Axborotni aynan shu jihatdan ko\u2019rib chiqish avtomatlashtirilgan axborot tizimini loyihalashtirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Pragmatik jihat axborotlarning amaliy jihatdan foydaligi, iste\u2019molchi uchun qanchalik qimmatli ekanligi va qaror qabul qilishdagi ahamiyati nuqtai nazaridan ko\u2019rib chiqadi. Axborotni pragmatik o\u2019rganish boshqaruvning turli darajalarida qarorlar qabul qilish uchun zarur bo\u2019lgan ko\u2019rsatkichlar tarkibini aniqlash, ko\u2019rsatkichlar va hujjatlarning unifikatsiyalashtirilgan tizimini ishlab chiqish imkonini beradi. Semantik jihat axborotlarni o\u2019rganishda axborotning mohiyatini ochish va uning elementlarining mazmunan ahamiyati o\u2019rtasidagi munosabatlarni ko\u2019rsatish imkonini beradi. Axborot zaxiralari \u2013 alohida hujjat va alohida hujjat to\u2019plami, axborot tizimlari (kutubxona, arxiv, fond, ma\u2019lumotlar banklari, boshqa axborot tizimlari) dagi hujjatlar va hujjatlar to\u2019plami. Axborot \u2013kommunikatsion texnologiyalar \u2013 texnik, dasturiy, kommunikatsion ta\u2019minot komponentlari hamda turli ko\u2019rinishdagi texnik, dasturiy va kommunikatsion xizmatlarni o\u2019z ichiga oluvchi ma\u2019lumotlarga ishlov berishning usul va vositalari. Geografik axborot tizimlari \u2013 shahar va regionlarda rejalashtirish, nazorat va monitoring jarayonlarini ta\u2019minlashga mo\u2019ljallangan tizimlar. Dasturiy interfeys \u2013 hisoblash tizimi doirasida qurilma va dasturlar o\u2019zaro ta\u2019sirini ta\u2019minlovchi vositalar yig\u2019indisi. Dastlabki kalit (DK) - yozuvni ma\u2019no jihatidan bir xillashtiruvchi bir yoki bir necha maydonlar. Agar dastlabki kalit bir maydondan iborat bo\u2019lsa u oddiy deyiladi, agar bir necha maydonli bo\u2019lsa - turli tarkibli kalit hisoblanadi. 219","Dasturiy mahsulotlar \u2013 tijorat sotuvi, prokat, ijaraga berish, yoki dasturlar paketi lizingi uchun maxsus yig\u2019ilgan va tizimli yoki mustaqil etkazib beruvchilar tomonidan taqdim etilgan hujjatlashtirilgan mahsulotlar. YOzuv - mantiqan bog\u2019langan rekvizitlarga mos keluvchi maydonlar yig\u2019indisidir. YOzuvning tuzilishi o\u2019z tarkibiga kiruvchi har bir oddiy ma\u2019lumotga ega maydonlar tarkibi va ketma-ketligi bilan belgilanadi. Jadval - real olam axborotini \u2013 mohiyatini aks ettiradi, uning har bir satri (yozuvi) esa ob\u2019ektning aniq bir nusxasini \u2013 nusxa mohiyatini aks ettiradi. Jadvalning har bir ustuni ushbu jadvalda unikal nomga ega. Jadval kamida bir ustunga ega bo\u2019lishi kerak. Informatika\u2013 kompyuterlar yordami va ularni qo\u2019llash muhiti vositasida axborotni yangilash jarayonlari bilan bog\u2019liq inson faoliyati sohasi. Ishchi stantsiyalar \u2013 muayyan turdagi (grafik, muxandislik, nashriyot va boshqalar) ishlarni bajarishga ixtisoslashtirilgan bir kishi foydalanadigan qudratli mikro- EHM lar. Ierarxik modellar - daraxtsimon strukturali ma\u2019lumotlar bazalarini qurish imkoniyatini beradi. Ularning har bir bo\u2019g\u2019imi o\u2019zining ma\u2019lumotlari turiga (mohiyatiga) ega. Indeksatsiyalash - kalit bilan fayl yozuvlariga kirishning samarali vositasi indeksatsiyalashdir. Indeksatsiyalashda indeksli qo\u2019shimcha fayl yaratiladi. U ma\u2019lumotlar fayli kalitining barcha mazmunini tartiblashtirib o\u2019zida saqlaydi. Informatika- Axborot xususiyatlarini o\u2019rganish, uni yig\u2019ish, saqlash, qidirish, qayta ishlash, o\u2019zgartirish hamda inson faoliyatining turli sohalarida foydalanish va tarqatish bilan shug\u2019ullanadigan fan inshakltika, deb ataladi Iqtisodiy axborot \u2013 ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy jarayonlar haqidagi ma\u2019lumotlar to\u2019plami bo\u2019lib, bu ma\u2019lumotlar ushbu jarayonlarni, ishlab chiqari va noishlab chiqarish sohalaridagi insonlar jamoasini boshqarishda foydalaniladi. Yo\u2019qotish anomaliyasi - Agar ba\u2019zi mahsulotlarni etkazib berish to\u2019xtatilgan bo\u2019lsa, ma\u2019lumotlar bazasida mahsulot va uning bahosi haqidagi (xatto u etkazib beruvchilarda mavjud bo\u2019lsa ham) ma\u2019lumotlarni yo\u2019qotishga to\u2019g\u2019ri keladi. Kiritish anomaliyasi - Agar etkazib beruvchida yangi mahsulot paydo bo\u2019lsa, mahsulot va uning bahosi haqidagi axborotlar etkazib beruvchi uni etkazib bermaguncha ma\u2019lumotlar bazasida saqlanib qolishi mumkin emas. Kibernetika \u2013 texnik , biologik, ijtimoiy va boshqa turli tizimlarda boshqaruvning umumiy tamoyillari haqidagi fan. 220","Qobiq \u2013 biror bir dastur va foydalanuvchi o\u2019rtasidagi qatlam yoki boshqa dastur ustida usqurtma bo\u2019lgan dastur. Maydon - ma\u2019lumotlarni tashkil etishning oddiy birligi bo\u2019lib, axborotning alohida, bo\u2019linmas birligi bo\u2019lishi rekvizitga mos keladi. Ma\u2019lumotlar- Axborot iste\u2019molchiga etib borguncha bir qator o\u2019zgarish-larga uchraydi. Oraliq bosqichlarda xabarning mohiyatiga ko\u2019ra xususiyati ikkinchi darajaga tushib qoladi, natijada \u00abaxborot\u00bb tushunchasi nisbatan cheklangan \u00abma\u2019lumotlar\u00bb tushunchasi bilan almashtiriladi. SHuning uchun ham ma\u2019lumotlarni axborotning kompyuterdagi tasviri deb aytish mumkin. Ma\u2019lumotlar bazalari \u2013 o\u2019zaro bog\u2019langan ma\u2019lumotlar, qoidalar to\u2019plami bo\u2019lib tashkil qilinishi ma\u2019lumotlar bilan ish olib borishni, tasvirlashni va saqlashning umumiy tamoyillariga asoslangan bo\u2019ladi. Ma\u2019lumotlar modeli - ma\u2019lumotlar strukturalari majmui va ular ustida olib boriladigan amallardir. Bog\u2019lanishlarning o\u2019rnatilish usuliga ko\u2019ra ma\u2019lumotlar o\u2019rtasida ierarxik, tarmoqli va relyatsion modellar mavjud. Malumotlarga ishlov berish - bir xil turdagi strukturali ma\u2019lumotlar yozuvlarini ajratib olish va guruxlash, saralash, kiritish, saqlash bilan bog\u2019liq masalalarni echishning maxsus sinfi hisoblanadi. Ushbu sinf masalalari magazin va omborlardagi tovarlar hisobini yuritishda, ish haqini hisoblashda, ishlab chiqarishni, moliyani, telekomunikatsiyani boshqarishda echiladi. Mehnat resurslari \u2013 jamiyatda ishlash uchun umumta\u2019lim va kasbiy bilimga ega kishilar; Moddiy resurslar- jamiyat mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish jarayonida foydalanish uchun mo\u2019ljallangan mehnat va xom-ashyolari majmuidir. Masalan, xom-ashyo, materiallar, yoqilg\u2019i, energiya, yarim tayyor mahsulotlar, detallar va hakozo Mijoz (klient) \u2013 vazifa, ishchi stantsiya yoki kompyuter tarmog\u2019idan foydalanuvchi. Moliyaviy resurslar \u2013 davlat yoki tijorat tarkibi ixtiyoridagi pul manbalari. Me\u2019yorlashtirish - berilgan sxema (yoki munosabatlar yig\u2019indisi)ni munosabatlari ko\u2019proq oddiy va regulyar tuzilmaga ega bo\u2019lgan boshqa sxema bilan qadamma-qadam almashtirish jarayoni. Predmet sohasining axborot ob\u2019ekti - bu muayyan mohiyat, ya\u2019ni MBda ular haqida axborot bo\u2019lishi lozim bo\u2019lgan real ob\u2019ekt, hodisa, jarayon yoki voqeaning axborot tarzida aks ettirilishi. Axborot ob\u2019ekti axborotning tarkibiy birligi sanaladi va me\u2019yorlashtirish talablariga javob berishi lozim. Sensor ekranlar \u2013 tasvirlar, dastur yoki buyruqlar ayrim elementlarini displey ekranida SHK ga kiritish uchun mo\u2019ljallangan. 221","Serverlar \u2013 barcha stantsiya tarmoqlaridan olingan so\u2019rovlarni qayta ishlash uchun ajratilgan ko\u2019p kishi foydalanadigan qudratli mikroEHMlar. Skaner \u2013 qog\u2019ozli tashuvchilardan avtomatik hisoblash va SHK ga mashinada yozilgan matnlar, grafiklar, rasmlar, chizmalarini kiritish uchun mo\u2019ljallangan moslama. Tabiiy resurslar \u2013 insonlarning moddiy va ma\u2019naviy ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun jamiyat tomonidan foydalaniladigan ob\u2019ektlar, jarayonlar, tabiat sharoitlari, jarayonlari, ob\u2019ektlari. Tashkilot \u2013 bu turg\u2019un shakll ijtimoiy struktura hisoblanib, u resurslarni atrof \u2013 muhitdan oladi va ularni o\u2019zining faoliyatida mahsulotga aylantiradi. Tashkilotning avtomatlashtirilgan axborot boshqaruv tizimi - Korxona maqsadlaridan kelib chiqqan xolda axborotni yig\u2019ish, qayta ishlash, taqsimlash, saqlash, chiqarishga mos talablari asosidagi ma\u2019lumotlar, uskunalar, dasturiy vositalar, xodimlar, standart mulojaalarning o\u2019zaro bog\u2019langan to\u2019plami. Tezaurus \u2013 axborotdan foydalanuvchi yoki tizimga ega bo\u2019lgan ma\u2019lumotlar jamlanmasi. Telekommunikatsiya \u2013 kompyuter tarmoqlari va zamonaviy texnik aloqa vositalari negizida ma\u2019lumotlarni masofadan uzatish. Texnik va dasturiy xizmat ko\u2019rsatish \u2013 texnik vositalar va dasturiy ta\u2019minotni ishchi xolatda ta\u2019minlab turuvchi ish kompleksi. Uzel \u2013 tarmoqning uzatish vositasiga ulangan har qanday qurilma. Fayl \u2013 axborot tashuvchi mashinaga taqdim etilgan ma\u2019lumotlarning nomlangan yig\u2019indisi. Foydalanuvchi interfeys \u2013 foydalanuvchining dasturiy yoki EHM bilan o\u2019zaro ta\u2019siridagi dasturiy va apparat vositalaridir. Hayot tsikli - axborot mahsuloti va xizmatiga zarurat tug\u2019ilishidan boshlab ularni ishlatib bo\u2019lgunga qadar ketgan davrga aytiladi. Hujjat shakli - hujjatlar belgilangan tartibda rasmiylashtiriladi va to\u2019ldiriladi. Har bir hujjat shakl (maket) bilan aniqlanadigan doimiy qismga ega. Hujjat shakli hujjatda saqlanadigan axborot strukturasini aks ettiradi va hujjat tarkibiga kiruvchi rekvizitlar tarkibini, nomini va joylanishini belgilaydi. 222","Nazorat savollari 1. O\u2019zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasining Axborotlashtirish kontseptsiyasi 2. Ofisni avtomatlashtirish 3. Jahon axborot bozorlarining sektorlari. 4. O\u2019zbekiston Respublikasining \u00abAxborot erkinligi printsiplari va kafolatlari to\u2019g\u2019risida\u00bbgi Qonuni 5. Axborot infrastrukturasi va uning tuzilishi 6. Axborotning sifat xususiyatlari 7. O\u2019zbekiston Respublikasining \u00abElektron raqamli imzo to\u2019g\u2019risida\u00bbgi Qonuni 8. Axborot \u2013 resurs turlari sifatida 9. Axborotni hisoblash formulasi. 10.O\u2019zbekiston Respublikasining \u00abAxborotlashtirish to\u2019g\u2019risida\u00bbgi Qonuni 11. Iqtisodiy axborotning umumiy xususiyatlari. 12. Axborot tizimlari va uning vazifasi. 13. O\u2019zbekiston Respublikasining \u00abElektron tijorat to\u2019g\u2019risida\u00bbgi Qonuni 14. Iqtisodiy ob\u2019ektning axborot resurslari 15.Axborot texnologiyalari iqtisodiy masalalarni hal qilishdagi asosiy jarayonlari 16. O\u2019zbekiston Respublikasining \u00abElektron hujjat aylanishi to\u2019g\u2019risida\u00bbgi Qonuni 17. Tizimlar tasnifi va tashkiliy tizim. 18. Iqtisodiy ob\u2019ektning axborot tizimi va boshqaruv tizimining pog\u2019analiligi 19. O\u2019zbekiston Respublikasining Axborotlashtirish dasturi. 20. Iqtisodiy ob\u2019ektning axborot resurslarini shakllantirish manbalari. 21. Boshqarish tizimining ishlashi. 22. Tizim va uning xususiyatlari 23. Iqtisodiy ob\u2019ektni boshqarish tizimining tuzilishi va ishlash tamoyillari 24. Avtomatlashtirish va avtomatlashtirilgan axborot texnologiyasi 25. Boshqaruv tizimi modeli 26. Axborot \u2013 kommunikatsiya bozorining jamiyat iqtisodidagi roli 27. Axborot texnologiyalari taraqqiy etishining asosiy bosqichlari 28. Axborot texnologiyasi moddiy resurslarni qayta ishlash texnologiyasining analogi sifatida 29. Avtomatlashtirilgan axborot texnologiyalari tasnifi. 30. Integrallashgan axborot texnologiyalari 31. Axborot-kommunikatsiyalar texnologiyalari bozori ishtirokchilarining tashkiliy-iqtisodiy faoliyatini yuritish 32. Axborot texnologiyalarini rivojlantirish 33. Servis dasturiy ta\u2019minot 34. Jamiyat iqtisodi axborot \u2013 kommunikatsiya bozorini rivojlanish borasida olib borilayotgan ishlar. 35. Iqtisodiy informatika axborot infratuzilmasining qismi sifatida asosiy vazifa va yo\u2019nalishlar 36. Informatikaning tarmoq, fan, amaliy fan sohalari sifatida tuzilishi 223","37. Axborotni taqdim etish tizimining rivojlanishi 38. Axborot texnologiyalari taraqqiy etishining asosiy davrlari. 39. Ma\u2019lumotlar bazasini tashkil qilish tamoyillari 40. Axborot texnologiyalari taraqqiy etishining asosiy bosqichlari 41. Axborot texnologiyasi va zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalarining imkoniyatlari 42. Mashina ichidagi axborot ta\u2019minoti 43. Axborot tizimining ta\u2019minlovchi qism tarkibi 44. Zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalari 45. Ma\u2019lumotlar bazasi va uning imkoniyatlari 46. Axborot ta\u2019minot tarkibi va unga qo\u2019yiladigan talablar 47. Axborot tizimining axborot ta\u2019minoti 48. Masofaviy ta\u2019limda o\u2019qitish usullari va vositalari 49. Mashinadan tashqaridagi axborot ta\u2019minoti 50. Ma\u2019lumotlar banki tushunchasi va uning tarkibi 51. Avtomatlashtirilgan ish joylarining tuzilishi va ish rejimlari 52. Avtomatlashtirilgan ish joyining ta\u2019rifi va turlari 53. Axborot tizimlarining texnologik ta\u2019minoti 54. Mul\u044ctimedia texnologiyalari 55. Axborot tizimlarining dasturiy ta\u2019minoti 56. Boshqaruv faoliyatida axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalanish zaruriyati 57. Ma\u2019lumotlar bazalarini boshqarish tizimi 58. Ma\u2019lumotlar bazasini tashkil qilishga qo\u2019yiladigan talablar 59. Amaliy dasturiy ta\u2019minot 60. Relyatsion ma\u2019lumotlar bazasi va uning imkoniyatlari 61. Amaliy dastur paketlarining tasniflanishi 62. Masofaviy ta\u2019limning xususiyatlari 63. Mul\u044ctimedia vositalarining qo\u2019llanilish sohalari 64. Elektron kitoblar 65. Avtomatlashtirilgan ish joylarini loyihalashtirish bosqichlari va tadbiq etish 66. Kompyuter tarmoqlari va uning turlari 67. Zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalarining asosiy elementlariga nimalar kiradi? 68. Zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalarini qo\u2019llashning samarasini aytib bering 69. Axborot texnologiyalari rivojlanishining tendentsiyalari 70. Ta\u2019lim tizimida axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalarini keng qo\u2019llash nimalarni talab etadi? 224","FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO`YXATI I. O`zb\u0435kiston R\u0435spublikasi Qonunlari, Pr\u0435zid\u0435nt farmonlari va Qarorlari, Vazirlar mahkamasining qarorlari 1. \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0441\u0438. \u2013 \u0422\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442: \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d, 2010. 2. \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u041f\u049a-1717-\u0441\u043e\u043d\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u04b3\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0439\u0438\u043b\u0438\u201d \u0414\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438. 2012 \u0439\u0438\u043b 27 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c. 3. \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 2007 \u0439\u0438\u043b 6 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0438 616- \u0441\u043e\u043d\u043b\u0438 \u201c\u0410\u04b3\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0448 \u04b3\u0430\u043c\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u04b3\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u0430 \u0430\u04b3\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0436\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u04b3\u043e\u0444\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u049b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0448 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0448 \u0447\u043e\u0440\u0430-\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0431\u0438\u0440\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u045e\u0493\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430\u201d\u0433\u0438 \u049a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438. \u2013 \u0422\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442: 2007 \u0439\u0438\u043b 6 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c. 4. \u0411\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b \u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0434 -\u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u049b\u0438\u0451\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043f\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438. \/\/\u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u00ab\u0422\u0430\u044a\u043b\u0438\u043c \u0442\u045e\u0493\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430\u00bb \u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u0451\u0440\u043b\u0430\u0448 \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u045e\u0493\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430\u00bb\u0433\u0438 \u049b\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438. -\u0422.: \u00ab\u0428\u0430\u0440\u049b\u00bb, 1998. -64 \u0431. II. O`zb\u0435kiston R\u0435spublikasi Pr\u0435zid\u0435nti asarlari 5. \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0418.\u0410. 2012 \u0439\u0438\u043b \u0412\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u049b\u049b\u0438\u0451\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u044f\u043d\u0433\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0441\u049b\u0438\u0447\u0433\u0430 \u043a\u045e\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0439\u0438\u043b \u0431\u045e\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438: 2011 \u0439\u0438\u043b\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0436\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0439-\u0438\u049b\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0436\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0448 \u044f\u043a\u0443\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0430 2012 \u0439\u0438\u043b\u0433\u0430 \u043c\u045e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d \u044d\u043d\u0433 \u043c\u0443\u04b3\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0439\u045e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0493\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d \u040e\u0437\u0420 \u0412\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u041c\u0430\u04b3\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043c\u0430\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u044a\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0430\u0441\u0438. \u2013 \u0422.: \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d, 2012. \u2013 36 \u0431. 6. \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0418.\u0410. \u041c\u0430\u043c\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a \u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u04b3\u043e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u044f\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0447\u0443\u049b\u0443\u0440\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0448 \u0432\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u049b\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0436\u0430\u043c\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0436\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0448 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0441\u0438 (\u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u041e\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u041c\u0430\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u049a\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u049b\u045e\u0448\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u044a\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0430), \u201c\u0425\u0430\u043b\u049b \u0441\u045e\u0437\u0438\u201d, 2010 \u0439\u0438\u043b 12 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c (\u2116 220). 7. \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0418.\u0410. \u0416\u0430\u04b3\u043e\u043d \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0439-\u0438\u049b\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u049b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438, \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0448\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0444 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0439\u045e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0430 \u0447\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438. \u2013 \u0422.: \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d, 2009. 8. \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0418.\u0410.\u00ab\u042e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043a \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0436\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0431\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0448 \u2013 \u043c\u0430\u043c\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u049b\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0440 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u049b\u049b\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0448 \u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u049b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u044d\u043d\u0433 \u043c\u0443\u04b3\u0438\u043c \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u043c\u0430\u0432\u0437\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u043b\u049b\u0430\u0440\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0448 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0442\u049b \/\/ \u0425\u0430\u043b\u049b \u0441\u045e\u0437\u0438, 2012 \u0439\u0438\u043b 18 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c. III. Sohaga oid m\u0435'yoriy xujjatlar 9. \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u041c\u0435\u04b3\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u049b\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0431\u045e\u0439\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u044a\u0451\u0440\u0438\u0439- \u04b3\u0443\u049b\u0443\u049b\u0438\u0439 \u04b3\u0443\u0436\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0442\u045e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u2013 \u0422.: \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d, 2008. 10. \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u0410\u04b3\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0436\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u04b3\u043e\u0444\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u049b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0448 \u0431\u045e\u0439\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u044a\u0451\u0440\u0438\u0439-\u04b3\u0443\u049b\u0443\u049b\u0438\u0439 \u04b3\u0443\u0436\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0442\u045e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u2013 \u0422.: \u0410\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0442, 2008. 11. \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u041c\u0435\u04b3\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u0430 \u0430\u04b3\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0436\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u04b3\u043e\u0444\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u049b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0448 \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u201c\u041c\u0435\u04b3\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0448 \u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0448\u0433\u0430 \u0436\u043e\u0439\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0448\u0433\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u04b3\u0442\u043e\u0436 \u0448\u0430\u0445\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0438\u049b\u043b\u0430\u0448 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u201d. \u040e\u049b\u0443\u0432-\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439 \u049b\u045e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043c\u0430. \u2013 \u0422\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442, 2007 \u0439\u0438\u043b. 225","IV. Asosiy adabiyotlar 12. \u0425\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0411.\u042e. \u0432\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0448\u049b\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440. \u201c\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u201d \u041e\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u045e\u049b\u0443\u0432 \u044e\u0440\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0443\u043d \u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a -\u0422.: \u0422\u0414\u0418\u0423. 2007\u0439. 13. \u0410\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0420.\u0425., \u042e\u043b\u0447\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0413.\u0422., \u0432\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0448\u049b\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u201c\u0410\u0445\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043c\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u201d \u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a-\u0422.: \u0422\u0414\u0418\u0423, 2010\u0439. 14. \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0434\u0438\u043d \u041a. \u0412., \u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435: \u0423\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a. \u2013 3-\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434. \u2013 \u041c.: \u0418\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u2013 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0414\u0430\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u041a\u02da\u00bb 2006 \u2013 395 \u0441. 15. \u0413\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u041c.\u0412. \u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438: \u0423\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432. - \u041c.: \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438, 2006. - 655 \u0441. 16. \u0492\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0421.\u0421, \u0410\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0420.\u0425, \u0432\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0448\u049b\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440. \u201c\u0410\u0445\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043c\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u201d \u201c\u0428\u0430\u0440\u049b\u201d, \u0422-2000 \u0439. 17. \u0410\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0420.\u0425, \u042e\u043b\u0447\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0413.\u0422., \u0410\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043e\u0432 \u0428.\u0410. \u201c\u0410\u0445\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f\u0441\u0438 \u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043c\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u201d. \u041c\u0430\u044a\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438. \u0422: - \u0422\u0414\u0418\u0423, 2005 \u0439. 18. Alimov R.X, Begalov B.A., Yulchi\u0435va G.T., Alishov Sh.A. \u201cIqtisodiyotda axborot t\u0435xnologiyalari\u201d. O`quv q`llanma. T.: - O`YUAJN, 2005 y. 19. \u0411\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0411.\u0410. \u0410\u0445\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442-\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0431\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0438: \u0448\u0430\u043a\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0448, \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0440, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0448 \u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0436\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0448. \u041c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f. \u2013 \u0422\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442: \u0424\u0430\u043d, 2001. 20. \u041c\u0430\u0439\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0421.\u0418. \u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441: \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433. \u041c.: \u0424\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430. 1994 \u0433. 21. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0431\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412.\u0412., \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0418.\u0412. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0410\u041e\u0421 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c. - \u041c.: \u041d\u0418\u0418 \u0412\u0428, 1990. \u0412\u044b\u043f.1. - 48 \u0441. V. Qo`shimcha adabiyotlar 22. \u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435. \/\u041f\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u041c. \u0416\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b. \u2013 \u0421\u041f\u0431.: \u041f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440, 2002. 23. \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0410.\u0410 \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u041f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438. \u2013 \u041c.: \u0411\u0414\u0426\u2212\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441, 2002. 24. \u0425\u0430\u0439\u0438\u0442\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u040e.\u0422., \u0424\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0421.\u0425. \u0432\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0448\u049b\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440. \u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0430 \u0430\u0445\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438. \u2013 \u0422.: \u0422\u041a\u0422\u0418, 2005. 25. \u041b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438.\/ \u0421\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 3-\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445. \u041c.: 1995. 26. \u041c\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u041c.\u042d. \u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0436\u0430\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u043c\u0430\u0432\u0437\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u045e\u049b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a \u0430\u0441\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\/\/\u041f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442.2002.\u21163.-74-776. 27. \u0410\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u041c. \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u2014 \u0430\u0441\u0440 \u043c\u045e\u0436\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0441\u0438 \/\/ \u0416. \u0424\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430. -2002. -\u21161. -\u0411. 38-52. 28. \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0428. \u0417. \u041f\u0443\u043b, \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440. - \u0422., 2005 \u0439. 29. \u0410\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0421. \u0412. \u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0438: - \u0421\u041f\u0431.: \u041f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440, 2001. 30. \u041b\u0443\u0442\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u041c.\u0425. \u0420\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0430\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0433\u0430\u043d \u045e\u049b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0448 \u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 \/\/ \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444. 18-20 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c 1997. \u2014\u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434, 1997. 130-135 \u0441. 31. \u0417\u0430\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0412.\u0418. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445. \u2013 \u041c.: \u041b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441, 2001. 32. \u0414\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0432 \u0410.\u0412., \u0413\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041c.\u041c. \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431. \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431. 2-\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434., \u2013 \u041c.: \u0438\u0437\u0434. \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0436\u00bb, 2002. \u2013 416\u0441. 226","33. \u0425\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043a\u043e \u0412.\u0410. \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u2013 \u041a.: \u0438\u0437\u0434.\u042e\u043d\u0438\u043e\u0440, 2003. \u2013 504 \u0441. 34. \u041a\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0421.\u0421. \u0410\u0445\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 \/\/ \u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a. \u0422\u0410\u0422\u0423, 2007. 423 \u0431\u0435\u0442. 35. \u0411\u0435\u0437\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u0412.\u0410. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 excel \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043a\u00bb. \u2013\u043c.: \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441, 2005. \u2013 192 \u0441.:\u0438\u043b. VI. Davriy nashrlar, statistik to`plamlar va hisobotlar 36. \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u041c\u0435\u04b3\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u0430 \u0430\u04b3\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0436\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u04b3\u043e\u0444\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u049b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0448 \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u044a\u043b\u0443\u043c\u043e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 37. \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u049b\u045e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u044a\u043b\u0443\u043c\u043e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 38. \u201c\u0425\u0430\u043b\u049b \u0441\u045e\u0437\u0438\u201d \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 2010-2012 \u0439\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 39. \u201c\u0418\u049b\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0451\u0442 \u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u044a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u201d \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 2010-2012 \u0439\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043d\u0438. VII. Int\u0435rn\u0435t saytlari 40. www.gov.uz \u2013 \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0445\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438. 41. www.edu.uz \u2013 \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0430 \u045e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0443\u0441 \u0442\u0430\u044a\u043b\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430. 42. www.ictcouncil.gov.uz- \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0436\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0448 \u0431\u0443\u0439\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u041c\u0430\u0445\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0444\u0444\u0438\u049b\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0447\u0438 \u041a\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438. 43. www.ecsocman.edu.ru \u2013 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u045e\u049b\u0443\u0432 \u044e\u0440\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u045e\u049b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0451\u0442\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0444\u0430\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0431\u045e\u0439\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u045e\u049b\u0443\u0432-\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0440. 44. ziyonet.uz \u2013 \u0417\u0438\u0451\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0493\u0438. 45. www.lex.uz \u2013 \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u049b\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043d \u04b3\u0443\u0436\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438. 227","R.X.Alimov, O\u2019.T.Xayitmatov, A.F.Xakimov, G.T.Yulchieva, O.X.Azamatov, U.A.Otajanov AXBOROT TIZIMLARI o\u2019quv qo\u2019llanma ( magistratura mutaxassisliklari uchun) Bosmaga ruxsat etildi. 03.09. 2013y. Qog\u2019oz bichimi 60 X 84 1 \/ 16 Xajmi 15,31 b.t. adadi 100 nusxa B. \u2116 110 _______________________________ Toshkent Davlat iqtisodiyot universiteti bosmaxonasi O\u2019zbekiston ko\u2019chasi,49 228"]