Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology clear version in English

Wernicke’s area 44, 44 (ill.), 93, Attitude adoption 18 Behavior, abnormal 1 Brain disorders 666 antisocial behavior 40 Behavior, biological nature of. See So- Tourette syndrome 647 ciobiology. See also Minimal brain dysfunction. Attitude Behavior, instrumental 333 Alzheimer’s disease 30, 44, 172 epilepsy 223–224 Behavioral theory of personality 491 attitude change 56–57 Behaviorism 36, 72–73, 265 Parkinson’s disease 477 behavior 55–56 associationism 50 stroke 92 brainwashing 96 classical conditioning 124 Brain stem 93 self-esteem 57 Watson, John Broadus 662 Brainwashing 96 Attraction, interpersonal 57–58 Bellevue-Wechsler Scale 663 cults 163–165 Attribution theory 58–59, 299, 607 Bem, Daryl 57 Brazelton, T. Berry 96–97, 97 (ill.) Authoritarian personality 59–60 Bender-Gestalt Test 73 Breuer, Josef 97–98 Autism 60–61, 422 Berkeley, George 50 catharsis 106 echolalia 206 Bestiality 471 Brief reactive psychosis 98–99 savant syndrome 557 Broad effect 19 See also Pervasive development dis- Bettelheim, Bruno 73–74, 74 (ill.) Broca, Paul 44, 99–100, 293, 385 order (PDD). Beyondism 108 Broca’s area 44 (ill.), 94, 99 Autoeroticism 15, 61 Bilingualism/Bilingual education Brown v. Board of Education 121 Autonomic effectors 208 74–76, 366 Browne, Thomas 50 Autonomic nervous system 61–62, 454 Binet, Alfred 76, 334 Bruner, Jerome 100 (ill.), 100–101 Aversion therapy 124 intelligence tests 335 mental sets 131, 133 Avoidance 668 Binge eating disorder 38 Bulimia 38, 101–102, 203 Avoidance learning 63, 280 Binocular depth cues 77, 177 Bullies 102 Avoidant personality 63–64, 494 Binswanger, Ludwig 90 Bystander effect 102–103 Axline, Virginia 504 Biofeedback 62, 77–78 Biographical Sketch of an Infant 115, 167 Bipolar disorder 78–79, 402 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) C B 209 Birth 81–84 CAGE test 26 Baby and Child Care 622 home delivery 83 California Psychological Inventory 495 Bain, Alexander 50 Birth defects 83 Calkins, Mary Whiton 104 (ill.), Bandura, Albert 65 (ill.), 65–66, 606 Birth order 79–81 104–105 modeling 324, 433 Birth trauma 81 Canadian National Committee for Men- imitative learning 324 Bisexuality 84–85 tal Hygiene 70 Bard, Phillip 218 Body dysmorphic disorder 85 Cannabis. See Marijuana. Battered child syndrome 66–67 Body image 85–86 Cannon, Walter 218 Battle fatigue. See Combat neurosis. Cannon-Bard theory of emotion 218 Bayley Scales of Infant Development Bonding 86–88, 91, 297 A Case of Hysteria 516 68–69 Borderline behavior disorder Case study methodologies 105–106 Bayley, Nancy 67–68 dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) Cataplexy 447 Beck, Aaron T. 69–70, 128, 134 89 Catharsis 21, 106 Beers, Clifford 70, 70 (ill.), 427 Borderline personality 88–89, 90 495 Cathexis 106–107 Behavior Boredom 90 Cattell, James McKeen 107–108 animals 229 Boss, Medard 90 Cattell, Raymond 108 (ill.), 108–109 attitude and 55, 56 Bowen, Murray 90–91 Central nervous system 93, 109–110, autism 61 Bowlby, John 23, 91–92 453 avoidance learning 63 attachment theory 51 Cerebellum 93, 95 bullying 102 Boys Cerebral cortex 94 cognitive factors in 65, 132 autism 60 Cerebrum 93 ethics 226 puberty 12, 527 Character 110–111, 543 instinct 332 Brain 93–95, 94 (ill.), 109, 109 (ill.), Charcot, Jean Martin 111 (ill.), interpretation 299 138 (ill.) 111–112 locus of control 392 abnormal function 399 Child abuse 66–67, 112–115 modification 71, 178, 588 Broca’s area 44 (ill.), 94, 99 satanic ritual abuse 114, 555 negativism 452 disorders of 30, 92–93 Child development 115–116 personality 110, 490 electrical stimulation of 208 adolescence 11 punishment 530 hemispheres 385, 548 Bayley Scales of Infant Develop- Behavior therapy 71–72, 526, 538 linguistic ability 44 ment 68 anxiety disorders 42 neocortex 452 effect of family size on 241 conditioning 124, 156 specialized functions 99 emotional transition 13 family therapy 242 split-brain technique 621 Gesell Development Schedules 116 motivation 440 thalamus 643 Gesell, Arnold 277 Wolpe, Joseph 668 tumors 92 Gestalt theory 357 692 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY, 2ND EDITION

language 365, 368 Cognitive behavior therapy 128–129, client-centered therapy 156 puberty 11 135, 212 Counterconditioning 156–157 Spock, Benjamin 622 Cognitive development 129–131 Covert sensitization 157 Depression Child psychology 119–120 Cognitive dissonance 132–133, 247 Creativity 157–159 Childhood 116–119 Cognitive psychology 133–134, 520 imagination 323 psychosexual stages of development Cognitive therapy 69, 134–136, 526 Creativity tests 159–160 521 anxiety disorders 42 Crick, Francis 173 Childhood disintegrative disorder 496 attribution theory 58 Criminal trials avoidance personality 64 competency 141 Children borderline personality disorder 89 insanity defense 330 abuse. See Child abuse. Cognitive transition 12 Crisis intervention 160–161 alcohol dependence and abuse 24, Critical period 161–162 26 Coles, Robert Martin 136 (ill.), Cross-cultural psychology 162–163 Attention deficit/hyperactivity dis- 136–137 Cross-sectional study 163, 394 order (ADHD) 52 Collective unconscious 46 Crus cerebri 110 autism 60 Color vision 137, 364 Cults 163–165 aversive conditioning 62 Coma 137–139 Cultural pluralism 4 bullies 102 Combat neurosis 139 Cultural-familial. See Familial retarda- causes of disability in 189 Combat stress reaction (CRS) 430 tion. cognitive development 129 Combat, psychology of 429, 430 Culture conduct disorder 146 Combe, George 499 conformity 150 emotional development 214 Communication skills and disorders cultural differences in children 118 feral. See Feral children. 139–141 cross-cultural psychology 162 guilt 286 Communitarianism 28 emotional expression 19 hyperactivity. See Attention Comparative psychology 141 intelligence tests 165 deficit/hyperactivity disorder Compendium der Psychiatrie 361 personality formation 410 (ADHD). Compensation 168, 170 language development 372, 614 Competence to stand trial 141–142 Culture, adaptation to. See Accultura- tion. mother-child bonding 91 Competition 142–143 Culture-fair test 165 motor skills 251, 283 Compliance 605 Cyclothymic disorder 176 oral history 136 Compulsive overeating 9 Cylert 54 parent-child relationship 474 Concentration. See Attention. peer acceptance 481 Concept formation 143–144 physical development 117 Conceptualization 131 play 503 Conditioned response 144, 231, 478 role-taking 252 extinction 237 D security objects 563 Conditioned stimulus 144–145 self-esteem 571 Conditioning 62, 71, 145–146, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social separation anxiety 574 464–465 Power 121 sibling rivalry 79 counterconditioning 156–157 Darwin, Charles Robert 115, 166 (ill.), social competence 598 Conduct disorder 40, 146–148 166–167 stimulant medications 54 Conflict resolution 148–149 Daseinanalysis 90 stranger anxiety 631 peer mediation 482 Daydreaming 167–168 Chomsky, Noam 120 (ill.), 120–121 Conformity 149–150 Death behaviorism 73 Milgram’s obedience experiment loss and grief 397–399 language acquisition 131 428 near-death experience 451 psycholinguistics 134 peer pressure 485 suicide 634–636 Clairvoyance 472 social influence 605 Deductive reasoning 168 Clark, Kenneth Bancroft 121–124 Congruence 125 Defense mechanisms 168–170, 517 Conscience 150 Classical conditioning 124, 145 Consciousness 150–151 Degenerative brain disorders 30 conditioned response 144 Conservation of energy 301 Delay of gratification 171 operant conditioning 464 Delayed response 365 reinforcement 544 Constructive alternativism 353 Delayed speech 170 Consumer psychology 152–153 Delirium 171 Client-centered therapy 124–125, 549 Contiguity 50 empathy 219 Contrast 153 Delusion/Delusional disorders marriage counseling 404 Control group 153–154, 234-236 171–172 reflective listening 541 Dementia 172 Control, locus of. See Locus of control. Dementia infantilis 497 Clinical psychology 125–127, 414, Convergent thinking 154, 158, 159 520 Dendrite 173 Conversion hysteria 154 Denial 35, 168, 169 Cliques 127, 600 Conversion reaction 154 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Cocaine. See Drugs/Drug Abuse. Coordination, hand-eye 294 173–174 Codependence 127–128 Correlational method 155 Dependent personality disorder 174 Cognition 131–132 Cortex 452 Dependent variable 174–175, 234, 236 information-processing theory 329 Counseling psychology 155–156 Depression 175–176, 312 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY, 2ND EDITION 693

Depth perception alcohol dependence and abuse 25 Dyslexia 200–202, 382 Engineering psychology 45 aging 22 Dysthymia 176 English as a Second Language (ESL) 75 bipolar disorder 176 Environment 221–222 boredom 90 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Environmental determinism 351 209 Epilepsy 223–224 genetic inheritance 175 surgical cure 485 hallucinations 290 loss and grief 397 Ear E Equilibrium sense 224 Erikson, Erik 13, 116, 224–226, 225 See also Melancholia. equilibrium sense 224 (ill.) Depth perception 77, 177 See also Hearing. identity crisis 322 Descartes, René 178, 178 (ill.) Eating disorders 203 theory of child development 119, The Descent of Man 167 anorexia 37–38 225 Desensitization 156, 179, 378 bulimia 101–102 Escape from Freedom 263 Determinism 179–180 Ebbinghaus, Hermann 203 (ill.), ESP 472 Developmental delay 180–181 203–204 Essay Concerning Human Understand- Developmental psychology 182–183, forgetting curve 255 ing 390 520 serial learning 576 Essential needs 540 adolescent behavior 225 Eccles, John Carew 204–207, 205 (ill.) Ethics 226–228 Developmental reading disorder Echolalia 206 Ethnic identity 228–229 181–182 Education for All Handicapped Chil- Ethnocentrism 229 Developmental stages, theories of dren Act (EHCA, PL 94-142) 612 Ethology 161, 229–230 183–184 Educational psychology 206–208, 520 Hinde, Robert Aubrey 304 Dewey, John 184–185 EEG. See Electroencephalograph Lorenz, Konrad 394 educational psychology 206 (EEG). Etiology 230–231 Dexedrine 54 Effector 208 Etzioni, Amitai 28 Dextroamphetimine 54 Ego 208, 323 Eugenics 108, 222, 231–232, 268 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Elaborative rehearsal 542 Ewing, John 26 Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) 186–187 Elderly Exhibitionism 471 Diencephalon 93, 110 dementia 172 Existential psychology 232–233 Difference threshold 521 Electra complex 464 Expectations 318 Differential psychology 187–188 Electrical stimulation of the brain Experimental design 234 (ESB) 208–209 Disability 188–189 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Experimental group 234–235 legislation 31, 612 Experimental neuroses 478 209–210 Disconnection aphasia 44 Electroencephalograph (EEG) 95, 210 Experimental psychology 235–237, Discourse on Method 178 Elemente der Psychophysik 246 520, 669 Discrimination. See Prejudice and dis- ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent comparative psychology 141 crimination. assay) 7 physiological psychology 499 Disintegrative psychosis 497 Elkind, David 210–212, 211 (ill.) Explorations in Personality: A Clinical Study of Fifty Men of College Age Displacement 168, 169 Ellis, Albert 128, 212 (ill.), 212–213 442 Dissociation/Dissociative disorders rational-emotive behavior therapy Extinction 237, 478 189–190, 263, 519 538 Dissociative identity disorder 66, Emotional attachment Extrasensory perception 472 Extroversion 237, 238, 348 190–192 autism 60 Eysenck, Hans 237, 238–239, 339 Divergent thinking 158, 159, 192 Emotional development 213–217 personality traits 237, 650 Divorce 192–193 Emotional intelligence 217–218 DNA 173, 193 Emotional transition 13 Dollard, John 65 Emotions 19, 218–219 Double-blind study 193 embarrassment 569 Down syndrome 193–194, 422 fear 245 F Draw-a-person test 195 grief 397–399 Dreams 195–196 guilt 285, 568 Familial retardation 240–241 nightmares 458 hubris 568 Family 242–244 rapid eye movement (REM) pride 568 social competence 601 537–538 self-conscious emotions 567 socialization 608 Drive reduction theory 196–197, 440 shame 568 Family psychology 5 Drug therapy 199 shyness 569 Family size 241 Drugs/Drug abuse 197–199 Emotive imagery 379 Family systems theory 91 hallucinogens 291 Empathy 219–220 Family therapy 241–242, 432, 526 marijuana 402–403 client-centered therapy 125 Bowen, Murray 90 Dugale, Richard 347 Empiricism 220 marriage counseling 404 Dyscalcula 382 Enactive mode 100 Minuchin, Salvador 431 Dysfunctional family 199–200 Encounter group 220–221 Fantasy 244 Dysgraphia 382 Endocrine glands 221, 308 Fear 244–245 694 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY, 2ND EDITION

See also Phobia. Functional fixedness 264–265 Fechner, Gustave Theodor 204, 235, Functionalism 265–266, 341 H 245–246, 246 (ill.) psychophysics 520 Haley, Jay 288 Female sexuality Halfway house 288–289 birth 81 Hall, G. Stanley 115, 207, 289–290, puberty 12 290 (ill.), 342 Human potential movement Feral children 246–247 G Hallucinations 290–291 Festinger, Leon 247–248 Galen 267 (ill.), 267–268 Hallucinogens 291–293 cognitive dissonance 132, 134 Halo effect 293 Fetal alcohol syndrome 26, 248–249 Gall, Franz Joseph 498 Hand-eye coordination 283, 294-296 Field theory 386 Galton, Francis 155, 268–269, 333 See also Motor skills. Fight or flight response 8, 167 eugenics 231 Handedness 293–294 twins 651 Figure-ground perception 249–250 Harlow, Harry 51, 296–297 Fine motor skills 250–252 Gambling 269, 325 Harris, Elisha 346 First impressions. See Social percep- Gangs 269–272 Hartley, David 50 tion. Gardner, Howard 272–273, 334 Head Start program 673 theory of multiple intelligences 336 Fixation 168, 169, 252 Head trauma 92 Fixed-action patterns 395 Gate theory of pain 468 Health psychology 297 Flavell, John Hurley 252–253 Gender bias 273 Hearing 297–298 Forebrain 110 Gender constancy 273–274 frequency (auditory) 258 hypothalamus 320 Gender identity 274–275, 302, 306, Hebb, Donald O. 298 thalamus 643 619 Heider, Fritz 299–300 Forensic psychology 45, 253–255 gender constancy 273, 274 Heidigger, Martin 90 Forgetting curve 204, 255 See also Transgender. Heller’s syndrome 497 Frames of Mind 272 Gender identity disorder 275–276 Helmholtz, Hermann von 300–301, Frank, Waldo David 256–257, 257 General adaptation syndrome 276 301 (ill.) (ill.) Generalization 478 Helplessness, learned. See Learned Frankl, Viktor E. 255 (ill.), 255–256 Genital stage 522 helplessness. Free association 257–258 Genius 276–277 Hereditary Genius 268 Free-recall learning 258 See also Giftedness. Heredity 301–302 Frequency (auditory) 258–259 Genotype 117 intelligence 337, 352 Frequency distribution 259 Gesell Development Schedules 116 Hering-Breuer reflex 98 Freud, Anna 168, 259 (ill.), 259–260 Gesell, Arnold 116, 207, 277 (ill.), Heterosexuality 302–303 play therapy 503 277–278, 294 Heuristics 303 Freud, Sigmund 98, 260 (ill.), Gestalt principles of organization 278 Hierarchy of motivation 314 260–261, 535 Gestalt psychology 278–280, 360 Hierarchy of needs 20 aggression 20 Koffka, Kurt 357 Hilgard, Ernest R. 303–304 bisexuality 84 Wertheimer, Max 666 Hincks, Clarence M. 70 competition 142 Perls, Frederick S. 489 Hindbrain 110 consciousness 150 Gibson, Eleanor J. 280–281 Hinde, Robert A. 304–305 conversion hysteria 154 Gibson, James Jerome 281 Hippocrates 642 defense mechanisms 168 Giftedness 281–282 Histrionic personality disorder 305 ego 208 special education 614 HIV 6 etiology of psychological disorders Girls Holtzman inkblot technique 305 230 gangs 271 Homosexuality 306–307 fixation 252 puberty 12 conversion 346 humor 318 Rett’s disorder 496 Homosexuality in Perspective 407 id 323 Glasser, William 540 Hooker, Evelyn 307–308 instincts 332 Goddard, Henry 352 Hormones 221, 308–311 Oedipus complex 326, 464 puberty 528 pleasure principle 504 Grand mal seizures 223 reproduction 310, 311 preconscious 508 Gratification 171 sex differences 577 psychoanalysis 98, 257, 516 Grief. See Loss and grief. Horney, Karen 231, 311–312, 312 (ill.) psychosexual stages of development Gross motor skills 282–284 Hostility 312 115, 117, 521 Group therapy 284–285, 526 Hotlines superego 637 encounter groups 220 child abuse 112 unconscious 654 role playing/psychodrama 550 Howes, Ethel Dench Puffer 529–530 Friendship 261–262 Gruber, Howard 157 Hull, Clark Leonard 312 (ill.), Fromm, Erich 231, 262 (ill.), 262–263 Guilford, J. P. 154, 158, 159 312–313 Frustration-aggression hypothesis 21 Guilt 285–286 Human Immunodeficiency Virus. See Fugue 263–264 Gustation. See Taste. HIV. Functional autonomy 29 Guthrie, Edwin Ray 286–286, 287 Human potential movement 220, Functional disorder 264 (ill.) 314–315, 407, 549 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY, 2ND EDITION 695

Maslow, Abraham 404 empathy 214 Human Sexual Response Human Sexual Response 345, 406 Inferiority complex 11, 328–329 Jacklin, Carol Nagy 401 J hand-eye coordination 294 sensitivity training 573 language development 368 motor skills 250, 282 Human sexuality parent-child relationships 91, 473 Kinsey scale 84 Jahoda, Marie 5 separation anxiety 574 Klein Sexual Orientation Grid 84 James, William 341 (ill.), 341–342, Masters and Johnson study 344, temperaments 328 545 406–407 educational psychology 206 Humanistic psychology 313–314 functionalism 150, 265 May, Rollo 407 Inhelder, Bärbel 330, 501 human potential movement 314 Hume, David 50, 315–317, 316 (ill.) theory of emotion 218 Inkblot test 49, 305 Humor 168, 170, 317–318 Information-processing theory 329 James-Lange theory of emotion 218, Insanity defense 330–332 Hyperactivity 52 Insomnia 594 342 Hypnosis 97, 151, 318–320 Instinct theory 440 Janet, Pierre Marie Félix 342–343, 343 Charcot, Jean Martin 111 Instincts 332, 408 (ill.) Hilgard, Ernest R. 303 Institute for Family Studies and Treat- Janov, Arthur 510 Mesmer, Franz Anton 424 ment 6 Jealousy 343 Hypochondria 320 Institutionalization 332–333 sibling rivalry 79 Hypothalamus 93, 221, 320 Instrumental behavior 333 Jensen, Arthur R. 343–344, 344 (ill.) hormones 308 Instrumental conditioning. See Operant Johnson, Virginia E. 344–346, 406 Hypothesis testing 320–321 conditioning. Judd, Charles Hubbard 207 Hysteria 111 Jukes family 346–347 Intelligence 333–335 children 118 Jung, Carl 347 (ill.), 347–348 Gardner, Howard Earl 272 archetypes 46, 348 genius 276 collective unconsciousness 151 etiology of psychological disorders I giftedness 281 231 heredity 268, 352 measurement of 335 introversion 339 I.Q. See Intelligence quotient. See also mental age 418 Just noticeable difference 348–349, Intelligence, Intelligence tests. 521 Iconic mode 100 mental retardation 421 Juvenile delinquency 349–350 race and intelligence 533 Id 208, 323 Intelligence quotient 335–337 Identification 168, 170 Identity/Identify formation 322–323 Intelligence tests 76, 467, 671 ethnicity and 228 Bellevue-Wechsler Scale 663 Identity crisis 225, 322 children 424 K Idiot savants. See Savant syndrome. culture-fair tests 165 Imagination 323–324 Kohs block test 359 Kagan, Jerome 351–352 daydreams 167 mental ability 204 Kallen, Horace 4 mental imagery 421 Merrill-Palmer scales of mental Kallikak family 352–353 Imitation 324 tests 424 Kanner, Leo 60 Imprinting 92, 161, 324–325, 395 non-verbal 626 Kelly, George Alexander 56, 353–354 Impulse control disorders 325 Otis Group Intelligence Scale 467 Kennell, John 86 kleptomania 356 standard progressive matrices Kierkegaard, Soren 233 pyromania 530 (SPM) 626 Kinesthetic sense 354 Inadequacy, feelings of. See Inferiority Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Kinsey Report. See Kinsey, Alfred complex. 76, 627 Charles. Incest 326 Wechsler Intelligence Scale 663, 664 Kinsey, Alfred Charles 84, 302, 305, See also Rape. Intelligence, artificial 47 355–356 Independent variable 234, 236, Interdisciplinary treatment 337–338 Klaus, Marshall 86 326–327 Interest inventory 338–339 Klein Sexual Orientation Grid 84 Indeterminism 179 Intermittent explosive disorder 325, 339 Klein, Fritz 84 Individuation 14 Internal-External Locus of Control Klein, Melanie 91 Inductive reasoning 168, 327, 330 Scale (I-E) 392 Kleptomania 325, 356 Industrial psychology 327, 520 Interpersonal attraction 57 Knowledge, theory of 391 Infancy 327–328 Interpersonal relationships, psychology Koffka, Kurt 356–358, 357 (ill.), 360 See also Infants. of. See Social psychology. Gestalt psychology 279 Infant attachment 23 The Interpretation of Dreams 260, 516 Kohlberg, Lawrence 273, 358–359 Infant development Introjection 168, 170 stages of moral development 116, Bayley, Nancy 68 Introversion 238, 339–340, 348 436 Infants 117 shyness 590 Köhler, Wolfgang 357, 359–361, 360 Apgar score 43 IQ. See Intelligence quotient. See also (ill.) assessment tests 96, 68 Intelligence, Intelligence tests. Gestalt psychology 279 bonding 327 Isolation 168, 170 Kohs block test 359 emotional development 213 Itard, Jean-Marc-Gaspard 246 Kraepelin, Emil 361–362 696 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY, 2ND EDITION

Locus of control 58, 392–393 Melancholia 415 L Logical thinking 393–394 The Melting Pot 4 Logotherapy 255 Memory 131, 415–418 Labor. See Birth. Longitudinal study 163, 394 cathexis 106 Ladd-Franklin, Christine 363 (ill.), Lorenz, Konrad 21, 91, 394–397, 395 Ebbinghaus, Hermann 203 Mnemonic strategies 363–364 (ill.) false memories 417 Laing, Ronald David 364–365 imprinting 161 free-recall learning 258 Lamaze, Fernand 83 Loss and grief 397–399 long-term memory 573 Lange, C. G. 218 LSD 292 recovered memories 417 Language Luria, Aleksandr Romanovich rehearsal 542 aphasia 43 399–400 savant syndrome 557 bilingual education 74 semantic memory 573 cognition 131 serial learning 576 communication skills 139 serial position function 576 disorders 139 stages of 416 Language acquisition M techniques for improving 415, 433 children 118 word association test 669 cognition 131 Maccoby, Eleanor Emmons 401–402 Memory loss 31 inherent ability 120 Magnesium pemoline 54 Mental age 334, 335, 418 Language delay 365–367 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 95 Mental disorders, classification of 186 Language development 368–376 Magnetoencephalography (MEG) 95 Mental health 418–419 Language disorder 376–377 Maintenance rehearsal 542 Mental hospitals 419 specific language impairment (SLI) Malinowski, Bronislaw 162 Mental hygiene movement 70, 427 615 Mania 176, 402 Mental illness 419–421 Lashley, Karl Spencer 377 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) causes 422 Lateralization 385 209 neurological classification of 361 Law of effect 72, 378, 644 hallucinations 290 psychosis 523 Law of exercise 72, 378, 644 Manic depression. See Bipolar disor- psychotherapy 525 der. Lazarus, Arnold Allan 378 Marijuana 292, 402–403 treatment 420, 513, 514 Leadership 379–380 Marketing 152 types of 419, 420 Learned helplessness 175, 258, Marriage counseling 404 See also Mental health. 380–381 Mental imagery 324, 330, 379, 421 Maslow, Abraham 20, 313, 314, Learning 433 404–406, 405 (ill.), 566 (ill.) Mental retardation 421–424 concept formation 143 self-actualization 565 autism 61 conditioning 145 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 405, 441 familial retardation 240 forgetting curve 255 Masochism 471 fetal alcohol syndrome 248 free-recall 258 Masters, William 344, 406 (ill.), language delay 367 paired-associate learning 469 406–407 Mental sets 100 programmed learning 511 Masturbation 15 Merrill-Palmer scales of mental tests Learning curve 381–382 May, Rollo 233, 314, 407–408 424 See also Forgetting curve. power 507 Mesencephalon 110 Learning disability 382–384 Mayer, John 217 Mesmer, Franz Anton 424–426, 425 race 613 McDougall, William 408–410, 409 (ill.) testing 73 (ill.) Metapsychology 426 Learning theory 287, 384–385 Methylphenidate 54 McGrath, Elizabeth 227 Learning, serial 576 Mead, Margaret 410–411 Meyer, Adolf 426 (ill.), 426–427 Learning-to-learn 385 Mean 411–412 Midbrain 110 Left-brain hemisphere 385–386 Measurement 412 Middle years 427–428 Left-handed. See Handedness. mean 411 Midlife. See Middle years. Legal psychology. See Forensic psy- median 412 Miescher, Friedrich 173 chology. mode 433 Milgram, Stanley 428–429, 605 Lewin, Kurt 314, 386–387 norm 460 Milgram’s obedience experiment 428 sensitivity training 573 normal distribution 459 Military psychology 429–430 Libido 387 rating scale 538 Mill, James 50 Lie detection 387–389 Media psychology 413–414 Mill, John Stuart 50 Light Median 412 Miller, Neal 65 depression 176 Mediation Minimal brain dysfunction 430–431 Listening, reflective. See Reflective lis- peer mediation 482 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality In- tening. Medical psychology 297 ventory 431, 495 Lithium 79 Meditations on First Philosophy 178 Minuchin, Salvador 242, 431–432 Localization (brain function) 389 Medulla 110 Mischel, Walter 606 Localization (sensory) 389 Meehl, Paul J. 414–415 MMPI. See Minnesota Multiphasic Locke, John 50, 390–392, 391 (ill.) MEG. See Magnetoencephalography Personality Inventory. tabula rasa theory of childhood 117 (MEG). Mnemonic strategies 433 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY, 2ND EDITION 697

Mode Mode 433 Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale Overactive children. See Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (NBAS) 96 Modeling 324, 433–434 Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors Nerve impulse depression 176 Nerve cell. See Neuron. (ADHD). Monocular depth cue 177 measurement of 301 Montessori schools 435 response to 208 Montessori, Maria 434–435, 435 (ill.) Nerves 453 Mood 436 stimulus of 7 P Mood disorders 519 Nervous system 453–454 Moral development 436–439 autonomic 61 Pain 468–469 moral balance model 438 Neuron 173, 455, 456 (ill.) Paired-associate learning 469 stages of 116, 358, 437 neurotransmitter 458 Pancreas Moreno, Jacob 550 communication 204 hormones 310 Morgan, Christiana Drummond 439, synapse 638 Panic/Panic disorders 469–470 440 Neurosis 238, 455–458 Paranoia 470–471 Morris, Desmond 21 Neurotic disorders 457 Paraphilia 471 Mother-child bonding 91 Neurotransmitter 458 Parapsychology 472–473 Motivation 440–441 Nicotine 629 Parathyroid glands 309 Motivation, hierarchy of 314 Night terrors 459 Parent-child relationships 473–477 Motivation, unconscious 654 Nightmares 458 Parkinson’s disease 477 Motor skills Noise, harmful levels of 298 Parturition. See Birth. fine motor skills 250 Non-directive therapy. See Client-cen- Passive aggression 35 gross motor skills 282 tered therapy. Passive-aggressive personality 478 MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging Norm 460 Pattern and Growth in Personality 29 (MRI). Normal 460 Pavlov, Ivan 71, 478–479, 479 (ill.) Multiculturalism 4 Normal distribution 459–460 behavioral etiology 231 Multimodal therapy 378 Nuclear family. See Family. conditioning 124, 144, 145 Multiple personality. See Dissociative Pearson Product-Moment Correlation identity disorder. 155 Murray, Henry Alexander, Jr. 441–443 Pearson, Karl 155 Mushrooms Pedophilia 114, 471, 479–481 hallucinogens 291 O Peer acceptance 481–482 Music therapy 443–444 Peer mediation 482–484 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 444–445 Obedience 428 Peer pressure 485 Obedience to authority: an experimen- drugs/drug abuse 293 tal view. 429 Penfield, Wilder Graves 485–487, 486 Obesity 9, 461–462 (ill.) Objective test. See Personality invento- People skills. See Emotional intelli- N ry. gence. See also Social competence. Observational assessment 49 Perception 318, 487–488 The Naked Ape 21 Obsessive-compulsive disorder visual perception 281 Narcissism 446–447 462–463 Perfectionism 488–489 Narcolepsy 447, 594 Tourette syndrome 647 Peripheral nervous system 454 Narcotic drugs 447–448 Obsessive-compulsive disorders 1 Perls, Frederick S. 489–490 National Association of School Psy- Occupational therapists 463–464 Persona 46 chologists 448 Oedipus complex 274, 326, 464, 517, Personal construct theory of personality National Committee for Mental Hy- 522 353 giene 70 Olfaction. See Smell. Personal fable 211 National Institute of Mental Health On Aggression 21 Personality 490–492 449 On the Origin of Species by Means of assessment of. See Personality Native language magnet theory 618 Natural Selection 166 tests. Natural childbirth 83 Operant conditioning 71, 145, authoritarian 59 Natural selection. See Darwin, Charles. 464–465 avoidant 63 The Nature of Prejudice 29 programmed learning 511 behavioral theory of 491 Nature-nurture controversy 118, 221, reinforcement 544 development of. See Personality de- 346–347, 353–353, 449–451 shaping 588 velopment. Naumburg, Margaret 451 Skinner, B. F. 592 effect of culture on 410 Near-death experience 451–452 Oppositional-defiant disorder 466 ego 323 Necrophilia. See Paraphilia. Organic disorder 466 extroversion 237 Negativism 452 Organization, Gestalt principles of 278 id 323 Neglect 112 Organizational psychology 327 integrated theory of personality 442 Negotiation 148 Orgastic potency 543 introversion 339 conflict resolution 148 Otis Group Intelligence Scale 467 narcissism 446 Neobehaviorism 312 Otis, Arthur 466–467 passive-aggressive 478 Neocortex 452 Overachiever 467 personal construct theory 353 698 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY, 2ND EDITION

phenomenological theory of 491 hormones 309 gy, Counseling psychology, Cross- psychoanalysis 516 Placebo effect 502 cultural psychology, Developmental psychodynamic theory of 491 Play 503–504 psychology, Differential psychology, Rating scale sexual orientation 306 Play therapy 503 Educational psychology, Engineering social learning theory 552, 606 Pleasure principle 504–505 psychology, Existential psychology, superego 323 Pluralistic ignorance 103 Experimental psychology, Family trait theory of 491 PMS. See Premenstrual syndrome psychology, Forensic psychology, type A personality 652 (PMS). Gestalt psychology, Health psycholo- type theory of 490 Polygraph. See Lie detection. gy, Humanistic psychology, Industrial Personality assessment. See Personali- Pornography 505 psychology, Media psychology, Mili- ty tests. Positive reinforcement, systematic 72 tary psychology, Organizational psy- Personality constructs 56 Positron emission tomography (PET) chology, Philosophical psychology, Personality development 492–494 95 Physiological psychology, Rehabilita- children 118 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) tion psychology, School psychology, effect of environment on 449 430, 505–507 Social psychology, Sports psycholo- nature-nurture controversy 449 See also Combat neurosis. gy. Personality disorders 494–495 Postman, Leo 100 The Psychology of Beauty 529 dependent personality disorder 174 mental sets 133 The Psychology of Sex Differences 401 histrionic personality disorder 305 Power 507 Psychology/Psychologist 519–520 Personality inventory. See Personality Preconscious 507–508 Psychometrics 33 tests. Pregnancy, termination of. See Abor- The Psychopathology of Everyday Life Personality tests 49, 108, 495–496 tion. 516 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Prejudice Psychopathy. See Antisocial personali- Inventory 431 Allport, Gordon Willard 29 ty disorder. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 444 Prejudice and discrimination 508–509 Psychophysics 520–521 projective techniques 512 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Fechner, Gustave Theodor 245 Rorschach test 550 509–510 Psychophysiology Rosenzweig picture frustration Primal therapy 510–511 biofeedback 77 study 552 Principles of Gestalt Psychology 358 Psychosexual stages 521–523 sixteen personality factor question- Principles of Philosophy 178 Psychosis 238, 523–524 naire (16PF) 108 The Principles of Psychology 341 Psychosomatic disorders 524–525 thematic apperception test (TAT) Problem solving 303 Psychostimulants 629 439, 512, 644 Programmed learning 511–512 Psychosurgery 525 Personality theory 28 Projection 168, 169 Psychotherapy 525–526, 535 Personality type Projective techniques 512–513 Psychotic disorders 519, 526–527 interpersonal attraction 58 Rorschach technique 512, 550–551 Puberty 11, 527–529 Personality: A Psychological Interpre- thematic apperception test 19, 49, sexuality 586 tation 29 439, 512, 644 Puffer, Ethel Dench 529–530 Personology 441, 442 Prosocial behavior 39 Punishment 530 Pervasive developmental disorder Psyche 513 Pyromania 325, 530 (PDD) 496–497 Psychedelics. See Hallucinogens. PET. See Positron emission tomogra- Psychiatry/Psychiatrist 501, 513–514 phy (PET). Psychoactive drugs 514–516 Petit mal seizures 223 Psychoanalysis 257, 260, 311, Phallic stage 497 516–517, 525 Phenomenological theory of personali- children 259 Q ty 491 Psychoanalytic theory Phenotype 117 Breuer, Josef 97 Qualitative methods 531–532 Philosophical psychology 497–498 id 323 Philosophy of mitigated skepticism Reich, Wilhelm 543 315 Psychobiology 426 Phobia 1, 498 Psychodrama. See Role playing/Psy- School phobia/School refusal 561 chodrama. Phrenology 498–499 Psychodynamic theory of personality R Physiological psychology 498–500 491 Piaget, Jean 49, 330, 500 (ill.), Psychokinesis 472, 473 Race and intelligence 533–534 500–501 Psycholinguistics 120, 134 Racism 534–535 child development theory 116, 117, Psychological Abstracts 517–518 See also Prejudice and discrimina- 119, 129 Psychological disorder 518–519 tion. child psychology 500 study of root causes of 230 Radical behaviorism 179 developmental stages of play 503 Psychology. See Abnormal psycholo- Rank, Otto 535, 536 logical thinking 393 gy, Applied psychology, Child psy- Rape 536–537 Pinel, Philippe 501–502 chology, Clinical psychology, Cogni- Rapid eye movement (REM) 537–538 Pituitary gland tive psychology, Consumer psycholo- Rating scale 538 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY, 2ND EDITION 699

Rational-emotive behavior therapy Rational-emotive behavior therapy Scholastic Assessment Test 4, 560–561 Shaping 588 128, 212, 538–539 School phobia/School refusal 561–562 Sheldon, William Herbert 588–589 Rationalization 168, 170 Shell shock. See Combat neurosis. School psychology 520, 562 Raven’s Progressive Matrices 626 Scientific method 562–563 Sherif, Muzafer 149 Reaction formation 168, 169 Sears, Robert 65 Shinn, Milicent W. 589 Reaction time 539 Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) 176 Shyness 589–590 Readiness test 539 Security objects 563–565 Sibling rivalry 79 Reading disorders Segregation 121 Sight. See Vision. developmental reading disorder 181 Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors Signal detection theory 521, 590–591 Reality therapy 539–540 (SSRIs) 38, 39, 176 Significance level 591–592 Reasoning, deductive 168 Self 46, 47 Similarity 50 Reasoning, inductive 168, 327 Recapitulation 290 Self-actualization 313, 405, 565–566 Simon, Paul-Max 48 Reflective listening 540–541 Self-concept 566–567 Simon, Theodore 76, 334 Reflexes 541 Self-conscious emotions 567–570 Sixteen Personality Factor question- Regression 168, 169 The Self and Its Brain 178 Simon, Herbert 329 Self-esteem 313, 570–571 Rehabilitation 541–542 attitude 57 naire (16PF) 108 Rehabilitation psychology 297 eating disorders 203 Skepticism, mitigated 315, 316 Rehearsal 542–543 ethnic identity 228 Skinner Box 71, 592 Reich, Wilhelm 543–544 Self-fulfilling prophecy 571–572 Skinner, B. F. 71, 592 (ill.), 592–593 Reinforcement 478, 544–545 Self-help groups 572–573 behavioral etiology 231 Religion and psychology 545–546 Self-mutilation, repetitive 325 behaviorism 73 Repetitive self-mutilation 325 Self-perception theory 57 operant conditioning 146, 465 Repression 168, 169 Self-socialization 402 programmed learning 511 Research methodology 546–547 Semantic memory 573 radical behaviorism 179 Rett’s disorder 496 Senses Sleep 537, 593–594 Revision der Hauptpunkte der Psy- hearing 297–298 night terrors 459 chophysik 246 smell 597 nightmares 458 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 173, 547–548 taste 639–640 REM 151 Right-brain hemisphere 548–549 testing of 3 Sleep disorders 594–596 Right-handed. See Handedness. touch 646 narcolepsy 447 Ritalin 54, 630 vision 658 Sleepwalking. See Somnambulism. Ritual abuse 114, 555 Sensitivity training 220, 573–574 Smell 597 RNA 173 Sensory deprivation 574 Social competence 597–604 Rogers, Carl 313, 314, 549–550 Separation anxiety 214, 574–576 Social development client-centered therapy 124, 156 school phobia/school refusal 561 children 118 self-actualization 565 Social influence 604–605 Role playing/psychodrama 550 Serial learning 576 Social Learning and Imitation 65 Serial position function 576–577 Romantic attraction 58 Social learning theory 21, 606 Rorschach technique 512, 550–551 Sex differences 302, 306, 577–578 Social marketing 56 Rosenzweig picture frustration study Sex roles 302, 306, 578–581 Social perception 606–607 552 Sex therapies 581–582 Social psychology 607 Rotter, Julian B. 552–553, 606 Sexism. See Gender. Social skills. See Social competence. locus of control 392 Sexual abuse 582–584 Social transition 14 Rush, Benjamin 553–554, 554 (ill.) satanic ritual abuse 555 Socialization 607–609 Sexual attraction bisexuality 302 Society of Individual Psychology 11 heterosexuality 302 Sociobiology 609–610 homosexuality 303, 306 Sociocentrism 229 S Sexual behavior Sociocultural retardation. See Familial Acquired Immune Deficiency Syn- retardation. Sadomasochism 471 drome (AIDS) 7 Sociopathy. See Antisocial personality Salovey, Peter 217 adolescence 15 disorder. Satanic ritual abuse 555 Sexual Behavior in the Human Male Somatic effectors 208 Satir, Virginia M. 555–556 302, 356 Somatoform disorders 518 SATs. See Scholastic Assessment Test. Sexual deviations 584 Somnambulism 610 Savant syndrome 556–557 Sexual dysfunction 584–585 Spearman, Charles Edward 334, Scapegoating 557–558 Sexual dysfunction, treatment for. See 610–611, 611 (ill.) Schachter-Singer theory of emotion Sex therapies. Special education 611–615 218 Sexual orientation 306 Specific language impairment (SLI) Schizophrenia 1, 558–560 Sexuality 585–586 615–616 hallucinations 290 deviant 471 Speech. See Language, Language de- Laing, Ronald David 364 See also Human sexuality. velopment. Shakow, David 587 Shadow 46, 47 Speech-language pathology 616–617 Schizotypal personality disorder 494 Shakow, David 587–588 Speech perception 617–619 700 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY, 2ND EDITION

Speech therapy. See Speech-language intelligence tests 129, 643 Violence 656–658 pathology. The Territorial Imperative 21 modeling 434 Spence, Janet Taylor 619–620 Test anxiety 643 Vision 658–659 Zoophilia Spence, Kenneth W. 65, 620–621 Thalamus 93, 643–644 binocular depth cues 77, 177 Spinal cord 109 Thanatos 20 color 137 Split-brain technique 621–622 Thematic Apperception Test 19, 49, figure-ground perception 249 Spock, Benjamin 622–624, 623 (ill.) 439, 512, 644 theory of three-color vision 300 Sports psychology 624–626 Theories of learning. 287 visual perception 281 Spurzheim, Johann 499 Theory of cognitive growth 134 Visual angle 659 SSRIs. See Selective serotonin re-up- Theory of knowledge 391 Vocational Aptitude Test 659–660 take inhibitors (SSRIs). Theory of multiple intelligences 272, Voyeurism. See Paraphilia. Standard progressive matrices (SPM) 277 626 Theory of three-color vision 300 Standardized test 626–627 Thorndike, Edward L. 72, 207, Stanford-Binet intelligence scales 76, 644–645, 645 (ill.) 129, 627, 671 Thought, symbolic modes of 100 W Statistics in psychology 627–628 Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality Stereotype 628 516 Walden School 451 Sternberg, Robert 334, 628–629 Tolman, Edward Chance 645–646, 646 Wallas, Graham 157 Stimulant drugs 629–631 (ill.) Washburn, Margaret Floy 661 (ill.), Strange Situation test 24, 51, 574, Tongue 639 (ill.) 661–662 632–633 Touch 646–647 Watson, James D. 173 Stranger anxiety 631–632 Tourette syndrome 647–649 Watson, John B. 72, 117, 662–663, Stress 99, 276, 633–634 Trait theory of personality 491 663 (ill.) Stroke 92 Traits 34, 649–650 behaviorism 150 Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory Transcendental Meditation (TM) 151 Weber fractions 349 338 Transference 650 Wechsler Intelligence Scales 335, Structural family therapy 242 Transgender 650–651 664–665 Studies on Hysteria 260 See also Gender identity disorder. Wechsler, David 335, 663–664 Stuttering. See Speech-language Transitional Bilingual Education (TBE) Werkes, Robert 671 pathology. 75 Wernicke, Carl 44, 294, 665–666 Sublimation 168, 170 Transsexualism. See Gender identity Wernicke’s area 44, 44 (ill.), 93, 666 Subliminal influence 634 disorder, Transgender. Wertheimer, Max 357, 360, 666–668, Substance abuse or dependence The Trauma of Birth 535 667 (ill.) addiction 8 Trichotillomania 325 Gestalt psychology 279 bipolar disorder 79 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) 38, Wilkins, Maurice 173 codependence 127 39, 176 Wilson, Edward O. 609 Suicide/Suicidal behavior 634–636 Twelve-step programs 572 Withdrawal behavior 668 Sullivan, Harry Stack 636–637 Twins 651–652 Withdrawal symptoms 9 Superego 208, 323, 637 Type A personality 652–653 Wolpe, Joseph 156, 668–669 Superstition 637–638 Type theory of personality 490 Women Suppression 168, 169 premenstrual syndrome (PMS) 509 Survival Word association test 669 adaptation and 8 Wundt, Wilhelm Max 107, 150, 236, Symbolic mode 100 669–670, 670 (ill.) Synapse 638 U determinism 179 Systematic positive reinforcement 72 memory 203 Unconditional positive regard 125 Unconditioned reflex 478 Unconditioned stimulus 478 Unconscious 654 T Unconscious motivation 654–655 Y Unconsciousness, profound 137 Tardieu, Ambrose 48 Underachiever 655 Yerkes, Robert 671 (ill.), 671–672 Taste 639–640 The Unity of the Family 5 Yerkes-Dodson Law 671 Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS) Young-Helmholtz theory 300 619 TCAs. See Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Tectum 110 V Tegmentum 110 Z Television and aggression 640–641 Varieties of Religious Experience 545 Temperament 237, 328, 351, 641–642 Vascular dementia 172 Zangwill, Israel 4 Terman, Lewis 76, 207, 642–643, 643 Vicarious learning 65 Zigler, Edward F. 673–674 (ill.) Vienna Psychoanalytic Society 10, 347 Zoophilia. See Paraphilia. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY, 2ND EDITION 701