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Subject Index Abelard, Peter, 86–89, 96 Albertus Magnus, Saint, 89, 97 Lashley, Karl, 608 the Absolute, 199, 205 Alcmaeon, 38, 62 Loftus’s award for memory research, 544 absolute threshold, 255, 260 Alexander the Great, 50, 68 Köhler’s award and presidency of, 461 academician, 648 Allegory of the cave, 47, 62 Maslow and humanistic psychology, 586, acquired characteristics, inheritance of Almagest (Ptolemy), 105 590, 507 294, 332 Altruistic surrender, 554, 568 Miller, George, presidency and award, 626 Jung’s belief in, 556, 559 Alzheimer, Alois, 499 Münsterberg as president, 348 McDougall’sinterestin, 413 Alzheimer’s disease, 499 pharmacotherapy division, 649 Active mind, 21, 25, 179, 205 American Association of Applied Psychology racial issues, 361 Active reason, 53, 62 (AAAP), 648 rankings of eminent psychologists, 624 Act psychology, 279, 291, 458, 484 American Institute for Psychoanalysis, 562 Skinner’s award, 449 Adaptive act, 366, 381 American Journal of Psychology,336,354 Skinner’s followers, 450 Adaptive features, 300, 331 American Philosophical Society, 353 Sperry’saward,612 Adequate stimulation, 235, 260 American Psychological Association (APA), Thorndike as president, 375 Adler, Alfred, 531, 559–561, 568, 669 274, 651, 670 Tolman as president and award from, 433 break with Freud, 559 Angell as president, 365 Washburn as President, 373 creative self, 561 applied psychology and, 647 Watson as president, 401, 403 feelings of inferiority, 560 associate member category, 648 Witmer as charter member, 500 move to the U. S., 559 Calkins as first female president, 353 American Psychiatric Association, 499 mistaken lifestyle, 561 Cattell as president, 367 American Psychological Foundation (APF) organ inferiority and compensation, 560 Clark as only African American president, award to Guthrie, 441 worldview, fictional goals, and lifestyles, 361 award to Miller, George, 626 560 clinical division, 648 American Psychologist, 394, 449, 648 Adolescent psychology Dewey as president, 365 anal stage, 534 Hall, Granville S., 355, 358 Divisions and their memberships, 644, Analogy of the divided line, 46, 62 Aesthetic stage, 220, 230 645–646, 648 Analysis of Mind, The (Russell), 410 “Aetiology of Hysteria” (Freud), 525, 540 Doctor of Psychology degree (PsyD), 502 Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind African Americans founder and president, G. S. Hall, 354 (Mill), 153 intelligence testing and, 325 Guthrie as president, 441 Anatomy is destiny, 564, 568 segregated education and, 360–362 Hebb’s presidency and award from, 609, Anaxagoras, 37, 62, 665 Sumner, Francis C., 358–360 627 Anaximander, 32, 62 Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Hollingworth (L. S.) as president, 321 Angell, James R., 364–366, 381, 397 Theory of Knowledge (Feyerabend), 13 Hull as president, 435 Anima and animus, 557 Aging humanistic ideals versus rigorous science, Animal Intelligence (Thorndike), 370 Hall on, 358 652 Animal magnetism, 505, 513 Skinner on, 449 James as president, 354 Animal Mind, The (Washburn), 373 Agrippa, Cornelius, 495, 666 Kelly, George, 581 animal research 707

708 S U BJECT INDEX Breland, Keller and Marian, 616 artificial intelligence (AI), 628–631, 642 genetic influences on personality, 617 Darwin and, 301, 370 limitations in brain function analogy, 634 research in contemporary psychology, 619 development of behaviorism, 385 new connectionism (neural networks), Tolman as pioneer, 433 Harlow, Harry, 625 635–639 Behaviorism, 384, 397–422, 624. See also Hebb, Donald, 610 transition to information–processing neobehaviorism; objective humanistic psychology and, 597 psychology, 632 psychology Köhler, Wolfgang, 461, 471–473 Turing test, 629 background of, 384 Morgan, Conwy L., 371 weak versus strong AI, 629 consciousness and, 515 Pavlov, Ivan, 389, 391–393 artificial somnambulism, 506, 513 Darwin’s influence, 301 Romanes, George J., 370 “As if”, philosophy of, 285, 582 diminished influence in current structuralism and, 278 Associationism, 55, 62, 138, 152, 176 psychology, 450 Sechenov, Ivan, 386 Analysis by James Mills, 153 defined, 421 Thorndike, 370, 373 Berkeley’s principle of association, 141 denial of cognitive events, 623 Tolman, 429 Hartley’s application to behavior, 151 ethologists versus, 613 Washburn, Margaret F., 371 Hartley’s explanation of association, 150 humanistic psychologists’ view on, 586 Watson, John B., 399 Hume on association of ideas, 146 Köhler on, 463 Yerkes, Robert, 399 Locke and, 138 methodological, 412 Animals Pavlov on physiological basis of, 394 Titchener’s view of, 273 Cynics’ view of, 68 Sechenov, Ivan M., 386 radical, 412 Christian view of (Aquinas), 90 Spencer’s evolutionary associationism, 295 McDougall, William, 412–417 Emotional expression and evolution, 301 Titchener’s use of, 276 Watson, John B., 273, 397–412 Empedocles’ view of, 36 utilitarianism and, 153 Behavior of Organisms, The (Skinner), 443 relation to humans, 19, 164 Association of Consulting Psychologists Behavior System, A (Hull), 436 Renaissance humanist view of, 100 (ACP), 648 behavior therapy, 421 Animal spirits, 120, 127 Association of Humanistic Psychologists, 586 Skinner’s version, 449 Animism, 29, 62 Association for Psychological Science (APS), Watson and Jones’suse of,408 Anomalies, 12, 25 651 Behavior theory, 454 Anselm, Saint, 85, 87, 96, 666 association reflex, 396, 421 environmental determinism, 15 Anthropology, 196, 205 Atoms, Democritus on, 37 Hartley’s application of association to, 151 Anthropometry, 305 Attention Hume’s view of emotions as determinants, Anthropomorphism, 29, 62 Hobbes on, 133 148 Anticathexis, 532, 550 James on, 345 McDougall’semphasisoninstincts,414 Antisthenes, 68, 96, 665 Titchener on, 277 Behavior, unpredictable, 487 Anxiety, 533, 550, 603 Wundt on, 268 being, 33, 62 Heidegger on, 575 Auditory perception, Helmholtz theory of, Being and Time (Heidegger), 573 Horney on, 563, 568 240 Being–beyond–the–world, 476, 603 May on, 577, 578 Augustine, Saint, 78–81, 96, 99, 666 Being–in–the–world, 574 Apollonian aspect of human nature, 222, 230 Authentic life, 574, 593, 603 Being motivation, 589, 603 Apperception, 188, 205 Autobiographical Study (Freud), 541 Being perception, 589, 603 Wundt on, 268 Averroës, 84, 96 beliefs, Tolman on, 431, 454 Apperceptive mass, 197, 205 Avicenna, 83, 96, 666 Bell, Charles, 234, 260 Applied psychology, 349, 381 Ayer, Alfred, 424 Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in Cattell, James M., 367 Baars, Bernard, 625, 627 American Life (Hernstein and pure, scientific psychology versus, 644– Back–propagation systems, 637–639, 642 Murray), 325, 616 655 Bacon, Francis, 114–117, 127, 180, 444, 666 Bell–Magendie law, 234, 260 Approach–approach conflict, 479, 484 Bain, Alexander, 158–162, 176, 668 Bentham, Jeremy, 153, 158–162, 176 Approach–avoidance conflict, 479, 484 Bandura, Albert, 628 Berkeley, George, 140–143, 176, 667 Archetypes, 556, 568 Bannister, Donald, 583 Bernheim, Hippolyte, 507, 513, 523, 668 Avoidance–avoidance conflict, 479, 484 Barash, David, 613, 614 Beyond Freedom and Dignity (Skinner), 448 Aptitude testing, 648 Bartlett, Frederic Charles, 624, 626, 627, 670 Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche), 222 Aptitude Testing (Hull), 435 Basic evil, Horney on, 563, 568 Binet, Alfred, 309–312, 331, 669 Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas, Saint Basic anxiety, Horney on, 563, 568 assessing intellectual deficiency, 310 Aristarchus of Samos, 106, 127 Basic hostility, Horney on, 563, 568 Binet–Simon scale of intelligence, 311 Aristotle, 2, 49–57, 62, 665 Basics of Psychology (Münsterberg), 348 individual psychology, 310 anti–Aristotelianism in Renaissance Battle of Behaviorism, The (Watson and intelligence quotient (IQ) tests, 312 humanism, 99 McDougall), 416 Köhler’s criticism of testing, 461 conception of science, 477 Bechterev, Vladimir M., 394–397, 421, 669 mental orthopedics, 313 Galileo’s discrediting of, 111 reflexology, 394–396 view of his intelligence scale, 312 learning resulting from one experience, versus Pavlov, 396 Binet–Simon scale of intelligence, 311, 315– 439 Becoming, 33, 62, 574, 603 322 Protestant challenge to Christianized Behavioral environment, 470, 484 Goddard, Henry H., 315–317 version, 103 Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Binswanger, Ludwig, 575–577, 603, 670 synthesis of philosophy with Christianity, Psychology (Watson), 427 Daseinanalysis, 575 86–91 Behavioral genetics, 612, 622 ground of existence, 576 synthesis of philosophy with Islam, 83 Bouchard’s twin studies, 617–619 importance of meaning in life, 576 synthesis of philosophy with Judaism, 84 ethology, 613 modes of existence, 575

SU BJECT IN DE X 709 biogrammar, 613, 622 and applied psychology, 367, 644 Witmer’s pioneering contributions, 501, Biological approach to mental illness. drift toward behaviorism, 384 647 See medical model of mental illness Cattell, Raymond B., 315 professional associations, 648 Biological determinism, 14, 26, 326 Cats in a Puzzle Box, (Guthrie and Horton), prescription privileges, 649 sociobiology, 614 440 therapeutic techniques after World War II, Biological explanations of mental illness, 488 Causal laws, 8, 26 649 Bleuler, Eugen, 499 Cause and effect Zeigarnik, Bluma, 479 Bonaventure, Saint, 90, 96 Hume’s law, 147 Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child, The Bond, Horace M., 325 Mach on, 171 (Rogers), 592 Bouchard, Thomas, 617–619, 622 Causation Coeducation, Hall on, 356 Boyle, Robert, 135 analysis of, 147 Coefficient of correlation (r), 306, 313 Braid, James, 507 Aristotle’s views, 52 Cognition and Reality (Neisser), 634 Brain function research (early). See also Kant on, 193 Cognitive dissonance, 626 psychobiology psychological versus physical (Wundt), cognitive maps, 431, 454 Broca, Paul, 248 270 cognitive psychology, 623–642 Ferrier, David, 250 cell assemblies, 609, 622 artificial intelligence (AI), 628–631 Flourens, Pierre, 247 Center for Cognitive Studies, 626 current interest in, 450 Fritzsch, Gustav, 250 Charcot, Jean–Martin, 408, 513, 527, 668 developments after 1950s, 626 Hitzig, Eduard, 250 Chiarugi, Vincenzo, 497 developments before 1950, 624 Phrenology, 244–247 Childhood and Society (Erikson), 555 developments during 1950s, 625 Wernicke, Carl, 249 Child psychoanalysis, 553 faculty psychology, return of, 633 Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence (Lashley), Child psychology information–processing psychology, 608 Darwin’s influence, 301 631–633 Breland, Keller and Marian, 616 effects of racial segregation, 360 mind–body problem, return of, 633–635 Bretano, Franz Clemens, 278, 291, 517, 572, Hall on., 358 new connectionism, 635–639 630, 668 Koffka on, 461 Skinner’s attacks on, 445 Breuer, Josef, 520, 550 Rogers on, 591 Tolman and, 433 Bridgman, Percy W., 13, 670 Watson on, 408 Cognitive Psychology (journal), 628 British Journal of Psychology, 412 Chinese Room thought experiment (Searle), Cognitive Psychology (Neisser), 627 British Psychological Association, 583 629, 638 Cognitive science, 634, 642 Broadbent, Donald, 625, 632 Chodorov, N., 565, 679 Cognitive science (journal), 634 Broca, Paul, 248, 260, 611, 668 Chomsky, Noam, 616, 622, 625, 626 Cognitive trial and error (Gestalt Broca’s area, 249, 260 Christianity psychology), 471 Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 360–362 Augustine, Saint, 78–81 Collective unconscious, 556, 568 Brücke, Ernst, 517 Constantine, Emperor, 77 Color vision. See vision Bruner, Jerome, 626, 639 Dark Ages, 81 Columbia University, functionalism at, 367– Bruno, Giordano, 106–108, 127, 666 Jesus, 75 376 Buchtel, Henry, 610 influences combined in, 75 Common sense, 53, 62 Bühler, Charlotte R., 586 mystery religions and, 74 Commonsense philosophy, 190, 205 Burt, Cyril, 314, 331, 616 pre–Renaissance spirit, 92 Compensation, Adler on, 560, 568 Caldwell, Charles, 246 reconciliation of faith and reason, 85 Complex ideas, 176 Calkins, Mary Whiton, 350–353, 381, 669, neoplatonism and, 71–74 Hartley on, 151 671 Paul, Saint 75–77 Hobbes on, 237 Harvard’s refusal to grant her a PhD, 352 Scholasticism, 86–91 Hume on, 145 Memory research, 351 witch hunts, 493–496 Locke on, 137 self–psychology, 352 Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud), 537 Computational Theory of Mind (CTM), 639 Calvin, John, 107, 108 Clark, Andy, 638 “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” Canadian Psychological Association, 609 Clark, Kenneth B., 360–362, 381 (Turing), 629 Carr, Harvey, 366, 381 Clark, Mamie P., 360 Computer models of human intelligence, Carnegie, Andrew, 296 Clark University 628. See also artificial intelligence; Castration anxiety, 535 Calkins’s studies at, 351 information–processing psychology Categorical imperative, 199, 205 Freud’s visit, 530 Comte, Auguste, 168–171, 176, 423, 668 Categories of thought, 193, 200, 205, 633 Hall as president, 354 Concept formation, 626 Cathartic method, 521, 550 Köhler at, 461 Conceptualism, 87, 96 Cathexis, 532, 550 psychology at, 362 Condensation, 526, 550 Catholic church. See also religion Sumner at, 359 Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, 166, 176, 667 Copernicus and, 106 Clever Hans phenomenon, 281, 291 conditioned reflex, 389, 391, 421 Bruno and, 106 Client–centered therapy, 649 conditioned response (CR), 391, 421 Erasmus’ criticisms of, 101 Client–Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, conditioned stimulus (CS), 391, 421 further challenges to authority, 104 Implications, and Theory (Rogers), 592 Conditioned Reflexes (Pavlov), 390 Galileo and, 109, 111 “Clients”, use by Rogers, 592 Conditioned responses, Hull’s study of, 435 Luther’s challenge to, 101–103 Clinical method, 248, 260 Conditioning, rote learning explanation, 436 Reformation and, 101 Clinical psychology, 513 conditions of worth, 594, 603 witch hunts, 493–496 controversy over training, 650–652 Confessions (Augustine), 79, 81 Cattell, James M., 307, 331, 334, 367, 381, current therapeutic techniques, 649 Confirmable propositions, 7, 26 669 Münsterberg, Hugo, 349 Confirmation, Tolman on, 431, 454

710 S U BJECT INDEX Conflict, 524, 550 Cours de Philosophe Positive (Comte), 168 dialectic process, 200, 205 Empedocles on, 36 Courage, 575, 603 Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (Hume), Herbart on, 198, 516 Countertransference, 521, 550 144 Jung on, 558 Crane, Loyal, 650 Dialogues Concerning the Two Chief World Lewin on, 479 Creationism, 298 Systems (Galileo), 123 May on, 579 age of the earth and evolution, 300 Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences Miller on, 480 creative self, 561, 568 (Galileo), 111 Paul, Saint, on, 76 Creative synthesis, 268, 291 Differential threshold, 255, 260 Plato on, 48 Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 182 Diogenes, 68, 96 connectionism, 374, 381 Critique of Practical Reason (Kant), 182 Dionysiac–Orphic religion, 30, 35, 62 new connectionism, 635–639 Cultural determinants of behavior, 564, 614 Dionysian aspect of human nature, 222, 230 Consciousness. See also mind–body Cybernetics, 625 Direct realism, 180, 205 relationships application to human behavior, 626 Discovery of Witchcraft (Scot), 495 Experimental psychologists’ view of, 250 Cynicism, 68, 96, 101, 130, 226 Disinhibition, 392, 421 functionalist and structuralist study of, 384 Daimonic, 579, 603 Displacement, 526, 533, 550 Hull on, 435 Daquin, Joseph, 496 Distance perception, Berkeley’s theory of, James on, 341 Dark Ages, 81, 666 142 methodological behaviorism on, 515 Darwin, Charles, 3, 297–302, 331, 668 Divided line analogy (Plato), 46, 62 mind–body relationship theories, 411 age of the earth and evolution, 300 Dix, Dorothea Lynde, 498, 513, 667 mind–brain and mind–body relationships, human evolution, 300 Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree, 651 634 influence on Freud, 517 Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree, 502, 650 molar approach to, 456 influence on psychology and other Doctor of Psychology degree (PsyD), 502, molecular approach to, 456 disciplines, 301 650, 664 Schopenhauer on, 216 journey of the Beagle, 298 Dogmatist, 67, 96 Searle on, 630 return to England, 298 Donders, Franciscus Cornelius, 269, 291, 644 Sechenov on, 386 social Darwinism and, 297, 304 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 226, 573 Skinner on, 445 theory of evolution, 300 double aspectism, 16, 26, 182, 205 Sophists’ concerns with, 43 Darwin, Erasmus, 294 doctrine of specific nerve energies, 235, 250 Sperry on, 612 Dasein,574,603 dream analysis Titchener’s mental elements, 276 Daseinanalysis, 575, 604 Freud on, 526, 550 Watson, John, on, 411 Death Jung on, 558, 568 Wundt on, 264 existentialists on, 596 dream work, 526, 550 Conservation of energy, principle of, 237, Fechner on, 254 dreams, 62 261, 517 Freud on death instincts, 533, 550 Aristotle on, 55 Constancy hypothesis, 465, 484 Nietzsche on, 223 Condillac on, 166 Constantine, Emperor, 77, 96, 666 Schopenhauer on, 215 Descartes’s explanation of, 121 Constructive alternativism, 581, 603 Deception of Demons (Weyer), 495 Hobbes’s views on, 133 Construct systems, 582, 603 Deduction, 115, 127, 132, 180 Plato on, 49, 527 Contagion effect, 505, 513 Defense mechanisms, 533, 550 Dreyfus, Hubert, 638 Contagious magic, 490, 513 Deficiency motivation (D–motivation), 589, Drive reduction, 437, 454 Contemporary psychology, 643–664 603 “Drives and the C.N.S.” (Hebb), 625 APA divisions, 644 Deficiency perception (D–perception), 589 Drives, Guthrie on, 441 diversity of, 643 Deism, 112, 127, 181 Drives Toward War (Tolman), 427 eclecticism, 644 Dementia praecox, 499 dualism, 18, 631, 634 new developments in psychology, 659–661 Democritus, 37, 62, 665 dualists, 18, 26, 127 postmodernism, 655–659 Depression, 649, 658 Descartes, 122 psychology’s status as a science, 653–655 Derrida, Jacques, 104 Pythagoreans, 35 psychology’s two cultures, 652 Descartes, RenÉ, 18, 21, 117–124, 127, 130, Dynamics of Behavior (Woodworth), 369 pure, scientific versus applied psychology, 180, 184, 234, 666 Dynamic psychology, 368, 381 644–653 DescentofMan, The (Darwin), 297, 300 Dynamics in Psychology (Köhler), 463 Contemporary Schools of Psychology Descriptive behaviorism, 448, 454 Ebbinghaus, Hermann, 286–288, 291, 624, (Woodworth), 369 Determinism, 8, 14–17, 26 627, 668 Context theory of meaning, 277, 291 Democritus, 37 Eclectic approach, 4, 26 Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations Nietzsche’sviewversusFreudians,223 Eclecticism, 644, 664 (Mach), 423 responsibility and, 16 Ecological psychology, 634 Contributions to the Theory of Sense Perception third–force psychology and, 571 Education (Wundt), 263 Wundt, 271 Dewey on, 364 Convictions, Nietzsche on, 223, 230 Developmental lines, 554, 568 gifted children, 321 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 106–108, 127, 666 Dewey, John, 362–364, 381, 647, 669 Hall’s opposition to coeducation, 356 Correlation, 306, 331 criticism of reflexes in behavior analysis, HÉlvetius on, 168 Correlational laws, 8, 26 363 influence of phrenology, 247 Correspondence theory of truth, 10, 13, 26 involvement in social causes, 364 La Mettrie’s views on, 164 Cortical mosaic, 392, 421 views on education, 364 Locke on, 139 Cosmology, 31, 62 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental nature–nurture controversy and, 304 Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts Disorders (DSM), 499 racial segregation in U. S. schools, 360– in Practice (Rogers), 592, 624 dialectic method, 86, 96 362

SU BJECT IN DE X 711 Rousseau on, 211 nativism versus, 18 pre–Darwinian theories, 293 Skinner on, 448 process of becoming, 33 Skinner’s behavior analysis and, 446 Sumner on, 359 rationalism versus, 179–181 Spencer, Herbert, 294–297 Educational psychology, 198 English Men of Science: Their Nature and Evolutionary psychology, 302, 331, 450 Kelly, George, 580 Nurture (Galton), 304 sociobiology versus, 614–616 Efficient cause, 52, 63 Engram,607,622 Excitation, 391, 421 Egger, M. D., 627 Enjoy Old Age: Living Fully Your Later Years Existentialism, 217–227, 230, 571 Ego, 531, 532, 550 (Skinner and Vaughan), 449 emphasis on meaning in human life, 571 Jung on, 556, 568 Enlightenment, 207, 230, 656 in humanistic psychology, 572 Ego defense mechanisms, 533, 550 Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, An Kierkegaard, Soren, 217–220 Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (Anna (Hume), 143 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 220–227 Freud), 554 entelechy, 52, 63 truth as relative to cultural group, 656 ego psychology, 554, 568 Environmental determinism, 14, 26 Existence: A New Dimension in Psychiatry and Ehrenfels, Christian von, 457, 484 Environmentalism, 168. See also nature– Psychology (May), 577 Eigenwelt, 576, 603 nurture controversy Existential psychology, 573–584, 604 Eidola, 36, 63 intelligence testing and, 308 Binswanger, Ludwig, 575–577 Either/Or (Kierkegaard), 218, 220 nature–nurture controversy, 304 comparison to humanistic psychology, 595 Electroencephalography (EEG), 659 sociobiology and, 614 Heidegger, Martin, 573–575 Elementism, 37, 63, 456, 484 Environment, importance to Skinner, 446 Kelly, George, 580–584 Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind Epicureanism, 69, 96, 163 May, Rollo, 577–580 (Stewart), 335 Epicurus of Samos, 69, 96, 665 Existential Psychology (May), 577 Elements of Phrenology (Caldwell), 246 Epiphenomenalism, 16, 26, 411, 633 expectancies, 431, 454 Elements of Physiological Psychology Epistemololgy, 20, 26 Experimental neurosis, 392, 421 (Woodworth), 369 Equipotentiality, 607, 622, 622 Experimental psychology, 250–256. See Elements of Psychophysics (Fechner), 254, 286 Erasmus, Desiderius, 100, 103, 127, 666 also pure, scientific psychology Elements of thought, 267, 291, 456 Escape from Freedom (Fromm), 578, 596 association with academia, 648 Elliotson, John, 507 Essay Concerning Human Understanding, An Calkins’s view of, 352 Emergentism, 18, 26 (Locke), 135 Bretano’s view of, 279 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 4, 506 Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge Fechner, Gustav Theodor, 252–256, 644 Emile, 210, 211 (Condillac), 166 Husserl on, 282 Emotions Essay on the Principle of Population, An Hull’s influence on, 437 Aristotle on, 56 (Malthus), 299 James on, 340 computer metaphor for the brain and, 634 Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision, An Weber, Ernst Heinrich, 251 Darwin on, 300 (Berkeley), 140 Wundt’s view of, 265, 644 Democritus on, 38 Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind Experimental Psychology (Woodworth), 369 Hartley on, 152 (Reid), 190 “Experimental Studies of the Perception of Hume on, 148 Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (Reid), Movement” (Wertheimer), 459 inappropriate, in mental illness, 487 190 Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals James on, 344 Essays on the Mind (HelvÉtius), 167 (Darwin), 300 Locke on, 137 Essences, 44, 50, 63 Extinction, 392, 421 McDougall on, 414 family resemblance versus, 658 latent extinction, 432 Plato on, 48 nomanilism versus realism, 86 Skinner’s alternative to punishment, 447 romanticism’s emphasis on, 208 ethical stage, 220, 230 Extrinsic reinforcement, 475, 484 Spinoza on, 183 Ethics: Demonstrated in Geometrical Order Extraversion, 557, 559, 568 Titchener’s affections, 276 (Spinoza), 181 Factor analysis, 313, 331 Watson on, 407 Ethnology, 5 Faculty psychology, 191, 205, 631 Emotions and the Will (Bain), 159 Ethology, 157, 176, 613, 622 return of, 633 Empedocles, 36, 63 Eugenics, 303, 331 Falsifiability, 9, 27 Empirical observation, 7, 26 Cattell, James M., 307 Family resemblance, 658, 664 Empirical self, 343, 381 Davenport, Charles, 323 Farewell to Reason (Feyerabend), 13 Empiricism, 7, 21, 26, 130. See also Yerkes, Robert M., 323 Fashions in psychology, 5 positivism; sensationalism evil, 71, 102 Faust (Goethe), 212 Aristotle, 51 Horney on basic evil, 563 In Fear and Trembling (Kierkegaard), 219 Bain, Alexander, 158–162, 176 Evolution, 3 Fear, Hebb’s research on, 610 Bacon, Francis, 114–116 Anaximander on, 32 Fechner, Gustav Theodor, 252–256, 260, Berkeley, George, 140–143, 176 applied psychology and, 647 340, 461, 667 British empiricism, 131–162 Empedocles on, 36 experimental study of cognitive events, defined, 131, 176 Darwin, Charles, 297–302 624 Hartley, David, 150–152, 176 Dewey on, 364 influence on Freud, 516 Hobbes, Thomas, 5, 131–134, 176 Freud’s theories and, 517 feedback, information, 625, 626 Hume, David, 143–150, 177 Galton, Sir Francis, 302–307 feelings of inferiority, 560, 568 James on, 346 Goethe on, 213 Feelings. See also emotions Locke, John, 134–140, 177 Hall, Granville S., 358 Rogers on, 593 mental events and, 631 Ladd–Franklin color vision theory, 243 Wundt on, 267, 291 Mill, James, 152–154, 177 Lamarck, Jean, 294 Feminine Psychology (Horney), 564 Mill, John Stuart, 5, 154–158, 177 Nietzsche on, 223 Ficino, Marsilio, 99, 127

712 S U BJECT INDEX Fictional goals, 561 nicotine addiction, 520 Gestalt psychology, 456–485, 484, 608, 624 Fictionalism, 285 on Nietzsche, 226 antecedents, 457 Field theory, 458, 484 self–analysis, 525 application of field theory, 464 application in Gestalt psychology, 464 studies with Charcot, 509, 522 explanation of learning, 471–473 Lewin, Kurt, 477–480 view of human nature, 536 figure–ground relationship, 468 figure–ground relationship, 468, 484 visit to the U. S., 362, 530 founding of, 458 Final cause, 52, 63 Wittgenstein on, 541 influence on psychology, 481, 627 First–signal system, 393, 421 Frish, Karl von, 613 information–processing theory and, 632 Fitness Fritzsch, Gustav, 250, 260 Koffka, Kurt, 460 Darwin on, 300, 331 Fromm, Erich, 578, 596 Köhler, Wolfgang, 461–463 sociobiology, inclusive fitness, 302, 331 Fully functioning person, 594 law of Prägnanz, 466 Fixed–role therapy, 583, 604 Functional analysis, 444, 454 Lewin, Kurt, 477–481 Flourens, Pierre, 247, 260, 608, 667 Functionalism, 334–383, 384, 623 memory, 476 Flourishing, 598, 604 Angell, James R., 364–366 opposition to constancy hypothesis, 465 Forensic psychology, 349, 381 applied psychology and, 647 perceptual constancies, 467 Formal cause, 52, 63 Calkins, Mary Whiton, 350–353 principles of perceptual organization, 468 Formal discipline, 247, 260 Carr, Harvey, 366 phi phemomenon, 464 “Formation of Learning Sets, The” (Harlow), Cattell, James M., 367 productive thinking, 474–476 625 characteristics of, 336 psychophysical isomorphism, 464 Forms, 46, 63, 110 Clark, Kenneth B., 360–362 subjective and objective reality, 470 Fourth–force psychology, 590 Darwin’s influence, 301 success in the U. S., 463 Frankl, Victor, 576, 596 defined, 336, 381 Tollman and, 427 Frazer, Sir James, 490 Dewey, John, 362–364 top–down analysis, not bottom up, 465 Free association, 523, 550 fate of, 376 Wertheimer, Max, 459 Freedom James, William, 337–347 Gestalt Psychology (Köhler), 461 Goethe on, 212 Münsterberg, Hugo, 347–350 Gifted Children (Hollingworth), 322 Heidegger on, 575 psychology at Clark University, 362 Gillie, Oliver, 314 Kierkegaard on, 220 Sumner, Francis C., 358–360 Goddard, Henry H., 315–317, 332, 669 Nietzsche on, 223 Thorndike, Edward L., 369–376 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 212, 230, 516 Rousseau on, 210, 571 Woodworth, Robert S., 368 Golden Bough, The (Frazer), 490 Schopenhauer on, 216 Future of an Illusion, The (Freud), 537 Golden mean, 56, 63 Vaihinger on, 285 Galen, 41, 63, 120, 492, 665 Good old–fashioned AI (GOFAI), 636 Free will, 16. See also nondeterminism Galileo, 108–112, 127, 132, 666 Gorgias, 42 Adler on, 561 conception of science, 477 Great–person approach, 4, 26 artificial intelligence and the human mind, Gall, Franz Joseph, 244, 260, 667 Greek philosophy 631 Galton, Sir Francis, 302–307, 331, 668 Anaxagoras, 37 Augustine on, 79 anthropometry, 305 Anaximander, 32 Binswanger on, 576 contributions to psychology, 307 animism and anthropomorphism, 29 Epicurean view of, 69 correlation, 306 Antisthenes, 68 Hobbes on, 134 eugenics, 303 Aristotle, 2, 49–57 James on, 338, 345 measure of intelligence, 303 early Greek medicine, 38 Luther on, 102 mental imagery, 305 early Greek religion, 30 Spinoza on, 182 nature–nurture controversy, 304, 617 Diogenes, 68 third–force psychology, 571 word–association test, 305 Empedocles, 36 Wundt on, 271 Garcia effect, 139 Galen, 41 Free Will, The (Erasmus), 192 Gassendi, Pierre, 162, 176, 666 Gorgias, 42 Freud, Anna, 523, 538, 552–555, Gassner, Johann, 504 Heraclitus, 32 568, 671 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 475 Hedonism, 70 child analysis, conflict with Melanie Klein Gender. See also women Hippocrates, 39–41 ego psychology, 554 Aristotle on male superiority, 57 importance of early philosophers, 57 Freudian slips, 528 Horney on, 564 Parmenides, 33 Freud, Sigmund, 3, 19, 518–546, 551, Mill (J.S.) on equality of sexes, 158 Plato, 21, 35, 45–49 669. See also psychoanalysis Schopenhauer on inferiority of women, Protagoras, 41 break with Adler, 559 214 Pyrro of Elis, 67 break with Jung, 556 Saint Paul’s views on women, 76 Pythagoras, 34 cocaine use, 519 sociobiology on role of, 613 relativity of truth, 41 contributions to psychology, 545 General impression, 271, 291 Socrates, 44 criticisms of his theories, 544 General intelligence (g), 314, 332 Thales, 31 early influences on psychoanalysis, 520– Geographical environment, 470, 484 Zeno of Elea, 34 524 General Principles of Human Refloxology Ground of existence, 576, 604 flight from the Nazis, 537 (Bechterev), 394 Group dynamics, 480, 484 Goethe’s influence on, 213 General will, 211, 230 Growth of the Mind: An Introduction to Child Horney’s disagreements with, 562 Genetic Studies of Genius (Terman), 319 Psychology (Koffka), 461 Kelly on, 580 Genital stage, 536 Guilt, 604 Maslow on, 588 Geocentric theory, 106, 127 existentialist thought on, 578 models of mental illness, 504 Gestalt, 456, 484 Heidegger on, 575

SU BJECT IN DE X 713 Guthrie, Edwin R., 438–442, 450, 454 Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and criticisms of, 596 drives and intentions, 441 Consequences (Galton), 303 evaluation of, 596 forgetting, 440 Hering, Ewald, 242, 260, 668 Maslow, Abraham, 584–590 formalization of his theory, 441 Heritability, 618, 622 mind, body, and spirit, 570 learning theory, 439 Hernstein, Richard J., 325 phenomenology, 572 one–trial learning, 439, 455 hierarchy of needs (Maslow), 587, 604 positive psychology and, 598 punishment research, 441 Hippocrates, 39–41, 63, 665 truth as relative to cultural group, 656 why practice improves performance, 439 mental disorders and treatment, 491, 513 Human nature, 17, 630 nature of reinforcement, 440 Historical development approach, 4, 26 Apollonian and Dionysian aspects, 222 habit strength (SHR), 437, 454 Historicism, 2, 26 assumptions about, effect on study of habits, 381 Historiography, 2, 26 humans, 632 breaking, Guthrie on, 441 History of Experimental Psychology (Boring), existential psychology on, 597 James on, 342 274 Freud on, 536 Hall, Granville S., 353–358, 381, 644, 669 History of Psychology, 358 humanistic psychology on, 596, 597 applied psychology and military efficiency, Hobbes, Thomas, 5, 131–134, 176, 666 Hume on, 143 647 Holists, 457, 484 science of, J. S. Mill founder and president of APA, 354 Hollingworth, Leta S., 321, 331, 670 human science, 579 opposition to coeducation, 356 Homeopathic magic, 490, 513 Humans, relation to other animals, 19 president of Clark University, 354 L’Homme Machine (Man a Machine), 163, 353 Hume, David, 143–150, 177, 189, 192, 667 recapitulation theory, 355 Homo homini lupus (Man is a wolf to man), Humor, Freud on, 529 religious conversion, 356 133 Husserl, Edmund, 281, 291, 573, 669 study of aging, 358 Hormic psychology, 414, 421 Huxley, Thomas, 294, 299 sublimation, 356 Horney, Karen, 561–565, 568, 670 Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental views on women, 357 adjustments to basic anxiety, 563 Approach (Hull), 435 work on adolescent psychology, 355, 357 basic hostility and basic anxiety, 563 Hypnotism, 504–506 Happiness. See also hedonism feminine psychology, 564 artificial somnambulism, 506 Aristotle on, 56 hostility, Horney on, 563, 568 Charcot’s explanation of, 508 Epicurean view of, 70 Hull, Clark L., 434–438, 454, 624, 670 Freud’s use in treatment of hysteria, 523 Stoicism and, 71 aptitude testing, 435 Janet’s expnanation of, 510 Hard determinism, 16 concept formation, research on, 434 mesmerism’s popularity, 506 Harlow, Harry, 585, 625 humans as machines, 435 mesmerism used as anesthetic, 507 Hartley, David, 150–152, 176, 234, 635, 667 hypnosis and suggestibility, 435 Nancy school, 507 Hebb, Donald O., 608–610, 622, 671 hypothetico–deductive theory, 436 origin of term “hypnosis”, 507 cell assemblies and phase sequences, 609 influence on psychology, 437, 450 posthypnotic amnesia, 507 criticism of radical behaviorism, 625 reinforcement theory, 437 posthypnotic suggestion, 507 experimental study of cognitive processes, 627 Hull–Spence theory, 437 hypotheses, 431, 454 on idea in Hebb’s rule, 635 Human, All–Too–Human (Nietzsche), 221, hypothetico–deductive theory, 436, 454 physiological and cognitive psychology, 223 hysteria, 492 625 Human dilemma, 578, 603 case of Anna O., 520 Hebb’s rule, 635, 642 Human evolution, 300 Charcot’s explanation of, 509 Hedonism, 70, 96 Human Intellect: With an Introduction Upon Freud and Brueur, Studies on Hysteria, 524, Bain on, 161 Psychology and the Soul (Porter), 335 551 Bentham on, 153 Humanism Freud on male hysteria, 522 HÉlvetius on, 168 Bruno, Giordano, 106–108 Freud’s seduction theory, 525, 540 Hobbes on motivation, 134 Copernicus, Nocolaus, 106 Janet’s explanation of, 510 Locke on motivation, 137 Defined, 99, 127 Id, 531, 551 Spinoza on, 183 Erasmus, Desiderius, 100 Idealists, 18, 26 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 199–201, Galileo, 108–112 Ideas, 177. See also associationism; complex 205, 667 humanistic ideals versus rigorous science, ideas; simple ideas Heidbreder, 527, 529, 653 652 association of, 146 Heidegger, Martin, 573–575, 604, 670 Kepler, Johannes, 108 Berkeley on, 140 authenticity and inauthenticity, 374 Luther, Martin, 101–103 Condillac on, 166 Dasein, 574 major themes, 98 Herbart on, 197 guilt and anxiety, 575 Petrarch,Francesco,99 Hume on, 145 Nazism, 574 Pico,Giovanni,100 Locke on, 137 thrownness, 575 Montaigne, Michel de, 103 Spinoza on, 183, 186 Heliocentric theory, 106, 127 Renaissance, 104 identical elements theory of transfer, 375, 382 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 236–242, 260, Humanistic psychology, 570–572, 584– identification, 534, 535 506, 644, 668 605, 626. See also existential identification with the aggressor, 554, 568 influence on Freud, 517, 524 psychology Ideo–motor theory of behavior, 345, 382 Heloise, 88 artificial intelligence and the mind, 631 Idols of the cave, 116, 127 HelvÉtius, Claude–Adrien,167,176 basic tenets, 586 Idols of the marketplace, 116, 128 Henri, Victor, 310 combination of romanticism and Idols of the theater, 116, 128 Heraclitus, 32, 63, 661, 665 existentialism, 572 Idols of the tribe, 116, 128 Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 196–199, 205, comparison to existential psychology, 595 Imageless thoughts, 283, 291 516, 667 contributions of, 597 Imagination

714 S U BJECT INDEX Aristotle on, 55, 63 Interpretation of Dreams, The (Freud), 526 Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 590 Condillac on, 166 intervening variables, 430, 433, 455 Judaism Galton on mental imagery, 305 intrinsic reinforcement, 475, 484 Maimonides, 84, 97, 666 Hobbes on, 133 Introduction to Social Psychology, An, Neoplatonism and, 72 Hume on, 145, 177 (McDougall), 413, 417 Jung, C. G., 18, 531, 555–559, 568, 579, 670 Immediate experience, 266, 291 Introductory Lectures of Psychoanalysis (Freud), attitudes, 557 Impressions, 145, 150, 177 530 break with Freud, 556 General impression (Wundt), 271 introspection, 48, 63. 97, 120, 291 causality, teleology, and synchronicity, 557 Inauthentic life, 574, 604 Bretano’s use of, 279 collective unconscious and archetypes, 556 Inclusive fitness, 302, 332 in functionalism and structuralism, 384 dream analysis, 558 Incongruent person, 594, 604 Külpe’s use of, 283 ego, 556 Indeterminism, 16, 26 Mach on, 423 Goethe’s influence on, 213 Individual differences and applied Pavlov on, 393 libido, 556 psychology, 647 questioning of validity as research tool, 285 middle age, importance of, 558 Individuation, Jung on, 558 Thorndike on, 376 Nietzsche’s influence on, 227 Induction, 115, 128, 132, 180 Titchener’s use of, 275, 278 personal unconscious, 556 Inductive definition, 44, 63 Watson on, 403 truth and differing viewpoints, 661 Industrial psychology, 349, 382 Wundt’s use of, 267, 268 visit to the U. S., 362, 555 Infantile sexuality, 528, 540 Introversion, 557, 559, 568 Just noticeable difference (jnd), 252, 255, 261 Inferiority complex, 560, 568 intuition, 120, 128 Kagan, Jerome, 627 Information processing psychology, 625, 628, irrationalism, 26 Kallikak Family: A Study of the Heredity of 631–633, 642 rationalism versus, 19 Feeble–Mindedness (Goddard), 315 human mind and computer programs, 632 James–Lange theory of emotions, 345, 382 Kamin, Leon, 314 influence of Kant, 633 James, William, 337–347, 382, 597, 624, 647, Kant, Immanuel, 192–196, 205, 236, 485, 667 limitations of, 634 668 Gestalt psychology and, 457 return of faculty psychology, 633 on Calkins at her PhD exam, 352 information–processing psychology and, return of mind–body problem, 633 contributions to psychology, 347 633 Information processing systems, 625 definition of psychology, 626 mechanistic view of human nature, 631 Information theory, 625, 627 description of psychology, 653 Kelly, George, 580–584, 604, 671 Inheritance. See also evolution; measurement free will, 345 constructive alternativism, 581 of intelligence; nativism on Freud and psychoanalysis, 530 construct systems, 582 of acquired characteristics, 294, 332 habits and instincts, 342 fixed–role therapy, 583 experience versus, Watson’s view, 406 health crisis, 338 self–characterization, 583 genetic influences on intelligence and Hebb’s rule and, 635 Vaihinger and, 582 personality, 617 influence on McDougall, 412 Kendler, Tracy and Howard, 626 nativism, 18, 27 influence on Tolman, 427 Kepler, Johannes, 108, 128 inhibition, 421 Maslow on, 588 Kierkegaard, Soren, 217–220, 227, 230, 668 Pavlov on, 391 opposition to Wundt’s approach, 340 exercise of free will, 578 Sechenov on, 386 philosophy’s two cultures, 652 meaning in human life, 576 innate ideas, 119, 128, 180 pragmatism, 345 shut–upness, 578 Hobbes’s opposition to, 133 precursor to Gestalt psychology, 458 Kimble, Gregory, 652, 654 Locke’s opposition to, 136 rejection of universals or absolutism, 656 Kinesthesis, 251, 261 Insightful learning, 471, 484 the self, 343 Klein, Melanie, 553, 568 Instincts stream of consciousness, 341 Knowledge Freud on, 531, 551 Janet, Pierre, 509, 513, 527, 540 origin of human knowledge, 20 James on, 342 Jesus, 75, 97 reminiscence theory of knowledge, 48 McDougall on, 413–415 Jesus, the Christ, in the Light of Psychology Koch, age of theory, 424, 654 Watson on, 405, 415 (Hall), 355 Koffka, Kurt, 427, 460, 485 Instinctual drift, 616, 622 Jews, treatment by Nazis, 462 geographical and behavioral environments, Instrumental conditioning, 445, 454 Jokes, Freud on, 529 470 Intellectual philosophy (U. S.), 335 Jonah complex, 588, 604 on memory, 476 Intelligence, 295. See also measurement of Jones, Mary Cross, 408 Köhler, Wolfgang, 461, 485 intelligence Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,437 criticism of the Nazis, 462 controversy over definition of, 326 Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,450 disagreement with nativism, 466 genetic influences on, 617 JournalofApplied Psychology, 355, 648 honors, 463 Piaget on developmental intelligence, 624 Journal of Comparative and Physiological immigration to the U. S., 463 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 312, 332, 462 Psychology, 437 learning research, 471–473 Intentionality, 279, 291, 573, 604, 630 Journal of Consulting Psychology, 648 perceptual constancies, 467 Intentions, Guthrie on, 441 Journal for Experimental Analysis of Behavior, principles of perceptual organization, 469 interactionism, 18, 26, 122, 128 450 psychophysical isomorphism, 464 defined, 411 Journal of Experimental Psychology,437 Koller, Carl, 519 James on, 345 Journal of Genetic Psychology, 355 Kramer, Heinrich, 493, 666 mind–body problem in cognitive Journal of Humanistic Psychology,586,590,597 Kraepelin, Emil, 499, 513, 669 psychology, 633 Journal of Psychology and Physiology of the Sense Krafft–Ebing, Richard von, 525, 527 Sperry on, 612 Organs, 287 Kuhn, Thomas, 10–12, 22, 26, 93, 106, 109, internal sense, 79, 97 Journal of Religious Psychology, 355 117, 263, 652, 660

SU BJECT IN DE X 715 Wittgenstein and, 657 Leviathan (Hobbes), 133 being motivation and perception, 589 Külpe, Oswald, 283, 292 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 185–189, characteristics of self–actualizing people, Ladd–Franklin, Christine, 243, 261, 274, 669 206, 516, 667 588 Lamarck, Jean, 294, 332, 667 Levy, Jerre, 612 deficiency, 589 La Mettrie, Julien de, 163–166, 177, 353, 667 Lewin, Kurt, 477–481, 485, 670 hierarchy of needs, 587, 624 Land, Edwin, 213 Aristotelian versus Galilean science, 477 Johan complex, 588 Lange, Carl George, 345, 382 conflict research, 479 self–actualization, 587 Language group dynamics, 480 transpersonal psychology, 589 Chomsky on, 616, 622, 625 life space, 478 mass action, 607, 622 Condillac on, 167 motivation, 478 Material cause, 52, 63 NETtalk speech synthesizer, 638 principle of contemporaneity, 478 Materialism, 17, 27 Pavlov on, 393 libido, 531, 551, 569 Berkeley’s opposition to, 140 Watson on language and thinking, 404 Jung on, 556 brain activities and cognitive events, 634 Language games, 656–658, 664 LiÉbeault, Auguste Ambroise, 507, 514, 523, Democritus, 37 Language, Truth and Logic (Ayer), 424 668 denial of mental events, 623 Lashley, Karl, 400, 481, 606–608, 622, 625, Life instincts, 532, 551 Fechner on, 253–256 670 Life space, 478, 485 Gassendi, Pierre, 163 mass action and equipotentiality, 607, 637 Lifestyles, 561, 569 Hobbes, Thomas, 133 psychologists’ teperaments, 652 Limen (threshold), 189, 198, 206 humans as machines, 631 search for the engram, 607 Limits of Science, The (Medawar), 660 Newton, Isaac, 111 Latency stage, 536 Lincoln, Abraham, 558, 588 Sechenov, Ivan M., 386 Latent content, 526, 551 Lippman, Walter, 319 vitalism versus, 237 Latent extinction, 432, 455 Little Book of Life After Death, The (Fechner), Wundt’s opposition to, 264 Latent learning, 431, 455 253, 340 Mathematico–Deductive Theory of Rote Learning Law of cause and effect, 146, 177 Loeb, Jacques, 398 (Hull et al.), 436 Law of compound association, 160, 177 Locke, John, 134–140, 177, 185, 666 McDougall, William, 412–417, 422 Law of constructive association, 160, 177 Loftus, Elizabeth, 542–544 debates with Watson on behaviorism, Law of contiguity, 54, 63, 142, 146, 177 Logical positivism, 424, 455. See also 415–417 Guthrie on, 439, 455 neobehaviorism definition of psychology, 413 Law of continuity, 188, 206, 454 in current psychology, 450 his life as a “major tragedy”, 412 Law of contrast, 54, 63 Hull and Tolman, 435, 438 influence of William James, 412 Law of disuse, 374, 382 merged with behaviorism purposive behavior, 414 Law of effect, 374, 382 (neobehaviorism), 426 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Law of exercise, 374, 382 Lombard, Peter, 85, 97, 666 The (Newton), 112 Law of frequency, 54, 63, 439 Lorenz, Konrad, 613 Mathematics, 34 Law of Prägnanz, 466, 476, 485 Lowenfield, Leopold, 541 Bacon’s views on, 115 Law of recency, 411, 422, 439 Ludwig, Karl, 237, 388 Descartes’s discoveries, 118 Law of resemblance, 146, 177 Luther, Martin, 101–103, 108, 128, 666 Herbart as a mathematical psychologist, Law of similarity, 54, 63 Mach, Ernst, 171, 423, 457, 485, 668 198 Law of use, 374, 382 Machines, humans as, 630 Newton’s use of mathematical deduction, Laws of association, 54, 63, 146, 148 Hobbes on, 132 113 Bain’s use of, 159 Hull on, 435 Psychological phenomena and, 233 Berkeley’suse of,151 La Mettrie, Julien de, 163 May, Rollo, 577–580, 604, 671 Hume’s use of, 146, 148 Mills, James, 154 human dilemma, 478 learning theorists prior to Guthrie, 439 thinking and machines, 629 human science, 579 Laws, scientific, 8 Magendie, Francois, 234, 261 importance of myth, 578 Learning. See also education; learning Magic, 30, 63, 93 normal and neurotic anxiety, 578 theory treatment of mental illness, 490 McCulloch, Warren, 635 latent learning, 431 “MagicalNumberSeven,PlusorMinus McDougall, William, 412–417, 669 performance versus (Tolman), 431 Two” (Miller), 625 definition of psychology, 413 Learning theory magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 659 his life as a “major tragedy”, 412 Aristotle’slawsofassociation, 55 magnetism influence of William James, 412 Bechterev, 396 use as anesthetic, 507 Köhler on, 461 Brelands on genetic determinants of, 617 use in treating mental illness, 504 purposive behavior, 414 Ebbinghaus, 287 Magnus. See Albertus Magnus, Saint Mean, 306 Gestalt psychology, 471–473 Maimonides, 84, 97, 666 Meaning of Anxiety, The (May), 577 Guthrie and law of contiguity, 439 Maintaining stimuli, Guthrie on, 441, 455 Meaning in human existence Hebb on, 610 Malebranche, Nocolas De, 18, 185, 206 Binswanger on, 576 McDougall versus Watson, 415 “On Male Hysteria” (Freud), 522 Heidegger on, 574 Pavlov, 391–393 Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches’ Hammer), Kierkegaard on, 577 Skinner’s questioning of, 448 493 May on, 578 Thorndike, 374–376, 428 Malthus, Thomas, 298, 332 Nietzsche on, 226, 571 Watson, John, 410, 428 Manifest content, 526, 551 Wittgenstein on language games, 656–658 Leash principle (Wilson), 614, 622 Man’s Search for Meaning (Binswanger), 576 MD (Doctor of Medicine) degree, 651 Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology Maslow, Abraham, 571, 584–590, 604, 671 Measurement of intelligence, 648 (Wundt), 265 basic tenets of humanistic psychology, 586 Binet, Alfred, 309–313

716 S U BJECT INDEX Binet–Simon scale of intelligence, 311 defined, 486, 514 Descartes on, 121 Burt, Cyril, 314 Dix, Dorothea Lynde, 498 Gassendi, Pierre, 162 Cattell, James M., 307 early approaches to treatment, 489–495 Hobbes on, 133 deterioration of national intelligence (U. early explanations of, 487 Liebniz on, 187 S.), 324–326 harmful behavior, 487 Malebranche on, 185 Galton, Francis, 303–305 hypnotism and magnetism as treatments, Psychophysical methods of exploring, 256 general intelligence concept (Spearman), 504–508 Pythagoran view of, 35 313 improvements in treatment, 495 Sperry on, 612 intelligence quotient (IQ), 312 inappropriate emotions, 487 Spinoza on, 182 Köhler’s criticism of, 462 Janet on hypnosis and hysteria, 509 Summary of main views on, 411 Simon, Theodore, 310 Kraepelin, Emil, 499 Titchener on, 277 U. S. army intelligence testing, 323 Pinel, Philippe, 496–498 Watson, John, on, 411 use of Binet–Simon scale in the U. S., postmodernism and, 658 Mind–brain relationship, 634 315–323 psychological versus medical model, 502– strong artificial intelligence, 629 Mechanism, 27, 237. See also machines, 504 Mistaken lifestyle, 561, 569 humans as; materialism Rush, Benjamin, 498 Mitwelt, 576, 604 vitalism versus, 19 unconscious processes as cause, 515 Modernism, 656, 659, 664 mechanistic behaviorism, 436 unrealistic thoughts and perceptions, 487 Molar approach, 456, 485 Medawar, Peter, 660 unpredictable behavior, 487 Molar behavior. See purposive behavior median, 306 Witmer, Lightner, 500–502 Molecular approach, 456, 485 mediate experience, 266, 292 Mental imagery, 305 Molecular behavior, 429, 455 Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Mental orthopedics, 313, 332 Monads, 186, 206 Diseases of the Mind (Rush), 498 Mental philosophy (U. S.), 335 Monists, 18, 27 medical model of mental illness, 488, 491, Mental physics, 154 Montaigne, Michel de, 103, 128, 666 514, 515 mental chemistry versus, 155 Moral philosophy, 144, 335 medication versus psychotherapy debate, mental set, 284, 292 Morgan, Conwy L., 371, 382, 669 650 mental tests. See also measurement of Morgan’s canon, 371, 382 tensions with pschological model, 502– intelligence Motivation 504 Cattell, James M., 308 Aristotle on, 56 medicine immigration into the U. S. and, 316 computer metaphor for the brain and, 634 Alcmaeon on, 39 Mesmer, Franz Anton, 504–506, 514, 667 Hobbes on, 134 Descartes and, 121 Metaphysics (Aristotle), 50 Lewin on, 478 early Greek medicine, 38 Method of adjustment, 256, 261 Locke on, 137 early understanding of mental illness, 495 Method of constant stimuli, 256, 261 Maslow on, 587–590, 624 Empedocles on, 37 Method of limits, 256, 261 Spinoza on, 183 Galen, 41, 63, 665 Methodological behaviorism, 412, 414, 422 Tolman on, 431 Harvey, William, 121 Hull, 436 unconscious, 524 Hippocrates, 39–41, 63, 665 McDougall, William, 412–417, 430 moving against people, 563, 569 Maimonides, 84 Tolman, Edward C., 430 moving away from people, 563, 569 Paracelsus, Philippus, 495 View on consciousness, 515, 624 moving toward people, 563, 569 Pythogaras on, 34 Middle age, Jung on, 558 Müller, Johannes, 235, 235, 237, 261, 265, memory Middle Ages, 78 644, 667 Alzheimer’s disease, 499 Dark Ages, 81 Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire, Aristotle on, 54 Islamic and Jewish influences, 82–85 618 Bartlett’s research on, 624 supernatural model of mental illness, 488 Münsterberg, Hugo, 347–350, 382, 647, 669 Calkins’s research on, 351 Mill, James, 152–154, 177, 667 applied psychology, 349 Cicero on, 608 Mill, John Stuart, 5, 21, 154–158, 177, 458, clinical psychology, 349 Condillac on, 166 624, 668 feeling of willful action, 348 Ebbinghaus’s research on, 287 Miller, George A., 625–627, 628, 632, 642 forensic psychology, 349 Gestalt theories on, 476 Miller, Neal, 627 industrial psychology, 349 Guthrie on, 440 Milner, Peter, 610 rise to fame and decline into disfavor, 350 Hobbes on, 133 Mind Murray, Charles, 325 Lashley on, 607 Analysis of, 147 Mystery religions, 74, 97 repressed memories, 540–544 as a computer or computer program, 628, Myth, importance of, 578 On Memory: An Investigation in Experimental 632 Myth of Mental Illness, The (Szasz), 503 Psychology (Ebbinghaus), 287 Empiricist and rationalist views on, 179 Naïve realism, 21, 27, 190 On Memory (Aristotle), 55 Helmholtz on, 241 Nancy school, 507, 514, 523 Memory processes, 476, 485 Hume on, 148 Narrative therapy, 578, 604 Memory traces, 476, 485 Mills’ analysis of associationism, 153 Nativism, 21, 27. See also evolution Mental age, 312, 332 Mind and Body (Bain), 159 Brelands on innate aspects of behavior, 616 Mental chemistry, 155, 177, 458 Mind–body relationships, 17 empiricism versus, 18 Mental chronometry, 268–270, 292 Angell on, 365 empiricist and rationalist views on, 180 Mental essences, 282, 292 British empiricists following Locke, 136 ethologists, 613 Mental illness, 486–514. See also Chisholm’sdepictionsof, 20 Galton on inherited intelligence, 303–305 psychoanalysis in cognitive psychology, 633 genetic influences on intelligence and Charcot on hypnosis and hysteria, 508 in cognitive science, 634 personality, 617–619

SU BJECT IN DE X 717 Gestalt psychology and, 466 Observational terms, 424, 455 first– and second–signal systems, 392 information–processing theory, 632 Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and Hebb’s rule and, 635 Hering on, 242 His Expectations (Hartley), 150 personality of, 390 Natural History of the Soul, The (La Mettrie), Occam’s razor, 91, 97, 113 physiological basis of associationism, 394 163 Occasionalism, 18, 27, 185, 206 research on digestion, 389 Natural Inheritance (Galton), 306 Oedipus complex, 527, 535, 540, 551 unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, Natural law, 490, 514 Olds, James, 610 391 Natural selection, 300, 332 Olympian religion, 30, 63 Watson’s view of, 403 Nature–nurture controversy, 304, 326, 332 one–trial learning, 439, 455 Pearson, Karl, 306, 332 Adler on, 561 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Pedagogical Seminary (Hall), 355 environmental influences on personality, Selection (Darwin), 299 Penfield, Wilder, 609 619 On the Trinity (Augustine), 80 Penis envy, 535 genetic influences on intelligence and Ontological argument for the existence of Perception, 292 personality, 617–619 God, 85, 97 Aristotle, emotions and selective naturalistic view of the universe, 38 Ontology, 573, 605 perception, 56 natural philosophy, 144 Operant behavior, 445, 455 Berkeley’s theories, 140–143 need–directed perception, 589, 604 Operant conditioning, 617 Democritus’ theory, 38 need for positive regard, 594, 604 Operational definition, 425, 455 Empedocles’ theory, 36 needs, hierarchy of (Maslow), 587, 604 Operationism, 425, 450, 455, 462 Gestaltists’ interest in, 460 negative sensations, 255, 261 Opinions, Nietzsche on 224, 231 Gestalt theories of, 465, 468–470 Neisser, Ulric, 627, 634 Opposites Helmholtz’s theory, 239, 261 Neobehaviorism, 423–455 polar opposites, 33 Hume’s theory, 145 behaviorism today, 449 principle toward the development of Leibniz on, 188 defined, 426, 455 (Wundt), 270 Maslow on, 589 Guthrie, Edwin R., 438–442 oral stage, 534 McDougall on instincts and, 414 Hull, Clark L., 434–438 organ inferiority, 560 unrealistic perceptions in mental illness, logical positivism, 424 organismic valuing process, 593, 605 487 physicalism, 425 Organization of Behavior, The (Hebb), 625, Wundt on, 268 positivism, 423 635 “Perception: An Introduction to Gestalt– Tolman, Edward C., 426–433, 449 Outline of Psychology (Ebbinghaus), 286 Theorie” (Koffka), 460 Spence on transposition, 473 Outlines of Psychology (Külpe), 283 perceptual constancy, 467, 485 Neoplatonism, 71–74, 97 Overcompensation, 560, 569 Performance, 455 Neurophysiology Overdetermination, 529, 551 improvement from practice (Guthrie), 439 Charcot, Jean–Martin, 508, 522 Overt behavior as subject of psychology, 451 learning versus (Tolman), 431 Freud’sinterestin, 522 Paired–associate technique, 351, 382 persona, 557 Nerve physiology, 234–236 Panpsychism, 253, 261 Personal equations, 233, 261 Bell, Charles, 233 Pantheism, 181, 206 Personality tests, Jung’s legacy to, 559 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 236–242 Paracelsus, Philippus, 495, 666 Personality theory Müller, Johannes, 235 Paradigmatic stage, 12, 27 Bouchard on nature versus nurture, 618 NETtalk, 638 Paradigms, 10, 27 Calkins, Mary W., 353 Neural networks, 636, 642 language games and, 657 Freud, Sigmund, 531–534 Neurophysiology, 612 Psychology and, 12 genetic influences on personality, 617 Neurotic anxiety, 578, 604 Paradox of the basins, 138, 177 James, William, 346 New connectionism, 635–639, 642 Parallel distributed processing (PDP) research Watson, John B., 406 New Essays on the Understanding (Leibniz), 185 group, 637 Personal unconsciouness, 556, 569 Newell, Allen, 625, 632 Parapraxes, 528, 551 Perspectivism, 223, 231 Newton, Isaac, 112–114, 128, 135, 233, 667 Parapsychology Petites perceptions, 188, 206 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 220–227, 230, humanistic psychology and, 590 Petrarch, Francesco, 99, 128, 666 516, 576, 596, 669 James’s interest in, 347 Phallic stage, 534 nihilism, 42, 63 McDougall’s interest in, 413 phase sequences, 609, 622 noble savage, 210, 230 Parmenides, 33, 63 PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) degree, 502, nomanilism, 87, 91, 97 Parrish, Celestia Susannah, 274 650 Nondeterminism, 16, 27 Passions, Spinoza on, 183 Phenomena, 280 Normal anxiety, 578, 605 Passive mind, 21, 27, 179, 206 Phenomenological introspection, 279, 292 Normal science, 11, 27 Passive reason, 53, 63 Phenomenologists, 120, 128 Novum Organum, 114 Pathogenic ideas, 521, 551 Bretano, Franz Clemens, 278–280 Objective psychology, 384. See also Paul,Saint,75–77, 97 Hering, Ewald, 242 behaviorism Paulus: Reminiscences of a Friendship (May), 577 Husserl, Edmund, 281–283 Bechterev, Vladimir M., 394–397 Pavlov, Ivan P., 388–394, 422, 669 Stumpf, Carl, 280 Sechenov, Ivan M., 385–388 attitude toward psychology, 393 Phenomenology, 485, 572, 605 Pavlov, Ivan P., 388–394 Bechterev versus, 396 Pure phenomenology (Husserl), 281, 605 Objective reality, 21 discovery of conditioned reflex, 389 use by Gestaltists, 457 Difference from subjective reality, 233 excitation and inhibition, 391 phi phenomenon, 459, 463, 485 Galileo on, 110 experimental neurosis, 392 Phrenology, 171, 261 Gestalt psychology, 470 extinction, spontaneous recovery, and Philo, 72, 97, 665 Locke on, 138 disinhibition, 392 Philosophical Essays (Hume), 143

718 S U BJECT INDEX Philosophical Fragments (Kierkegaard), 227 Renaissance humanists’ interest in, 99 Principles of Physiological Psychology (Wundt), Philosophical Investigations (Wittgenstein), 656 Plotinus, 73, 97 263, 268 Philosophical Studies,265 Political philosophy Principles of Psychology (Ebbinghaus), 287 Philosophy. See also Greek philosophers Bentham, Jeremy, 153 Principles of Psychology (James), 336, 339, 624 of Augustine, Saint, 78–81 Comte, Auguste, 168 Problem solving, human minds and of Constantine, Empeoro, 77 Hobbes, Thomas, 132 computer programs, 632 Descartes, RenÉ, 18, 21, 117–124 Locke, John, 140 productive thinking, 474–476, 485 emphasis on spirit, 74 Mill, J. S., 158 Productive Thinking (Wertheimer), 474, 475 Epicureanism, 69 Rousseau, 211 Project for a Scientific Psychology (Freud), 524 Islamic and Jewish influenes, 82–85 social Darwinism, 296 Prepositional thinking, 582, 605 neoplatonism, 71–74 Popper, Karl, 9, 22, 27, 32, 57, 117, 660, 671 Protagoras, 41, 64, 656, 665 Paul, Saint, 75–77 Porter, Noah, 335 Protestantism, 103 pre–Renaissance times, spirit of, 92 Posthypnotic suggestion, 507, 514, 523 Psychiatry, 649 psychology’s persistent questions, 660 Positive psychology, 598, 605 Psychical determinism, 15 reconciliation of Christian faith and Positive regard, need for, 594 Psychic mechanics, 197, 206 reason, 85 Positivism, 115, 128, 168–172, 177, 423 Psychoanalysis, 515–551. See also Freud, Renaissance humanism, 98– Bacon, 114–117, 444 Sigmund Russell on science and philosophy, 660 Comte, 168–171, 423, 444 antecedents of, 516 scholasticism, 86–91 defined, 455 Breuer, Josef, and the case of Anna O., stoicism, 70 logical positivism, 424 520–522 William of Occam, 91 Mach, 171, 423, 444 clinical psychology after World War II, Wittgenstein on, 657 Pavlov, 388 649 Philosophy of “As If” (Vaihinger), 285, 582 Skinner, 444 contributions of Freud’s theories to Philosophy of Madness (Daquin), 496 Positron emission tomography (PET), 659 psychology, 545 Philosophy of the Unconscious (Hartmann), 517 Postdiction, 10, 27, 128 criticisms of Freud’s theories, 544 Phrenology, 6, 261, 608 Posthypnotic amnesia, 507, 514, 523 Dream analysis, 526 Formal discipline, 247 postmodernism, 655–659, 664 Free association, 523 Gall, Franz Joseph, 244 family resemblance, 658 Freud and Janet’s claims to priority, 510 Popularity of, 245–247 modernism versus, 659 Freud, Sigmund, 518–520 Spurzheim, Johann Kaspar, 245 rejection of natural science model, 659 Freud’sself–analysis, 525 Physical determinism, 15, 27 truth, nature of, 658 Freud’s studies with Charcot, 522 Physicalism, 425, 455 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 656–658 Freud’s view of human nature, 536 Physical monism, 411. See also materialism Power humor, 529 Skinner, B. F., 445 Adler on, 560 hypnosis, 523 Physical reality Nietzsche on, 224, 231 hysteria, studies on, 524 Berkeley on, 141 Practice of Medicine, The (Plater), 495 Oedipus complex, 527 Galileo on, 110 Practice, why it improves performance, 439 Rogers’s challenge to, 592, 624 Hume on, 145 Pragmatism, 286, 339, 346, 382, 659 Project for a Scientific Psychology, 524 Kant on, 193 Pragmatism (James), 346 Psychopathology of Everyday Life, 528 language and, Wittgenstein on, 657 Prägnanz, 466 seduction theory, 525 Locke on, 138 Praise of Folly, The (Erasmus), 100 repressed memories, 540–544 sensations versus, 236 Predestination, 79, 97 revisions of the Freudian legend, 538 Physicists, 32, 64 Preestablished harmony, 18, 27, 187, 206 theory of personality, 531–534 Physiognomy, 244, 261 Premodernism, 655, 664 Watson on, 408 Physiology, 233 Pre–paradigmatic stage, 12, 27 Psychoanalysis of Children, The (Klein), 553 as basis of consciousness in objective Preparedness continuum, 617, 622 Psychobiology, 606–612, 622 psychology, 387, 388 Prescription privileges for psychologists, 649 behavioral genetics, 612 correlates of psychological processes, 159 Presentism, 2, 27 Chomsky’s influence, 616 early developments in, 232–244 Primary laws, 156, 178 genetic influences on intelligence and early research on brain functioning, 244– Primary qualities, 128 personality, 617–619 250 Berkeley and, 141 Lashley, Karl, 606–608 rise of experimental psychology, 250–258 Gallileo and, 110 misbehavior of organisms, 616 Physis, 32, 64 Locke on, 137 new research tools, 659 field theory and Gestalt psychology, 458 Principle of closure, 470, 485 sociobiology, 613 Piaget, Jean, 624, 626, 671 Principle of conservation of energy, 237, 261 sociobiology versus evolutionary influence on psychology, 627, 633 Principle of contemporaneity, 478, 485 psychology, 614–616 prolific writings and standing in Principle of continuity, 468, 485 Sperry, Roger W., 610–612 psychology, 624 Principle of contrasts, 270, 292 Psychological Care of the Infant and Child Pico, Giovanni, 100, 128 Principle toward the development of (Watson), 409 Pinel, Philippe, 496–498, 514, 667 opposites, 270, 292 Psychological Clinic, 501 Place of Value in a World of Facts, The (Köhler), Principle of falsifiability, 9, 27, 545 Psychological Corporation, 368 463 Principle of the heterogony of ends, 270, 292 Psychological facts, 478, 485 Plans and the Structure of Behavior (Miller, Principle of inclusiveness, 468, 485 Psychological model of mental illness, 488, Galanter, and Pribram), 626 Principle of proximity, 468, 485 490, 514, 515 Plato, 21, 35, 45–49, 64, 665 Principle of similarity, 469, 485 medication versus psychotherapy debate, Neoplatonism, 71–74 Principles of Behavior (Hull), 436, 437 650

SU BJECT IN DE X 719 tensions with medical model, 502–504 pure, scientific psychology, 644–653 Reformation, 101, 129 Psychological Review, 367 purposive behavior, 429, 455, 625 witch hunts, 493–495 Psychological Science, 652 Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men Regression toward the mean, 306, 332 Psychological Studies, 265 (Tolman), 429 Reid, Thomas, 189–192, 206, 667 Psychology. See also contemporary purposive behaviorism, 429 reification, 21, 27, 43 psychology PuysÉgur, Marquis de, 506, 514 Reinforcement, 455 definition of, 1 puzzle box (Thorndike), 373, 382 Guthrie on, 440 Descartes’s contributions to, 123 puzzle solving, 11, 27 Hull on, 437 Galileo and, 111 Pyrro of Elis, 67, 97, 665 Skinner on, 446, 448 Hume’s influence, 149 Pythagoras, 34, 64 Tolman’s position on, 431 paradigms and, 12 Q–sort technique (Rogers), 592 Wertheimer on, 475 persistent questions, 17–23, 631, 660 Q–technique (Rogers), 592 relativism, 22, 27, 656 problems in writing history of, 2–4 Qualities, 137, 178 radical relativism in postmodernism, 656 reasons to study history, 4–6 Quasi needs, 479, 485 Hobbes, Thomas, 134 as a science, 14–17, 196, 653–655 Radical behaviorism, 412, 422 religion Psychology, 336 artificial intelligence and, 631 Aristotle’s legacy, 54 Psychology of the Adolescent (Hollingworth), denial of cognitive events, 623 Christianity, 75–82 322 Hebb’s criticism of, 625 Comte’s religion of humanity, 170 Psychology: The Briefer Course (James), 339 refusal to admit consciousness, 515, 606 Cynics’ view of, 58 Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint Chomsky’s attack on, 616 deism, 112 (Bretano), 279 Rogers’s challenge to, 592, 624 early Greek religion, 30 Psychology: An Introductory Study of the Skinner, B. F., 445 Epicureanism and, 69 Structure and Functions of Human Watson and Skinner, 446 Freud on, 537 Consciousness (Angell), 365 Radical empiricism heritability of attitudes on, 619 Psychology of Learning, The (Guthrie), 438 Comte and Mach, 424 Hume’s view of, 143 Psychology of Personal Constructs (Kelly), 581 James, William, 339, 382 Islam and Aristotelianism, 81–84 Psychology:The ScienceofMentalLife (Miller), Radical environmentalism, 406, 422 Judaism and Aristotelianism, 84 626 Rationale of Nervous Sleep, The (Braid), 507 Judaism and neoplatonism, 72 Psychology of Subnormal Children rationalism, 7, 21, 27, 179–296 Kierkegaard on, 219 (Hollingworth), 322 artificial intelligence and the mind, 631 La Mettrie’s views on, 165 Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist Aristotle, 51 mystery religions, 74 (Watson), 403 Bacon’s view of, 115 Nietzsche on, 223 Psychology of Tone (Stumpf), 280 Bretano, Franz Clemens, 279 personal religion of Renaissance Psychonomic Science, 651 defined, 206 humanists, 99 Psychonomic Society, 651 Descartes, 117–124, 127, 130, 180, 185 Plato’slegacy, 49 Psychopathology of Everyday Life (Freud), 528 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 199–201 premodernism, 655 Psychopharmacology Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 196–199 reason freed from faith, 91 Kraepelin as pioneer, 500 Information–processing theory, 632 replacement by social Darwinism, 296 pharmaceutical companies’ influence, 650 irrationalism versus, 19 science as, 114 prescription privileges for psychologists, James on, 346 religious stage, 220, 231 649 Kant, Immanuel, 192–196 remembering, 54 medication versus psychotherapy, 649 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 185–189 Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Psychophysical isomorphism, 464 Malebranche, Nocolas De, 185 Social Psychology (Bartlett), 624 psychophysical parallelism, 18, 27, 187, 206 Plato, 46 reminiscence theory of knowledge, 48, 64 defined, 411 Reid, Thomas, 189–192 Renaissance. See also humanism Titchener, 277 Socrates, 44 defined, 98, 129 psychophysics, 254, 261 Spinoza, Baruch, 181–185 spirit of the time, 104 constancy hypothesis, 465 Wundt, Wilhelm, 264, 272 United States, 335 jnd as unit of sensation, 255 rational soul, 53, 64 witch hunts, 493–495 methods, 256 rationalization, 534 repressed memories, 540–544 Weber’s law, 254 reaction potential (SER), 437, 455 Adler on, 561 Psychosexual stages of development, 534– reaction time, 233, 261 current concerns with, 542–544 536 Cattell’s testing of, 308 Freud on, 540–542 Psychosocial stages of development, 555 Donders’s experiements with, 269 Repression, 551 Psychotherapy, 489, 514, 647 Wundt’s use of Donders’s methods, 269 Freud on, 524, 533, 535 need for, after World War II, 648 Reader, W., 615 Herbart on, 198, 516 Rogers on, 592, 649 realism, 86, 91, 97 Schopenhauer on, 217, 516 PsyD (Doctor of Psychology degree), 502, recall, 54, 64 Republic (Plato), 48, 49 650, 664 recapitulation theory, 355, 382 Resistance, 516, 523, 551 Ptolemaic system, 105, 128 reciprocal antagonism, 349, 382 Responsibility, 605. See also free will Ptolemy, 105, 128 reductionism, 37, 64 determinism and, 16 public observation, 8, 27 reflection, 136, 178 existentialist view of, 596 punishment Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology, The (Dewey), resonance place theory of auditory Guthrie on, 441 363 perception, 241, 261 Skinner on, 447 Reflexes of the Brain (Sechenov), 386 respondent behavior, 445, 455 pure phenomenology, 281, 292, 573, 605 reflexology, 394–396, 422 response, 391

720 S U BJECT INDEX output as, 632 philosophy of science, Karl Popper, 9 sensitive soul, 52, 64 Watson’suse of,404 philosophy of science, Thomas Kuhn, 10– sensory acuity in intelligence measurement, revolutionary stage, 12, 27 12 305, 307 De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium Popper versus Kuhn on, 13 sensory experience. See also sensation (Copernicus), 106 Psychology as, 14–17, 196, 653–655 Aristotle on, 51 risky predictions, 9, 28 as religion, 114 as basis of knowledge, 33 Rockefeller, John D., 296 search for laws, 8 Democritus on, 38 Rogers, Carl, 590–598, 605, 624, 671 third–force psychology and, 571 in empiricism and rationalism, 51 client–centered therapy, 592 Science, 367 empiricist view of, 18, 131 contributions to psychology, 595 Science of Colors (Goethe), 212 French sensationalists’ view of, 169 need for psychotherapy after World War Science Wars (Goldman), 14 Parmenides on, 33 II, 648 Scientific laws, 8, 28 Philo on, 72 revolutionary approach to psychotherapy, scientific theory, 7, 28 Plato on, 46, 47 592 scientism, 168, 178 Pythagoras on, 35 theory of personality, 592– Scot, Reginald, 495 Sentiment, 415, 422 Roman Empire, 74 Searle, John B., 629, 638, 642 Servetus, Michael, 107 Constantine, Emperor, 77 Sears, Robert R., 320 Sex education, Watson on, 410 end of, 74, 81 Sechenov, Ivan M., 385–388, 422, 668 Sexuality influence of Greek culture, 74 secondary laws, 156, 178 criticism of Freud’s theories, 544 philosophers of, 69–74 secondary qualities, 129 Freud on cause of hysteria, 522 Romanes, George J., 370, 382, 669 Berkeley on, 141 Freud on seduction theory, 523 romanticism, 208–217, 231, 571, 659 Gallileo and, 110 Freud on unconscious motivation, 524 artificial intelligence and the mind, 631 Locke on, 137 Infantile sexuality, 528 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 212 Second–signal system, 393, 422 libido, 531, 551 in humanistic psychology, 572 Seduction theory (Freud), 525, 541, 551 Maslow’s research on, 585 Rousseau, Jean–Jaques, 209–212 self, 22 Oedipus complex, 527 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 213–216 Adler on, 561 psychosexual stages of development, 534– truth as relative to cultural group, 656 Calkins on, 352 536 Rosenthal, Robert, 281 Condillac on, 167 shadow, Jung on, 557 Rote learning, 436 Hume on, 147 shut–upness, Kierkegaard on, 578, 605 Rousseau, Jean–Jaques, 209–212, 231, 571, James on, 343 Signs, theory of (Helmholtz), 241 667 Jung on, 557 Simon, Herbert, 625, 632 Rush, Benjamin, 498, 514, 667 self–actualization, 605 Simon, Theodore, 310–312, 332 Russell, Bertrand, 410, 660 Aristotle on, 54, 588 Simple ideas, 178 Russian objective psychology. See Jung on, 557, 558 Hartley on, 151 objective psychology Maslow on, 587–589, 590 Hobbes on, 137 Savings, 288, 292 Rogers on, 593 Hume on, 145 scala natura, 52, 64 Self–alienation, 578, 605 Locke on, 137 schemata (Piaget), 624 Self–Analysis (Horney), 565 skepticism, 66–68, 97, 103, 208, 656 schizophrenia, 499, 650 Self as knower (James), 343, 382 Skinner, B. F., 117, 275, 442–449, 455, 671 Scholasticism, 86–91, 97, 100 Self–characterization, 583, 605 application of his principles, 448 School, 263, 292 Self–esteem, 343, 382 attitude toward theory, 448 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 213–216, 516, 667 Self–preservation Chomsky’sreviewof Verbal Behavior, 616 science, 7–14 Herbart on, 197 functional analysis of behavior, 444 Aristotelian versus Galilean, 477 Schopenhauer on, 214 importance of the environment, 446 assumption of determinism, 8 Spinoza on, 183 influence on psychology, 450 Bacon, Francis, 114–117 Seligman, M. E. P., 617 nature of reinforcement, 446 challenges to authority of Catholic church, Semantics, 630, 638 operant behavior, 445 105 Senescence: The Last Half of Life (Hall), 358 positive control of behavior, 447 cognitive science, 634 Sensation, 178, 261, 292 positivism, 444 combination of rationalism and Aristotle on, 53 sleep and dreams. See dreams empiricism, 7 Berkeley on, 142 Smith, L. D., 430, 433 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 106 Conversion to perception (Helmholtz), Snow, C. P., 652, 653 definition of, 7, 28 239 social cognitive theory, 628 Comte’s hierarchy of sciences, 171 Hartley on, 150 Social Contract, The (Rousseau), 210 Descartes, RenÉ, 117–124 jnd as unit of, 255 Social Darwinism, 296, 332 empirical and theoretical, logical Locke on, 13 Darwin’s attitude towards, 297, 304 positivism, 424 Mach on, 171, 423 Wallace’s opposition to, 299 Galileo, 108–112 Physical reality versus, 236 Social interest, 561, 569 humanistic psychology and, 586, 597 Wundt on, 267 Sociobiological fallacy, 615 human science, May on, 579 Sensationalism, 162–168 Sociobiology, 301, 613 Hume’s science of man, 144 Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, 166 evolutionary psychology versus, 614–616 Limits of, psychology’s persistent Gassendi, Pierre, 162 Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Wilson), 301, questions, 660 La Mettrie, Julien de, 163–166 616 Mill, J. S., science of ethology, 157 mental events, 631 sociocultural determinism, 15, 28 Newton, Isaac, 112–114 Senses and the Intellect, The (Bain), 159 sociology, 170, 178

SU BJECT IN DE X 721 Socrates, 44, 64 Searle’s argument against, 629 revisions in his learning theory, 374 soft determinism, 16 structuralism, 6, 275, 292, 623. See also strain between animal research and solipsism, 42, 64 Titchener, Edward B. introspective data, 385 “Some Psychological Studies of Grammar” constancy hypothesis, 465 transfer of training, 375 (Miller), 626 decline of, 277 puzzle box, 373 somnambulism, artificial, 506, 513 functionalism versus, 365 Skinner’s approach compared to, 445 Sophists, 41–44, 64, 208, 656 summary of, 384 thought as subvocal speech (Watson), 405 Sorrows of Young Werther, The (Goethe), 212 Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The (Kuhn), Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous, Soul 657 140 Aristotle’s hierarchy of souls, 52 struggle for survival, 300, 333 thrownness, 575, 605 Democritus on, 37 Studies on Hysteria (Freud force psychology, Thus Spake Zarathustra (Nietzsche), 221, 224– Philo on, 72 571 226 Plato on, 48 Subjection of Women, The (Mill), 158 Tillich, Paul, 577 Plotinus on, 73 Subjectivity as truth, Kierkegaard, 219, 571 Time Pythagorean view of, 35 Sublimation Augustine’s analysis of, 81 Space perception Freud on, 533 Kant on perception of time, 194 Hering on, 242 Gestalt psychology, 470 Tinbergen, Niko, 613 Kant on, 194 Hall on, 356 Titchener, Edward B., 272–278, 292, 293, Spearman, Charles, 313, 332, 669 Schopenhauer on, 215, 516 669 Special Talents and Defects: Their Significance for Suffering, Schopenhauer on, 215 Context theory of meaning, 277 Education (Hollingworth), 322 Suicide, Schopenhauer on, 216 decline of structuralism, 277 Species–specific behavior, 613, 622 Summers, Montague, 493 goals of psychology, 275 Speech. See also language Sumner, Francis C., 358–360, 383 law of combination, 276 Broca’s area, 249 Superego, 531, 532, 535, 551 mental elements, 276 NETtalk speech synthesizer, 638 Supermen, 224–227, 231 neurological correlates of mental events, Speech comprehension (Wernicke’s area), Supernatural model of mental illness, 488, 277 249 490, 493, 514 pure, scientific psychology, 647 Spence, Kenneth W., 437, 473 Survival of the fittest, 296, 333 relationship with female psychologists, 274 Spencer–Bain principle, 295, 332 Sympathetic magic, 490, 514 use of introspection, 275 Spencer, Herbert, 294–297, 668 Synchronicity, 557, 569 view on imageless thoughts, 284 social Darwinism, 296 Syntax, 630, 638 token economies, 449, 455 view of evolution, 295 System of Logic (Mill), 155 Tolman, Edward C., 426–433, 436, 455, Sperry, Roger W., 16, 18, 610–612, 622, 671 Système de Politique Positive (Comte), 168 624, 670 honors, 612 Task of Gestalt Psychology, The (Köhler), 463 animal research with rats, 429 split–brain preparation, 611 teleology, 52, 64 Bandura’s theory as descendent of, 628 Spinoza, Baruch, 181–185, 206, 631, 667 Jung on, 557, 569 contributions to psychology, 428 Spirit temple medicine, 38, 64 hypotheses, expectancies, beliefs and emphasis on human spirituality, 74–81 Terman, Lewis M., 312, 317–321, 333, 670 cognitive maps, 431 humanistic psychology, 571 position on inheritance of intelligence, 318 influence on psychology, 433, 449 Plotinus on, 73 Stanford–Binet tests, 318 intervening variables, 430 split–brain preparation, 611, 622 study of genius, 319–321 latent extinction, 432 Spontaneous activity, 160, 178 testing, psychological, 648. See also learning versus performance, 431 Spontaneous recovery, 392, 422 measurement of intelligence pacifism, 427 Spurzheim, Johann Kaspar, 245–247, 261 Thagard, Paul, 634 position on reinforcement, 431 S–R psychology, 445, 455, 456 Thales, 31, 64, 665 purposive behaviorism, 428 Kelly on, 580 Theoretical terms, 424, 455 resistance to McCarthyism, 428 Maslow on, 586 Theory trace system, 476, 485 Sprenger, James, 493, 666 Hull’s attitude toward, 435 transference, 521, 551 Staats, A. W., 654 Skinner’s attitude toward, 448 transmigration of the soul, 31, 35, 65 Stanford–Binet tests, 318 Tolman’s use of, 430 transpersonal psychology, 589, 605 Sternberg, 655, 655 Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, A. (Festinger), transposition, 473, 485 Stephenson, Wiliam, 592 626 Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Stern, William, 312, 332, 670 Theory of forms, 46, 64 Knowledge, A (Berkeley), 140 Stevens, S. S., 425 Third–force psychology. See also Treatise of Human Nature (Hume), 143 Stewart, Dugald, 335 humanistic psychology Treatise on Insanity (Pinel), 496 Stimulus, 391 antecedents of, 571–584 Treatise on Man: His Intellectual Faculties and Guthrie on maintaining stimuli, 441, 455 Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 89–91, 96, 103, 666 His Education (HelvÉtius), 167 input as, 632 Thomas, Martha C., 357 Trepanation, 491, 514 stimulus sampling theory (SST), 441 Thorndike, Edward L., 369–376, 383, 440, Tridimensional theory of feeling, 267, 292 Watson’s use of, 404 585, 670 Tropism, 399, 422 Stimulus error, 276, 292 animal research before, 370–373 truth Stimulus–response (S––R) psychology, 445, connectionism, 374 correspondence theory of, 10 455, 456 Gestaltists’ criticism of, 472 postmodern view of, 658 Stoicism, 70, 97 identical elements theory of transfer, 375 psychology and, 661 Stream of consciousness, 341, 383, 458 laws of exercise and effect, 374 relativity of, 41 Strong artificial intelligence, 629, 642 Pavlov’s opinion of, 393 subjectivity as (Kierkegaard), 219, 571

722 S U BJECT INDEX Tuke, William, 497 Wallace, Alfred Russell, 299, 333 Woodworth, Robert S., 368, 375, 383, 669 Turing, Alan M., 629 Warfare, human motives for (Tolman), 427 Hull’s reinforcement theory, 437 Turing test, 629, 630, 642 Washburn, Margaret Floy, 274, 373, 383, perception without influence of learning, twin studies 670 467 Bouchard, Thomas, 617–619 Watson, John B., 273, 397–412, 422, 436, on Watson’sviewofthinkingand Burt, Cyril, 314 670 language, 405 Galton, Francis, 304, 307, 617 advertising work, 402 Women. See also gender heritability of intelligence, 315 behaviorism applied to everyday life, 410 Calkins on professional women, 351 two–point threshold, 251, 261 behavior therapy, 408 Darwin on, 301 “Uber Gestaltqualitäten” (Ehrenfels), 457 Chicago years, 398 Freud on, 535, 564 Umwelt, 575, 605 child psychology, 408 Horney on, 564 uncertainty principle, 16. See also debates with McDougall on behaviorism, Münsterberg on, 350, 351 indeterminism 415–417 Titchener and female psychologists, unconditional positive regard, 594, 605 dismissal from Johns Hopkins, 401 274 unconditioned reflex, 391, 422 on emotions, 497 Hollingworth (L. S.), studies on unconditioned response (UR), 391, 422 experiment with Albert, 407 intelligence, 321 unconditioned stimulus (US), 390, 422 goal of psychology, 403 Word–association test, 305 unconscious inference, 239, 261 influence on psychology, 411 Work of the Principal Digestive Glands (Pavlov), unconscious mind, Schopenhauer on, 216 influence on Tolman, 427 390 unconscious motivation, 3, 524, 551 language and thinking, 404 World as Will and Representation, The Adler’s rejection of, 561 learning theory, 410 (Schopenhauer), 214 Jung on, 556, 569 Maslow on, 585 World–design, 576, 605. See also unconscious processes causing behavior, 16 mind–body problem, 411 Weltanschauung United States. See also functionalism move to Johns Hopkins, 400 World, The, 123 (Descartes), 123 army intelligence testing, 323 objective psychology, 403 Worldview, 560. See also Weltanschauung intelligence testing with Binet–Simon radical environmentalism, 406 World War I, 647 scale, 315–323 role of instincts in behavior, 405 World War II, 648 concerns over deterioration of intelligence, sex education, 410 Wundt, Wilhelm M., 262–272, 292, 668 324–326 Skinner on, 450 Cattell’s studies under, 307 early psychology, 334–336 undergraduate years, 398 Goals of psychology, 266 Freud’s trip to, 362, 530 Watson, Rosalie, 409 elements of thought, 267 functionalism, 336 Weak artificial intelligence, 629, 642 first psychology laboratory, 339 universalism, 22, 28 Weaver, Warren, 625 Gestalt attack on elementism, 456 University of Chicago Weber, Eduard, 386 historical misunderstanding of, 271 functionalism at, 362–366 Weber, Ernst Heinrich, 251, 261, 667 James’s opposition to Wundt’sapproach, Köhler at, 461 Weber’s law, 252, 254, 261 340 Watson at, 398–400 Weltanschauung, 576, 586, 605, 652, 664 mediate and immediate experience, 266 unmoved mover, 52, 65 Wernicke, Carl, 249, 261 mental chronometry, 268–270 utilitarianism, 153, 158, 178 Wernicke’s area, 249, 261 Münsterberg’s studies under, 347 Vaihinger, Hans, 285, 292, 582, 669 Wertheimer, Max, 459, 485, 670 perception, apperception, and creative Varieties of Religious Experience, The (James), explanation of phi phenomenon, 463 synthesis, 265 339 field theory in analysis of brain function, prolific writings of, 624 Vaughan, Margaret, 449 465 pure, scientific psychology, 644 Vedantism, 74, 97 Maslow and, 585 psychological versus physical causation, vegetative soul, 52, 65 productive thinking, 474 270 Verbal Behavior (Skinner), 616 top–down analysis, 466 ranking of his importance to psychology, vibrantiuncules, 150, 178 Weyer, Johann, 495 450 vicarious trial and error, 431, 455 Whisperings Within, The (Barash), 614 use of introspection, 267 Vienna Circle, 424 Wiener, Norbert, 625, 670 volitional acts, 271 vision Will, Wundt on, 264, 292 Vlkerspsychologie, 271 Hering’s theory of color vision, 242 William of Occam, 91, 97, 666 Würzburg school, 284, 292 Ladd–Franklin theory of color vision, 243 Will to power, 224, 231 Xenophanes, 43, 65 Young–Helmholtz theory of color vision, Will to survive, 214, 231 Yerkes Laboratories, 606, 239 Wilson, Edward. O., 301, 613 609, 610 vitalism, 28 on evolutionary psychology, 614, 654 Yerkes, Robert M., 323–325, 333, 427, 670 Helmholtz’s opposition to, 237 leash principle, 614 Young–Helmholtz theory of color vision, McDugall’s beliefs, 413 Wish fulfillment, 526, 551 239, 261 mechanism versus, 19 Witch hunts, 493–496 Zaidel, Dahlia, 612 volition, James on, 345 Witmer, Lightner, 500–502, 514, 644, 669 Zeigarnik, Bluma, 479 Vőlkerspsychologie (Wundt), 265, 271, 292, clinical psychology, 647 Zeigarnik effect, 479, 485 340 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 664 Zeitgeist, 4, 28 voluntarism, 264, 292, 623. See also family resemblance, 658 Zend–Avesta (Fechner), 253 Wundt, Wilhelm M. language games, 656–658 Zeno of Elea, 34 Voluntary Action (Münsterberg), 348 on Freud, 541 Zeno of Citium, 70, 97, 665 voluntary behavior, 160, 178 on truth, 658 Zeno’s paradox, 34, 65 Walden Two (Skinner), 448 Wolff, Christian von, 189 Zoroastrianism, 74, 97

Name Index Aarsleff, H., 167 Aristotle, 2, 49–57, 62, 83–84, 86–91, 99, Beck, A. T., 650 Abelard, Peter, 86–89, 96 103, 111, 439, 477, 665 Belar, C. D., 651 Adams–Weber, J. R., 583, 584 Armstrong, D. M., 141, 142, 143 Bell, C., 234, 260 Addams, Jane, 588 Arnett, J. J., 356, 358 Bencivenga, E., 85 Adler, A.,531,559–561, 568, 669 Aspinwall, L. G., 598 Benjamin, L. T. Jr., 322, 361, 651 Agassiz, L., 338 Atherton, M., 143 Benko, S., 77, 78 Agnew, J., 584 Augustijn, C., 101, 102, 103 Bennett, J., 185 Agrippa, C., 495, 666 Austin, G. A., 626 Bentham, J., 153, 158–162, 176 Ahern, F. M., 306 Averroës, 84, 96 Bergmen, G., 412 Alazraki, A., 650 Avicenna, 83, 96, 666 Bergman, K., 650 Albertus Magnus, Saint, 89, 97 Ayer,A.J.,424 Berkeley, G., 140–143, 176, 667 Albino, J. E. N., 651 Ayllon, T., 449 Bernard, W., 184 Albrecht, F. M., 191 Azar, B., 326 Bernfeld, S., 237 Alcmaeon, 38, 62, 488 Azrin, N., 449 Bernheim, H., 507, 513, 523, 668 Alexander the Great, 50, 68 Bessel, F., 233 Alexander, F. G., 83, 84, 181, 184, Baars, B. J., 115, 412, 450, 625, 627 Beutler, L. E., 500, 651 491, 493, 495, 499 Bacon, F., 114–117, 127, 180, 444, 666 Binet, A., 309–312, 313, 331, 461, 669 Alland, A., Jr., 301 Bailey, R. E., 617 Binswanger, L., 575–577, 603, 670 Allderidge, P., 493 Bain, Alexander, 158–162, 176, 668 Birx, H. J., 296 Allen, R. E., 44 Bakan, D., 245, 246, 247 Bjork, D. W., 338, 348 Allport, G. W., 5 Baker, D. B., 651 Blackburn, S., 112, 226 Alzheimer, A., 499 Balance, W., 253 Blakeley, A. S., 624 Amsel, A., 450 Baldwin, J. M., 400 Bleske, A. L., 615 Anaxagoras, 37, 62, 665 Ballou, R. O., 347 Bleuler, E., 499 Anaximander, 32, 62 Balmary, M., 518 Blumenthal, A. L., 263, 268, 270, 272, 340 Andreas–Salomé, Lou, 221 Bamberg, M., 287, 288 Boakes, R. 124, 295, 299, 386, 391, 409 Angel, E., 577 Bandura, A., 15, 16, 628 Boer, D. P., 542, 544 Angell, J. R., 364–366, 381, 397, 399 Bannister, Donald, 583 Bonaventure, Saint, 90, 96 Angus, S., 74 Barash, D. P., 613, 614 Bond, H. M., 325 Anokhin, P. K., 393 Barnes, J., 35, 36, 43, 53, 55, 56, 57, 67, 439 Boodoo, G., 326 Annas, J. E., 71 Barsky, R. F., 616 Boorstin, D. J., 459 Anselm, Saint, 85, 87, 96, 666 Bartlett, F. C., 624, 626, 627, 670 Borch–Jacobsen, M., 522 Antisthenes, 68, 96, 665 Bass, E., 542 Boring, E. G., 4, 5, 192, 198, 235, 248, 254, Antonuccio, D. O., 650 Baxter, R., Jr., 650 266, 273, 274, 354, 363, 516, 522, Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas, Saint Beach, F. A., 507, 609 624 Aristarchus of Samos, Beanblossom, R. E., 190 Bouchard, T. J., Jr., 326, 617–619, 622 106, 127 Bechterev, V. M., 394–397, 421, 669 Boudewijnse, G–J., 198 723

724 NAME INDEX Bouillaud, J.–B., 249 Chein, I., 360 Deutsch, G., 611 Bourke,V.J., 79 Chiarugi, V., 497 Dewey, J., 336, 362–364, 381, 398, 647, 669 Bowen, C. D., 117 Childs, H. G., 318 Dewsbury, D. A., 366, 613 Bower, G. H., 437 Chisholm, R. M., 20 Diamond, S., 264 Bowlby, J., 299 Chodorov, N., 565, 679 Diehl, L. A., 357 Boykin, A. W., 326 Chomsky, N., 616, 622, 625, 626 Diogenes, 68, 96 Boyle, Robert, 135 Chow,K.L.,508 Dix, D. L., 498, 513, 667 Boynton, D. M., 270, 459 Cioffi, F., 542 Dollard, J., 480 Braid, J., 507 Clark, A., 638 Donaldson, G., 554 Branham, R. B., 68, 69, 77 Clark, C. W., 494 Donders, F. C., 269, 291, 644 Breland, K. and Breland, M., 616, 617 Clark, K. B., 360–362, 381 Dostoyevsky, F., 226, 573 Bretall, R., 217, 218, 219 Clark, M. P., 360, 361 Drake, S., 110 Bretano, F. C., 278, 291, 457, 517, 572, 630, Clatterbaugh, K., 8 Drever, J., 152 668 Clay, R. A., 571 Dreyfus, H. L., 638 Brett, G. S., 10, 39, 72, 73, 75, 189 Cleary, L. J., 637 Driver–Linn, E., 13 Breuer, J., 520, 550 Cohen, D., 398, 399, 402, 403, 410 DuBois–Reymond, E., 237, 388 Brewer, C. L., 402 Cole, R. E., 306 Durant, W., 50 Bridgman, P. W., 13, , 425, 670 Collins, A., 625 Dymond, R. F., 592 Bringmann, W. G., 213, 253, 265, 271, 287, Comte, A., 168–171, 176, 423, 668 288, 355 Condolle, A., 304 Early, C. E., 355 Broadbent, D. E., 625, 632 Condillac, E. B. de, 166, 176, 667 Ebbinghaus, H., 286–288, 291, 624, 627, Broca, P., 248, 260, 611, 668 Coon,D.J.,590 668 Brody, N., 326 Copernicus, N., 106–108, 127, 666 Edinger, D., 522 Brooks, G. P., 192 Copleston, F. C., 2–3 Egger, M. D., 627 Brooks–Gunn, J., 358 Costall, A., 371, 372 Ehrenfels, C., 457, 484 Brown–Séquard, C.–E., 6, 611, 612 Cozad, L., 577 Ehrenwald, J., 495 Brücke, E., 237, 388, 517 Craighead, W. E., 449 Ehrman, B. D., 77, 78, 207 Bruner, J. S., 626, 628, 639 Craig, I. W., 619 Einstein, A., 172, 460, 588 Bruno, F. J., 467 Craik, K. H., 628, 644 Eisenberg, B., 359 Bruno, G., 106–108, 127, 666 Crane, Loyal, 650 Ekman, P., 301 Buchtel, H. A., 610 Cranefield, P. F., 235 Eliot, C. W., 350 Buckley, K. W., 398, 409 Crews, F., 542 Ellenberger, H. F., 510, 517, 522, 539, 577 Buckley, M. I., 399 Criqui, M. H., 320 Elliotson, J., 507 Bühler, Charlotte R., 586 Crombie, A. C., 84 Elwes, R. H. M., 182, 183, 184 Burlingame–Lee, L., 373 Crouse, E. M., 361 Emeling, C. E., 639 Burrish, T. G., 449 Crowther–Heyck, H., 625 Emerson, R. W., 4, 506 Burt, C., 314, 331, 616 Csikszentmihalyi, M., 598 Empedocles, 36, 63 Burtt, E. A., 109, 110, 111 Cynkar, A., 644 Entwistle, S. R., 651 Bury, R. G., 67 Epicurus of Samos, 69, 96, 665 Buss, D. M., 614, 615, 619 Danton, W. G., 650 Epston, D., 579 Butterfield, E. C., 632 Danziger, K., 264, 269, 272 Epting, F. R., 584 Byrne, J. H., 637 Daquin, J., 496 Erasmus, Desiderius, 100, 103, 127, 666 Darwin, C., 3, 297–302, 304, 331, 517, 668 Erdelyi, M. H., 542 Cahan, D., 241 Darwin, E., 294 Erikson, E. H., 15, 555 Cahn, E., 361 Da Vinci, L., 104 Esdaile, J., 507 Cairns, H., 48 Davies, J. M., 543 Esper, E. A., 34, 36, 50, 68, 115, 169, 189 Caldwell, Charles, 246 Davis, L., 542 Esterson, A., 525, 540, 541, 542 Calkins, M. W., 350–353, 381, 669, 671 Davis, R., 450 Estes, W. K., 441, 442 Calvin, John, 107, 108 Davis, S. F., 450 Evans, R. B., 273, 275, 276 Candland, D. K., 281 Dawes, A., 584 Exner, S., 459 Cannon, W. B., 345 DeAngelis, T., 326, 559 Eysenck, H. J. 256, 260, 340, 461, 516, 624, Capps, D., 517 Deary, I. J., 249 667 Carlson, J., 561 Deane, S. N., 85 Carr, H., 366, 381 DeCarvalho, R. J., 596 Feigl, H., 424 Carmen, E. H., 542 DeFries, J. C., 619 Ferrier, D., 250, 260 Carnegie, A., 296 Delahunty, R. J., 182 Festinger, L., 626 Carpenter, R. J., 373 DeLeon, P. H., 651 Fetzer, J. H., 628 Cattell, J. M., 307, 325, 331, 334, 367, 381, Democritus, 37, 62, 665 Feyerabend, P. K., 6, 13–14 384, 644, 669 DeNelsky, G. Y., 650 Ficino, Marsilio, 99, 127 Catlett, J., 598 Denmark, F. L., 357 Fiebert, M. S., 560 Cattell, R. B., 315 Derrida, J., 104 Finger, S., 245, 249, 250, 305, 345, 491, 608 Ceci, S. J., 326 Descartes, R., 18, 21, 117–124, 127, 130, Firestone, R. W. and Firestone, L. A., 598 Chadwick, H., 79 180, 184, 234, 666 Fishman, D. B., 656, 659 Chaplin, J. P., 376 Desmond, A., 299 Fitch, F. B., 436 Chapman, M., 469 Detterman, D. K., 326 Fitzek, H., 236 Charcot, J.–M., 309, 408, 513, 522, 527, 668 Deutscher, M., 360 Flanagan, O., 633

N A M E I N D E X725 Fleming, M., 524 Grigorenko, 644, 655, 659 Hoffman, E., 584, 585 Fletcher, R., 315 Grube, G. M. A., 49 Hoffman, R. R., 287, 288 Flew, A., 144, 145, 146, 147, 148 Guilford, J. P., 295, 308 Hofstadter, R., 296, 297 Flourens, P., 247, 260, 608, 667 Guthrie, E. R., 438–442, 450, 454, 455 Holland, J. G., 341 Fodor, J., 639 Guthrie, K. S., 34, 35 Hollingworth, L. S., 321, 331, 358, 670 Fowers, B. J., 598 Guthrie, R. V., 358, 359, 360 Hollon, S. D., 449, 650 Fowler, R. D., 444 Honderich, T., 112 Fox, R. E., 651 Hadden,A.W., 80 Hong, H.V.,and Hong, E.H.,227 Frankel, C., 211 Hager, J. L., 617 Honzik, C. H., 431, 432 Frankl, V. E., 215, 576, 596 Haidt, J., 598 Horley, J., 401 Frazer, J. G., 490 Hale,N.G., Jr.,530 Horney, K., 561–565, 568, 670 Frawley, M. G., 542, 543 Hall, C. S., 531 Horton, G. P., 440 Freud, A., 523, 538, 552–555, 568, 671 Hall, G. S., 322, 353–358, 359, 362, 381, Hovland, C. L., 436 Freud, S., 3, 19, 213, 226, 362, 504, 509, 644, 647, 669 Hubben, W., 218, 221 518–546, 551, 556, 559, 562, 580, Hall, M., 436 Hudson, J. E., 584 588, 669 Hall, M. B., 107, 108 Huizinga, J., 102 Friedländer, M., 84, 85 Hall, M. H., 585 Hull, C. L., 7, 434–438, 450, 454, 624, 670 Friedman, H. S., 320 Halpern, D. F., 326 Hume, David, 143–150, 177, 189, 192, 667 Frish, K., 613 Hamilton, E., 48 Humor, Freud on, 529 Fritzsch, G., 250, 260 Hammer, M., 637 Hurvich, D. J., 244 Fromm, E., 578, 596 Hankinson, R. J., 67 Husserl, E., 281, 291, 573, 669 Furumoto, L., 244, 274, 351, 352 Hannush, M. J., 409 Huxley, T., 294, 299 Harding, W. G., 359 Galef, B. G., Jr., 370 Harlow, H., 585, 625 Innis, N. K., 413, 433 Galanter, E., 626 Harris, M., 494 Inwood, M. J., 207, 298 Galen, 41, 63, 120, 492, 665 Hartley, D., 150–152, 176, 234, 635, 667 Israëls, H., 541, 542 Galileo, 108–112, 127, 132, 477, 666 Hartmann, H., 555 Gall, F. J., 244, 260, 667 Hartmann, K. E., 517 Jackson, J. P., Jr., 361, 362 Galton, F., 302–307, 325, 331, 617, 668 Hartshorne, C., 85 Jackson, T. T., 584 Gardner, H., 628 Harvey, W., 121 Jacobson, E., 405 Garfield, S. L., 649 Haselton, M. G., 615 Jacoby, R., 326 Gassendi, Pierre, 162, 176, 666 Hastorf, A., 320 Jahnke, J., 244 Gassner, J., 504 Haugeland, J., 636 James, H., Sr., 337 Gauss, C. F., 475 Hearnshaw, L. S., 314 James, W., 337–347, 352, 354, 370, 382, Gay, P., 221, 538, 553, 555 Hayes, S. C., 650 412, 427, 458, 530, 588, 597, 624, Gazzaniga, M. S., 611 Hayman, R., 221 626, 635, 647, 652, 653, 656, 668 Geary, D. C., 619 Hebb, D. O., 607, 608–610, 622, 625, 627, Janaway, C., 213, 214 Gelfand, T., 542 635, 671 Jankowicz, A. D., 583 Gendlin, E. T., 592 Hegel, G. W. F., 199–201, 205, 363, 667 Janet, P., 509, 513, 527, 540 Gerard, D. L., 498 Heiby, E., 650 Jennings,J.L.,282 Gergen, K., 658, 659 Heidbreder, E., 234, 339, 352, 366, 411, Jesus, 75, 97, 355 Gillaspy, J. A., Jr., 617 524, 527, 529, 546, 653 Johnson, A. D., 358 Gillie, O., 314 Heidegger, M., 283, 374, 573–575, 604, 670 Johnson, D. M., 639 Gittelman, R., 650 Heisenberg, W. K., 16 Johnson, R. C., 306 Glauberman, N., 326 Helmholtz, H., 236–242, 260, 388, 506, 517, Johnson, S., 335 Gleaves, D. H., 542 524, 644, 668 Johnston, E. B., 624 Goddard, H. H., 315–317, 324, 325, 332, Heloise, 88 Joncich, , G., 401 669 Helvétius, Claude–Adrien, 167, 176 Jones, E., 227, 508, 518, 519, 521, 522, 530, Goethe, J. W., 212, 230, 516 Henle, M. 463, 466, 481 536, 538, 559, 560 Goldman, S. L., 14 Henri, V., 310 Jones,M.C., 408 Goldsmith, M., 505 Hentoff, N., 360 Jones, R. A., 413 Golomb, J., 222, 223, 227 Heraclitus, 32, 63, 661, 665 Jones, W. H., 281, 493 Good, G., 577 Herbart, J. F., 196–199, 205, 516, 667 Jones, W. H. S., 40, 492 Goodman, L. E., 83 Hergenhahn, B. R., 431, 437, 442, 473, 475, Josselson, R., 579 Goodnow, J. J., 626 555, 557, 564, 565, 582, 617, 628 Jowett, B., 44, 45, 47, 49 Goodson, F. E., 10 Hering, E., 242, 260, 668 Joynson, R. B., 315 Goodwin, C. J., 274 Hermans, H. J. M., 582 Jung, C. G., 18, 213, 227, 362, 531, 555– Gorgias, 42 Hernandez, E., 542 559, 568, 579, 661, 670 Gosling, S. D., 628, 644 Hernstein, R. J., 325 Gould, S. J., 249, 317, 615 Heron, W., 610 Kagan, J., 41, 627 Goulet–Cazé, M.–O., 68, 77 Hilgard, E. R., 267, 273, 337, 364, 368, 434, Kahl, R. K., 240 Graebner, W., 356, 357 435, 437 Kamin, L. J., 314 Green, B. F., 315 Hinton, G. E., 636 Kant, I., 16, 192–196, 200, 205, 236, 239, Greenway, A. P., 162 Hippocrates, 39–41, 63, 665, 488, 491, 513 363, 457, 485, 631, 633, 667 Gregory, J., 73 Hitzig, E., 250, 260 Karier, C. J., 397 Gregory, R. L., 135, 213 Hobbes, T., 5, 131–134, 176, 666 Karon, B. P., 650