Social Studies Book 4_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal. New Social Studies C R E A wi th ART TI VE 4Revised Edition Book Authors Kiran Thapa Yojana Karmacharya This book belongs to: Name : Class : Roll No.: School: Phone No.:

Published by TU Road, Kuleshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal. Phone: 4672071, 5187211, 5187226 Fax: 00977-1-4672073 E-mail: [email protected] www.readmorenp.com © Copyright: Publisher 2073 BS First Edition : 2069 BS Revised Edition : 2072 BS Revised Edition : 2073 BS Updated Edition : 2074 BS Revised Edition : 2075 BS Reprint : 2076 BS Revised Edition : 2077 BS No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Any breach of this condition will entail legal action and prosecution. Content Editors Special thanks to: Matrika Pd. Lamsal Ellen Dietrich Ashish Pradhan Shweta Rajya Laxmi Malla In the Loving Memory of Late Amir Kumar Batajoo. Layout Readmore Desktop Printed in Nepal You can exchange this book from your nearest book shop if any binding errors are found. Read to help others read ! We are pleased to inform that a certain amount from each book is allocated to the Charity Fund. The fund is provided to deserving and needy students all over Nepal. The charity always welcomes co-operation and support from all well wishers and agencies.

About the book ’s New Social Studies book is an appropriately graded series of social studies for school children. The primary level series consists of six books suitable for classes UKG to V. This series is prepared especially for the students between five to eleven years of age. It is an appropriately planned series that fulfills the needs of students and teachers and meets the changing situations of our country and the world. Salient features of the book: v The entire curriculum has been divided into seven units as specified by the Curriculum Development Centre, Government of Nepal. Similarly the second phase of the book has creative art. This lesson helps students develop various skills and creativity. For the convenience of the teachers, Audio-Visual materials are provided with the book. It is a very new trend in the field of education in Nepal. v The objectives of the lessons given at the beginning of each lesson enable teachers to clearly understand the theme of the lesson and plan accordingly. v The note to the teacher is placed at the bottom of each lesson with guidelines and some useful tips for teachers about presenting the lesson in a useful and meaningful way. v Lessons in Grade one and two have been presented in a two-page-format. The page with the content of the lesson is on the left and the page with the evaluation exercises is on the right side. v Evaluation exercises are presented in such a way; so that the students solve the problems by themselves. This also gives an idea to the teachers to understand whether students have grasped the theme of the lesson or not. There are textual questions in which the students read the text and solve the problems. v The content of the lessons are written in simple language with colourful illustrations. Social, ethnic, geographical diversities and gender equality are given special attention. v To make the text more interesting for students, the lessons contain various reading materials such as stories, dialogues, letters, etc. v At the end of every unit, one fun exercise is given. v At the end of each unit, a list of glossary and revision exercises are given for each respective unit. We would like to express our sincere thanks to the principals and teachers who have recommended ’s New Social Studies book to their students and schools. We are confident that these books will meet the objectives set forth by CDC/ Government of Nepal. We highly appreciate the opinion and constructive suggestions from the teachers and intellectuals. - Authors

Table of ContentsUnit 1 My Family, My Neighbourhood and Me Unit 5 1. My Neighbours 6 Our Earth 2. Me and My Tools 9 1. About My District 94 2. Dharan City in Map 98 3. Use and Care of Occupational Tools 12 101 3. The Origin of The Earth 104 4. Mutual Help Between Neighbours 15 107 18 4. The Structure of The Earth 112 Let’s Revise 5. India: Our Close Neighbour 117 6. China: A Good Friend Of Nepal Unit 2 Let’s Revise 119 Our Traditions, Social Values and 123 Norms Unit 6 126 Our Past 129 1. Obedience: A Valuable Lesson 21 1. The History of My Place 131 2. Our Language and Costumes 24 133 136 3. Our Rituals and Festivals 28 2. How Was “Nepal“ Named? 139 142 4. Importance of My Birthplace 31 3. Martyrs’ of Our Country 145 5. My Country, My Pride 34 4. The People’s Movement-II 146 6. Good People of My Country 37 Let’s Revise 149 150 Let’s Revise 40 Unit 7 152 Our Economic Activities 153 Unit 3 1. Respect All Occupations 154 Social Problems And Solutions 155 156 1. Let’s Help 42 2. Be Responsible 157 158 2. Beware of Bad Habits 45 3. Local Products 159 160 3. Social Evils 48 4. Importance of Occupation 4. Resolving Our Quarrels 52 Let’s Revise 5. Eliminating Social Evils 55 6. Service Providing Institutions 58 Let’s Stop and Think Let’s Revise 61 Unit 4 CREATIVE ART Civil Awareness 1. Vegetable Printing 2. Paper Folding 1. Child and Women Rights 63 3. Paper Collage 2. Our Natural Resources 3. Our Cultural Heritage 66 4. Clay Work 4. The Participation Of Children 69 5. Students’ Efforts 73 5. Wire Sculpture 6. Traffic Rules 76 6. Leaf Printing 79 7. Drawing and Colouring 7. Rural Municipality 82 8. Local Song 8. Our Municipality 85 9. Music 9. Equal Treatment 89 10. Let’s Act Out Let’s Revise 92 11. Let’s Sing A Song

UNIT MY FAMILY, 1 MY NEIGHBOURHOOD AND ME My Neighbours Me and My Tools Use and Care of Occupational Tools Mutual Help Between Neighbours

1LESSON MY NEIGHBOURS Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n name their nearest neighbours. n address them with appropriate titles. My name is Hirakaji Nepali. The name of my village is Jaubari. I live in Sundar Bazaar Tole. Seema, Ratna Kumar, Deepak Babu and Menuka are my close friends. Once during our Dashain holiday, we planned to make a linge ping. We asked Maila dai to help us. He was very happy and said, “Ok Let’s go and gather babiyo to make a linge ping”. We all went with him to gather babiyo in the nearby forest. We brought plenty of babiyo. Other people of my tole also came to help us and made a long and thick rope. Shantabir kaka brought some long bamboo and a linge ping was made in the play ground of our school. Hari Narayan baje played first. He is the senior citizen of my village. Then we all played the linge ping turn by turn. During the festival of Tihar we always gather together and play Deusi and Bhailo in our neighbourhood. This year also we were waiting 6 Social Studies - Book 4

excitedly for the evening to come. At five o’ clock we gathered in front of Seema’s house. Firstly, we went to Harsha kaka’s house. We sang our favourite deusi/bhailo song. Sita kaki, Jamuna didi, and Ishwor bhinaju all came out to see us perform. Harsha kaka appreciated our performance and gave us some money. We were very happy. We went to Ram Maya bajai’s house. Ram Maya bajai lives alone. She makes really tasty selroti. We danced on the famous song “Pan Ko Paat, Maya Timlai Samjhanchhu Din Ko Raat”. After our performance Ram Maya bajai invited us into her house and gave us selroti to eat. We enjoyed eating the selroti. Next, we went to Narayan dai’s house. As soon as we started to sing, other villagers including Kavita phupu, Nirmala kaki, Govind kaka, Alok thulba and Gayetri thuli aama also gathered in front of Narayan dai’s house and started to clap for us. Rajkumar dai, Dinesh dai and Santosh dai joined us and started to dance with us. They requested many other songs and we were glad that we performed well. At the end of our performance, the environment had become very cheerful. This was a very enjoyable celebration of our joyous festival. It was also good to see the whole neighbourhood coming together and enjoying the festival. KEY WORDS Appreciated : to praise someone for the job well done Gather : come together at a place Joyous : a happy event Perform : to fulfil an action Note to the Teacher: Ask the students turn wise to name their neighbours. Ask them how they address their neighbour through role-play in class. Encourage them to use respectful words for their neighbours. Social Studies - Book 4 7

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a. What is the name of your place/tole? b. Name any two friends from your neighbourhood. c. Would you like to participate in any social work done in your community? If yes, how would you like to participate? 2 Write the name of any four nearest neighbour and your relation with them. Also write how you address them in the given table. Name of neighbour Your relation How do you address Shyam Lal Pradhan Uncle Shyam kaka 3 Read the lesson and answer. a. How did Hirakaji and his neighbour make the linge ping? b. Who brought the bamboo? Where was the linge ping made? c. Have you ever played deusi bhailo? What do people offer when we play bhailo? d. How do you address your father’s mother? e. What do you call your mother’s brother? Community Work Organize Buddha Jayanti celebration program in your school/class/ tole. Divide your class into a group of six. Each group will take one responsibility for the program. 8 Social Studies - Book 4

2LESSON ME AND MY TOOLS Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n name the occupational tools used in different works. n use the measures to take care of them. I am Naima. My grandparents are farmers. They love to work in their field. To work in their field they need several tools like halo, kodalo, kuto etc. My grandparents even rear animals like cow, goats and pigs for milk and meat. They carry a doko, namlo and a hasiya with them to bring fresh grass from the forest to feed their animals. They sell their harvests to make money and buy other necessities of their own. So they use a taraju and dhak to measure the right amount of their harvests. Once I helped my grandfather built a coop for the hens. We used tools like saw, hammer, nails and a measuring tape on that day. I also helped my grandmother cut mangoes using a chulesi. Together we made mango pickles. Social Studies - Book 4 9

My kaki is a local school SOCIAL teacher. She uses blackboard, chalk, duster and books to teach her students. Even my teacher uses them. My kaka works in a textile factory. He uses various machines as tool to make clothes. While using tools, one must be very careful. And when wounded, one must be rushed to hospital. There a doctor treats using scissors, antiseptic ointments, cotton and bandages. A doctor also has a stethoscope, a thermometer and a weighing scale in his examination room. KEY WORDS Coop : a cage in which poultry is kept Harvests : the amount of the crop gathered in a season Necessities : something necessary like food, shelter etc Ointments : medicine Rear : breed and raise animals Textile : cloth Note to the Teacher: Ask the students to find tools in their house and ask their parents for their name and what they are used for. 10 Social Studies - Book 4

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a. What tools are used in your home? List them. b. What occupations are followed by your family members? List their occupations and tools used in their occupations. 2 Which occupations are the following tools related to? 3 Match the following with their Nepali name: Sickle Halo Scissors Chulesi Beam balance Kodalo Plough Hasiya Knife Kainchi Hoe Taraju 4 Answer the following questions: a. When did the grandparents use doko, namlo and hasiya? b. What tools do Naima and her grandfather use for making a coop? c. Why do Naima’s grandparents need to sell their harvests? d. Where do Naima’s kaka and kaki work? e. What tools does a doctor use to treat the patients? 5 Draw a picture of any one occupational tool. Project Work Visit your neighbour or a friend’s house. Then list out the tools used in their daily life. Social Studies - Book 4 11

3LESSON USE AND CARE OF OCCUPATIONAL TOOLS Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n use right tools for right purpose. n take proper care of their tools. n take precaution to avoid accidents with sharp tools Rohan once went to Shantipur of Gulmi district with his classmates. It was an educational tour. At Shantipur, they stayed at Tul mama’s house. Mr. Tul Bahadur Thapa was a farmer. There was a shed next to his house. There Rohan saw some tools. Rohan: Mama, what is this? Tul mama: It is called halo. We use this to plough our field. Rohan: And what do you use to cut Halo your harvests? Tul mama: We use hasiya. It is also used to cut grass for our cattle. (Rohan reaches for the hasiya but Tul mama Hansiya takes it back from him) Careful! Its blade is very sharp. You must use it very carefully. We generally keep it away from the children. You must not play with it. As it’s made of iron, they rust very easily. So we need to protect it from rusting as well. We need to continuously sharpen its blade to maintain the sharpness. 12 Social Studies - Book 4

Rohan: This is kodalo, right? I have seen my father using it to dig the soil in our garden. Kodalo Tul mama: Right. It’s used to dig the soil. We also use a kuto for digging. Rohan: Besides these, what else do you use? Tul mama: There are many other tools that Bancharoo we use in our village life. Some of them are bancharoo, aara, khukuri, damloo, dori, nanglo. Rohan: Wow! So many of them. Khukuri Tul mama: The use of these tools makes our life easier. Always remember, Rohan that a person must always use them carefully to avoid any misfortune. KEY WORDS Blade : the flat cutting edge of a tool Cattle : farm animals Misfortune : an unhappy situation Rust : the reddish coating formed on iron Sharpen : to make something sharp Note to the Teacher: Teacher should make the students aware of the dangers of misusing the various tools. They should be told not to use dangerous tools without proper supervision of the elders. Social Studies - Book 4 13

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a. Most of the tools have sharp ends and may cut you. What precautions will you take to avoid cutting yourself? 2 Fill in the blanks. a. An axe (bancharoo) is used to cut................................ b. ........................and........................are used for digging the soil. c. Rohan has seen his...............................use kodalo. d. We must always use a tool.....................to avoid any misfortune. 3 Make a list of tools at your home. Write down its uses and safety measures to be taken for their longer use. Tool Uses Safety Measures Namlo To carry load Keep it at dry place to avoid getting wet 4 Answer the following questions: a. Where is Shantipur? b. Name some of the tools seen by Rohan in the shed. c. What makes the life of villagers easier? d. What did Rohan learn from Tul mama? Project Work Draw the pictures of the tools that you have got at your home. Then mention their uses and safety measures taken for their longer use. 14 Social Studies - Book 4

4LESSON MUTUAL HELP BETWEEN NEIGHBOURS Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n lend and borrow among neighbours in times of need. n help each other in time of need. My name is Rajeshor Jha. My home is in Janakpur. My father works in a government office. A month ago, my father was transferred to Siraha. We travelled along with my father to the new place. We reached the new place and started to search for a flat to live. Luckily, Rabi Mahato offered us a flat to rent. We rented the flat and started to live there. Rabi Uncle and his family were very caring and helpful. Our nearest neighbour, Shanti kaki, helped us settle into our new place. She lent us a broom and dustbin. She even helped to clean our rooms. We had not brought plenty of furniture. So Rabi Uncle lent us some of his extra furniture. His daughter, Ramila didi took us to see the market and shops where we could buy necessary household things. We met some Ramila didi’s other neighbours on the way. She introduced us to them. They showed us the hospital, school, bus stop, telecom and local market. I found all the neighbours in my new place very friendly and helpful. Yesterday was my first day at my new school. I forgot to carry my pencil box. A girl named Rita shared her pencil with me. Now we Social Studies - Book 4 15

have become friends. During lunch time, my classmates gathered around me and asked me about my old school and friends. They also told me about the rules and regulations of this new school. I felt very comfortable talking and listening to them. The people here are very caring. One of my neighbours, Maila kaka had to mend the roof of his cow shed. It was not possible for him to do it alone. So he requested his friends for help. Everyone readily agreed. The next morning many men from our neighbourhood gathered at his house to help him. The women too from our neighbourhood came to help Maili kaki. They all together cooked lunch. My father and mother also went to help Maila kaka and kaki. Everybody enjoyed their time together. Coming here has helped me understand that we should always help and share with our neighbours. KEY WORDS Broom : a long handled brush used for sweeping and dusting Classmates : a member of the same class in a school Government Service : working for the government office Household : of or relating to a house Introduced : to make something known to someone Lent : let someone use something with the intention of getting it back Mend : to repair Transfer : to move from one place to another Note to the Teacher: Encourage the students to help their neighbours according to their ability. Ask the students how they can help their neighbours. 16 Social Studies - Book 4

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a. Have you ever helped your neighbour? If yes, how? 2 Write True for correct statements and False for incorrect statements. a. We should not lend goods to our neighbours. b. We can survive without the help of our neighbours. c. If we help our neighbour, they also help us when we are in need. d. Helping each other is not a good habit. 3 What have you borrowed from and lent to your neighbour? Write in the given table. Things you have borrowed Things you have lent 4 Read the lesson and answer. a. Why did Rajeshor go to Siraha? b. How did his neighbours help his family settle into the new place? c. How was Rajeshor made comfortable in his new school? d. Write any two reasons that neighbours are important. Project Work Find out how your friends and their family help their neighbours. Also list the things that you have shared with each other. Social Studies - Book 4 17

Let’s Revise 1 Name the relations with: In Nepali In English Bhai Brother Your younger brother Elder sister’s husband Father’s brother’s wife Mother’s brother Father’s sister Mother’s elder sister 2 Change the sentences to make them true. a. We should never help our neighbours. b. Children should be allowed to play with sharp tools. c. A chulesi is used to cut clothes. d. During Teej we play deusi-bhailo. e. A doctor uses bancharoo. 3 What Am I? a. I am a tool. I am used by farmers to cut their harvests. b. Children play on me in Dashain. I am made of babiyo and bamboo. c. I am a measuring tool. I am used to measure distance or length. d. I am a food item. I am round in shape and made of rice flour. e. I am an educational tool. I am hung on the walls of classrooms and teachers write on me. 18 Social Studies - Book 4

4 Match the correct tool with its user. a. b. c. d. 5 Can you find ten occupational tools? DT ARA J UBANCH C O T N ANGHOKO A HKUKHURAAOD S UHANONG S NDON LUKA I NC I AARA E KDML OO YN L I N SHCLE SHALORG I UDOKODAODO L Social Studies - Book 4 19

UNIT OUR TRADITIONS, 2 SOCIAL VALUES AND NORMS Obedience: A Valuable Lesson Our language and Costumes Our Rituals and Festivals Importance of My Birthplace My Country, My Pride Good People of My Country 20 Social Studies - Book 4

1LESSON OBEDIENCE: A VALUABLE LESSON Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n obey their seniors. n ask for help from their seniors when in need. Prajwal was in class four. His sister, Pranita was in class one. On summer vacation, the siblings, Prajwal and Pranita learnt a life’s lesson. That summer they were excited to visit their kaka at Baglung Bazaar. Once there, they were happy to see the beauty of Baglung Bazaar. They wanted to see more of it. But their parents did not allow them to go out of their kaka’s house. They were very disappointed. So they decided to sneak out of their kaka’s house without telling anyone. They were successful in doing so when no one was watching them. They were very happy to roam around the bazaar on their own. They saw many interesting things in the bazaar. About after half an hour, Pranita felt hungry. “Dai, I’m hungry so let’s go back to kaka’s place.” “OK, let’s return.” Social Studies - Book 4 21

But suddenly Prajwal’s feet froze and he looked at Pranita in horror. She, puzzled, looked up at him and asked, “Why did we stop, dai? Hurry up! I am hungry.” “We are lost, Pranita” The moment he said so, Pranita started crying. Prajwal too was scared and could not decide what to do next. It was getting dark. Soon he saw a kind lady walking towards them. With hope he ran to her and asked for help. She took them to the police station. The police helped them to find their kaka’s house. Everyone in their kaka’s house was searching for them. Their mother was crying and their father too looked worried. That day both of them from their experience learnt a life’s lesson. They learnt to obey their elders. KEY WORDS Froze : to stop suddenly and remain motionless Puzzled : something that confuses Roam : to move around without purpose or plan Siblings : a person’s brother or sister Sneak : to go somewhere secretly Note to the Teacher: Students should be taught to obey their elders. At the same time, they should be encouraged to ask for help of their senior when in need. 22 Social Studies - Book 4

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a. Elders in your family are the reasons for your success. How? b. Do you follow all the orders given by your seniors? Write your answer with reasons. c. Make a list of advices given by your elders which you always follow. 2 Write True for right and False for wrong statements. a. We should obey our seniors. b. We should not follow the orders given by our teachers. c. We should not hesitate to ask for help when needed. d. We must do the work given by our parents. e. We must disrespect and not take any suggestions given by our seniors. 3 Read the lesson and answer. a. Where did the siblings go with their parents? b. Why did they leave their kaka’s house? c. What did they do at the Baglung bazaar? d. How did they find their way back to their kaka’s house? e. What lessons did the siblings learn on that day? 4 Have you ever suffered for disobeying your elders? If yes, how and what lesson did you learn at the end of that experience? Project Work Good advices from your seniors always develop good habits in you. Name any five good suggestions and habits that you developed because of it. Discuss them in class in group then. Social Studies - Book 4 23

2LESSON OUR LANGUAGE AND COSTUMES Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n differentiate between the different languages, costumes and life style of the people living in their community. Today the students of class four are conducting a cultural programme. Each participant is going to wear his/her traditional dress and give a short description of their traditional costumes and languages. Let’s learn about the different cultures found in Nepal. Student 1 : Asewaro (Namaste)! My name is Komal. I belong to the Limbu community. I am wearing a phariya, patuka, cholo and khasto (shawl). The ornaments that I am wearing are Chaypte Soon, Laskari and Mundri. The ornament I am wearing on my nose is called Bulaki. I am also wearing Kantha on my neck. It is made up of Pote and gold. Some women also wear Tilhari and Nau Gaedi. The ornament on my head is called Sirphuli. Limbu people mostly live in the hilly region. We have our own Limbu language. The men of our community wear Daura- Suruwal and Nepali topi. Nogenro (Thank you)! Student 2 : Tashi Delek (Namaste)! My name is Mingma Sherpa. I belong to the Sherpa community. This knee length dress that I am wearing is called Bokkhu. This long sleeved shirt is called Tulung, and the pant- like garment that I am wearing is a Nangoya. The boots are known as . They are worn by 24 Social Studies - Book 4

both men and women. Sherpa women wear a long dress known as Anggi and a shirt called Bagjur. They love to wear ornaments made of gold, silver and precious stones. Sherpa people mostly live in the mountainous region of Nepal. We also communicate in our own Sherpali language. Thuchitsey (Thank you)! Student 3 : Pranam (Namaste)! My name is Manjari. I belong to the Tharu community. The dress I am wearing is the traditional costume of my community. I am wearing a Gunew, Lehenga and Choya (blouse). I am also wearing different types of colourful ornaments. I am wearing a mundri on my ears, Natthaon on my nostrils, Churiya/bala on my wrist and colourful necklaces and a Payal on my ankle. The men wear Bhegwa which is a white loin- cloth that they wrap around themselves. They also wear Jhulva which is a kind of shirt worn on the upper part of the body. The Tharu communities are mostly found in the terai region. We speak languages like Maithali, Bhojpuri and Awadhi. Dhanyabad (Thank you)! Student 4 : Jwojalapa (Namaste)! I am Sanukaji. 25 I live in Ason, Kathmandu. I belong to the Newar community. I am wearing Daura-Suruwal, Bhadgaule Topi, Patuka and a waist coat. In my Social Studies - Book 4

community women wear Cholo, Patuka and Hakupatasi. They also wear ornaments like makansi, tayo, lunswan, kilip, nyapu shikha on their ear, neck and head. Majority of us lives at the Kathmandu valley. We speak our own Newari language. We have a very rich culture and tradition. Subhay (Thank you)! We can see from these examples that Nepal is a country where people from many different ethnicities live together. Each community has its own culture and tradition. Everyone respects each other’s culture and lives harmoniously. KEY WORDS Ankle : the joint between the foot and the leg Conducting : organising an event Description : an explanation of something Garment : item of clothing Ornaments : things worn especially by women to look attractive Participant : a person taking part in an event Precious : valuable Sleeve : the part of a garment that covers the arm Wrist : the joint between the hand and the forearm Wrap : to cover a person or things by a piece of clothing like the shawl Note to the Teacher: Ask the students to list the languages spoken in their local community. Ask them to tell the names of the costumes worn by the people in their local community. Discuss with them why there is variation in traditional costumes. 26 Social Studies - Book 4

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a. Name your mother tongue, your traditional dress and one major festival observed in your family. b. What rituals are performed in your community? List them. c. Name the different races and castes living in your neighbourhood. 2 Complete the following table: S. N. Race/Caste Language Dresses 1. Limbu 2. Sherpa 3. Newar 4. Tharu 3 Draw a picture of traditional clothes worn in your community. 4 “Namaste! My name is Santuram”. Translate this sentence in your own mother tongue with the help of your guardian and say it aloud in class. 5 On what occasions do you wear your traditional dress? Do you like to wear them? Why? Give reasons. Project Work Collect the pictures of traditional dresses worn by different communities from old newspapers, magazines, etc. Paste them in a big size cardboard and display it in your class. Social Studies - Book 4 27

3LESSON OUR RITUALS AND FESTIVALS Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n name the different festivals and rituals of different cultures. n discuss the ways of celebrating different festivals and rituals of different cultures Teacher : Dear students, today we will discuss our culture and festivals. Nepal is a country with many different races and languages. Several cultures and festivals are celebrated here. Binay, will you tell the class about your culture’s major festival? Binay : Yes, Ma’am. I belong to the Rajbansi community. The people of my community celebrate Siruwa parva. It is observed on the 1st of Baishakh every year. During this festival, people splash water, abir and colour on each other. They invite their relatives to their home and offer a variety of good food, according to their capability. This festival is very important in developing social harmony and cooperation within our community. Teacher : Very good answer. Sailu Bhatta, now it’s your turn to tell us about your festival. Sailu : Ma’am, my home is in Darchula district. We joyfully observe Gaura parva. We sing Deuda song and perform Deuda Dance Deuda dance. We dance in a circle while holding each other’s hands. We perform various puja and eat delicious foods. Teacher : Nice answer, Sailu. Now who would like to tell about their festival? 28 Social Studies - Book 4

Dinesh : I will, Ma’am. Father’s Day and Mother’s Day are one of the important festivals for the followers of the Hindu religion. Father’s Day is observed in the month of Bhadra and Mother’s Day in the month of Baisakh. These festivals are celebrated throughout the country. We offer delicious foods and various gifts to our parents during these festivals. Fhulawa : Ma’am, the main festival we celebrate is Maghi. It is our New Year’s Day. The Tharu community eats various dishes such as pigeon’s meat, rat pickle, fish, teel ko laddu (sesame seed ball), pork curry and a variety of bread like Bagiya, Dhikri and Jharra Roti. Typical Tharu dances like Sakhiya, Ghumra, Jhumra, Jharra and Lathwa are performed. Teacher : Very good. We have discussed some of the festivals celebrated in different parts of our country. Now, can anybody tell us about the rituals performed in their home? Gangaram : Ma’am, Bratabandha is one of the important rituals performed in our culture. This ritual is performed by the followers of Hinduism before a boy’s marriage. The boy shaves his hair. Pandit baje conducts different puja by chanting mantras. We invite our relatives and neighbours,and offer them various delicious foods. The guests bring gifts for the boy. Note to the Teacher: Discuss in group about the various festivals, culture and rituals performed in their community. Social Studies - Book 4 29

KEY WORDS Cooperation : working together to complete a work Delicious : very tasty Harmony : people living happily and peacefully together Ritual : a religious ceremony Shave : to cut hair with a razor Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a. Name two major festivals and two rituals performed in your culture. b. Which festival do you like the most? Why? Give reasons. 2 Look at the calendar and write any three festivals and their month of celebration. Festivals Month of celebration 3 Do you like to celebrate festivals? Why? Give reasons. 4 Fill in the blanks. a. The Siruwa festival is observed in..............................every year. b. People sing.....................................song during Gaura parva. c. Mother’s Day is celebrated in the month of............................... d. .....................................is performed before a boy’s marriage. e. The Tharu community celebrates...............as their main festival. f. Maghi is celebrated as........................................day among the Tharu people. Project Work Collect pictures of different festivals from newspapers, magazines, etc. Paste them on a large posterboard. Show it to your classmate, and hang it on the wall of your classroom. 30 Social Studies - Book 4

4LESSON IMPORTANCE OF MY BIRTHPLACE Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n discuss the importance of their birthplace. n develop a feeling of loyalty towards their birthplace. æhggL hGdel\" dZr :jufb{ lk u/Lo;LÆ “Mother and motherland are greater than heaven.” The above quotation is taken from the Hindu epic Ramayan. These words were uttered by Lord Ram to his younger brother Laxman. After Lord Ram defeated Lanka by slaying Ravana, the new king Vibhishana invited them to visit Lanka. Lanka was a beautiful city with lovely houses, golden windows, clean roads and dazzling gardens. Laxman fell in love with the city and desired to stay there. He told his elder brother that he didn’t want to return to Ayodhya and wanted to make this new city his home. Lord Ram with the intention of explaining to his brother the importance of one’s birthplace uttered these words- æhggL hGdel\" dZr :juf{blk u/Lo;LÆ, which in English means “Mother and motherland are greater than heaven.” This is the motto of Nepal and it is also included in our national emblem. Our birthplace is the place where we are born. It is where we belong and it gives us our identity. Thus our mother and motherland hold a very important place in our hearts. We might visit new places and love them for a while, but there is no place more beautiful than one’s own motherland. Lord Ram expressed Social Studies - Book 4 31

his patriotism in the words mentioned above. Our birthplace can be compared to a mother that gives birth to a child. A mother loves her child with all of her strengths and weaknesses. Similarly, a child should love his/her mother in the same way. Our birthplace gives us our identity and we should try to protect the identity of our birthplace. As the natives of our country Nepal, we should try to bring reforms and development in our nation. Our goal should always be to improve our nation and be a positive contributors to the world. Brave warriors like Amar Singh Thapa, Balbhadra Kunwar and Bhakti Thapa fought for our country’s freedom. Nepal is the birth-place of Lord Buddha, who is called the “Light of Asia” and the symbol of peace. Nepal is blessed with plenty of natural resources. The world’s highest peak, Mt. Everest, lies in our country. Many different species of plants and animals are found here. Our country has many good qualities, ability and opportunities to move ahead. We as Nepalese should unite and work together for a common goal. If we join hands and work for the development of our country, then its development will surely follow. KEY WORDS Dazzling : bright Desired : wished for something Epic : a long poem that tells the story of great heroes of the past Patriotism : love and loyalty for one’s country Quotation : a group of words taken from a text or speech Reforms : progress and improvement Slaying : to kill someone in a war Uttered : spoke Note to the Teacher: As this lesson is meant to develop a feeling of loyalty to their motherland, narrate in the class different stories and incidents that will encourage them to love their birthplace and motherland. 32 Social Studies - Book 4

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a. What do you like most about your motherland? b. What would you like to do for your motherland when you grow up? 2 List some of the popular people, places and things of Nepal. People Places Things Tenzing N. Sherpa Pokhara Khukuri 3 Read the lesson and answer. a. What did Laxman want to do? b. What did Lord Ram try to explain to Laxman? c. Mother and motherland are greater than heaven. Explain this statement. d. Write a paragraph about your birthplace. 4 Draw a picture of our National Emblem. Project Work Act a drama in your class with the theme “Importance of One’s Birthplace”. Social Studies - Book 4 33

5LESSON MY COUNTRY, MY PRIDE Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n feel proud of their birthplace and motherland. n contribute for the development of their birthplace. My motherland, Nepal, is one of the most beautiful countries in the world. It is full of natural beauty and resources. We have long and wide rivers like Koshi, Karnali, Gandaki, Trishuli etc. Lakes like Rupa, Begnas, Rara etc make our motherland Nepal more beautiful. There are many villages and few cities in my country. Ramko is the place where I was born. There is a dense forest near my village. It gives us fresh air and natural environment. Several medicinal herbs are found here. These herbs cure many diseases. There is also a varieties of grasses and firewood in this forest. A beautiful river flows from the east side of my village. Farmers irrigate their fields from this river. Many types of mineral deposits are found in the mountains near my house. There is plenty of limestones,which is useful for making cement. Huge numbers of Rhododendron make 34 Social Studies - Book 4

the hills very beautiful. It is important to preserve these forests, rivers, ponds, hills and mountains. These are our national property. We should protect them. I like to stay in my village and contribute to its development. There is a place a bit far from my village called Bandipur. We can view the beautiful Himalayas from here like Dhaulagiri, Annapurna, Manaslu, Ganesh and Langtang. It is also famous for ancient art and architecture. Many tourists visit here every year. The cities of my country are also very beautiful. They are big and clean. One example is Hetauda. The trees here grow parallel on both sides of the road. It is one of the industrial cities of Nepal. Medicines are manufactured here from the herbs brought from the villages. There are several sites of religious importance like Bhutandevi temple, Churamai temple and Krishna temple. There are also places of historical importance like Makwanpurgadhi, Chisapanigadhi, etc. Our country also has many historical palaces, temples, mosques, monasteries etc. Tourists enjoy seeing these monuments. All of these things make our country very rich in natural beauty, art and culture. I am proud of my country. We must conserve our natural resources, art and culture to maintain its beauty and develop our country. Proper use of our natural resources can help us to develop our country. We all should work together for the development of our country. KEY WORDS Ancient : very old Conserve : protect Dense : thick Irrigate : supply water to the field and crops Parallel : side by side with the same distance continuously between them Note to the Teacher: Ask the students about the importance of their birth place. Ask them what they like the most about their birthplace and motherland. Also ask them the reasons for their liking. Social Studies - Book 4 35

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a. Name your birth place. What do you like most about your birth place? List them. b. What can you and your friends do to develop your motherland Nepal? 2 Complete the paragraph using the words given below. culture, motherland, flowers, Buddha, lakes, rivers, Sagarmatha My motherland is the most beautiful country in the world. Lord .................was born here. There are many beautiful.................and ...................in my country. The highest peak in the world ................... is located here. Different types of...............are found in the hills and mountains of Nepal. My country is rich in art and.................. I love my country because it is my.................... I am proud of my country. 3 In the given table, write the natural, historical and religious sites located near your home. Natural Historical Religious 4 Answer the following: a. Write a paragraph describing the place you are living now. b. Name the rivers of Nepal. c. Why do the tourists visit Bandipur? d. Our country is very rich in natural beauty, art and culture. How? e. Why do we need to conserve our natural resources, art and culture? Project Work Collect some information about the people who work for the development of our country. Then share about them in class. Eg: Pushpa Basnet, Daya Bir Singh Kansakar 36 Social Studies - Book 4

6LESSON GOOD PEOPLE OF MY COUNTRY Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n identify the people who have contributed for the welfare of their society. n pay respect to them and follow the path shown by them. Teacher : Some people have done remarkable work for the society and country. Can anyone name such a person from your district? Dev : I live in Taplejung district. Dr. Sanduk Ruit is a very famous doctor from our district. He is an eye surgeon. He has cured many people’s eye problems. So he is addressed as ‘God of Sight’. His treatments are very cheap and beneficial. He has established a hospital which provides free eye treatment for those who cannot afford to pay. He has received many prestigious international awards like Padma Shri award and Ramon Magsaysay award for his contribution in the field of eye treatment. Samita : I live in Lalitpur. Satyamohan Joshi is one from the famous personality of my district. He is a Nepali writer, scholar and a historian. He is famous for his research on the history and culture of Nepal. He has received national awards like Madan Puraskar, Gorkha Dakshin Bahu medal for his contribution. Note to the Teacher: Ask the students about the people who are involved in any sort of social service in their community. Encourage them to go and find out about them. Social Studies - Book 4 37

Bina : Pushpa Basnet is a famous and generous social worker from my district. She is the founder of Butterfly Home. Butterfly Home provides a daycare program for the children of imprisoned parents to help them live a normal life. She has received the prestigious international awards like 2012 CNN Hero of the Year and CNN Superhero 2016. Irsad : Anuradha Koirala is one of the greatest social worker of our country. She is the founder of Maiti Nepal that fights against girls trafficking. Maiti Nepal rescues trafficked women and reunites the rescued women with their families. She has received national awards like Prabal Gorkha Dakshin Bahu Medal, Trishaktipatta Award; and international awards like 2010 CNN Hero of the Year, Padma Shri award etc. She is a woman of great strength and an inspiration to fight against girls trafficking. Teacher : These famous people are an inspiration for us. We must learn to contribute for our society and country from them. KEY WORDS Cured : to heal a person from a disease Daycare : day time care for children Eye Surgeon : a qualified person to do surgery Imprisoned : people kept in prison Personality : a famous person Prestigious : highly respected Remarkable : worthy of attention Rescue : save 38 Social Studies - Book 4

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a. If you meet a famous social worker of your district, what questions will you ask him/her? Prepare any four questions. b. What good works do you want to do for your society in future? List any four works. 2 With the help of your parent or guardian, write the names of any three people from your district/country and their contributions to the society in the table given below. Name of people Their Contributions 3 What great works these people have done for their community and country? a. Sanduk Ruit b. Satyamohan Joshi c. Pushpa Basnet d. Anuradha Koirala 4 Read the lesson and answer. a. Why is Sanduk Ruit addressed as ‘God of Sight’? b. Name the national awards won by Satyamohan Joshi? c. Why was Butterfly Home established by Pushpa Basnet? d. What does Maiti Nepal do? e. What did you learn from these famous people? Community Work Organize a group of six and on weekends clean your locality. Also aware the locals about the importance of cleanliness. Social Studies - Book 4 39

Let’s Revise 1 Fill in the blanks. a. Bandipur is famous for ancient......................and....................... b. A place where we are born is our....................... c. Tashi Delek means......................in nepali. d. Our elders are the reason of our....................... e. Mother and......................are greater than heaven. 2 Name the festival. a. Tharu community celebrates this festival. They eat various dishes like pigeon’s meat, fish, teel ko laddu, pork curry, Jharra roti etc on this day. They also perform Sakhiya, Ghumra, Jhumra etc dances on this day. ..................................... b. People living in Darchula district celebrate this festival. They sing Deuda song and dances Deuda dance in circle by holding each other’s hands on this day. ..................................... c. Rajbansi community celebrates this festival. It is observed on the 1st of Baishakh every year. They splash water, abir and colour on each other on this day. ..................................... 3 Can you recognize these people? a. She works for the children of imprisoned parents to help them live a normal life. b. He is addressed as ‘God of Sight’. c. She is famous for fighting against girls trafficking. d. He has conducted research on the history and culture of Nepal. 40 Social Studies - Book 4

3UNIT SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS Let’s Help Beware of Bad Habits Social Evils Resolving Our Quarrels Eliminating Social Evils Service Providing Institutions Social Studies - Book 4 41

1LESSON LET’S HELP Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n help the people of their local community in time of emergency like earthquake, flood, landslides etc. Manigram, Butwal Dear Tangsang, Hi! Have you heard about the landslide at Rasuwa district which is in Bagmati Province? It had happened about three weeks ago. It was caused because of heavy rain. It killed twelve people. And about forty-five people survived. The landslide had destroyed the whole village. It’s a tragic incident for our country. Everyone must do their best to help such unfortunate people. Our school too wants to help those landslide victims of Rasuwa. Therefore, it has organized a committee to help collect funds for their relief. I am also a member of this committee. We are collecting money, clothes, books and other stationery products to help the students of Rasuwa continue their studies. So far we have collected Rs 5000/- and a huge pile of clothes and stationery products. Soon our school’s principal along with other officials will go to Rasuwa to help in the relief program. 42 Social Studies - Book 4

I have heard that Red Cross society, the international organization is already at Rasuwa to help the victims. They are being given food, clothes, blankets, water filter kits, basic medicines, tents etc. Never hesitate to help those who need your help. Logo of Red Cross My father always says that those who help others in their needy hours get helped in their needy hours too. So it’s always a give and take situation. I hope you are helping the needy people in your own possible ways. Always remember any form of help is valuable for the needy. You can always donate your pocket money or the clothes and books that you no longer use. A small effort from your side can make a huge difference in someone else’s life. So always be that one guy who is ready to lend a hand. Ok, Tangsang with a hope to hear from you soon, I will take my leave for a while. Bye. Yours Norden KEY WORDS Donate : to give money, food, clothes etc to help someone Lend : to give assistance or support Needy : being in want Relief : financial and practical assistance given to those in need Unfortunate : unlucky Victims : a person injured or killed in an accident or event Note to the Teacher: Tell the students about various natural calamities like flood, landslide, famine, earthquake, fire, etc and their effects on our life. Encourage the students to help the victims of such natural calamities. Tell the students about some organizations working to help such people. Social Studies - Book 4 43

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a. Listen to the news on radio or television. Write about a few natural calamities that have taken place within and outside Nepal. b. Would you ever help anyone in trouble? If yes, how? c. Name any two organizations that help the people in need. 2 Match the following: a. Rasuwa district is in.......................Province. b. Norden was helping to collect..............for the landslide victims. c. .....................................is an international organization which helps the victims. d. Helping others is a.........................and.........................situation. 3 Read the lesson and answer. a. What had caused landslide at Rasuwa district? b. How should we help people in time of need? c. What did Norden suggest his friend Tangsang? d. How did Norden and his school help the landslide victims? e. Why should we help the people in trouble? 4 What do you see in the given picture? Describe. Project work Collect the pictures about the help provided to those people who are suffering from natural calamities or any other problems. Paste them in a cardboard. Give a suitable title. 44 Social Studies - Book 4

2LESSON BEWARE OF BAD HABITS Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n discuss disadvantages and effects of taking alcoholic drinks. For many years, Chabilal Mahato lived happily with his wife and two children in their village. He worked in an industry near his house. His son studied in class four, and his daughter studied in class one. He was a very honest and hardworking person. One evening his friends took him to a restaurant. They began to drink alcohol; Chabilal become curious and decided to taste it. Gradually, he began to enjoy drinking alcohol, and he became habitual to it. He started to drink alcohol every day. He became an alcoholic. Nowadays he comes home late at night and quarrels with his wife. He no longer takes care of his kids. He spends all of his earnings buying alcohol. He has recently been diagnosed with a life-threatening disease. He is unable to go to work. He has no money for treatment and is suffering a lot of pain. Sadly he was the only breadwinner of the family. Now because of his actions, it has become very difficult for his family to survive. His two children have dropped out of school. Their future has become dark and uncertain. Not only Chabilal, but all of his family members, are now suffering. This is the result of consuming alcohol. Smoking and consuming alcohol are injurious to health. There are many disadvantages of Social Studies - Book 4 45

consuming such things. It makes a person dizzy and lazy. Under its influence, a person may become angry and violent. It will be difficult for them to control their behavior, mood and actions which makes everyone around them sad. The addicted person can also suffer from life threatening diseases like cancer, tuberculosis, etc. People who drive vehicles under the influence of alcohol can cause accidents that may result in injury or death. In our society, alcoholic drinks are consumed by adult during the festivals and special occasions. However, responsible adults consume only a limited amount of these drinks and keeps control over them. It is not good to prepare alcohol at home and drink it in front of children. We can bring reform in our culture and traditions by not consuming alcohol. KEY WORDS Breadwinner : a person who earns money to support a family Consume : to eat or use something Curious : eager to know or learn something Diagnosed : to identify the cause of a disease Earnings : money obtained in return for labour Habitual : something done as a habit Injurious : that causes harm Quarrel : fight or argue Reform : change that improves something Note to the Teacher: Ask the students to make a list of the effects of consuming alcohol. Ask them to make a poster on ‘Say No to Alcohol’ to create awareness. 46 Social Studies - Book 4

Evaluation Exercises 1 Think and write. a. What bad habits do people follow in your community? List them and write your suggestion to avoid such habits. 2 What do the following symbols indicate? a. b. 3 Fill in the blanks. a. ......................and consuming......................is injurious to health. b. Under alcohol’s influence, a person may become......................... and ................................ c. People who drive vehicles under the influence of....................... can cause accident. d. It is not good to prepare alcohol at........................... e. We have to bring reform in our.............................................and ...............................by not consuming alcohol. 4 Read the lesson and answer. a. How was Chhabilal’s life before he started consuming alcohol? b. Why did Chhabilal have a hard and difficult life after being an alcoholic? c. Why is alcohol injurious to health? d. What are the effects of consuming alcohol? Project work Perform the life story of Chhabilal in your school to spread awareness regarding alcohol and its effects on us. Social Studies - Book 4 47

3LESSON SOCIAL EVILS Objectives : After the completion of this lesson, students will be able to: n identify the bad customs that exist in our society. n speak about the ways to avoid them. Raj Narayan lives in a village. Last year he took out a loan from the bank to run a bakery. He took the loan mortgaging his home in the bank. At the same time, his daughter was getting married. The groom and his parents demanded for various things in dowry. Raj Narayan to ensure the happiness of his daughter bought as many things as he could. Due to this unnecessary expense he could not repay his loan. The bank auctioned his home and he became homeless. At first his son-in-law was happy to get the dowry but later he was ashamed of himself for promoting such an evil practice. This is an example of a bad custom practiced in our society. There are many other such evil practices prevailing in the different communities of our country. Let’s discuss some of them. Deuki Pratha It is a custom of sending a girl child to the temple in Sudurpashim Province of Nepal. The parents offer their daughter to the God. 48 Social Studies - Book 4

Sometimes the rich people buy the girl child from the poor families and offer her to temple. Such girl cannot exercise any of her rights. Untouchability It is another evil practice followed in our society. In some places, especially in the villages, the so called high class people prohibit the low class people from entering their houses, using public properties like temple, wells, public water tap, etc. Child Marriage In rural areas where people are uneducated, child marriage is a common practice. The children are married when they are merely five year old or above. Our law allows only people above the age of 20 to be married. Jhuma Pratha There is a custom of offering second daughter (Mahili Chhori) to the monastery (Gumba) in the Himalayan region of Nepal. Like Deuki Pratha, such girl also cannot get married in her whole life. She has to spend all her life taking care of the monastery. Social Studies - Book 4 49

All of these bad social customs should be abolished from our society because they hamper in the development of our society. Such practices also destroy the unity of the people. To end these bad social customs, mass awareness should be created. Education should be provided in rural areas. Proper laws should be made to control such practices. KEY WORDS Abolish : put an end to something Ashamed : feeling of shame Auction : a meeting where things are sold to the person who offers the highest money Dowry : gifts given to a bride by her parents and relatives Hamper : to get in the way Loan : money borrowed from the bank Mass : group of people Merely : only Mortgaging : to give someone a legal claim on your property in exchange for money Prevailing : widespread Prohibit : not allowing someone to do something Note to the Teacher: Discuss with the student about the bad customs that exist in their society and tell them to make a list of them. Tell them to make a poster or placard against various bad social customs. Involve the student in eradicating such customs. 50 Social Studies - Book 4