face2face SB Upper-Intermediate

Sentencestress,weakforms,linking and extra soundsall combineto give spokenEnglishits naturalrhythm. a) Look at this part of the conversation. Work in pairs. Student A, mark the stressedwords and circle the weak forms. Student B, mark the linking and extra sounds (/w/, /j/, /r/). LAURAW.e.Cll,?f\ir.s~all, mY_/j;-oldcatrefusesto go into my bedroom.In my last flat she slepton the end of my bed everynight, so I thought that wasratherodd. MARKWell, the previousowners'cat might have sleptin that room. Or theycould havehad a dog. LAURAThey didn't havea cat or a dog. b) Work with your partner. Compare answers. c) Look at R12.7, p159. Check your answers to 68). d)mFJJ Listen to the conversationagain. Notice how the sentencestress,weak forms, linking and extra sounds give spoken English its natural rhythm. C# a) Do you believe in any of these things?Why?! Why not? Put a question mark if you're not sure. Listening .telepathy .fate a) mIJ Listen to a conversation betweenthree friends, .UFOs .fortune-telling Laura, Chris and Mark. What problem does Laura have? What do Chris and Mark think about her problem? .life on otherplanets. astrologyand horoscopes b) Listen again. Make notes on the reasonswhy Laura b) Work in group$. Discuss your opinions on the thinks she has this problem. things in 7a). Give reasons for your opinions. c) Work in pairs. Compare notes. What do you think Laura C)Tell the class about anything that your group should do? all believe in or don't believe in..

Language Summary 2, p14 a} Fill in the gapswith these a) Fill in the gaps with the correct Work in groups of four. words/phrasesa.rB form of thesepairs of verbs. rm Readthe rules. Then play the game! stressedout chuckout ~ need/buy need/change Rules bugs chill out telly trendy mate hassle should/stay could/drive would/call Youneed:One counterfor eachstudent;onedice for 1 I knew the band so I _qIQn_:t_!1~g-Q- eachgroup. _tQ-P-~Yfo-r a ticket. to school? 2 I out so late last night. How to play: Put your 2 Do you get about work? I overslept this morning. counterson STARTHERE. 3 sWohmeenthindgid yyoouu ladsidtn't want? 3 I this coffee. We've got Taketurns to throw the lots in the cupboard. dice,moveyour counter 4 Do you watch a lot of ? 4 I you to the station. and follow the instruction~ 5 How do you on holiday? Why didn't you ask me? on the square.The first 6 Do you ever go to bars 5 I you, but I didn't have studentto getto FINISH and clubs? your work number with me. is the winner. 7 Who's your best ? 6 Fortunately, I trains. 'Oj J 8 What really you about There was one that was direct. Grammar and r 0 day-to-day life? b) Work in pairs. Compare answers. Vocabulary squares: The: .: first student to land on a b} Work in pairs. Ask eachother Choosethe correctwordsin these Grammar or Vocabulary : the questions in 1a). idioms. mil square answers question 1. t, , Take what he says with a pinch a) Look at these sentences. of sugar/salt. The second student to land I; Make deductions about the ~ present or the past. mil z It's a piece of bread/cake. on the same square answers ;, 3 Keep an arm/eye out for jane. 1 I left a message for lan, but 4 Are you pulling my leg/hand? question 2. If the other she hasn't called me back. 5 I always sleep like a log/plant. She might have gone away. 6 The news came out of the istudceonrtrsect, thinykou cyao\n\"- U Ctl1:.We the square. If 2 Tim's not answering the door. sky/blue. stayon 3 I had the key when I left 7 He lives in the centre/middle of the ~mswe~r home, but I can't find it now. nowhere. wrong, move back t-o~ t~h~e~ 4 I've never seen Kelly eat meat 8 That really made my hour/day. 5 Pat is buying a tent. last square you were on. 6 Pete always flies first class. Ctll~wersYwoithu caynour chectekacher. your ] :f a thirdmds or fourth student la on'ishe the same square, hf can stay on the square ~mthout b} Work in pairs. Compare answeringa question. answers.Are any of your KeepTalking squares: If you land on a Keep Talkin, deductions the same? a) Tick the things you can do square, talk about the topi< in English. for 40 seconds. Another student can check the time Match the verbs in A to thewords/phrases can understandsomecolloquialwords If you can't talk for 40 in B. QED lndphrases. seconds,move back to the last square you were on. If A B I can makedeductionsaboutthe preser a second or third student cflaeuese andthe past. lands on the samesquare, your home he/she also talks about the sue cal riticisepeople'spastbehaviour. sametopic for 40 seconds. release a hostage\"- an outcry I can talk aboutgeneralandspecil abilityin the past. somebody for damages invade a poisonous gas can understandsomeidiom send a country release a political crisis U I can followa conversationbetweenthree cause troops into a place peopleon a subjectfamiliarto me. b) What do you need to study again?ravelling

-0 sitions .Choose the correct~ Talk about and ith these words. Talk about your plans .. compare two . . ~)1 I'm so/such close to Jo, for the future. FINISH I ICk,sure, she's as/like a sister. HAVE A REST Choosethe correctve~ X' Interesting paces , famous, 2 I made so/such a lot form in this sentence. of money working you have poi~te9\"\", a waiter. 1 This time tomorrow we'll drive/be driving home.W.\"\"\",,\" t'\"\"\"'i- G 2 I'll be writing/have written, Sayeightwords/phrases\" What are the crimes and connectedto: .:,::1::= Talk about things criminals for these verbs? 1 the Internet 2 phones you used to do when 1 steal, burgle. shoplift, you were a child. rob 2 mug, smuggle, murder, vandalise ;~_.I'...~~faiii, ,- Put this question into Put this sentence into MOVE FORWARD reported speech. Talk about your past the passive. Which verb pattem comes 1 What do you think and present wishes 1 Someone's interviewing after these reporting verbs? TWO SQUARES iiiiiifior work, studies or of my new dress? Lee at the moment. 1 claim, warn, blame, agree0\" t 2 Can you let me know ~::::~;~ 2 They might fix the 2 accuse, point out, deny, Correctthe by Sund.a.yJ? 1/1/11- Explain the meaning of advise \"\"in this sentence. these prefixes and give computer tomorrow\"i11 e an example for each one. 1 ff he'd have a car, 1 pro-, multi-, re-, under- ! :.::: he'd drive to work. MOVE BACK 2 anti-, pre-, mis-, ex- , out last night if Talk about the last Correct the mistake in this been so tired. TWO SQUARES I time you went to the sentence. cinema, the theatre 1 He warned me not or an art gallery. walking across the park. 2 They accused him for stealing the diamond. I' Talk about the .J .'\"'~-~'Y--\"'-,.' e--J 'lir~ ..1_.111~'1==~~ best or worst day Choose the correct verbyou've had this year. form in this sentence. MOVE FORWARD Say nine words/phrases Talk about a book TWO SQUARES connectedto: or film that 1 Tim '5 written/'s been 1 books and reading you enjoyed. writing dozens of articles. 2 plants and gardens 2 They played/'ve been playing golf since 1.30.o.,J ..J .t ;;;;~G) e ,i\"\" ,,' Which two prepositions HAVE A REST Cinothrrisecstetwntoenmcei.stake,;;s\"iil~i!\"J, J,;. HAVE A REST can we use with these verbs? Talk about t 1 apply, talk, depend 1 It's twice as big than my car, things in life ~XPlain the meaning of but not any hard to drive. that annoy you. these words/phrases. \",2 complain, 1 a deposit,a mortgage, 2 The more old they are, property,rip sboff 2 a hasslem, esssth up, more they cost. chill out, chucksthout~j:~\"~;f- \"\", .What ar!e noun'!\"'~' .f\"'.Are 'both verbfol'ifisC'c MOVE FORWARD'possible in this sentence? and adjectives for THREE SQUARES ..c these verbs? MOVE BACK ..1 When I was 10, I used 1 decide,originate, THREE SQUARESjj5ic to havel'd have a pet '\" convince,criticise(C rabbit. Tanlkd aobtohuetr tisPoPcinagl:J- ' &'\"~\"\"~,2 .w. eaken,prefer,*\",',-;.,~ He ' sa Lways Losm. gI '~ rules in your c\"*'j'ca.Lwa !ys loses hisckeYfs, e '8' Improve,recogms country. ccccc ;\"\"J I;;;'~. What's the difference\",;i~ Which verb pattern comes START betweenthesesentences?; after these verbs? HERE 1 I:ve fixed my car.. ;~~ 1 persuade,refuse,let, II ve had my carfixed. ,'ti~ ' regret 1 could havegone. \"\";\"~~#j end up, manage,force,.. 1should havegone.\" had better



70 p61 Wonderwall 100 p85\" Workin groups.Discussthesequestions. \" a)Writethenamesof yourfavouriteb: and, malesingerf,emalesingerm, usiciana, lbum. 1 Has your country everproduced any famous world champions? If so,who? b)Workin groups.Compareideas.Does anyoneshareyourtastein music? 2 Do you support a team that has won a championship or another competition? If so, CJ a)1mB Listento thesong.Crossoutthe what did they win? extrawordin eachline(1-28). 3 Have you, or has anyone you know, ever 1Today is gonna be the fttIStday been successfulin sport, music or other 2That they're gonna throw it all back to you activities? 3By now you really should've somehow .Realised exactly what you got to doI've l_p.ald- my dues, time after 2_- 5Although I don't believe that anybody 6Feelsthe way I do about you right nowAI'vned dobnaed m5 y 3 , I've , bmutadecommaitte6d__- no 4 7Backbeat the word is heard on the streetIB'vuet Ih'vaed cmomy e shatrheroughof sand(and kickIedneed in tomygo 7on and on and 8That the fire burning in your heart is out 9I'm quite sure you've heard it all before on and on) 10But you have never really had a doubt 11I just don't believe that anybodyCHORUS 9 wmey ar8e the till chatmhepions 1° 12Feelsthe way that I do about you nowWAned arewe'll tthhee keecphampions,on 13And all the worlds we have to walk today are winding 14And all the bright lights that lead us there areblindingI'NC'voaeuse '' 14 we are the cfomhraympion1s2bow, my of cutrhtaein 13 call 15There are many important things that I 16Would like to say to you now; but I don't know howYou've brought me 15 and fortune it,he I 196 CHORUSNAIBnoudt considpeiltersaesvuerreythbinegen it na1o8 chalbleetnhdgaet ogfoes 17 befowreith -- youall 17Becausemaybe, you're gonna be the only one that human savesme 18And after all this, you're my wonderwallrace 19Todaywas maybe gonna be the dayAnd I never lose (and I need to go on and on and 20But they'll never throw it back again to you 21By now you probably should've somehow on and on) 22Realised what you're not supposed to do 23I don't believe that anybody hereCHORUS (x 2) 24Actually feels the way I do about you nowb) Work in pairs. Compareanswers. 25And all the long roads that lead you there were winding 26And all the lights that light the way home areblindingII) a) Read the song again. Underline all the 27There are so many things that I examples of the Present Perfect Simple you 28Would like to say to you, but I just don't know how can find. I said maybe (I said maybe), you're gonna be the one who b) Find words/phrases in the song for these savesme meanings. Write the infinitive form of the verbs. And after all, you're l1ly wonderwall (x 2) I said maybe (I said maybe), you're gonna be the one that 1 earnrespectthrough hard work and experience savesme (saves me) ... pay your dues b) Work in pairs. Compare answers. 2 something that you find on beaches 3 hit somebody or something with your foot \" a) Think of three peopleyou know who you 4 when you bend your head and body forward can rely on. to show respect or thanks b) Work in newpairs. Taketurns to tell 5 something that needsa lot of effort and eachother aboutthe peopleyou chose. Ask follow-up questions. determination to do successfully 6 all people as a single group C)Work in pairs. Compare answers.

~ a) Work on your own. Fill in the gapswith the : a) Work on your own. Readthis urban legend. .: correct form of the verbsin brackets. : Thenwrite ten words/phrasesfrom the urban : 1 Haveyou evertried __takillnga_t-uralmedicinesto ~ legendon a piece of paperto help you remember : cure anillness?(take) .: the story. : 2 Do you think all childrenshould sports . : atschool?(do) ... : 3 Which songsdo you remember when . . ~ youwereat primaryschool?(sing) . : 4 Whenyouwerea child, did your parentseverlet: . . you up late?(stay): . . 5 Hasanyoneeverforcedyou something .... : that you didn't wantto? (study) . : 6 Haveyou everpretended ill to avoid . . : to schoolor work? (be;go) . : 7 Did anyonehelp you your homework . . : whenyouwerea child? (do) . . ~ 8 If you sawsomeonehitchhiking,would you stop . . .: thema lift? (give) . : b) Work with your partner.Take turns to askand . . : answeryour questions.Ask follow-up questions . . : if possible. , '. . . ..';i';lllffj,V;()~ffur,... !\",\";{,U!IJ(, . . . . ... .. :: I .. .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . : b) Closeyour book. Work with your partner. : Taketurns to tell eachother your urban legends : in your own words. Usethe words/phrasesyou .~ wrote in a)to help you. : C)Do you know any other urban legends? .: Tell the class..

Pair and Group Work: Student/Group A \",. \"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\".\"\",\".\" . . iri pairs with a student from group A. Fill in : a) Work with a student from group A. Look at of the verbs in brackets. ~ the speakers ill conversations 1 and 2. Decide if : a) Work with the correct form : each conversation should be polite or neutral. you : Then rewrite the conversations to make them .: the gaps (hit) a parked car at 3 a.m., ~ sound more natural. Invent your own endillgs. : 1 If you : 1 Two friends : (leave) a note with your phone number? on a : A Busy?: : 2 Imagine you (find) an expensive camera . B Tied up. Important? ~ park bench, you (hand) it in to the police? company (pay) you twice for last : A No. When? : 3 Suppose your you .: B... : month's work, (get) home from (keep) the money? : 2 A teacher and a student : 4 If you the supermarket and : A Seeyou? : B Not a good time.; : (realise) that they hadn't charged you for: .A Quick question.: something, you (take) it back?: B... 5 Imagine you (borrow) a friend's laptop and: .~ (tell) you(rdropf)riend it ownhathe hawpapyenehdo?me:, you .; b) Practise the conversations with your partner. b) Work with a student from group B. Take turns to ask: : C)Work ill groups of four with a pair from to help you : group B. Take turns to role-play your and answer the questions. .Make brief notes ~ conversations. Guess who the people are ~ remember your partner's : ill the other pair's conversations. Use these answers. : ideas (there is one extra idea). .....,- .A doctor and his/her receptionist If you hit a parked car at 3 a.m., would you .A son/daughter phoning a parent at work ~ I.... leave a note with your phone number? .Two work colleagues '\" . ; a) Work on your own. Completethe words in bold : a) Work on your own. Readabouta crime that : with a prefIX.Sometimesthereis more than one ..: happenedin the UK. Thenwrite five words! .: possibleanswer. : phrasesto help you rememberthe crime. .... : 1 Whatdo peoplein your countrydo that you think ..: A 34-year-old London postman was the:: : is social? : 2 Do you havea lot of discipline?: mastermindbehinda £20million chequebook :: ..3 Do you know anyonewho hasdoneor is doinga fraud. Theman stolechequebooksfrom post: : ..; graduatedegree? .: 4 Are mostpeoplein your country office sorting officesand then used them to : : \": 5 How manypeoplein your familyare '_wi/thdraw m-o~n,eyfrom people'sbankaccounts\"\"'\",::::: hunting? ., -\"\" smokers? .: ..6 Which films or TVprogrammesdo you think are ;; b) Work with the other people in your : ..rated? :\": : group. Taketurns to tell eachother about : ..7 If youwerea , millionaire, whatwould you spend ~: : the crime in a).Useyour own words if .', : : your moneyon? : possible.After eachcrime, decidewhat :: ; 8 Whenyouwerea child, did you .behavea lot? : punishmentyou would havegiven the ::.: ...: criminal if you'd beenthejudge. b) Work with your partner.Taketurns to askand answer ::....:: .~ the questions.Ask follow-up questionsif possible. ' c) Turn to p159. Readwhat happenedto the criminals. Do you agreewith the ', sentencesthat thejudges gavethem? : : ...~ Why?/Whynot?,

Pair and Group Work: Student/Group A ~- .... . .: . .: ~ a) Work with a studentfrom groupA. Write .~;: a) Work on your own. Readaboutyour situation. questionswith thesewords.Usethe correctpassive:: : Makea list of at leastfive things youneedto do. form of the verbs. : : Which of thesethingscanyou do yourself? .:...... ~ Which do youneedhelpwith?.. ..: ........ . .:.............. ~ You'reorganisinga 21stbirthdayparty for your.. ....... ....: :. . ..' .. ....:: . . : . the party. .. .... .... .... . . : b) Readaboutyour partner'ssituation. Makea list : of at leastfive things you can offer to do to help .I..I . . : him/her. .i.. .:! . ....1 : :! He/Sheis going on holiday to New York on Sunday . for two weeks.He/Shehas got a plane ticket and a .' . visa,but hasn'tdone anything elseto preparefor the .:.:!:!I .: . . .. . . .. ........' .. ..' . ..... ....':.' . . holiday.He/Sheis worried about beingburgled while . he/sheis awayand he/shealsohastwo cats. . ... . . : : : c) Work with your partner.Taketurns to discuss .: : your situations.Useyour lists from a}and b}to .. ..:.. .. : ~ help you make,acceptor refuseoffers. .. .. .. .. \"\"\"\"\"\".\"\"'.\"...\"..\"..'.\".\"'. .. .. : b) Work with a pair from groupB. Taketurns to ask : ..: answerswhenyou askyour questions.(Thecorrect : : and answeryour questions.Saythe threepossible : ..: answersarein bold.) : .)amorfecnetnestcerroceht: htiwdnopseR.secnetness'rentrapruoyotnetsiL)C: .dahreves'ehs/ehtnedutstsebehtm'IsyasrehcaetruO)f; .worromottroperruodaerotgniogerastneilcehT)e: .ASUehtotgnivomsawmailliWtahtaediondahI)d: .elpoepynam: osfotnorfnihceepsagnikamtuobadeirrowm'I)c: ?erehwynayranoitcidymneesuoyevaH)b: ?teykrowemohehtenoduoyevaH)a: ?tcerrocer'yeht; knihtuoyoD.sesnopserreh/sihotnetsiL.reh/mihot: )f-)asecnetnesyaS.rentrapruoyhtiwkroW)b: .ruoyedamevahtsumtahT!snoitalutargnoC6:aekilpeelssyawlaI,oN5~ .puwergI: erehwegallivllamsehtmorfrafas'titub,seY4~ruoygnilluptsujsawI,oN3: .seirettabymotffosyadwefagnikatm'I2:foelddimehtniesuohmrafdlonanI1: .secnetnes: esehtnismoidiehtetelpmoC.nworuoynokroW)a; .. : .. : c) Which pair got mostanswersright? .. \"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"'.\"\" ' .. \"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\". . . . ~ a) Work on your own. Make questionswith you . : with thesewords. Use Howlong...? or How . : much/many...? and the PresentPerfectSimple or : PresentPerfectContinuous.Usethe continuous ~ form if possible. : 1 / countries/ visit? : Howmanycountrieshaveyouvisited? : 2 / live / in your houseor flat? ~ 3 / phonecalls/ make/ today? : 4 / study/ English? : 5 / know / your oldestfriend? .: 6 / spend/ on food today? : b) Work with your partner. Taketurns to askand .~ answerthe questions.Ask follow-up questions. . . .~

~ a} Work on your own. Fill in the gaps with the : a} Work on your own. Readthis urban legend..: correct form of the verbs in brackets. : Thenwrite tenwords/phrasesfrom the urban: a) Have you ever tried -_t_Q.l~-q[/]-- another foreign ; legendon a pieceof paperto help you remember: language(?learn) : the story..: b) Wwhenre yoduo ryeotuire? think (live) you'll end up . your children .: c) What would you encourage .: at university? (study) ..:: d) Have you stopped 0__0 to the music you ..: liked when you were 16? (listen) .: e) When you were a child, did your parents make .: you jobs around the house? (do) ..: f) Did you remember 0 0-0.0- your best friend a . .: card on their last birthday? (send) . ~ g) Would you allow your children -0 0 what ..: they studied at school? (choose) . .: h) What .kind of mistakes in English do you keep: ? (make) . .: b) Work with your partner. Take turns to ask and . ..~ answer your questions. Ask follow-up questions . .: if possible. . .'. \"\"\"\"\"\"\"~\"\"\"~\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\" ', . .......: a) Work with a student from groupB. Add extra . . . . . . . ... : .: information to this story by replacingeachnumber: . .: with a non-defmingrelative clause.Then finish the : .: story in your own words. : . ... ... ... . .: Olivia'sfavouritenovelwascalledSecondChance. : .: She'dreadthe book,G), overa dozentimes.One: . : ...: dayshewentinto town to meetherboyfriend, : ...: Graham0, . Whenshegot theresherealisedthat: .....: she'dleft the book on the bus. Olivia,0, was .: reallyupsetbecausethe bookhad beensigned : .: by the author.The next dayGrahamwrote to : . .: theauthor,0, andexplainedwhathadhappened. : . .: Threeweekslater it wasOlivia'sbirthday. :: GrahamgaveOlivia herpresent,@. It wasa : :; :....: hardbackcopyof SecondChanceW. henshe .....: openedthe book ...: ...... .: b) Work with a student from groupA. Taketurns ::.. .: to read out your stories.Which do you think is : . ...:....the best? . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... .....I . .i .. .:1...... : b) Closeyour book. Work with your partner. : Taketurns to tell eachother your urban legends ; in your own words. Usethe words/phrasesyou : wrote in a}to helpyou. . .: c) Do you know any other urbanlegends? : Tell the class.

Pair and Group Work: Student/Group B \"\"\"'.'.' ' \".' '.. : a) Work in pairs with a student from group B. Fill in : a) Work with a studentfrom groupB. Look at ~ the gaps in brackets. : the speakersin conversations1 and2. Decideif with the correct form of the verbs : eachconversationshouldbe polite or neutral. ~ a) If you (want) to go to a club but it was full,: .: Thenrewrite the conversationsto makethem you (try) to bribe the doorman?: ~ soundmorenatural. Inventyour ownendings. b) Imagine a female friend (ask) for your opinion: about her new hairstyle and you (think) it : 1 Two work colleagues .: : A Gota minute? : looked terrible, you (tell) her the truth? : c) Supposing you (find) a copy of the end-of-course ..: : B Sorry.Pushedfor time. : exam paper, you (give) it back to your A When? B... : teacher without looking at it? ~ d) If a shop assistant (give) you too much change, : 2 A son/daughterphoninga parentat work : you (give) it back? .: A Goodtime? : e) Suppose a friend (ask) you to look after his : B Busy.Urgent? :~ t(rtoepll)ical your fish frieanndd onwehat of hathpepmened? died, you : A Yes.Lostkeys.: ~ b) Work with a student from group A. Take turns to ask B... .~ b) Practise the conversations with your partner. : : and answer your questions. Make brief notes to help : you remember your partner's answers. C)Work in groups of four with a pair from group: A. Take turns to role-play your conversations.: Ifyou wanted to go to a club but it was full. Guesswho the people are in the other pair's would you try to bribe the doorman? : conversations. Use these ideas (there is one ~ extra idea). c) Work with your partner from groupB. Discusshow: . your partners from group A answeredeachquestion.: . Were their answerssimilar? Which student from group ~ A do you think is more honest? .A teacherand a student .An employee and his/her manager .Two friends . ~ a) Work on your own. Readabouta crime that ~ : a) Work on your own. Completethe words in bold : happenedin the UK Then write five words! : .~ with a prefIX.Sometimesthere is more than one !~ phrasesto help you rememberthe crime. ~ : possibleanswer. ~ A 35-year-oldsecretarystole £4.3 million ~ : a)Do you live in a cultural area? : fromthe companysheworkedfor overa : : periodof severaylears.Shewascaughta few q : : b) How many presidentsof the USAcanyouname? : weeksbeforeshewas planningto leaveher : : c)Do anyof the roomsof your houseor flat need : job andstarta newlife in a £750,000villa in : : decorating? : Cyprus. : : d)Haveyou everbeen chargedin a restaurantor ..~ \"-~'--/\" -..,if ~ : a shop? ~ e)Do you ever understand peoplewhenthey : b) Work with the other people in your group. : : speakEnglish? : Taketurns to tell eachother aboutthe crime in : : f) Which professionsdo you think are paid? : a).Useyour own words if possible.After each: : g)Would youlike to work for a national company? : crime, decidewhat punishmentyou would : ~ h)What'sthe longest stop flight you'vebeenon? ~ havegiven the criminal if you'd beenthejudge. ~ ~ b) Work with your partner.Taketurns to askand answer ~ c) Turn to pI 59. Readwhat happenedto the ~ : the questions.Ask follow-up questionsif possible. : criminals. Do you agreewith the sentencesthat : . \"\"\"'.\"\"\"\"\".'.\"'.\"\"\"\"'.\"..'..'.\"\"\"..\" ' ...~ thejudges gavethem?Why?/Whynot? E . \"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\".'...':.

Pair and Group Work: Student/Group B . .. . . . ~ a) Work on your own. Readaboutyour situation.: . Makea list of at leastfive things youneedto do.: . Which of thesethingscanyou do yourself?: ~ a) Work with a student from groupB. WriteJ,~,! , .: .: questionswith thesewords. Usethe correct'p~a~s,-s_ivJe_-- : . Which do you needhelpwith? .: form of the verbs. .. .. . . . ...... . . . .. .. . ... :~ I .. ... . .i.......... . ..... . ... . . . . .... . . . . . . . . ... . . .. ... ... . . ............... .'. '.. . b) Readaboutyour partner'ssituation. Makea . . ........................... . .. . . .. ..~ list of at leastfive things you can offer to do to: .. help him/her........ ..... .. . He/Sheis organisinga 21stbirthday party for .. his/her cousin Samtomorrow;The party will be .. .. at his/herhome and he/shehasinvited 25 people . . . . . . . . . . . .. (four are coming by train and two by plane). .. His/Her houseis a messand he/shehasn'tstarted . .. . . :.i preparing for the party. . .i.... . . C)Work with your partner.Taketurns to discuss: . your situations.Useyour lists from a)and b)to . ....~ help you make,acceptor refuseoffers. . . . . . . . . . . . . : b) Work with a pair from groupA. Taketurns to ask . : a) Work on your own. Complete the idioms in : and answeryour questions.Saythe threepossible . : answerswhen you askyour questions.(The correct . .: these sentences. . .j answersarein bold.) : 21 YGeoso,dit.wTahsatasphieocueldogf ive them \" for thought. .. .~ c) Which pair got most answersright? .~ 3 Nor did I. The news came completely out of the . . .. : . . . . ..... . : 4 No, but I'll keep an out for it, if you like. . 1 a) Work on your own. Make questions with you with . : 5 I'd take that with a pinch of if I were you! : these words. Use How long...? or How much/many. ..? . : and the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect . ~ 6 Why not tell a joke first to break the ? ~ Continuous. Use the continuous fonn if possible. .. ~ b) Work with your parmer. Listen to his/her . : sentences. Respond with the correct sentence . . .. . . . .. . . ... ..: from a). : a) / time / spend / watching TV this week? . : Howmuch timehaveyou spent watching7Vthisweek? . : b) / live / in this town or city? . : c) Saysentences a)-f) to your partner. Listen to ~ c) / novels / read / in English? : d) / have / your mobile? .... ~ a) What are you doing next week? : e) / come / to this class? . ~ f) / times / go / to the cinema this month? . . ~ b) Work with your partner. Take turns to ask and: .. : b) Do you tend to wake up a lot in the night? answer the questions. Ask follow-up questions. ~ his/her responses. Do you think they're correct? .., . c) Whereabouts does your uncle live? . d) Hey,guesswhat? I've just won £100! :. e) Do you like living in the city? f) Are we really doing an exam tomorrow? . .: . :. . ... : ' '\" ''-.

.. ..... . . ,;.~ ...: a) Work on your own. Makenotes on thesethings. :: ~ a) Work on your own. Youare goingto tell other : studentsa story. It canbe aboutyou or someone \"..\".' . : you know. Choosefrom theseideas or your own. ..:\" , . : Thenmakenotes on the main eventsof your story.... .. .. : .a practicaljoke : .a story fromschool,collegeor university .. : .a holidayexperience .. : .a wonderfulor terrible night out ~ .an interestingor unusualjourney .. .: .the mostenjoyableor frighteningdayof yourlife .. , .. .. ~ b) Look at your notes from a)again.Decidewhere : you canusesomeof thesewords/phrases...: .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ...... .... ........ ........ ............ : ............... Actually Anyway ApparentlyAccordintgo .:: ; MeanwhileLuckily Bytheway Intheend..: .. ........ ...................... ::...... .. ....C)Work in groups.Taketurns to tell your story. ....... ~.... Which is the mostinteresting or the funniest?: d) Tell the classthe most interestingor the ~ funniest story in your group. ' ,.., \".,.~ , ' ..:.\"-: ... . . :........ : a) Work on your own. Readabouta crime that . : happenedin the UK. Thenwrite five words! . .. ..;: ~ phrasesto help you rememberthe crime..... ..' ..\"\" .;:: ~ A man was arrested for illegally .\" : copying and selling DVDs. He was: ........' caught with 1,000DVDs in his car, .\".... : and the police also found another .: :: : 18,000DVDs in his house and in a : warehousein Cambridge. It was the ~ b) Make questionswith you aboutthe things in a). : :.... ~~ secondtime the police had arrested 1 HowlonghaveyoubeenstudyingEnglish? 2 Whatdoyou remembear boutyourfirst English .':: : him for this crime. .... classes? ....: : .:: : b) Work with the other peoplein your group. C)Work in pairs. Taketurns to askand answer ~: your questions.How manythings do you have : :.... : Taketurns to tell eachother aboutthe crime in a). in common? : Use your own words if possible.After eachcrime, HowlonghaveyoubeenstudyingEnglish? ~.... : decidewhat punishmentyou would havegiven the ~ ForaboutsixyearsW. h .~ criminal if you'd beenthejudge. ..: : c) Turn to p159. Readwhat happenedto the .:: that you and your :: : criminals. Do you agreewith the sentencesthat d) Tell the class two things .J : thejudges gavethem?Why?/Whynot? ..partnerhavein common. .\"\".' '..' \".\"\" \"'..

Pair and Group Work: Other activities.... ... .., \" . . . . .: a) Work on your own. Tick the sentencesthat : : a) Work on your own. Readabouta crime that . : happenedin the UK. Thenwrite five words! ...: aretrue for you. Think of reasonswhy youchose: : ...: thesesentences. : ~ phrasesto help you rememberthe crime. . ...... ... .. .: .I oftenput thingsoff. . .I'm verypunctual. . . .. . . .: .I'm quite organised. ...I'm a controlfreak. : .: .I'm a perfectionist. : . .I plan everything : .:1 i .: .I'm ratherforgetful. in advance. : .'.. ........ . ..: .I'm goodat multitasking. .I tendto dothings: : ......I'm alwaysmakinglists. spontaneously. : .... ... ... . . . . . . .: b) Work in pairs.Taketurns to tell eachotherwhich : . ...: sentencesyou ticked in a).Give reasonswhy you : ...chosethesesentencesH. ow manysimilaritiesare : :.....: therebetweenyouand your partner? ~ b) Work with the other peoplein your group. : : Taketurns to tell eachother aboutthe crime in a). : : Useyour own words if possible.After eachcrime, : : decidewhat punishmentyou would havegiven the :: : :.... criminal if you'd beenthejudge... ..: C)Tell the classtwo things that you and your :....: partnerhavein common...\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\" : : ' . c) Turn to p159. Readwhat happenedto the :: . ..criminals. Do you agreewith the sentencesthat the:: : . judges gavethem?Why?/Whynot? ... . .. ...... : : .: a) Work with your partner. Look at the pictures : : .: of some other people who were in Patrick's taxi : .. .: yesterday. Make at least two deductions about . . .: the present or the past for each picture. .. : a) Work with your partner.Choosesituation1 or 2. :.. .... : Thenwrite a conversationbetWeenthe people. : .: Thepeoplein picture1 couldhavebeento the theatre. ......: Situation1 : ..: Chrisand Patwereplayingdoublesin a tennis ::.: : tournamentyesterdayT. heylost the match. :.... : Chriswasextremelyangryafterwardsandsaid :.. ..: it wasPat'sfault that theylost. Now Chrisis , :.. I: phoningPatto apologiseandto try andarrange :.'\" anothermatch. .Ii) .:~....Ij .... ...... ........ :.. Sittuuaattioionn2 :........ : Saammanndd Aleexx weenntt to thee cinneemmaalassttnigghhtt.. ~.... : Saammlovveeddthee filmm,, buutt Aleexxhaatteeddit. Thheeyyhaadd :.. : a bigg argguummeennt tabboouuttit, theennAleexx goott veerryy :...... :.... : uppsseettanndd weenntthoommee..Nooww Saammis phhoonniningg : :.-... ..: Aleexx to appoollooggisiseeannddto suuggggeesstgt ooiinnggto ......: aannootthheerrffiillmm ttooggeetthheerr.. :.... .. ......I,...... ~ b) Swappaperswith anotherpair. Readtheir...:.:.............................: b) Work in groups of four with another pair. Take :: turns to tell the other pair your deductions about : ....: conversationand correctanymistakesyou fmd. :....: the people in eachpicture. Are your ideas the same? : : C)Practisethe conversationwith your partner until :..::, C) Tell the class some of your deductions. .:. : you can rememberit. :.... : d) Work in groups of four. Taketurns to role-play: :: the conversationfor the studentswho wrote it. :. .... '..'..\"'.\".\"\"..'..'..\" \".\"..\"\",.\".,

Pair and Group Work: Other activities . : a) Work with your partner. Look at photos 1-12. Which do you think are real works of art? ~ Which do you think are not? ;~ iG) .~~- CD 0, 0 BLACK BEAN . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .;0 0 0 0 . . . . . . .. . . 0 . 0 ::. 0. 0 . 0 . 0 0 ... 0 .. .0 0. 0 0 . 0. .. 0..:,: 0 :. 0.....; 0 0 .. 0 ... 0 0 . 0 .@ 0 0 . . @)... 0 .. 0 0 ~0 0 0 . 0 0 .... 0 . 0 ... @ 0 .. 0 0 . :0 .. 0 . ........................... 0 0 .: b) Work with another pair. Discuss your ideas. Do you agree which are real works of art? 0 0 ~ Give reasons for your choices. 0 ~ C) Check on plS9. How many real works of art did you identify correctly? 0 0~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o. 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 :0 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 :0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(my) first language (is) ...can't speak a word of ... TIPS! .A state school (UK) = a public school(US). In Biitishbe bilingual* in ...can have a conversation in ... English, a public schoolis an expensive type of private school.be fl u8ent*. ill ...speabe reasonably* good at ...bit k some ..., but I.t,s a ...university (UK) = college (US)can get by* in ...pickknow a few words of ... rUsty* .We often use abbreviations to talk about university degrees: up* a bit of ...on holiday a BSc = Bachelor of Science; an MA = a Master of Arts, etc..: Hes got a BSc in chemistry.TIP! .In the Language Summaries we only show the mainstress (8) in words and phrases. .Graduate can be a noun or a verb. Notice the different pronunciation: Tims a graduate /'grred3U;)t/.I graduate /'grred3uelt/ next year. lID Verbpatterns(1) G~EI) '. .When we use two verbs together, the form of the second verb usually depends on the first verb. '. . avoid end up* regret* begin prefer I + verb+ing (doing) keep start don't mind continue finish love like hate miss enjoy refuse begin need hope pretend + infinitive with to manage prefer start seem continue (to do) forget love like hate plan decide Tlake help let + object + infinitive (sb/sthdo)~ EducatiCo}n!~~) allow force* encourage* expect + object + infinitive a college /'koIId3/ any place where people study for persuade* ask teach with to qualifications after leaving school help pay convince* (sb/sth to do) a campus the land and buildings of a university or college an undergraduate somebody who is studying for their might can will could would rather I + infinitive first degree at university or college should had better (do). a graduate /'grred3uat/ somebody who has a first degree from a university or college TIPS!.The verbsin blue in the table showthe form of the a postgraduate somebody who has a first degree and is verbsin\" in the article 'Underexamination'on pIa. now studying for a higher degree .The verbsin bold in the tablehavemore thanone verb a Master's(degree) an advanced university or college degree a PhD/pi:eItJ'di:/ the highest university or college degree pattern. Both verb patternshavethe samemeaning: a tutor a teacher who works with one student or a small I beganreading. = I beganto read. group of students He helpedme get a job. = He helpedme to get a job. a lecturer somebody who teachesat a university or college .sb = somebody;sth = something a professor a teacher of the highest level in a university *end up finally be in a particular situation or place: department I never thought I'd end up being a teacher. a tutorial a period of study with a tutor a seminar a class in which a small group of students *regret feel sadnessabout something you have done: discuss a particular subject I regret leaving school at 16. a lecture a talk on a particular subject, especially at university or college *force make somebody do something they don't want fees the amount of money you pay to go to a private to do: Heforced me to tell him everything I knew. school, university; etc. a student loan the money that a student borrows from *encourage /m'kAnd3/ talk or behave in a way that gives a bank while at university or college somebody confidence in something: My uncle encouraged a scholarship /'skolaJIp/ an amount of money paid by me to becomea musician. a school, university; etc. to a student who has a lot of ability, but not much money *persu.ade/p;}'Sweld/ make somebodydecideto do a care8e/rka'na/ the job, or series of jobs, that you do something by giving them reasons why they should during your working life do it: I persuadedSteve to buy a new cal: *convince make somebody feel certain that something is true: I hope this will convinceyou to changeyour mind. TIPS! .Continuous verb forms of begin, start and continue are always followed by the infinitive with to: I'm starting to.wony about my health. not I'm 5~af~iRg~':e\"'7'iRgaheH~~j. he:al~h. .We can also say teach somebodyhow to do sth: ~ My brother taught me how to drive. ~ i~

.We often use short questions to keep a conversation going and to show interest. How's (it) going? (= Are you enjoying it or being successful at it?)8 Why's that? (= What's the reason?) Likewhat, exactly?(= Can you give me an example?) Howdo you me-an?(= Can you expiain this more clearly?) What's (the teacher)like? (= Can you describe him/her?) What elseareyou doing? (= Can you tell me about something different?) Suchas?(= Can you give me an example?) Howcome? (= Why?lWhat's the reason?) In what way? (= Can you explain this more clearly?) What sort of (dancing)?(= Can you be more specific?)TIPS! .In informal English, we also use Hows it going? as agreeting: Hi, Andy. Hows it going? (= How are you?).We can also say Who else ...? and Whereelse...?: Who elseareyou going with? Where else areyou going?.We can say What sort of... ?,What kind of... ?and Whattype of... ?: What sortlkindltype of course?QUESTIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS.We often make short questions with 'question word + preposition': KIM I go everyweek. 88 SUEReally? WhOwith? SUE I'm off to the USAon Sunday. KIM Areyou? HOwLj..gfor?TIPS!.In these types of short questions, both the questionword and the prepositions are stressed..The most common question words for these types ofquestions are Who, Whereand What:A I'm going away. B Whereto?A I talked to Vicky. B What about?.We often use Whatfor? as an alternative to Why?:A I'm going into town. B Whatfor?.We also use echo questions (KIM Its really difficult, actually.SUEIs it?) and questions with question tags (Its beenages,hasn't it?) to keep a conversation going.

2mI Expressingfrequency(2A ~p15) ED Wordbuilding(1):suffixesC~~)lower frequency hi~her frequency verb I noun I adjective I adverbr~rely f're;)li/ .I frequently pref~r preferablyocc~sionally f;)'keI3;)ll;)1i/ I more often than not i most weekss~ldom most of the timeeveryso often real sticallyeovnecreyinnoawwahnTdleaga..in .re8allvTIP! .We can also say most mornings/days/weekends,etc.: .I go running most mornings. CO!},:!~c~gl~ convinceWORD ORDER weaken.Rarely, seldomand frequently usually come before the main recognise I recognition critically verb: I rarely drink coffee now. I seldompay attention to recognlsable I recognisably government reports aboutfood. I frequently go to the gym. .We can make verbs by adding these suffixes to nouns or.Occasionally can come at the beginning of the sentence,before adjectives: -ate, -en, -ise. the main verb or at the end of the sentence: Occasionally I eat vegetables.= I occasionally eat vegetables.= I eat vegetables .We can make nouns by adding these suffixes to verbs or adjectives: -ence,-ion, -ity, -ism, -ility, -ness,-ment. occasionally..All adverbs of frequency come after the verb be: He:';rarely .We can make adjectives by adding these suffixes to verbs or nouns: -able, -ive, -aI, -ic, -ed, -ing, -ible. home beforeeight. .We usually make adverbs by adding -ly or -ally to.Every so often, once in a while, every now and again, more often than not, most weeksand most of the time can come at the adjectives. beginning or the end of the sentence:Most of the time I eat healthyfood. = I eat healthyfood most of the time. TIPS! .Sometimes the verb and the noun are the same, for example, plan, test, need,run, etc.: I plan to go to college~ FeelingasndopinionCs~~~~) next year. Thats a good plan. .If an adjective ends in -e,we usually replace -e with -ly to.We often use prepositions with adjectives. The most common make the adverb: responsible -+ responsibly. If an adjective prepositions for these adjectives are in bold. Other prepositions ends in -ic, we add -ally to make the adverb: realistic -+ - that we can also use for these adjectives ~re in brackets...terrified of (by) impressed by* (with, at) realistically. aware of*fascinated by (with) famous forexcited about (by, at) fond of*satisfied with (by) sure about (of)shocked by* (at) sick of*disappointed in (by, with)TIPS! .We must use the prepositions with fond of and sick of for ~ Presenatndpasthabits,repeatedactionsthese meanings. The other adjectives can be used without apreposition: 1.was absolutely tenified. andstates@~~.After prepositions we use a noun, a pronoun or verb+ing. PRESENTHABITS,REPEATEDACTIONSAND STATES .We use the Present Simple to talk about present habits, repeated actions and states:I know what I like and I eat what I like. .We often use the Present Continuous with always to talk about present habits and repeated actions that annoy us or happen more than usual: My mom's always telling me what I should and shouldn't eat. .We can use will + infinitive to talk about repeated and typical behaviour in the present: Every day when I get homefrom work, I'll have a coffee and half a packet of cwhitohcosltaatteecvoeorbkisesfo.Wr tehisdomne'taunsinuga.lly use this ve.rb form

.Compare these sentences: .After be usedto and get used to we use verb+ing: I still SometimesI'll eat things I know are unhealthy. (repeated and haven'tgot used to being a pedestrian here. I'll neverget typical behaviour) used to doing that! Tonight I'll probably have a burger:(a future action) .After beused to and get used to we can use a noun or .TIP! .To show criticism, we stress the uncontracted form of a pronoun: I wasn't usedto people driving so close to me. It just takes a while for aforeigner to get used to them. will: He will leave the door open all the time! .We can use beused to and get usedto in any verb form, PASTHABITS, REPEATEDACTIONSAND STATES for example: PresentSimple: I'm used to getting up at 5 a.m. every day. .We use the Past Simple and used to + infinitive to talk about PresentContinuous: I'm slowly getting used to it. Present PerfectSimple: I still haven't got used to being past habits, repeated actions and states:And then I read a lot a pedestrian here. of books about health and nutrition, and I knew I had to PastSimple: I wasn't used to peopledriving so closeto me. change.I used to be addicted to chocolate chip cookies -my will + infinitive: I'll never get used to doing that! mom used to hide themfrom me. infinitive with to: It just takes a while for aforeigner to get used to them. .We can use would + infinitive to talk about past habits and repeated actions: But when I was a teenagerI'd get up in the TIP! .The form of used to in be/get usedto doesn't change morning and go straight to the cookiejar. We don't usually use in questions and negatives: She isn't used to it. not $he isn't this verb form with state verbs. use ~e i~. .We make negative sentenceswith usedto with: subject + didn't + useto + infinitive. USEDTO OR BE/GETUSEDTO? .Compare these sentences: I didn't use to like vegetables. I used to live in Mexico City. .We make questions with usedto with: The speakerlived in Mexico City in the past, but he/she (question word) did + subject + useto + infinitive. doesn't live there now. I'm used to living in Mexico City. Where did you use to live? The speakerlives in Mexico City now and has probably lived there for some time. When he/shestarted living there, TIPS! .We can also make negative sentences with never used to: life was probably strange or difficult, but now it isn't. My brother never usedto help with the washing-up. Discussionlanguage(1): agreeingand .We don't use usedto + infinitive or would + infinitive for disagreeingpolitely (~~~) something that only happened once: In 2003 I gave up smoking. not In ~ggJ I htSedte.':I.eu!dgi-:e \"'; sl~~eking. ..agreeing .We often use usedto when we begin describing past habits, I see what you mean. then continue with would + infinitive: I usedto sleepuntil midday, then I'd get up and have breakfast in the garden. After ...I seeyour point. that I'd get the bus to work. ...I supposethat's true, actually. ~ beusedto,getusedto@~~) 'k\" .! \" Yo~might.be ri\ht there. .We use be used to to talk about things that are familiar and no That's a good point. longer strange or difficult for us: I'm usedto getting up at 5 a.m. IWseulpl,pIo.c\"saeny'ot ua.vrgeugewotitha ptho.a.in.t.t there. every day. .We use get used to to talk about things that become familiar, ...disal?;reeing ...I don't knowaboutthat. less strange or less difficult over a period of time: And asfor driving, well, I'm slowly getting used to it. I can'treallyseethe po'nt of (forcingkTdsto eat). Oh,do you thInk so? When Peter first arrived in Peter has been in Mexico City Oh,I wouldn'tsaythat. Mexico City, he wasn't used to for some time. Now he's used to Well, I'm still not convinced. getting up at 5 a.m. every day. getting up at 5 a.m. every day. TJPI. We often follow an agreementphrase with but to challenge the other person's opinion: I seewhat you mean, but I think its much better to let them eat when they want.IIiD

~ Typeosfcrime~~~ ~ Crimeandpunishmen@t :i!~ commita crime robbery stealing from people and banks , theft stealing money and things charge* somebody with a crime burglary /'b3:g1~ri/ stealing from houses and flats mugging using violence to steal from somebody in a take somebody to court* public place (a street, a park, etc.) give evidence* shoplifting stealing things from a shop while it is open find somebody (not) guilty* smuggling taking things illegally from one country to another acquit*/convict* somebody of a crime kidnapping taking a person by using violence, often in send somebody to prison (for 10 years) order to get money for returning them fraud /fr;):d/ obtaining money illegally; usually by using ~sentence* somebody to (10 years) in prison clever and complicated methods fine* somebody (£500) bribery /'bralb~ri/ trying to make somebody do something ,'1jj m - you want by giving them money; presents,etc. murder /'m3:d~/ killing somebody intentionally r ;j ~c,\" if *charge sb with a crime when the police charge somebody arson starting a fire in a building in order to damage or destroy it with a crime, they formally accuse them of committing that crime: Threemen werecharged with shoplifting. vandalism intentionally damaging public property; or property belonging to other people *take sb to court take legal action against somebody: My landlord is taking me to court for not paying my rent. looting stealing from shops or homes that have been damaged in a war, natural disaster, etc. *give evidence tell a court of law what you know about a crime: Three witnessesof the mugging gave evidencein terrorism the use of violence such as bombing, shooting, court today. etc. for political purposes *gu1lty /'gIlti/ responsible for committing a crime: The ~ CriminalasndcrimeverbsC jury had to decideif he was innocent or guilty. ~~~~crime I criminal I verb crime .criminal, verb *acquit /;)'kWlt/ decide in a court that somebody is not .robbery guilty of a crimE-:They were acquitted of all charges. robber I rob fraud fraudster - thief.theft steal bribery (opposite: convict) burglar..burglaryburgle murder *sentence when ajudge decideswhat a persons mugger mug arson punishment should be after they have beenconvicted of a ..mugging crime: The two men weresentencedto six months in prison. *fine make somebody pay money as a punishment for a crime they have committed: He wasfined £1,000. -bribe murderer murder TIPS! .Arrest, charge,sentenceand fine are also nouns. .A court is a large room where lawyers formally present all arsonist - the evidence about a crime: He:Sappearing in court today. shoplifting shoplifter shoplift vandalism v~ndal v~ndalise ..looting smuggling smuggler smuggle looter loot kidnapping kidnapper I kidnap - terrorism terrorist ~ VerbsandprepositionsCic D pis) TIPS! .The plural of thief is thieves /ei:vz/. spend sth on sb/sth apply to sb/sth for sth insist on sth* complain to sb about sb/sth .We can say commit fraud, commit arson and commit an act explain sth to sb talk to sb about sb/sth of terrorism. worry about sb/sth shout at sb for sth .We usually use shoplift in its verb+ing form: I saw some boys cope with sb/sth* apologise to sb for sth shoplifting. My neighbour was caught shoplifting. provide sb with sth* depend on sb/sth for sth They're robbing a bank and He's just burgled a house and TIP! .We can saydependon sb/sthfor sth or rely on s.b/sthfor stealing all the money. stolen a DVD player. sth: I depend/relyon my parentsfor financial support.~

&II Secondconditional; alternatives for if POSITIVEAND NEGATIVE ~ ~..-\"\"\"\", .We make the third conditional with: if + subject + PastPerfect, subject + 'd (=would)/wouldn't + l3A ep23 ) have+ past participle. SECOND CONDITIONAL If I'd seen him, I'd have said hello. If we hadn't got lost,we wouldn't have been late. .We use the second conditional to talk about imaginary situations in the present or the future: I'd take the booksback if .We can also use could and might in the main clause to mean I didn't haveto pay a fine. (I don't have to take any books back.) 'would perhaps'; If the men hadn't run away, shecould have killed them.If it had beenme,I might haveleft a noteon the car. .We make the second conditional with: if + subject + Past Simple, subject + 'd (=would)/wouldn't + .The if clause can be first or second in the sentence. infinitive QUESTIONS if clause main clause .We make questions in the third conditional with: If they clamped my car, I'd be stuckthereall day. (question word) + would + subject + have+ past participle... + if + subject + PastPerfect. .Ifhe didn't stay up so late, hewouldn't feel tired all the time. What would the owner of the carhave done if he'd seen him? .We canuse could or might in the main clauseinstead of would to mean'would perhaps':If the bankfound out,I could say TIPS! .We don't usually use would in the if clause: If I'd known, I didn't count the money.If I really neededit, I might keepit. I'd have helped.not If 1 \.:e~l1dha':e !:ne\\lt, 1':' have helped. .We can also use imagine and supposeinstead of if in third TIPS! .Even if = it doesn't matter whether the situation in the conditional questions: Imagine/Supposehe'd seenyou, what if clause exists or not: I'd take the books back, even if I had to would you havedone? pay afine. .In second conditionals we can say If I/he/she/it was. ..or If I/he/she/it were... : If I was/were rich, I'd buy a Ferrari. ALTERNATIVESFOR IF ...Making, refusing and accepting offers .We often use provided, as long as, assuming,imagine and -~ -, supposeinstead of if in conditionals. <-3DDp28) .Provided and as long as mean 'only if (this happens)': Provided no one was looking, I'd take as much paper as ... ...~aking offers -- I needed.I'd tell a security guard as long as he/sheagreed not to call the police. Would you like me to (come round)? .Assuming means'accepting that something is true': Letme (give them a ring for you). Assuming no oneelse saw the boy,I'd just tell him to return the things he'd stolen. ..,'.. .Would it h~lp if I (sorted it out for you)? .Imagine and supposehave the same meaning (= form a Why don t I (look after the kids)? picture in your mind about what something could be like). I'll (m~ke a b~d up for 'you), if you like. .We can use imagine and supposeas an alternative for if in Wh~t if I (picked the kids up from scho.ol)? questions: Imagine/Supposeyou found somelibrary books that were dueback eight months ago, would you return them? refusing offers ... ..No, TIPS! .We can also use provided, as long as, assuming,imagine and supposein other types of conditionals to talk about real No, situations: We'll seeyou tonight, provided Alex doesn't have it's OK, but th;nks for offering. myself.) to work late. We'll hire a car; as long as its not too expensive. thanks. I'd better (phone them Letsgo to that niceJapanese restaurant, assumingits still open. .We can sayprovided or providing and supposeor supposing. ..,' .No, don't worry. It'd be easier if (I bro.ughtthe kids b;ck h~re). .We can also use unless in conditionals to mean if not: I wouldn't hit somebodyunlessI had to. (= if I didn't have to). No, that s OK. I can manage. ...acceptingoffers Areyou sureyou wouldn'tmind? ...ThanksT. hat'dbe a greathelp. Well,it'd bewonderfulif you could. Aslong asyou don't mind. ThirdconditionaCl 3BB~ .Let me... , Why don't I... and I'd better... are followed by the infinitive. .We use the third conditional to talk about imaginary situations in the past. They are often the opposite of what .Would it help if I ..., What if I ...and It'd be easierif I ... really happened: If the woman had shot the men,she'd have are followed by the Past Simple. beenin serious trouble. (The woman didn't shoot the men, so she didn't get in serious trouble.) .Thanks for. ..is often followed by verb+ing. TIP! .We can also say: It'd be greaUnicelhelpful/fantastic, etc. if you could.ED

Connectingwords: reason and contrast (4C_P35) '\"\"'... pass5th on (to sb) or passon 5th (to sb) tell somebody giving reasons I[ . a piece of information that another person has told you: because due to as becauseof since Could you pass this messageon to your classmates? make 5th up or make up 5th invent an excuse, explanation, expressingcontrast however apart from instead of despite a story; etc.: I was latefor work so I made up an excuse. whereas even though nevertheless turn out happen in a particular way or have a particular result, which is often unexpected: I wasn't looking forward .Because, howevel; whereas,as, since,even though and to the evening, but it turned out to bea lot of fun. neverthelessare followed by a clause (subject + verb + ...): run sb/sth over or run over sb/sth hit somebody or ...because people often play practical jokes on eachother. something while you are driving and knock them to the ground: I accidentally ran over a cat last night. .Apart from, instead of, despite,due to and becauseof are go off when a bomb goes off, it explodes: The bombwent followed by a noun or verb+ing: ...apart from one thing. off at exactly 6.37 p.m. ...instead of coming out of the left. run away leave a place quickly becauseyou are frightened or don't want to get caught: The thieftook my bag and ran away. .After due to and becauseof it is more common to use a noun work 5th out or work out 5th understand or find the answer than verb+ing: ...due to a very mild winter. to something by thinking about it: It took me agesto work out the answerto question3. TIPS! .We can also use these phrases for expressing contrast: take off leave the ground and begin to fly: Theplane took exceptfor (= apart from), in spite of (= despite), although off over an hour late. (= eventhough). knock sb out or knock out sb hit somebody hard so that they become unconscious: The mugger hit the man so hard .We use howeverand neverthelessto contrast two sentences. that he knocked him out. We usually put thesewords at the beginning of the second come round become conscious again after being knocked sentence. out: When he came round, hecouldn't rememberanything. .We use the other words/phrases in the table to contrast two .Turn out is often followed by the infinitive with to or clauses in the same sentence.We can put these words/phrases '(that) + clause': The trip turned out to be rather exciting. It at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence: Even though turns out (that) we went to the same school. I was tired, I enjoyed myself. = I enjoyed myse~ even though I .Work out is often followed by a question word: I couldn't work out what was happening. was tired. aD Waysof exaggeratingC:~~::~~~3~) Matchphrases1-12 to meaningsa)-I). 1 I'm spe8echless~. a) I'm very thirsty. 2 I'm dying for a ~rink. '\" b) I'm very frightened. 3 I'm <!>vethr e moon. c) I'm very worried. 88 d) I'm very happy. e) I'm very hungry. 4 I'm scared stiff. l f) I'm very shocked, 5 I'm starving. 6 I'm g<!>ingout of my surprised or angry: mind. people 7 It c<!>satsf<!>rtune. g) It's very painful. 8 It's a nightmare. h) It takes a very long time. and events (opposite: non-fiction) 9 It's killing me. i) It makes me very angry: 10 It drives me crazy. j) It's very expensive. a copy a single book, newspaper, CD, etc. 11 It takes forever. k) It's very heavy. 12 It weighs a t<!>n. I) It's a very difficult situation. a character /'krenkt;}/ a person in a book, film, etc. R--j a plot the story of a book, film, play, etc. a novelist a person who writes novels a biography /baI'ogr;}fi/ a book about a person's life, written by somebody else an autobiography /,:>:t;}UbaI'ogr;}fi/ a book about a person's life, written by that person a literary genre /,lIt;}r;}ri '30llf;}/ literature which has the same style or subject browse /brauz! walk around a shop looking at things, but without planning to buy anything a paperback a book that has a cover made of thin card (opposite: hardback) flick through look quickly at the pages of a book, magazine, newspaper, etc.TIPS!

..Narrative verb forms; Past Perfect .Look at this sentenceand the diagram: The boat had been sailing in calm waters when a cowfell from the sky.Continuou(s~~g~1) TIPS! .If the order of past eventsis clear,we don't usually use PastSimple and Past Continuous the PastPerfect: I woke up, got dressedand made somebreakfast..We use the Past Simple for completed actions in the past. .When we're telling a story; we don't have to use the Past Perfect every time we refer to something further in the past. These tell the main eventsof the story in the order that they When we have established the time, we can use the Past happened: One day,oneof the sailors went for a drive in the Simple or the PastContinuous: I started telling everyoneabout outback and accidentally ran over a kangaroo. the wedding I'd been to in Italy two years earlieJ:.We use the Past Continuous for a longer action that was in My sisterwas getting married and I arrived latefor the ceremony. progress when another (shorter) action happened: While the WPAhSeTnPIEgRoFtEtChTSeIrMePI LE sailor was taking some photos, the kangaroo came round..We also use the Past Continuous for background .We make the Past Perfect Simple positive with: information that isn't part of the main story: In 1987 the subject + had or 'd + past participle. worlds best sailors were competing in the Americas Cup The police tried to work out why the boat had sunk. yacht race off the coastof Fremantle..Look at this sentenceand the diagram: While they were .We make the Past PerfectSimple negative with: flying at 25,000 feet, onecow broke free and started running subject + hadn't + past participle. around inside the plane. The accident hadn't killed the animal.TIPS! .We also use the Past Continuous when two longer .We make Past Perfect Simple questions with:actions are happening at the same time: While I was watching (question word) + had + subject + past participle.~ Steve was making dinner. What had the crew done before they took off?.We often use when, while and as with the Past Continuous:Tonyphoned me when/while/as I was getting readyto leave. PASTPERFECTCONTINUOUSWe don't usually use while or as with the PastSimple. .We make the Past Perfect Continuous positive with:PastPerfectSimpleand PastPerfectContinuous subject + had or 'd + been+ verb+ing..We usually use the Past Perfect Simple for an action that The woman had been trying to get rid of the bugsfor years. .We make the Past Perfect Continuous negative with: was completed before another action in the past: Eventually subject + hadn't + been+ verb+ing. the pilot of a Russiantransport plane told thepolice what Shehadn't been living there for very long. had happened. .We make Past Perfect Continuous questions with: We usually use the Past Perfect Continuous for a longer (question word) + had + subject + been+ verb+ing. action that started before another action in the past (and Why had he been driving for so long? often continued up to this past action): The boat had been TIPS! .We can use by the time, when, because,so, before,aftel; sailing in calm waters when a cowfell from the sky. as soonas and until to make sentences with the PastPerfect: Look at this sentence and the diagram: Before they took off By the time I got there,mostpeople had gone home. from their Siberian airbase,the planes crew had stolen .We don't have to use the Past Perfect with because,so, somecows. before,after, as soonas or until becausethe order of events is usually clear: I (had) called her beforeI left the office. I waited until everybody (had) arrived. .We often use the PastPerfectafter knew,realised, thought, forgot and remembered:I knew that she'd beenlooking for a newjob. I reaUsedthat I'd left my keys in the office.

Defining,non-definingand reduced Non-definingrelativeclauses relative clausesC~~~~) .Non-defining relative clausesadd extra non-essential information: It tells the story of sevengenerations of the Buendia family, who live Definingrelativeclauses in an isolated South American village called Macondo. .Defining relative clauses tell you which person, .We don't use that in non-defining relative clauses. thing, etc. the writer or speakeris talking about: Thegranddaughte1;Alba Trueba,finds some .We can't leave out who, which, whose,etc. in non-defining relative diaries that her grandmother Clara wrote 50 _vears clauses. ~ .We must use commas with non-defining relative clauses. .In defining relative clauseswe use: TIPS! .In non-defining relative clauses we also use whose for who (or that) for people: People who/that die possessives,where for places and when for time. early in the story often return as ghosts. .In non-defining relative clauseswho or which can also refer to a that (or which) for things: 'One Hundred Yearsof whole clause: The book has dozensof characters, which can make the Solitude' is the novel that/which made magical plot difficult to follow. (which refers to 'the fact that the book has dozens realism popular around the world. of characters'). whose for possessives:It tells the story of three .Non-defining relative clausesare more common in written English than generations of women whose lives are changed by spoken English, particularly in stories and more formal types of writing. their countrys politics. where for places: This is a place wheresupernatural Reducedrelativeclauses happenings arepart of everyday life. when for times: The story takesplace at a time .When a defining relative clause contains a continuous or passive verb when political groups are battling for control of the form, we can often leave out who, that or which and the auxiliaf)': These reduced relative clausesare very common in spoken English. country. .We don't use commas with defining relative clauses. .Look at the underlined reduced relative clauses in these sentences. Notice which words we can leave out: TIP! .We can't use what in defining relative clauses: I;)idyeN get the letter: v;hat I seRt;2However, we can 1 ...everyone (who is) living in the village suffersfrom both insomnia use what to mean 'the thing/things that': Can you tell and amnesia. (is living = Present Continuous) me what hesaid? 2 ...the first novel (that was)written boYthe Chilean author IsabelAllende. LEAVING OUT WHO, THAT, WHICH, ETC. (was written = Past Simple Passive) .We can leave out who, that or which when these Sayingyou'resurpriseodr notsurprised(4DDp36) words aren'tthe subject of the defining relative clause. saying you're surprised saying you're not surprised .Compare the defining relative clauses in these I don't belreveit! I'm not surprised,to be honest. sentences: You m~st be joking! I bet you were. 1 Its the novel that mademagical realism l2ol2ular ...,You're kidding! around the world. Well, no wonder (you've wgoo',ut ladnvirtuhse)?. In sentence I we must use that because it is the Why on earth (doesn't he listen to me)? Well, he would say that, subject of the relative clause. Wow, that's fantastic news! Yes,I can imagine. 2 Shefinds somediaries (that) her grandmother Clara wrote 50 ~ears earlier. TIPS! .We can also sayYou'rejoking! and You must be kidding! In sentence 2 we can leave out that becauseit is .We can also say WhatJWholWhere/How on earth. ..? the object of the relative clause (her grandmother Clara is the subject). QUESTIONSWITH NEGATIVEAUXILIARIES TIPS! .We never leave out whosein defining relative .We often use negative auxiliaries in questions when we think we know the answer. The answer we expect can be yes or no, depending clauses. on the context. .We can usually leave out where in defining relative .Look at Steve'squestions from his conversation with his wife, Ellen: clauses if we add a preposition at the end of the relative clause: Thats the housewhere I was born. = a) Hadn't theypromised to be heretoday? Thats the houseI was born in. In sentence a)Steve thinks the answer will be yes becausehe knows .We can only leave out whenif the time referenceis that Ellen made the appointment. clear: Tomorrow is the day (when) I get my exam results. b) Didn't you install that anti-virus software? In sentence b)Steve thinks the answer will be no becauseEllen hasa virus on her computer.~1m.



.When we speak or write, we often use words like them, COMPARATIVES, (NOT) AS ...AS where, one,etc. to refer back to people, places or things that we have mentioned earlier. a big difference far (more addictive) than nowhere near as (high) as .Look at the article 'The history of flowers' on p43. Notice considerably (less) than what words/phrases 1-20 refer to. not nearly as (beautiful) as a great deal (cheaper) than TULIPS ROSES a small difference almost as (much) as nearly as (expensive)as 1 which -+ tulips 11 they -+ roses slightly /'slaItli/ (bigger) than 2 They -+ tulips 12 his -+ the Chinese emperor not quite as (enthusiastic) as 3 where -+ Turkey 13 those -+ the roses 4 that period -+ the time 14 it -+ the oil no difference as (beautiful)as 15 who -+ the Romans not any (nicer)than of the Ottoman Empire 16 where -+ the botanical no (harder)than 5 there -+ in Holland 6 them -+ the bulbs garden near Paris .We use comparatives with than: They're slightly bigger than 7 At that time -+ in 1634 17 at that time -+ in the the onesI've got. not ~hej\":-::slight!j' big thtlR the eResf..'e get. 8 them -+ the bulbs 9 did so -+ becanle tulip 18th century .We use adjectives with as ...as: The normal price is 18 they -+ roses nowhere near as high as that. not ~he Ref'mtll pREeis growers 19 ones -+ roses Re~':he:-:R: etlf'tIShighef'tIS thtlt. 10 one -+ tulip 20 These -+ red roses TIPS! .We use it to refer back to a specific thing: TIPS! .We can also use much/a lot with comparatives to talk A Wheres my mobile phone? B Sorry, I haven't seenit. about a big difference and a bitla little to talk about a small difference: Koi are much/a lot more expensive than goldfish. .We use oneto refer back to 'one of many': This onesa bitla little cheaper than all the others. A Can I borrow your mobile phone? B Sorry,I haven'tgot one. .We can use just with as ...as to add emphasis: They'rejust .We often use at that time to refer back to a period of time: as beautiful as mine. I lived in Brazil in the eighties.At that time I wasn't married. .We can also use more and lesswith nouns: There arefar more people here than I expected. .We usually use lesswith uncountable nouns and fewer with countable nouns: I have lessfree time andfewer days off than I used to have. .We can say I'm not nearly as rich as he/she is. or I'm not nearly as rich as himlher. TIP! .Damage /'dremId3/ and wasteare both verbs and OTHER WAYS OF COMPARING uncountable nouns. .We can use twice/three timeslfour times, etc. + as ...as to compare two things: The koi were only about twice as big as my goldfish. (= the goldfish were half the size of the koi). .For long adjectives,we can use get + more (and more) + adjective to describe something that continuously changes: Koi are getting more and more expensive.(= the price is increasing all the time). .For short adjectives,we can use get + comparative + and + comparative to describe something that continuously changes: The survival rate was getting better and betteJ: .We canuse the + comparative/more. .., the + comparative/ more. ..to say that one thing depends on the other: The bigger they are, the more they cost. (= how much they cost depends on how big they are). The more I learned about koi, the more interestedI became. (= every time I learned something new about koi, I became more interested in them). TIP! .the sooner;the better = as soonas possible: A When do you want that report? B The sooner;the betteJ:~

...Discussion language(2): opinions C~~~~) giving opinions It'd be (muchL better if (everyone bought ...) IJust don't think it's right that ... One argument in favour of (bein~ vegetarian) is that ... I think pe.opleshould (have the right to) ... ..0. .giving the opposite opinion ......,Maybe, but I don t see how (we) can ... Fairenough, but I still think that ... Yes,but then again,... Well, some people would argue that ... ..clarifying your position No, that's not what I'm trying to say. .\" ..What I meant was ... No, that s not what I meant. All I'm saying is that ... ..giving yourself time to think TI,vheatn'sevaenrinretearl~estthinogugphotinat.bout that. Urn, let rne think. It's hard to say.-

Phrasews ith take@~~~ TIPS! .Notice these opposites: strong-willed ;\"'weak-willed; narrow-minded ;\"'open-minded(or broad-minded); take a risk do something that you know might be dangerous or have negative consequences: You'retaking .bad-tempered;\"'good-tempered(or even-tempered). a risk by going thereon your own. take sb for granted expect that somebody will always be .On most compound adjectives the stressis on the second there and never show them any special attention or care: part of the adjective: strong-willed, self-consciouse, tc. My children take mefor granted -I neverget a word of thanks. ~ Guessinmgeaninfgromcontex(t~:~~) take responsibility (for sth) say that you are responsible .Sometimes you can guessthe meaning of a word by: .for something that has happened: I takefull responsibilityfor a)deciding what part of speech it is (verb, noun, adjective, the accident. adverb, etc.). take advantage /ad'varntld3/ of sb treat somebody badly b) recognising a similar word in your language, or another or unfairly in order to get something from them: Mark:S language you know; always borrowing money-I think he:Staking advantage c)understanding the rest of the sentenceand the text in general. of you. take notice (of sb/sth) pay attention to somebody or .Look at the encyclopaedia extract 'Codes through the ages' something and let them influence you (usually used in on p50-p51. Notice the meaning of these words in context. the negative with any, no, etc.): I asked him to be quiet, but he didn't take any notice. , decipher /dl'Sall;)/ (verb) work out what something take (my. your, etc.) time do something slowly and means carefully without hurrying: There:Sno hurry, just takeyour 2 wind /wamd/ (wound /waund/, wound) (verb) turn time. take sides support one person or group against another something repeatedly in an argument: My mother never takes sideswhen my 3 make sth out or make out sth (phrasal verb) see sister and I argue. something with difficulty We can also take somethingfor granted: In this countrywe 4 reveal (verb) show something that was hidden take clean water for granted. 5 strip (noun) a long, thin piece of material 6 stick (noun) a long, thin piece of wood Compoundadjectivesdescribingcharacter 7 straightforward (adjective) simple - TIPS! .We usually use make sth out with words like can't, 6B., p4S' couldn't, hard, difficult and impossible:What's that over there? -~ I can't make it out. .We can also say make out whaUwho + clause: It was Strong-willedpeoplearedeterminedto behavein a particular impossible to make out what the messagesaid. way;evenif otherpeopledisagreewith them. (P = positive) Self-consciouls,self'konJ;}spl eopleareshyand easily countless (adjective) too many to be counted: Human embarrassedbecausethey think that everybodyis looking at beings have usedcountlessingenious ways of sending themandjudging them. (N = negative) secretmessages. laid-backpeoplearerelaxedand appearnot to be worried scalp (noun) the skin on top of your head where your aboutanything. (P) hair usually grows: They shaveda messenger:Shead and Open-mindedpeopleare happyto acceptideasandwaysof life wrote the messageon his scalp. that are differentto their own. (P) scrunch sth up or scrunchup sth (phrasal verb) press or Self-centredpeopleare only interestedin themselvesand their squeezepaper or material into a small ball: The silk was own activities. (N) scrunchedup into a tiny ball. Narrow-mindedpeopledon't want to acceptnewideasor swallow (verb) move something from your mouth to opinions that are differentfrom their own. (N) your stomach: Themessagewas swallowed so it couldn't Easy-go1npgeoplearen'teasilyupset,worried or annoyedby befound. problemsor otherpeople'sactions.(P) courier /'kuna/ (noun) a person who carries important Big-headedpeoplethink theyaremore important or cleverer messagesand documents from one person to another: The messagewas hidden in the courier:Sstomach. .than they reallyare. (N) conceal (verb) hide something: Porta described how to conceala messagewithin a hard-boiled egg. Bad-temperepdeopleareoftenannoyeda, ngryor impatient.(N) shell (noun) the hard part outside an egg, nut, etc.: Absent-mindedpeopletend to forgetthings. (N) The messageis written on the shell. level-headedpeopleare calmand ableto makesensible decisionsin difficult situations. (P) Self-assuredpeoplehaveconfidencein their own abilities. (P)T1I8P!.

..Uses of verb+ing (~~) + infinitive + subject + will + infinitive .We use verb+ing ... be boundto I daresay a)as part of a continuous verb fonn: As an Englishman,I was laughing besureto i I don't suppose out loud ... b) after prepositions: Apart from asking for information. .. be likelyto I doubt if c) after certain verbs: We also avoid talking about money. maywell I shouldn'tthink d) after certain verbs + object: Its absolutelynormal for commuters to be unlikelyto I can'timagine spend yean travelling on the same train. .. e)as an adjective: This highly entertaining book looks at ... TIPS! .We canalso use thesephrasesto talk about f) in reduced relative clauses: ...people standing at a bus stop will presentsituations or states:Hes boundto be homeby often break an uncomfortable silence by ... now Shesunlikely to beawake at this time. I don't g) after despite or in spite of: Howevel; despite not wanting to engage supposeyou know wheremy wallet is. in conversation.. . .We can also say I'm sure (that) + clause: I'm sure h)as the subject (or part of the subject) of a verb: ...talking to (that) he'll be hereon time. strangers on trains just isn't done! asking for permission to interruptTIPS! .We often use verb+ing after these verbs + object -heal; see, watch,feel, imagine, stop, love, like, don't mind, dislike, hate: I often hear ,- herplaying thepiano. .We can also use verb+ing as a noun: I usually do the cooking and my Sor~ to bother you, but have you got a minute? husbanddoesthe cleaning. .We often use verb+ing when there isn't a noun that describes a Isthis a good time? particular idea: Working at home can be rather lonely. .We also use verb+ing after these fixed phrases: Theresno point (in) ...; Sorry to dist~rb you.Its a wasteof time... ; Its (not) worth... ; Its no use ...: Theresno point in telling her:She'll just get upset. ..I was wondering if I could seeyou for a moment.1m Modalverbs(1); levelsof certaintyaboutthe future Are you b~sy? Can I have a word?~~~) -- ;MODALVERBS refusing -p-e. rmission to interrupt\".We often use 'll (= will) and won't to expressfuture certainty: I'll miss Sorry,this Isn'tagoodtime. him in some ways. I won't besad to seehim go. I'm reallY~p againstit at the moment..We often use might, could and may to expressfuture possibility: I might gofor a bit. He could improve things. He may not want to give ,'. ..I'm afraidI'm a bit tied ~pj~st now. up his house. I m ratherpushedfor time at the moment.LEVELSOF CERTAINTYABOUT THE FUTURE I m reallyratherbusyrightnow.TIPS!.We use thesephrases when we think something will definitely happen: be bound to do sth: Hes bound to upsetpeople. .If we are refused pennission we often say: be sure to do sth: But you're sure to get thejob. Don't wony, its not important/it can wait/its not urgent/I'll catch you later/some other time..We use thesephrases when we think something will probably happen: When would be a good time/a better time/more be likely to do sth: Hes likely to be therefor at least a year: convenient? may well do sth: But Frieda may well apply. I dare say: I dare say they'll promote him. .When we want to give pennission to the personinterrupting us, we often say: Yes,of course. What.We use these phrases to say that we think something probably won't happen: can I dofor you? How can I help? Whats theproblem? be unlikely to do sth: Hes unlikely to changehis personality overnight. or Whats up? (infonnal). I don't suppose: I don't supposehe'll worry about beingpopular: I doubt if: I doubt if Lynn will gofor it. I was wondering Sorry. this isn't~ I shouldn't think: I shouldn't think they'll employ an outsider:.We if I could see youfor a good time. use this phrase when we think something definitely won't happen: a moment. I can't imagine: I can't imagine they'll like him.

~ BusinesasndtradeC:~-~~p~: noun for a person r noun for a thing/an idea adjective a politician ..t (an) Tndustry economic economical a producer a product developed developing prod~ction i invested a manufacturer industrial industrialised productive L_~a_n!:!fa~!:!~e~- a polluter pollution polluted TIPS! .Economise, develop, invest, produce, manufacture and pollute are all regular verbs. .Notice the difference between economicand economical:Government ministers met yesterdayto discusseconomic policy. (= relating to the economy of a country). This car is very economical. (= savesyou money) ~ TheInterneCt !~9~~} realise envy recognise adore TIPS! .Respect, trust and envy are also uncountable TIPS! .Forums can also be called discussiongroups, webforums, message nouns. boards or discussionboards. .Someone who writes a blog is called a blogger. .Deserve is often followed by the infinitive with to: .Wi-Fi is also spelt wi-fi or wifi. He deservesto be promoted. .Involve, adoreand detest are often followed by verb+ing: My course involves doing a lot of research. .We don't usually use state verbs in continuous verb forms.I

..Simple andcontinuousaspects;activityandstate verbs (~~~)SIMPLEAND CONTINUOUS ASPECTS.We use simple verb forms to describe something that is: repeated: I usually buy a paperback and just go and sit somewherequiet. completed: I've also called my parents to say goodbye. pennanent: Luckily I only live ten minutes away..We use continuous verb forms to describe something that is: in progress at a specific point in time: OnceI got so involved in the book I was reading that I missed my plane. unfinished: I've been sitting herefor nearly five hours. temporary: I'm doing a part-time businessmanagement course at the moment.ACTIVITYAND STATEVERBS.Activity verbs talk about activities and actions. Typical activity verbs are: play, fly, travel, listen, run, work, sit, study and wait..We can use activity verbs in both simple and continuous verb forms: I play tennis every weekend. Carla's playing tennis at the moment..State verbs talk about states,feelings and opinions. We don't usually use these verbs in continuous verb forms: I want a new car. not I'm ~.:lln~ingII n::',.:Ellt;.Learn these common state verbs:'be and have' be have (got) own belongverbs possess exist ---'think and know'verbs think know believe understand remember forget mean recognise'like and hate' suspect realise doubt imagineverbs suppose - like hate love dislike prefer want adore detest wish hear seem need agree hope weigh contain suit fit respect cost smell consist of deserve involve trust envy includeVERBS WITH TWO MEANINGS.Some verbs, such as see, have, think and be, can describe activities and states,but the meaning changes. Look at the different meanings of the verbs in these examples: (pink = activity, blue = state) I'm supposedto be seeing (= meeting) someclients as soonas I arrive, but I see (= with my eyes) theflights beendelayed. I have (= possess)three kids and I never get time to shopfor myself, so I'm having (= experiencing) a great time today. I'm also thinking of (= considering) buying a camera, but I think (= have an opinion) they might be cheaper online. My youngest is (= permanent characteristic) usually very good, but hes being (= behaving) very difficult today. .

~ PresentPerfectSimpleand PresentPerfect .We often use Present Perfect Simple with verbs that describe short actions (break, start, find, lose, buy, stop,finish, etc.):ContinuouCs~:~i~7:) I've broken my glasses.not r\"..ebee!~b:-::tfRifig:'::j' gltfsses..We use the Present Pmect to talk about things that .We often use the Present Perfect Continuous with verbs that connect the past and the present. describe longer actions (learn, study, rain, try, play, read, wait, etc.): I've been learning Englishfor six years..We often use the Present Perfect Simple: a) for experiences in our lives up to now: I've visited many .With work and live, both forms are possible: My sisters amazing cities over the years. workedlbeen working herefor ages.Shes livedlbeen living b) for states that started in the past and continue in the in London since 2002. present: Even Chinesepeople I've known for years are amazedat how fast things havechanged. TIPS! .We often use these words with the Present Perfect c) for completed actions that happened recently, but we don't Simple and Present Perfect Continuous: for, since,just, yet, say exactly when: I've just got back to my hotel room. already, still, ever, never, recently, lately. d) with superlatives: Shanghai is the most spectacular city .We also use the Present Perfect Simple with this week/month, I've everseen in my life. etc. and this morning/evening, etc. if it is still that time of day e)to talk about change: Many of Chinas biggest cities have .We can'tuse the PresentPerfectwith words/phrases that talk become morepolluted. about a finished time period (last year, in 1992, a week ago,etc.)..We often use the Present Pmect Continuous: HOW LONG OR HOW MANY? a) for longer actions that started in the past and continue in the present: Liu Zhang has been working in Shanghaifor .We usually use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about ten years. how long something has been happening: My company has b) for longer actions that have recently finished, but have beenbuilding skyscrapers here since 1993. a result in the present: TodayI've been walking around the Pudong area of the city, and I'm both exhaustedand .To make questions for this meaning, we use How long: exhilarated by the experience. How long hasyour company beenbuilding skyscrapers here? c) for actions that happened repeatedly in the past and still happen in the present: I've been coming to China for nearly .We usually use the Present Perfect Simple to talk about how 20 years. many things have been completed: This year we've built three new apartment blocks..Look at this sentence and the diagram: Liu Zhang has been working in Shanghaifor ten years. .To make questions for this meaning, we use How many (+ noun): How many new apartment blocks haveyou built this year? TIP! .For state verbs we must use the Present Perfect Simple with How long: How long haveyou had your car? ~ Rtf\"..e,'eft beeRRtf'..iflg\"eftI' ftfl'7.We make the Present Perfect Simple with: ...Problems onthephoneC2~~) subject + haveI've or has/:S+ past participle. talking aboutphoneproblems I've known Robfor about ten years. He hasn't called me sinceFriday. There's a bTtof a delay on the ITne. What have you done today?.We make the Present Perfect Continuous with: ., ...Sorry, you're breaking up a bTt. subject + havel've or has/:S+ been+ verb+ing. I dldn t catch all of that. We've been living here since 2005. I'm just about to run out of credit. Shehasn't been working very hard. Sorry, it's a bad ITne. Who have you been talking to? You'll have to speak up a bTt. The rece~tion Tsn'tvery good here.SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS? Sorry, I didn't get any of that..We often use the Present Perfect Continuous to emphasise I keep losing you. the action we've been doing: I've beendoing my homework. (we don't know if the homework is finished or not). Sor~, we gO! cut off.. ...We often use the PresentPerfectSimple to say that we have I think my battery's about to run out. completed something or that something has beencompleted: I've donemy homework. (the homework is finished now). ...asking people to call you back Shall I call you back on your landline? Would you like me to phone you back? Do you want me to give you a ring later? TIP! .Break up = lose part of the signal; speakup = speak

get into debt* ~ get out of debt Phrasavl erbs(2):money(::!!::@~)obnuyc/greedt it*something ~ spoamy ect~hsinhg for pay sb/sth back or payback sb/sth pay somebody the money that youget a I~an* owe them: Can I borrow £10? I'll pay you/it back tomorrow.hcareveditargaotiondg* - pay sth off or payoff sth pay back money that you owe on a loan, etc.: I'vefinally paid off my student loan..~et a high ~ repay- a I~an a mortgage /'ffi:):gId3/ the amount of money you borrow from a bank ~ hcareveditarabatidng or a similar organisation in order to buy a house: We'vegot a £250,000.Interest rate* mortgage.have a current ~ get a low Tnterest take sth out or take out sth arrange to get a loan, mortgage, etc. fromaccount* rate a bank or other financial company: We took out a loan to buya carbe well tJff* go down become lower in price, value, amount, etc.: Prices havegonedown.take/get money out '\" have a s~vings come to sth be a total amount when some numbers are added together:of an acco.~unt account* The houserepairs cameto about £1,000. put sth down (on sth) or put down sth (on sth) pay part of the cost of ~ be short (.o-.f mtJney) something and promise to pay the rest later: I've put £10,000 down on a newfiat. put money into a deposit an amount of money that is given in advanceas part of a total an acc.ount payment for something: I'll leavea £500 depositand pay the restnext week. property buildings, houses, flats, etc.: Property is very expensivehere.*inve5t (money) in 5th put money in a come into sth receive money or property from a relative who has died:bank account, business, etc. in order to Rosie came into a lot of money when her aunt died.make more money take sth off or take off sth reduce the price of something by a particular amount: The shop took £50 off the table becauseit was damaged.*be in credit have money in your bank save up (for sth) keep money so that you can buy something in theaccount future: She:Ssaving upfor a new bike.*be overdrawn /,~uv~'dr:):n/ when you rip sb off or rip off sb cheat somebody by making them pay too muchhave spent more money than is in your money for something: £10 for an ice cream?He:Sripping people of!bank account TIP! .Rip somebodyoff is an informal verb. The noun is a rip-off.*debt /det/ money which is owed toanother person or organisation save up for something rip somebody off*buy/get 5th on credit a way of buying .We oftenusesynonymsto avoidrepeatingwords or phraseswhenwe aresomething now and paying for it in the . . .work outfuture speakingor writing. I figure o.u, t.*a loan /l~un/ an amount of money that simple Ir\"-is borrowed, often from a bank, whichmust be paid back in the future exact preClse- ~~ecially*a credit rating a measure of somebody'sability to pay back money;based on theirfinancial history*an interest rate the amount of moneycharged by a bank, credit card company;etc. for borrowing money; or the amountof money you earn when you keep yourmoney in a bank account*a current account a bank account thatyou can get money from at any time*a savings account a bank accountwhich earns a good rate of interest*well off having a lot of moneyTIPS! .We can also say be in debt: Marks .terrible with money -hes always in debt. pursue.In more formal situations we often use find outwithdraw money (= take money out of youraccount) and deposit money (= put money justinto your account): I'd like to withdraw £100and I'd also like to deposit this cheque.1~h8tforward

Wishes (1); I hope. ..; It's time... CSAD p63) TIPS! .Its time. ..can also be followed by the Past Continuous: Its about time we were leaving. WISHESIN THE PRESENT .We can also sayIts timefor me/you,etc. + infinitive with to: Its timefor me to go to work. .We often use I wish ...to talk about imaginary situations in .We can sayIts about time... or Its high time... : Its high the present. This is often used to talk about the opposite to timeyou found yourself a properjob. what is true or real: I wish I had my own cal: (1 don't have my own car, but 1 would like to). Wishes(2);shouldhave(88\" p65) .We use wish + Past Simple to make wishes about states: .We often use wish + Past Perfect Simple to make wishes I wish I knew whereyour father was. about the past. These wishes are used to express regret and are often the opposite of what really happened: JOSHI wish .We use wish + Past Continuous to make wishes about the ad hadn't beenso big. (The ad on Josh's car was very big. actions in progress: I wish you weren't chasing these He didn't like it.) impossible dreams. .We can also use should/shouldn't have + past participle .We use wish + could + infinitive to make wishes about to talk about regretsin the past: ZOEI should haveeaten before abilities or possibilities: I wish I could spare the time. I went in. (Zoe didn't eatbefore she went in. She regrets that.) .We use wish + would + infinitive to make wishes about TIPS! .We can also use the third conditional for regrets (see things other people, organisations, etc. do that we would G3.2): If I'd known about this before,I'd have doneit years ago. like to change. This is often used to show annoyance or .We can use I wish. ..or If only. ..to make wishes about the impatience about things that are outside our control: past: I wish I'd been there. = If only I'd beenthere. I wish you'd take more care of your things. .We can also make sentences in the past with wish with youlhe/she/we/they: They wish they hadn't moved house. .We can't use wish + would + infinitive to talk about ourselves: I wish I had a job. not I ~~.isJI t~':eu!d JtliveIi jeb. TIPS! .We can sayI wish. ..or If only. ..: I wish I could spare ApologisiCn~gE) the time. = If only I could spare the time. ....-. ..apologising .We can use wish + didn't haveto to make wishes about I'm sorry that I didn't g~t b(I~bcrkotkoeyyoouursovaosnee).r. obligations: I wish I didn't haveto go to work. not I ~':isJtI I'm really sorry. I'm afraid Jtoon't~ege ~e~..'ef'k. .We often use the second conditional to give reasons for wishes (see G3.I): If I didn't haveto go to work, I'd help you. .We can sayI wish Ilhe/she/it was. ..or I wish Ilhe/she/it were. ..: I wish I was/were ten years youngel: I HOP.E.. I'm sorry about (this afternoon). .We use I hope... to talk about things that we think might I'm sorry for (borrowing money off you ~ll the time). happen in the future: I hopeyou get something soon. giving reasons for your actions or being self-critical .I hope... is followed by a clause (subject + verb + ...): I hope they enjoy themselves. I didn't re.alise (the time). ... ..I can't believe ( I said that. ) .Compare these sentences: ...I didn't mean to (upset you). I hope she calls. I shouldn't have (said those things to you). The speaker thinks she might call. This is a real possibility. I wish she'dcall. . ... ..I thought The speaker doesn't think she will call. This is an imaginary ( you knew each other ) for some reason. situation. I h~d no ide.a (you'd need a script). responding to an apology, \ TIPS! .I hope... is often followed by will + infinitive: I hope Do~'t worry about it.'. he'll understand. .We also use I hope... to talk about the past: I hopeyou 88 didn't tell Terry what happened. Never mind. It do8 esn'tma8 tter. Forgetaboutit. 88 8 ONh08 ,nthe8aedt'stoalaripg8ohlot.g.lse. IT'STIM.E.. .After I'm sony (that) we use a clause. .After I'm sony about we usually use a noun. .We often use It's (about) time + subject + Past Simple to .After I'm sony for we usually use verb+ing. say that we are annoyed or frustrated that something hasn't happened yet: It:Stime you got your own car. We use about to TIP! .Notice the difference between I didn't meanit. (I didn't add emphasis: It:Sabout time you found yourself a properjob. mean something that I said) and I didn't meanto. (I didp't mean to do something that I did). .We use It's time + infinitive with to to say that something should happen now: It:Stime to go. .1.~mm

~ Thecinema(F~~) a revi~w an article in a newspaper,magazine or far-fetched /,fo:'fetft/ extremely unlikely to be true online that gives an opinion about a new film, predictable happening in a way that you expect, not in an interesting or unusual way .book, play, etc.: I read a great review ofJim moving having a strong effect on your emotions, usually so that you feel sadnessor sympathy Carreys newfilm. fast-moving when the plot of a film, TV drama, etc. develops a critic a type of journalist who gives hislher quickly (opposite: slow-moving) opinion about something, particularly films, sentimental dealing with emotions such as love and sadnessin books, plays, etc.: My cousins the theatre critic for a way that seemsexaggeratedand unrealistic The Times. gripping so exciting that it holds your attention completely memorable likely to be remembered because it is very good, subtitled /'sAb,taItld/ when a film or a TV enjoyable or unusual programme has a printed translation of what the overrated thought to be better than it is (opposite: underrated) actors are saying at the bottom of the screen: Most scary /'ske;}ri/ frightening foreign films in the UK are subtitled. weird /WI;}d/ strange, unusual, unexpected or unnatural dubbed/dAbd/ when the voices you hear in a film hilarious /hI'le;}rI;}s/ extremely funny or TV programme are actors speaking in a different language, not the original actors: Most American .Homonyms arewords with the samespellingand pronunciation, TV programmes in my country are dubbed. but differentmeanings(light, last,etc.). a r~make a film that has the same story; and often the same title, as one that was made earlier: Have state 1 (noun) the mental, emotional or physical condition that you seenthe 1998 remakeof Hitchcocks 'Psycho'? somebody or something is in. He:Sin no state to go to work. He:S a s~quel /'si:kwal/ a film, book, etc. that continues very ill. 2 (noun) a part of a country: Which US state is the story of an earlier one: 'Godfather II' is Hollywood in? probably the greatest sequelever made. handle 1 (verb) deal with something: He can handle most be s~t in take place in a particular place or period problemson his own. 2 (noun) a part of an object that is used of time: Thefilm is set in New York in the 1930s. to hold, carry or move it: I broke the handle on the window. case 1 (noun) a particular example or situation of something: specialeff~cts pieces of action in a film, TV It was a typical caseoffood poisoning. 2 (noun) a container for programme, etc. that are created by using special keeping things in: Have you seenmy camera case? equipment or on a computer: 'TheMatrix' has the point 1 (noun) an idea, opinion or piece of information that is most amazing special effectsI've everseen. said or written: That was an interesting point john made. 2 (noun) a particular time: At that point I left the meeting. be based on 5th when a novel or a true story is used round 1 (prep) in every part or in various parts of a place: as the starting point to develop a film, play, idea, I had to go all round the town tofind a hotel. 2 (adj) shaped like etc.: Thefilm is based on a novel by Zadie Smith. a circle or a ball: I'd like to get a round tablefor the kitchen. a cast all the actors and actressesin a film, play or TV programme: The new Spielbergfilm has afantastic examination 1 (noun) when somebody looks at a person or a thing carefully in order to discoversomething about him, her or it cast. 2 (noun) a set of medical tests a performance the action of entertaining other mind 1 (noun) the part of a person that enables them to think people by acting, singing, dancing, etc.: judi Dench 2 (verb) be unhappy; upset or annoyed if something happens gave an amazing performance as Elizabeth I in sense 1 (noun) a general feeling or understanding of something 'Shakespearein Love'. 2 (noun) a clear meaning that is easyto understand a role the character played by an actor or actress sack 1 (noun) a large bag made of strong material in a film, TV programme, play; etc.: In 'Casablanca', 2 (verb) tell somebody to leave their job, usually becausehe/she Humphrey Bogart plays the role of Rick. has done something wrong a so.undtrack the recorded music from a film, change 1 (countable noun) when something becomes different which you can buy on CD: I often listen to the 2 (uncountable noun) money that is in coins rather than notes soundtrack of 'Moulin Rouge' when I'm driving. a scene /si:n/ a part of a film or play in which the action stays in one place for a continuous period: The wedding was my favourite scenein the whole movie.TIPS! .The noun for subtitled is subtitles: Does thisDVD havesubtitles?.We can also say that a film is dubbed into anotherlanguage: I couldn't understand a word -the film wasdubbedinto Chinese.

Thepassive(9AOP~ -- .We also use as + noun to say what something is used for: There werejust someblack boxeswhich wereusedas tables PASSIVE VERB FORMS \" '- and chairs. .We usually use the passive when we are more interested .We use like + clause to say that things happen ina similar in what happens to somebody or something than in who way: Well, Joneswas wrong, like he usually is. or what does the action: The Academy Awards ceremony is held in Hollywood once a yea1; usually in March. .We use like + noun (or pronoun) to say that something is similar to something else: Thewhole thing was like a bad .We often use the passive when we don't know who or what dream. does the action: 55 Oscars mysteriously vanished while they were being driven from Chicago to LosAngeles. TIP! .We can also use as + clause to say that things happen in a similar way: Well,Jones was wrong, as he usually is. .To make the passivewe use: subject + be+ past participle. SO,SUCH oassive verb form I be I past participle .We use so and such to give nouns, adjectives and adverbs PresenSt imple neld more emphasis. begoingto l am/are/isgoingto be I awarded .We use so + adjective: Theplot was so far-fetched. TIPS! .In passive sentenceswe can use 'by + the agent' to say .We use such (+ adjective) + noun: It had such a good cast. who or what does the action. We only include the agent when it is important or unusual information: 52 of the Oscars were .We useso + much or many+ noun: I can't understandwhy found in some rubbish by a man called Willie Fulgear. it5 gettingso much attention.I've no idea why so many critics liked it. .We don't use the Present Perfect Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous in the passive:He has,/hadhe~ heiRga:-:-:;s~ed. TIPS! .With soand such we often use '(that) + clause' to say what the consequence is: The play was so slow (that) I actuallyfell asleep. .We often use a lot of with such: There was such a lot of noise. OTHERPASSIVESTRUCTURES Makinagndresponditnogsuggestions .After certain verbs (e.g. enjoy) we use being+ past participle: C~~~) Everyone enjoys being told they are good at what they do. asking if the person is free .After certain verbs (e.g. want) we use to be + past participle: Most of us want to be rewarded in someway. ...Are you doing ~nything (this ~vening)? .After prepositions we use being + past participle: Every actor Have you got ~nything on (this S~turday)? dreams of being nominated for an Osca1: What are you up to (on Sunday)? .After thefirst/secondllast (+ noun) we use to be + past making a suggestion (e e participle: The first AcademyAwards ceremonyto be .,e,h e h \"',,ee that new .ee.,.e) e .televised was in 1953. I t oug t we could give club a try. .After have to and used to we use be + past participle: The ceremonyhad to be postponed in 1938 becauseof aflood. I wouldn't mind (going to th~t). How about you? Newspapersused to be given the winners' namesin advance. Do you feeellikelh~ving an indian)? .After modal verbs we use be + past participle: The names wouldn't be published until afterwards. Do you f~ncy (going to hear them pl~y)? TIP! .We can use all modal verbs (can, must, will, could, politely refusing a suggestion , might, etc.) in passive verb forms: He can't be trusted. All bags I'm so8 rry, but I do8 n't fe8el u8 p to (go8I.ng to acu18b. ) must be checked in at reception. 88 8 8 Some other time, perhaps. I'd r~ther give (th~t) a miss, if you don't mind. ~ as, like, such as,so,such C9B~~7~) sayingyou haveno preference AS, LIKE,SUCHAS I.'.m8 easyW. hate8 veryou l.,i.ke. I re8a1ly d8o0'n t mind.It's u8 pto yo8u. .We use such as or like to introduce examples: Critics such I0m n8ot bo8 therede~itherwa8 y. as Amis Jonesloved it. Even though it has actors like It's a8 ll the s8ameto me8 . Sy Harris and May Firth? .Wouldn't mind,feel like, fancy and feel up to are followed .We use as + noun to say that somebody has a particular job: by verb+ing, a noun or a pronoun: I wouldn't mind going I don't like Amis Jonesas a critic. to that. .I'd rather is followed by the infinitive: I'd rather give that a miss, if you don't mind.~.

mID Male,femaleand neutralwords (108 OP80a plug a light bulb shelves male I female r neutral a landlord* a headmistress .. a widower a chairperson a soldier/'s~uld3~/ I a head teacher a flight attendant _~fl!ef!ghtera lock a fence a burglar alarm & a spokesman IFFiIIFFi\"'iI a hero* /'hI;)f;)U/ a cousin /'kAS~n/ a roof a heroa duvet/du:veI/ a leak a saleswomantyres /taIaz! oil a boiler *a landlord a man who owns a house, flat, etc. and char~espeople rent to live in itput sth up or put up sth put something on a wall or build *a widow a woman whose husband has died and who has not married aj!.ain..something: I'm uselessat putting up shelves.My neighbour *a groom (or a bridegroom) a man who is about to get married or who has just got marriedput up a newfence last weekend. *a spokesperson somebody who is chosen by a group or organisation to speak officially to the public for themput sth in or put in sth put a piece of equipment into *a hero a person who is admired for having doneyour home so that it is ready to use: Bills putting in some something very brave or achieved something greatnew lighting in the kitchen. TIP! .In modem usagewe prefer to use neutral words/phrasesfix repair something that is broken or not working which can refer to both men and women.properly: When are you going tofix the roof?decorate make the inside of a building more attractive high-powered (adj) having a very important andby painting the walls, putting up wallpaper, etc.: I'm powerful job: Anne:Sa high-powered accountant in the city.going to decorate the bathroom next. hard-e8arned(adj) deserving something because you havereplace get something new to put in the place of worked very hard for it: He spent his hard-earnedcashsomething that has been broken, stolen, etc.: I think its on a new bike.time to replace the boilel; its over 15 years old. income tax (uncountable noun) a tax that you pay on thedry-clean clean clothes with chemicals instead of water: money you earn: I think people pay too much income tax.This skirt needsto be dry-cleaned.service examine a car, boiler, etc. and fix it if necessary:My boiler is serviced every yeal:TIPS! .The singular of shelvesis a shelf. a cutback when something is reduced in order to save.Leak is also a verb: Oh, no! The roof is leaking! money: The company had to make some,cutbacks..We can sayfix, repair or mend: I'll fix/repair/mend the roof..DIY /di:aI'waI/ = do it yourself (making or repairing things a drawback a disadvantage or the negative part of ayourself instead of buying them or paying somebody else to situation: One of the drawbacks of working in a hotel isdo them): My husbandis very good at DIY. the unsocial hours..The shop where you take clothes to be dry-cleaned is calleda dry cleaners. time-consuming (adj) taking a long time to do: Writing.Service is also a noun: When did your car last have a service? a book is very time-consuming. a breakdown when something stops working: Thel:e:S beena breakdown in communication. I

TIPS! .The verb for a cutback is cut back (on sth): NEGATIVESAND QUESTIONSWe needto cut back on the amount of paper we use..The verb for a breakdown is break down: It seemsthat .We make the negative and question fonns of have/getcommunication has completely broken down. something done by using the correct fonn of have or get,.Compound nouns are usually made from: Look at these examples: ]an doesn't have her car serviced regularly. noun + noun: a housewife,a workplace,income tax, etc. notJan hasn'the\" fa\" se:-..ifed ;-::gula,,!:,'. verb + preposition: a cutback,a drawback, etc. Does]an have her car serviced regularly?.Compound nouns are usually written asone word or not Has :fan he\" fa\" se:-..ifed;-::'!:.;ltJ\"!j\"7 two words: a babysitter, a human being,etc. Donna didn't have her hair cut yesterday,.Compound adjectives are usually spelt with hyphens: Did Donna have her hair cu! yesterday? part-time, freshly-prepared, badly-cooked,etc. Sheenaisn't getting her boiler replaced. Is Sheenagetting her boiler replaced?STRESS ON COMPOUND NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES get somebodyto do something.The stress on compounds nouns is fixed and is .We useget somebody to do something when we ask usually on the first part of the compc;und noun: housewife,workplace,food poisoning,incometax, somebody that we know to do the job. If it's a friend or family cutback,drawback, babysitter,washing machine, member,we probably don't pay them: I get my husbandto do breakdown. most things round the house. But: human being,schoollunch. POSITIVE.The stresson compound adjectives can sometimes change,depending on whether they come before a .We make the positive fonn of get somebodyto do something noun or not: This is homemadebread. This breadis with: homemade.H. e5 got afull-time job. He works full-time. subject + get + somebody + infinitive with to + something. B.ut: It5 a time-consumingproject. The project is very time-consuming. .We can use have or get in any verb fonn, for example: PastSimple: I got my dad to teach me how to do things.~ have/getsomethingdone,get somebodyto be going to: I'm going to get my brother to check they're safe.do something,do somethingyourself C10A\"p79 ) NEGATIVESAND QUESTIONShave/getsomethingdone.We use have/get something done when we pay .We make the negative and question forms of get somebody to do something by using the correct fonn of get: somebody else to do a job: We usually have the I didn't get anyoneto help me. decorating done professionally. I still get my car Are you going to get somebodyto fix it? serviced at the local garage. TIP! .We can also say pay somebodyto do something: I usuallyTIP! .Get somethingdoneis usually more informal than pay somebodyto do thegarden.have something done. do somethingyourselfPOSITIVE .We use do something myself, yourself, etc. when we do the.We make the positive fonn of have/getsomething done job without any help from other people: ldo most things with: round the house myself. subject + have or get + something + past participle. .The reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself,.We can use have or get in any verb fonn, for example: itself, ourselves,yourselves,themselves. Present Continuous: Now I'm having the bathroom TIP! .We often use reflexive pronouns to emphasise that we redecorated. do something instead of somebody else doing something for PresentPerfectSimple: I've had lots of things done us: I actually put ,someshelvesup myself last weekend. recently. PastSimple: The roof was leaking so I got that fixed. He's having his hair cut. She's decorating the Past Perfect Simple: I'd never had any kitchen appliances kitchen herself. serviced before. will + infinitive: I'll get the door lock replaced as soon as I can.

DIFFERENCEISN MEANING ALL OR ALL(OF)?.Both of and either of refer to two things or people: I've got .We use all + a plural countable noun to refer to a group two older brothers in general: All women are capable of being the breadwinner. and both of them do most of the cooking. .We use all (oj) my, the,etc. + plural countable noun to refer.Everyone, every, any of, anyone, all of and anything refer to to a specific group: But all (oj) my married friends are more than Back in the 1980s, everyone new men. was talking two things or people: EITHER (OF), NEITHER (OF), NONE OF AND NO about the 'new man'. .We can use either ofin positive and negative sentences:.Each can refer to two or more things or people: I've read two Either of theseplacesare fine. I don't like either of them. articles on the subject recently, and each article suggests. ... .We must use a singular noun after either and neither without of Neither match was very good. not ~~eitneF And each time 1 read about how selfish men are. ... matfnes ~.:asve;\"j' geed..No one, neither of, none of and no refer to a zero quantit)' .We canuse a singular verb form after either of, neither of and noneof Neither of hisparentshas visited him this month..Neither of refers to two things or people: Neither of them spend hours in the pub, .We must use a positive verb form after neither (oj), none of and no: None of my friends have a car. not !'!ene;;1 ~j'.No one, none of and no refer to more than two things or j..-iendsdeesn'tna':e a faF. do. people: ...none of my friends ANY, ANYTHING, ANYONE, ETC.DIFFERENCESIN FORM .We usually use any (oj), anything, anyone,etc. with negative verb forms: I haven't got any money.Theydidn't do anything..Every and each are followed by a singular countable noun; Every magazine babies, .We can also use any (oj), anything, anyone,etc. with a was full of pictures of him holding positive verb form to mean 'it doesn't matter which': Read any of the articles (= it doesn't matter which article) written.Both of, neither of and either of are followed by the, my, etc. today on the subject and anyone (= it doesn't matter who) would think that men haven't changed. + a plural countable noun, or the pronouns you, us or them: Both of them do most of the cooking. 1 don't think either of my brothers want the lifestyle our fathers generation had..Any of, all of and none of are often followed by the, my, etc. cafrniendbse plural,.No + a ipsluraallways countfaobllloewed noubny: a nAollun. of mTyhis marnrioeudn singular or uncountable: No newspapers report that. No newspaper reports that, Theres no electricity,.We can also use any of, all of, all and none of with uncountable nouns: Don't touch any of the food..Everyone, every, no one, each and anything are followed by of a singular verb form: No one seems to think the division .Notice these common patterns for introductory phrases that labour has really improved. ...add emphasis:.All of, both of, neither of, either of and none of are followed TO..hlnoeevtethh!Iinngg (don't) like by a plural verb form: All of my married h .about friends are new men. I ...IS . ...WHEN TO USEOF Wh .aatte ! admire.We must use of with any, both, either, neither and all when The thing I don't like about this flat is the kitchen. One thing I love about you is you always laugh at my jokes. they are followed by a pronoun: I spoke to both of them. not .What I like about the flat is it's so light. l speRe ~e he~h ~hefli..We can leave out of with any, both, either, neither and all when they are followed by (the, my, etc.) + a plural countable The thin that ama.zes me about ...IS.... O.!nge thing that.. annoys noun: Both (the) places were lovely. or Both of the places were What worries lovely. not Be~h :::J plates ~':e;-:: l::::e!j'. upsetsEVERYOR EACH? The thing that amazes me about your mother is she still can't read a map..We use every when we think of people or things as part of One thing that annoys me about you is you never give me time a group: Every employee has an ID card. (= all the people). to look at a map. What worries me about the size of the kitchen is I can't help Polly.We use each when we think of people or things separately: with the cooking. Check eachpersons ID. (= check their IDs one by one). TIP! .We can also say What irritates/bothers me about is ...:.We usually use every for a large number and eachfor a What irritates me about her is shes always late. small number: I've beento every country in Europe. They have three children and eachchild has green eyes.

mil WorkcollocationsC11A\" p86) fIE Verbpatterns(2):reporting verbs (11Ce p91make a llving* have a lot of work on* mention explain + that + clausedo sth for a liVing be on the go* point out* admit claim* (subject + verb + ...)work freelance* get down to* work agree promise recommendbe made redundant* work on an interesting project* insist suggestbe out of work* give a ~lk(JI~make a-living earn the money that yo~ need to live deny* recommend + verb+ing *freeelancedoing work for several different companies suggest admit (doing) rather than for just one company + preposition + (not) + verb+ing *be made redundant lose your job because your apologise (for) insist* (on) + object preposition + (not) + employer doesn't need you any more blame* (sb for: verb+ing *be out of work be unemployed accuse* (sb of) *have a lot of work on havea lot of work that you needto do *be on the go be very busy and active Robmentionedthat the profits were up 20% last month. *get down to sth finally start doing something that needs He agreedto run the shopon his own for the first year. a lot of attention I remindedhim to sort out the staffwages. *a project /'prod3ekt/ a piece of work which is completed He denieddoing anythingwrong. over a period of time He apologisedfor not telling me sooner. He blamedme for not letting him hire enoughstaff.TIPS! .We can say make a living or earn a living. TIPS!.The reportingverbsin blue in the tableshowthe form.We usually use do somethingfor a living in questions: of the verbsin\" in Mike'e emailon p90.What doesyour brother dofor a living?.We can give a talk, give a lecture or give a presentation. .The reportingverbsin bold in the tablehavemore thanone verbpattern.~ Businescsollocation(s118\"P88) .Deny hasa negativemeaning.We sayHedeniedstealingthe..close a branch * moneyn. ot He QeRienQe~s~e6ling~hemen;;:,..take over* a company do business with somebody .~point out tell somebodysomeinformation, often set up* a new company becauseyou think theyhaveforgottenit or don't know itgo out of business* go bankrupt* *claim saysomethingis true, eventhoughyou can't prove it and otherpeoplemight not believeitmake a profit* or a loss* impon* products from another *deny saythat somethingis not true, usuallybecauseexpand * the bUsiness country somebodyhassaid thatyou'vedonesomethingwronggo into business with expon* products to another country *ins1stsayrepeatedlythatsomethingis true or that you somebody* run a chain* of restaurants wantsomethingto happen,often when otherpeople disagreewith you *blame saythat somebodyis responsiblefor something bad that hashappened *accusesaythat somebodyhasdonesomethingwrong -~ ~:!'.LB Advertising110 D p92~ ~~ ~\"'kk,Fadvertising the business of trying to persuade people to buy products or services publ1city the attention somebody or something gets from appearing in newspapers, on T~ etc. a slogan a short, memorable phrase used in advertising a logo a design or symbol used to advertise something an advertising campaign Ikrem'peIn/ a series of advertisements for a particular product or service

..Describing future events; Future Perfect POSITIVEAND NEGATIVE (11A f)P86) .We make the positive and negative fonns of the Future Describing future events Perfectwith: subject + will or 'II/won't + have+ past participle. .We use the Present Continuous to talk about an arrangement in the future: I'm having lunch with my bosstomorrow. I'll have done it by midday. I won't have done it by ten o'clock. .We make the PresentContinuous with: subject + am/are/is + verb+ing. QUESTIONS .We make questions in the Future Perfectwith: .We use the Future Continuous to talk about something that will be in progress at a point in time in the future: Sorry, I'll be (question word) + will + subject + have+ past participle. interviewing peoplefor our graduate trainee programme then. What time will you have finished? .We make the Future Continuous with: subject + '11(= will) + be + verb+ing (seeG5.2). TIPS! .We often use by with the Future Perfect to mean 'before this time': I'll have left the office by six o'clock. .We can use will be in the middle of something to describe an .We also use by the time + clause, by this time next week, action that will be in progress at a point of time in the future: month, etc. and by the end of the day, week,etc. with the I'll be in the middle of a meeting at foul: Future Perfect: Hurl)' up! Thefilm will have started by the time we get there. .We can use will be on my, his, etc. way to somewhere to say that a person will be travelling at a point of time in the future: EB Reportedspeech(118 Dp8~) I'll be on my way to Southampton at eleven. REPORTEDSENTENCES TIP! .We can also use be in the middle of somethingand be on .Look at these pairs of sentences.Notice the way the my, his, etc. way to somewhereto talk about the present: I can't talk now,I'm in the middle of cooking. second speaker reports what the first speakersaid. MIKE-+ DAISY\"I have something interesting to tell you.\" FuturePerfect DAIS-Y+ MIKE \"You said that you had something .We use the Future Perfect to talk about something that will interesting to tell me.\" be completed before a certain time in the future: I'll have arrived by lunchtime. (= some time before lunchtime). ROB-+ MIKE \"I'm planning to set up my own business.\" MIKE-+ DAISY\"Rob told me that he was planning to set .Look at this sentence and the diagram: I'll havefinished giving the talk by three thirty. up his own business.\" ROB-+ MIKE \"I've been looking for a good location since August.\" MIKE-+ DAISY\"He said he'd been looking for a good location since August.\"-

.We usually change the verb form in reported speech. .We make reported questions with:verb form in direct speech r verb form in reported speech (He) asked (me) I question word I + subject + verbPresent Simple Past Simple (He) wanted to know if/whetherI have an idea. He said he had an idea. .In reported questions the word order is the same as inPresent Continuous Past Continuous positive sentences:I asked where he was. not I askEd~..'hE:-:;I'm leaving. He said he was leaving. W65--ht!.Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple .We use if or whether when we report questions withoutI've done it. He said he'd done it. a question word.Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous .We don't use the auxiliaries do, doesand did in reportedI've been working. He said he'd been working. questions: \"What do you think?\" -+ He asked me what I thought. not HEaskEd mE~..'hatI did thiffk.Past Simple Past Perfect SimpleI woke up late. He said he'd woken up late. TIPS! .The changes in verb forms are the same as in reported sentences.Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous .We sometimes use an object with ask: He asked. ..or HeI was sleeping. He said he'd been sleeping. asked mePast Perfect Simple no changepossible REPORTEDIMPERATIVESAND REQUESTSI'd seen it before. He said he'd seen it before. .To report imperatives, we use:Past Perfect Continuous no changepossible told + object + (not) + infinitive with to.I'd been waitin.e;. He said he'd beenwaiting. ROB-+ MIKE \"Don't talk to anyone else about it.\" was/weregoingto MIKE-+ DAISY \"Rob told me not to talk to anyone else~~ He said he was going to do it. about it.\"am/is/are goingto would .To report requests, we use:I'm going to do it. He said he'd callthem. asked + object + (not) + infinitive with to.will could ROB-+ MIKE \"Can you meet me in Brighton on Saturday?\"I'U caUthem. He said he could do it. MIKE-+ DAISY\"He asked me to meet him in Brighton oncan I hadto Saturday.\"I can do it. He saidhe hadto go.mustI mustgo.TIPS! .The modal verbs could, should,would, might and ought to 1mB Discussionlanguage(3) C110\" P92)don't change in reponed speech. putting forward new ideas.Say doesn't have an object: I said (that) not I §tlid he!' E~htl~j. O8ne thi8ng we could do is (~se ...)Tell must have an object: I told him (that) not I ~e!dE~htl~j. I wonder if it'd be a good ide8a(to have ...).The PastSimple doesn't have to change to the Past Perfect 88 88 8Simple. It can stay in the PastSimple. I know! Why don't we (give ...)?.We don't have to change the verb form if the reponedsentence is about something general or is still in the future: j've got an ide8a.How about (giving ...)?\"I've got a cal:\" -+ He said he'sgot a cal: \"I'm going to Africanext yeal:\" -+ She said she'sgoing to Africa next yeal: reacting positively to ideas.We sometimes change time expressionsin reponed speech:tomorrow -+ the next day; next Monday -+ thefollowing Monday;this week -+ last week; last month -+ the month before,etc.REPORTEQDUESTIONS Th~t sounds like a good ide8a..Look at these pairs of sentences.Notice the way the second Well, it's worth a trY. speaker reports the first speaker'squestion. 8 88 8 ROB-+ MIKE \"Do you want to go into business with me?\" Yes,that makessense. MIKE-+ DAISY\"Rob asked me if I wanted to go into Yes,th~t could work. business with him.\" re.a.c8t.ing negatively to ideas .. Personally,I'd r~ther we didn't (use a celebrity). OK, ma.vbewe should avo'd (using celebrities).ROB-+ MIKE \"Can you come up with the other half?\" The main problem with (TV ~ds) is that ...MIKE-+ DAISY\"He wanted to know whether I could come I'm no88t sure tha88t's such a go8o.8d Idea. up with the other half.\" summarising and recappingMIKE-+ ROB \"How long will it take for the business to So what you're saying is that ... make a profit?\" 88MIKE-+ DAISY \"I asked how long it would take for the business to make a profit.\" Am I right in thinking that ...? .8 88 ,Are you saying that ...? . Canwe Justgo over thiS again?

. a crisis f'kraIsIsf (plural: crises f'kraIsi:zf) a moment or period of great difficulty; uncertainty or danger: The Prime Ministers resignation causeda political crisis. an outcry a strong expression of anger,made by a group of people or the public in general: The early releaseof the prisoners causeda public outcry. attack use violence against somebody: He was attacked on his way homefrom work. release allow somebody or something to move about freely: He was releasedfrom prison last week. a hostage f'hostld3f somebody who is taken prisoner by a person or group in order to force other people to do what the person or group want: The hostageswere releasedsafely when thepolice took control of the building. invade enter a country or area with an army in order to take control of it: England was invaded in the 11 thcentury. TIPS! .We say take somebodyhostage:Threejournalists were taken hostageover a week ago. .The noun for invade is an invasion /In'veI3an/. ~ Idioms( 12C\"P98) .An idiom is an expression(usuallyinformal) which has a meaningthatis differentfrom the meaningsof the individualwords.Thewordsarein a fixed order. TIP! .We can also say pop out (= go out) and pop over/round (= go and visit somebody): I'm just popping out. Tom'sjust popped over to say hello. ~ Newcsollocation( s12\"8 p9)6 makesomebody'sday sleep like a log~

..Modal verbs (2): deduction in the present and ~ Pastformsof modalandrelatedverbs ( 128Dp97) -- WOULD HAVE, COULD HAVE, SHOULD HAVEthe past (12ADp95) .We use would have + past participle to imagine something.We often use the modal verbs must, could, might, may and in the past that didn't happen: Its hard to say whether you or can't to make deductions in the present and the past. I would have reacteddifferently..When we believe something is true, we use must. .We use should have + past participle to criticise people's behaviour in the past: The citizens of America should have.When we think something is possibly true, we use could, realised they were listening to a play. might or may. .We use could have + past participle to say something was.When we believe something isn't true, we use can't. possible in the past, but didn't happen: They could have listened to other radio stations to seeif the story was real.TIPS! .When we know something is definitely true or isdefinitely not true, we don't use a modal verb: Then we popped TIPS! .We often use would/could have+ past participle asinto that trendy new cafefor a coffee. OK, soyou didn't leave it part of a third conditional (see G3.2): If you'd told me aboutin the cafe. the meal, I would/could have gone..We don't use can or mustn't to make deductions: It must be .We also use should have+ past participle with I to talk abouttrue. not It EaRhs t:-,~s.He can't havegone homeyet. not He regrets (see G8.2): I should have listened to your advice.mustR'tha~'sgeRs hems)'st. NEEDN7 HAVE, DIDN7 NEED TODEDUCTIONS IN THE PRESENT .We use needn't have + past participle to talk about things.To make deductions about a state in the present we use: people did in the past that weren't necessary:Of course,they modal verb + infinitive. needn'thaveworried. (= the people worried, but this wasn't It might be in the bathroom. Yeah,of course,but it must be switched off. necessary). .We usually use didn't need + infinitive with to to talk.To make deductions about something happening now we use: about things people didn't do in the past because they modal verb + be+ verb+ing. weren't necessary:Fortunately the troops didn't needtofight But someone might be using it to phoneAustralia! an army of Martian invaders! (= the troops didn't fight becauseit wasn't necessary).DEDUCTIONS IN THE PAST TIP! .It is also possible to use didn't need+ infinitive with to.To make deductions about a state or a completed action in to talk about things people did in the past, but weren't the past we use: necessary.Usually the context makes it clear whether the modal verb + have+ past participle. person did the action or not. Or someone could have taken it from your bag. Compare these sentences: Soyou may have left it on the table. He didn't need to wait for he/;so he went straight home. You can't have left it at the restaurant. (He didn't wait for her.) That guy in the club must have stolen it. He didn't needto wait for he/;but he had nothing better to do. (He waited for her.).To make deductions about a longer action in the past we use: modal verb + have+ been+ verb+ing. COULD, WAS/WERE ABLE TO He might have been waiting for a chanceto steal my phone. .We usually use could to talk about a general ability in theTIP! .We can also use couldn't instead of can't to make past: Orson Welles could broadcast any play he wanted.deductions in the past: Youcouldn't haveleft it at the restaurant. .We usually use waslwere able to to talk about ability at one specific time in the past: Welles was able to avoid a lengthy court case. TIPS! .We usually use could with verbs of the senses (see, hear,etc.): They could seea cloud of poisonous gas approaching New York. .Was/Were able to is similar in meaning to managedto: Welles was able to/managedto avoid a lengthy court case. .In the negative form, couldn't and wasn't able to can both be used in all situations, although couldn't is more common: I couldn't find my wallet. = I wasn't able to find my wallet.~

~ ~ The only thing I knew how to say was ANSWER2Swent 3 'd never been 4 was 1 He hasn't decided which college he's je ne comprends pas' -which means travelling 5 picked up 6 was told 7 was 8 decided 9 recommended 10've been going to yet. ...'I don't underst.!nd', of course. So ~very going 11 always enjoy 12is taught 2 When I've finished my degree, I'd like to 13 think 14 've learned 15 'm studying time the examiner asked me a qu.estion, do a PhD. I just said, \"Je ne comprends pas\". That aD 3 She'swaiting to hear if she'spassed her was all I sa.id in the whole exa.m! The TIM Hi, er, my name's Tim. exams. .~. .examiner probably thoulZht I was an idiot, MIA Hi, I'm Mia. Nice to meet you. 4 I'd been to a private school, but I didn't T You too. You went to Professor Lee's but at the end of the exam he did tell me like it. that I h:id v~ry go.odpronuncJtion. I still geography lecture yesterday, didn't you? 5 She doesn't think she'll go to the tutorial f;iled though, obviously! M Yeah, but I didn't understand very much. T Neither did I. But don't worry about it, today. 1m 6 I've started a Master's and I'm really it's only the first one. KIM Sue, over here! M Yeah, I suppose so. enjoying it. SUEHi, Kim, great to seeyou! It's been ages, T Anyway, er, how's your first week going? M Oh, it's just been crazy. I haven't stopped 1m hasn't it? K Yeah, a couple of months at least. How since I got here. ANSWER2Shave 3 did 4 was 5 didn't 6 did T No, me neither. And it's a huge campus - 7 's 8 hasn't 9 has 10 do 11 are 12 do are things? 13 'm 14Are 15do 16did 17did 18 didn't sOh, pretty good, thanks. What about I keep getting lost! M Yes,so do I. Yesterday I was walking mD you? ...A K Yeah, I'm fine. I'm still working at that around for ageslooking for the bookshop. T Did you find it? HENRYMy worst exam moment happened new place I told you about. M Yes, eventually, but it took me about half when I was caught cheating bj' my l1U1m s Yes, I remember. How's it going? K Oh, er, well, things are really busy at the an hour. after a history exam. I really liked T Well, at least you found it in the end. moment, lots of meetings and deadlines ... ...history classes,but I didn't have a very and stuff. And at the moment this is my Maybe you should get a map. go.od mI wemrooteryloSaodson0fthIme pmoortrannintg of the only free evening during the week. M I did have a map! I just couldn't work exam facts and s Why's that? K I'm, er, I've started doing loads of out where I was to start with! figures on the insides of my shirt cuffs. T So, urn, what are you studying? evening classes. M I'm doing a degree in Environmental I made sure that I got to the exam room s Really? Like what, exactly? K Well, last night I did creative writing. Science. so I could sit ftheew back. I T Are you? My brother's done that course. answer qUIte questIons It sounds fun, but actually it's quite ...really early at He graduated last July. a M Did he? Has he found ajob yet? managed to T Yes,he has, actually. He's just started using the stuff I'd written on my shirt. working for an environmental charity in London. He doesn't get paid very much, I was terrified that I was going to get challenging. but it's a start. s How do you mean? M Well, that's encouraging. And what are ...caught, but luckIly the teacher never K Well, we have to write something in class you studying? noticed what I was dOing.Stupidl~ tho.ugh, T Geography and economics. Most people when I got home I, er, I was so haPlY every week, like, er, yesterday I had to imagine I was an animal and write a story think economics is really boring, but I ..the exam had finished that I just got about a typical day -things like that. don't. I do find it quite difficult, though! s Yeah, I see what you mean. What's the M Yeah, I'm not surprised. I'd be completely changed out of my school clothes and left confused. them on my bed. Anyway, while I was teacher like? T Yeah.Anyway, do you live here on campus? K Oh, he's great, very enthusiastic and M No, I don't. I was told it was really playing football with my fri~nds in the expensive, so I'm living in a shared park, my mum came to get my d~Irty house about two miles from here. lt seemed the cheapest option and, urn, clothes so that she could do some washing. supportive. He's, urn, he's written two I don't want to borrow too much money. novels, so I guess he knows what he's T No, neither do I. I've, urn, I've already She found the shirt and immediately talking about. got a student loan and I've spent quite s I'm sure he does. What else are you a bit of it already. realised what I'd done -she was absolutely M Yeah, I know what you mean. T Right, I have to go. I've got a lecture at two. ...funous, of course, and stopped my pocket doing? M So have I. Maybe see you again soon. K Well, on Mondays I do a photography money for three months. It taught me a 81T Yeah,I hope so.And try not to getlost again! lesson though, and, um, and I've never course. I got a digital camera for my birthday and there are lots of things M I'll do my best. Bye! ...cheatedatanything since. I don't know how to do. s Such as? .55.Ct;\"4511. \ .,- \ .,1.\ ,L \ ~- \ ~L\", B K Er, things like taking close-ups, getting YVONNMEy worst examnightmarewas the photos to print out properly, that sort of thing. Oh, and I'm doing a definitelymy French() Level~ralexam. computer course aswell. It's really ! .When I wasat school- thiswas,urn,over twentyyearsal!o now-kIds weren't ... . .-taughthowto actuallyspeakFrench,we difficult, actually. s Is it? How come? jturasnt sdliadtleod.taedxstosaf gnrdasmtumffa.SreoxIekrcniseewsaqnUdIte K Well, we're doing website design, and . !. .a lot of rrrammaar nd my written French everyone else seemsto know a lot more twoat1s..lna!.'Vtoeovbeandth,beumt Iodsitdbna'.'sthicacvoenavcelrus'e.ahtioown. I think I did quite well on the written than I do. I'm in the, urn, the intermediate pafers,but whenit cameto the oral class,but I might change to beginners. exam,I, urn, I couldn'tunderstanda s Wow, you are busy, aren't you? word the examinerwassayingto me. K Yes, I am, but being out almost every He se~~ed!Obesfeaking in.cr,e~i?l~~t, night is actually helping me relax more. -_.3' T. . -T- ___1-_L ,~

Recording ScriptsK Well, you know, I used to work late most And, urn, anyway, they keep changing AfterJrUd started making the evenings, but now I have to be at my their minds about what's good and bad sandwiches~l'd realise that~I hadn't classes by 6.30. And if I force myself to got~everythin~I needed forJrLal1 the do something different in the evenings, for you. You don't know what to believe. different fillings. That meant~l'd have to it helps me sleep better. spend~ anotherJrLhourJrLin the For example, I'm ...we're always hearingS Right. Maybe I should start doing some. supermarket~orJrLeven~a couplLofK Well, you could always come to my stuff about fat being bad for us. Er, it hours sometimes! So then~I was late with-.-all the deliveries. But fourJrLor dance class tomorrow night. causes heart attacks and all that, but I five months~ago I did~a time managementS What sort of dancing? course. It was ratherJrLexpensive, butK Salsa. I go every week. heard on the radio only this morning I got~a lot from~it. They taught meS Really? Who with? simple things like, urn, how to writeK A few people from work. We're all, urn, that the French eat a high fat diet and good lists. Now I havLa filLon my computer forJrLal1 the food~I buy, so, we're all beginners, but it's great fun. You they have fewer heart attacks than we do er, when~I go shoppin~I just print the should come, you'd love it. lisLoff. They also suggested timing hows Well, I'll see if I'm free and let you know. in America, so where, er, where does that lon&..it takes to get from one place toK Great! Anyway, enough about me, what another and that means~I can be more are you up to at the moment? leave us? As for me, well I don't care realistic~about how Ion£-I need tos Well, urn, I'm off to the USA on Sunday. deliverJrLall the sandwiches.And my regularK Are you? How long for? about how much fat I eat. Every day customers~alLorderJrLin advance now,s Two weeks. so that means~I can, urn, get~all theK Is this work or holiday? when I get home from work, I'll have food~at the same timLand nothing'ss Holiday. First I'm going to my cousin's wasted. Yeah, urn, things~areJrLa lot a coffee and half a packet of chocolate morurLorganised now. And I'vLalso..~wedding in Seattle. .. stopped trying to make the perfect cookies. That's a lot of fat. But, urn, I sandwich. People don't notice theftft~ difference between~excellent~and know what I like and I eat what I like. perfect. Yes,the business~is improving,1 A Gary called me this morning. and~l'm surUrLit's~all due to that B What about? I've always been like that. Tonight I'll coursLI did. JAKEAs part of the introductory week at2 A We're going on holiday tomorrow. probably have a burger and fries for university we had to do a time B Where to? management course. I was dreading it, dinner -even more fat! And you know but actually some of it was, urn, yeah,3 A I'm going to the cinema tonight. really helpful. I learned how to prioritise B Who with? what? My mom's always telling me what things, you know, really think about what was important or urgent, er, deadlines for4 A We've borrowed £10,000 from the bank. I should and shouldn't eat, and the joke coursework and stuff like that, which B What for? helps me to keep things in perspective. is, I never get ill and she's ill all the time. And doing two things at once was5 A I've just got an email. another good suggestion. So if I'm B Who from? TEDMost of the time I watch what I eat, travelling I'll, urn, I'll listen to my taped notes, or while I'm in the shower I'll try6 A I've just sent an email. but, er, sometimes I'll eat things that to remember things from my last lecture. B Who to? But some of their suggestions were, urn, I know are unhealthy like ice cream or totally unrealistic -like how long you7 A Pete's staying with me at the moment. have to study for each subject. So if a B How long for? pizza. But when I was a teenager I'd get subject is difficult, they recommended you study four hours for every hour in8 A I've just been told to go home. up in the morning and go straight to class. That means I should be studying B Who by? maths for 20 hours a week outside of the cookie jar. I used to be addicted to class! No way am I going to do that! But, er, one thing that really surprised me was chocolate chip cookies -my mom used they told us, er, not to be perfectionists. You can't be perfect, so you only to hide them from me. And then I read a disappoint yourself. I think that's right. As the course leader said, there will always lot of books about health and nutrition, be people weaker and stronger than you - and I knew I had to change. One of the just learn to live with it. Yeah, it was a good course, I, er, I think I learnt a lot. big killers is fat, so I'm always reading mJ food labels to see what the fat content is. JAMESjenny, you haven't touched your It drives my girlfriend crazy. And did sandwich. Look, Liam has nearly finished his. (Don't want it.) OK, go you know that, er,Japanese people have and play with Harriet then. Oh dear, she's hardly eaten anything. far fewer heart attacks than Americans? That's because they have a very low fat diet, you know, stuff like sushi, rice, that sort of thing. They don't, er, they don't add fat to anything, well, that's what I1m] heard anyway.SUEFirst, I'm going to my cousin's w~dding mD .I'm used to ietung din Seattle. up at 5 a.m. every ay. I... ...KIMAre you? Who with? I'm slowly getting used to it. I It t~es as My brother, Frank. I'm rather nmous while for a foreigner to get used to them. I about the whole thing, though. I wasn't used to peo~le driving so close to...K Really? How come? ..' ...me. I I still haven't got used to b~ing as Frank and I don't really get on particularly pedestrIan here. 11'11never get used to well. 1. doing that.K How do you mean? 1ms Er, we tend to argue CJultea ot.K Yes,families can be difficult, can't they? pre~r pr~ference pr~ferable ~r~ferably IAnd what else are you doing? orr.ginate originaIity origin ori~nal oril?einally I realism reality realistics After the weddin~ I'm going on a trip ..realistically I responsibility resJJonsible .e' ...that mv fri~nd Brad's organised. responsibly I r~cognise recognitionK Are you? What sort of trip? recognisable recognisablys We're ioing walking in the Rockies. EDK How long fOr? NANCYI've been runnin.8..-a sandwichS Five days. Oh, I can't wait! delivery servic.!;:jn the centr!:-irLof the city for-lrLover-lrLa year. When.JmI first started.J wasted loads~of time becaus~ I wasn't~at~alLorganised.CASSY1 resent the government telling me what I should and shouldn't eat.

Recording ScriptsHAZELDon't worry about it. It's best just to 1m s You'rewelcome. let kids eat when they want. A That remindsme -a guy in our street LILYI think children~undetJrLeight shouldLILYI don't know about that. I think it's go to bed~at seven. wasarrestedrecently for shooting the important for kids to get used to good tyres of a car which wasparked outside eating habits as early as possible. That's HAZELDo you think so? Why not let them his house,just, er, well, just because what I did with my kids, and when I look go to bed when they're tired? the alarm kept going off at night. He was after Liam that's what I do with him. chargedwith vandalism-lost his gun Right from the word go, you should JAMESI don't know~about that. Kids licenceand had to pay a fine. make them stay at the table until they never,jrLadmit they're tired. c I haveto say,I wouldn't have beentoo finish their food. happyif the alarmhad woken me up. H That's..j1good point. Those caralarmsdrive you crazygoingH I can't really see the point of forcing kids L YesJ think seven~o'cloc~is..j1 good off night afternight. to eat. I think that just makes kids hate J Sure,but you wouldn'thaveshotthe lyres! meal times and food becomes a bigger bedtime for,jrLall young kids. c Coursenot, no. If it had beenme, J You might be right there. I might have left anote on the car,or problem. H Welu can't really see the poinLof something.L Oh, do you think so? I think if kids aren't forcing kids to go to bed. J What would the owner of the carhave allowed to play until they've eaten their J Butjf you don't, parents never havuny food they soon learn to empty their done if he'd seenhim? I mean,the guy plates. You have to be strict right from the timL-on their,jrLown. with the gun was seriouslyangry. beginning or they just get into bad habits. L I see what you mean. A Yeah,well, we'll neverknow. So what H Well, I'm still not convinced. If my kids sentencewould you have given him?J I see what you mean. J Well, a lot more than just a fine andH Oh, I wouldn't say that. I've never been wtheerte'i/1r/:-~ all ~in bed ~at seven, I'd never see losing his gun licence,that's for sure.He's a dangerto society.I mean,I think we've strict with Harriet and she eatsanything. L Butjf they'rrJrLup late, they get bad- got to do something about all this, all All you have to do is make it fun, like, this violence.There were,er, about for example letting them help when tempered. 450,000violent crimesinvolving guns you're getting food ready. J Yes,you can't~argue with that. in this country lastyear.We've ...I mean,J I see your point. I must admit we always we've got to do something... send Jenny out of the kitchen when we're 1m 1m cooking. ANSWER2Sd) 3b) 4a) sf) 6h) 7e) 8g) 9k) 10i)L Quite right too. It's dangerous in a 11j) 12n) 130) 14m) 151) 16q) 17s) 18p) 19r) 1 If I hadn'tgoneto the party,I wouldn't 2Ov) 210 22u) have met her. kitchen for a five-year-old.J I suppose that's true,actually. mI 2 I'd havecomeround earlier if you'dH But life's dangerous for a five-year-old. askedme to. ARNIEThree more coffees, please, Sam. They're always falling down and stuff. SAMComing right up. 3 If Suehad beenmore careful,she might And I don't mean ...I'm not suggesting JOANNEDid you hear what happened at the not have got hurt. you leave the kid alone in the kitchen to make the meal. You're there supervising parking lot near here yesterday? 4 He wouldn't have known about it if you CHUCKNo, what? everything. J Apparently a woman had been shopping hadn't told him.J I should imagine it slows everything 5 If Davehad known when your flight was, and when she went back to the parking down if they're helping you. lot she saw four men in her car. So he could havepicked you up.H OK yes, but on the other hand they're she took a gun out of her purse and threatened to shoot them. 1m learning valuable life lessons. A Whoa! What did they do? e ...I wo.uldn'thave/~v/met her -+If I hadn'tJ Mmm. You might be right there. That's a J Well, they got out of the car and just ran away. But then -get this -when the goneto the party,I wouldn't have/~v/met good point. woman got into the car she realised itL Well, I'm still not convinced. What can a wasn't hers. Her car looked identical, but her. I if rou'd askedme to -+I'd have /~v/ it was parked nearby. ,. .. f . five-year-old do to help in the kitchen? C So what happened next? comeround earlier if you'd askedme to. IH Little things like letting them get things J Well, of course she was horrified at what she'd done so she went to the police she -+ I Sue for you out of the fridge or the department to explain. cupboards. Or let them wash the C Well, that's something, I guess. ~ .. 'had noe t have vegetables for you. Just simple things. J Yes,and when she arrived, the four men mbU!het enmnotorehavce are/f~vu/ l, she mightgot hurtJ You mean, sort of make it a game. were there, complaining about this crazyL But Harriet's a girl. woman who'd threatened to shoot them. /~v/got hUrt. I if you hadn'ttold him -+HeH Well, I can't argue with that. A So,she hasn't been charged with anything? L No, I mean I don't think little boys are J No. No one was hurt, and she had a wrruldn't have/~v/known about it if you interested in that kind of thing, do you? licence for the gun. But if the woman had , .....' .yfuoguhut pwa-+s,Ihf eDcaovuelhdahdakvneo/~wvn/pwIChkedenJ Oh, I don't think that's necessarily the shot the men, she'd have been in serious badn't told him. I he could have /~v/picked case at all. trouble.H Yes,and you'll never find out if he's A That's ridiculous. If the men hadn't run your interested unless you give it a go. away,she could have killed them. you up. Anyway it's important that boys learn C Yes,but no one was hurt. how to cook, don't you think? J That's really not the point. The point is 1m .LAWYEGRood aftemo..o,n, MSMe.ad. C.o,me m L I suppose you've got a point there. Right, there are just too many people carrying Liam, time to go. You're doing the guns these days. .and /~n/take a /~/seat.Firstly I'd ltke cooking this evening. S Here you go. A Thanks, Sam. to /t~/ sayhow sorry I am that /6~t/this has /h~z/happened. BONNIwEell, thank you /j~/ for /f~/ seeing me so qu~cklv;I've beentrying to /t~/ get some/s~rn/lee\"galadVIcefor /f~/ ae ges,but I was /w~z/gettini nowhere. l Glad I can/k~n/be of /~v/help. B Nh.ao.p.o,pneemsnege,mexsctoeputnmdyerssItsatenrd.what's

Recording Scripts . ..L RIght ...,urn, 1et's see what we can Ikan/ My friends can't understand why I'm so .\", ..do to Ital get vour IJal lIfe back. FIrst I'll B Right, that's settled then. H Thanks. Do you want to come and stay anXIOUSand Ian! why I can't Just get on need, er, I'd lIke a lal copy of lavl all your Ijal bills, then if you could... here? I'll make a bed up for you, if you with my life. l ~ll, if people haven't experienced like. B No, don't worry. It'd be easier if I identity theft, they can't imagine what it's mIl brought the kids back here. like, or h~w much trme it takes to Ital H I could get our babysitter to come and B \"dreesa,l with everything. to Ital take un~aI d strong weak - strong I weak help you in the evenings -you know, I know. I've had of put them to bed and stuff. can /kren/ Ik~n/ IDyl I;lV! B No, that's OK. I can manage. So when .... . .''llhreeeotaatuve1r.eIrssseftrsaoontmhIdtaa,Iltafrbmnaidmta. kI!aewnp!ohsrkoe.neepIte,coaup1r1n1se,,.it takes was Iwoz/ Iw~71 to ftu:1 It;ll are you off? write were IW3:1 Iw~1 from H The Eurostar leaves, er, let me see ... No one Ifrom/ Ifr;lm/ at 6 o'clock on Thursday evening. B What if I picked the kids up from school l No, they don't. So you, urn, you, re not has Ihre71 /h~71/~71 as frezl l;lzJ and brought them straight here? I;ln/ H As long as you don't mind. working at latl the 13al m~ment? have /brevi /h~vll~vl and trend! 16;1tl B No, not at all. that I~retl Is;lm/ H That'd be great. Thanks. B N~, but I'm due b~ck in a lal couple are lalf I~I some ISAm/ 1:1/ B So how long do you want me to look a leII 16;11 do Idu:1 Id~1 the l~i:1 you Iju:1 Ij~1 at lretl I~tl ~ , ,.of lavl weeks. for If:>:1 If~ your Ij;,:1 Ij;ll l i ht. So tell me, h~w did it all start? 1m B ell, I dIdn't, urn, I didn't know ~nything was Iwazl wr~n[. until I g~t alai BONNIEHello? after them? HELENHi, Bonnie. I got your message.I called H Oh, I thought I could leave them with . .. ..lceottmerpafnroymabIforaumt !fo,aulralmcornetdhitscaagrdo, askm. g ....'... .. ... 'IthfoaIdI'dtna'ltt,rcieohd.fe,lcatkovlIoncptooeunrtsha,eIn.lagSlsonfeIu,wrut ahrnce,croIaudnndet.CIadIIne!d back, but you were out. You sounded in a you until they're all eighteen! found that 13atl there were Iwal six new terrible state. Would you like me to come B Oh yes, right! round? 1.m .. ' ..WOoKu,ldbutyothualnikkes B No, it's OK, but thanks for offering. I feel 'them a nng for much better now I've spoken to a lawyer. ...'.credIt cards and Ian! two new bank H Oh, yes. How did it go? ymfooeru.0tofIfNecnoo..nm.gteh. arInoLkuesn,tdmI?'deI No, it's h. give accounts m my name. ThIs ot er person B Well. I was there for about an hour and better had Ihad/ run up huge bills on the 13al he was very helpful. However, there was credit c~rds and Ian! b~th b~nk accounts another threatening letter waiting for me .phone them mys~lf. I Would it h~lp if I were Iwal overdrawn. when I got home. swooruteldd it omu'mt fdor? you? I Are you sure you the n't I Whr don't I look after H Oh no! Who from this time? l So what did you Ijal d~? kids? I well, it'd be wonderful if you could. I B I went to Ital the 13alpolice. They to.ok B It's another one from, er, Hillard's I'll make a bed up for you, rl you like. I all the 13al details, but No, don't worry It'd be easier if I brought bdaosiacnayllyt h.mt'hgeyusnau.iId department store, would you believe, , . ...that 13atl they couldn't .the kids back h~re. I What if I picked the saying I still owe them £1,000 for that kids up from school? I As long as you don't I, urn, tIll I showed them some Isam! sofa I never ordered. I mean, I wouldn't mind. evidence that 13atl I hadn't spent all mind, but I spent two hours on the ~ \"ethe m~ney. phone to them about it last week. ~ l res, well, that's where I can /kan! help. H Let me give them a ring for you. 1 So, er, wh~ have /havl you been in touch B No, thanks. I'd better phone them NIGELWould you /j;!/ like me to /t;!/ h~lp with s~ far? myself. If you called them, it might get .. ..you /j;!/ move tomorrow? B Obviously the 13al credit card c~mpanies, even more confusing. BONNIEAre /~/ you /j~/ sure you /j;!/ wouldn't H Yes, it probably would. Anyway, what did ... ' .but it hasn't st~pped this ~ther person N mNom, d0?f /~v/ course not. 1. the lawyer say? B Thanks. That'd be a /~/ great help. B Well, he wasn't impressed with my filing N Why don't I come over this evemng USIng the credIt cards. I a so, er, I to ld and /~n/ h~lp you /j~/ pack? ., .my bank to Ital close the accounts that system, with everything in one file. The B It'd be wonderful if you /j~/ could. ..13atl weren't mIlle, but aslazl soon as laz/ first thing he wants me to do is to, er, to ~ne account was Iwaz/ closed, she put it all in different files, one for each ..o\,ened another. company, and order all the bills by date. l Yes, once this w~man was Iwaz/ in the tsuJ0uoces,uoylzalsametsysla31 h'..ddl I'm not looking forward to doing that. about anything. H Would it help if I sorted it out for you? 2 N L~t me h~lp you /j~/ pack those tiles. B So it seems. Anrway, I also c~lled my B It's a really boring job. Are you sure you B No, don't worry I'd better do those m~bile ph~ne company to Ital tell them wouldn't mind? mys~lf. N W~ll, what if I carried th~se heavy things to Ital close a lal new account that 13atl H Of course not. I'm good at things like that. downsta~rs for /f~/ you? had lad/ been ~pened in my name, and B Thanks. That'd be a great help. Don't .\" ..B As /~z/ Ion!! as /~z/ you /j;!/ don't mind. Ian I they saId that 13atl they had to Ital think I can face going through all those N Not at /~t/ all. Then I'll pack up the /i};!/ check with the ~ther B~nnie Mead. letters again. Anyway, enough about me. ..computer and /;!n/ printer, if you /j~/ like. l And wh~t happened? How are things with you? You're, urn, B No, that's OK. It'd be easier if I sorted B They believed her and Ian! closed the you're off to see Meg in Paris soon, you those out. 13alcase! lucky thing. H No, I can't go now. Nigel can't look after mI ' .l So no one belIeved you? d B No. I even asked the 13al cre It card the kids because he's got to go to Rome THE DEAD KANGAROO STORY ...documents c~mpanies to Ital send me c~pies of lavl for work. In 1987 the world's best sailorswere competing ... ..And Ian! they did send them, but they B Well, why don't I look after the kids? in the America's Cup yacht race off the that 13atl I hadn't actlla 11 ' d. coast of Fremantle, in Western Australia. y signe H Are you serious? B Of course I am. sent them to Ital her! It was Iwazl unrea1, H Well, it'd be wonderful if you could. I couldn't believe it was Iwazl happening.~I

One day;one of the sailorswent for adrive K He went to, er, Bristol, didn't he? Recording Scriptsin the outbackand accidentallyran overa D Actually, it was Birmingham.kangaroo.The sailor got out and leanedthe K That's right. I knew it began with B. 0 Er, they were all secretly watching thedeadkangarooagainstthe side of the car. whole thing from their window. AlanThenhe decidedto put his America'sCup When was he there? said it was absolutely hilarious.teamjacket on the animaland takea few D This was back in the mid-eighties.picturesto showhis friends. However,it K Oh, right. K I bet it was.turned out that the accidenthadn'tkilled the D Anyway, this story happened during Rag 0 Luckily, nobody ever found out who'danimal,it had only knocked it out. While thesailorwastaking somephotos,the kangaroo Week -you know, when students do all called the police, otherwise they'd have,cameround. Realisingthatsomethingwas sorts of silly things to raise money for urn, they'd have been in big trouble.wrong,the animalimmediatelyran away- charity, like, er, race each other down the K That's a brilliant story! main street on beds, or walk around the D Yes,it is, isn't it?taking the sailor'sjacket, his passport,three streets in strange costumes collecting K Oh, by the way, have you heard fromcreditcardsand $1,000in cashwith it. money or whatever. Sally recently? She lives in Birmingham K Yeah, I know what you mean. We have now, doesn't she?THE FALLING COW STORY the same sort of thing in Ireland. D Yes,she does, although, urn, we haven't D Well, one day Alan and his two flatmates been in touch for a while. I think she'sIn 1997the crewof aJapanesefishing boat were woken up at 7 a.m. by the sound of still working at the same place, but ...wererescuedaftertheir boathad sunk in workmen drilling the road outside theirvery unusualcircumstancesA. ccordingto the house. eDfishennen,the boathad beensailingin calm K Oh no!waterswhen a cowfell from the sky and D Yeah, what a nightmare! Apparently STEVEHi, I'm home. Have you had a good day?crashedthroughtheboat. Unfortunatelythe they'd all been to a big party the ELLENNo, not really. Actually, it's been a bitpolice thoughtthe crewhadmadethe whole previous night and had got to bed atstoryup and arrestedthem. Theyremainedin about four thirty, so they didn't, urn, of a nightmare.prisonwhile the police tried to work out why they weren't too happy about being sOh, dear. What's happened?the boathadsunk. Eventuall};the pilot of a woken up first thing in the morning. E Well, urn, first I waited in all morningRussiantransportplanetold the police what K Yes,I can imagine. So what did they do?hadhappened.Beforethey took off from their D Well, one of Alan's flatmates went out to for the new TV to be delivered, but theySiberianairbaset,he plane'screwhad stolen a payphone across the road and called never turned up.somecowsfrom a nearbyfield. While they the police. sOh, I don't believe it! Hadn't theywereflying at25,000feet,one cowbroke free K Really? What did he say? promised to be here today?andstartedrunning aroundinside theplane. D According to Alan, his friend told the E Yeah, but I'm not surprised, to be honest.The crewmanagedto pushit out of the door police that some university students They didn't turn up last week either.andinto the sea-or so theythought. were digging up the road outside their I was pretty angry, though. house, you know, as a Rag Week stunt. 5 I bet you were.THE EXPLODING HOUSE STORY K You're joking! E Anyway, I called them and they said that D No, really. He said that the students were they'd definitely be here next Wednesday.A woman from Californiahad beentrying to dressed as workmen from the local s Next Wednesday? You must be joking!getrid of all the bugs in herhome for years, council, and asked the police to come E That's, er, that's the earliest they couldbut without successT. hen, in December round and make them stop. Obviously do, they said. I told them if they didn't2001,shebought nineteen'bug bombs', he, urn, he gave a false name and house turn up next time, I'd cancel the order.which aredesignedto spreadinsecticideover number. s Quite right too. That TV cost a fortune!awide area.Sheput all the bug bombsin her K Right. E And then, er, well, my laptop crashedhouse,but unfortunatelyshehadn'treadthe D Meanwhile, Alan's other flatmate went while I was on the Internet. I think it'sinstructions,which warned that no more out to tell the workmen that some got a virus.thanone bombshould be usedatanyone students dressed as policemen were s Didn't you install that anti-virus software?time,and theyshould neverbe usedindoors. going round telling people what to do as E Urn, well, not exactly, no.All nineteenbug bombswent off at the same part of a Rag Week stunt. s Well, no wonder you've got a virus. Ohtime, completelydestroyingthe building and K So what happened? I'll have a look at it later, if you like.causingover $150,000worth of damage. D Well, about ten minutes later, two E Thanks. What else ...er, oh, Jack gotA number of bugswerealsohurt. policemen turned up and told the sent home from school. workmen to stop drilling, obviously s Oh no, not again! What did he do this1m because they, urn, they thought they time?...\"The boathad lad! been/bIn!sailin2 in calm were students. And of course the E He was, urn, he was caught fightingwaters.I The polIce thought the crew workmen just ignored them because during the break.. ..htoalddltahde!mpoaldIceethwehwathhoaledslatodr!yhuapp.pIeTnheed.pI Ilot they thought the policemen were s You're kidding! Oh that boy drives me.. ..Thepa1ne's students too! crazy sometimes. I keep telling him to h K Ha ha, what a great idea! stay out of trouble. Why on earth doesn't D Yeah, I know. In the end they managed he listen to me? crew ad lad! stolen some cows. I to work out what had happened and E He said that the other boy started it.. . ...nAdw0ofmaalnl thhaedbulagds! realised they were all victims of a s Well, he would say that, wouldn't he? been /bIn! trying to g~t E I don't know what to do with him, Steve, for years.I Shehadn't practical joke. Apparently they thought I really don't. it was quite funny. s Don't worry, we'll work it out. I'll, er, goreadthe instructions. K And, urn, what about Alan and his friends? and talk to him in a bit. E Oh, there was one piece of good news.1m My brother Derek called. Guess what? He's finally found ajob.KEVENDave,have you everplayed an April s Wow, that's fantastic news! What sort of Fool's Dayjoke on anyone? job?DAVEUrn, no, not really-but my brother Alan told me a greatstory abouta practicaljoke from his universitydays.

Recording ScriptsE It's, urn, it's in a department store, selling E Anyway, the reason I'm calling is that 1m furniture. Poor Derek, he's been we're heading down to your part of the unemployed for so long. I'm really world next week on holiday. Although we still don't really know how pleased for him. our sense of smell works, our love of D Really, you're coming to Cornwall? perfume goes back a very long war TheS Yes,I can imagine. Did you ask him E Yeah,we're staying in a small hotel in Ancient Egyptians used to put perfumed oils in their hair, and the oil found in round this weekend? Padstow for a week. Paul got a very Tutankhamun's tomb was still fragrantE No, I forgot. I'll call him again later. cheap deal on the Internet. when it was opened, 2,000 years afterS Anyway, I'm dying for a cup of tea. Want D Great! Well, we'll have to meet up he'd been buried there. And at feasts in Roman times, white birds with their wings one? sometime. soaked in perfume flew around the room soE Mmm. Yes,please. E Yes,definitely. that the air was filled with a sweet scent. InS And is there anything to eat? I'm D Have you got any plans? fact, all through history, kings and queens E Well, we're going to take Katy to the have shown a passion for perfumes. In starving. 1573, Queen Elizabeth I of England wasE Dinner's in the oven. So, how was your Eden Project. She'sthinking of doing given a pair of perfumed gloves. She wore environmental studies next year. them all the time, and loved them so much day? that she had a coat and a dress made whichsWell, er, I had quite a good day, actually. DOh, right. E So 1 thought she'd enjoy it. Paul's not too had the same scent. Guess what? ... In Paris there's a perfume museum called keen, though, it's not really his thing.eDSTEVEGu-e-s-s what? I've been promote!d DOh, I'm sure he'll have a great time. It's Osmothtque, which has an amazing 1,100 perfumes. Next to the museum is a schoolELLENWow, that's fantastic news! supposed to be really interesting. where perfumers are taught how to creates Yes, I'm over the moon about it. E Actually, we were wondering if you'd like new fragrances. It takes eight years to become a fully-qualified perfumer, and thereE hI a-c-pa-pnyi.mIa'mginree.allNyoplweaosnedderfoyroyuoulo. ok so to come with us. are only about 400 in the world. To make as T-hanks. And I get a forty per cent pay D Yes,I'd love to. Which day are you single perfume you need between 400 and 500 ingredients, which are often extremely rise. --- going? expensive. One of the ingredients in Chanel E We're not sure yet. What do you think? N° 5 for example, costs $40,000 for halfE You're kidding! Anray, weren't they D Well, I've heard it's less busy towards the a kilo and smells like burnt candle wax. Incidentally, Chanel N° 5 got its name ,g~oing to giv-e-.the job to Stuart? end of the week. because it was the fifth perfume offered to E How about Thursday, then? That's a Coco Chanel by her perfumer, Ernest Beaux.S res, they were. But I'm not surprIsed week today. Or will you be working that And just in case you think perfumes are -tahnegyrydwidhne't,n thoebfeo-uh-nodneosut.t,Hteohuw-gahs. re-ally only for women, it's worth pointing out that -- day? men have always worn 'perfumes' in one D No, don't worry, I'll take a day off. That form or another. The French EmperorE I bet he was. Napoleon Bonaparte loved perfume, ands And we're going to Florida this weekend shouldn't be a problem. Actually, there's apparently used one or two bottles a day! a programme on TV about the Eden These days many men wear perfumes to celebrate. Project on Saturday evening. designed for both men and women, such asE You must bejoking! That'll cOsta fortune! E Really? When? CK1, or even perfumes just for men like D Let me have a look. It's on BBC2 and it Michael Jordan Cologne, named after themil famous American basketball player. starts at ...seven thirtyANSWER2Splans 3 knew 4 the two 5 love E Thanks, we'll try to watch it. How do you decide whether a perfume is6 must 7 yesterday 8 supposed 9 tears D So how will you be getting to the Eden right for you? Well, the first rule is, never10 Losing 11 that 12 could 13 love 14 half buy a perfume that you haven't tried on Project? your skin. Different skin types react15 hear 16 confused 17 true 18 plan E By car. Actually, we'll be driving through differently to each perfume -what smells wonderful on a friend may well smell19 loved your village so we can pick you up on terrible on you. And secondly, keep perfume in a dark place at a temperature ofIBI - the way. no higher than 15°C. Heat and light are the D Sure you don't mind?Th-~ey're Ir~l as l~zI b-e~a- utiful as l~zI E Course not. It'll be great to see you. enemies of perfume.butterflies. I T--~h~e more Irl I learned ~ about - D You too. It's been a long time. E Yes, it has, hasn't it? Just think, this time IIIthem, the more Irl interested I became. I Koi next week we'll be walking around the 1 White birds with their wings soaked inare getting mo;;;-Irl and more/rl expensive. I perfume flew around the room...-Tmhy.a.--'thT~'s~o\"i\"u' aslem. oITsht~eansol-~nznIam1u-p~cr~hIceasIlS~nzIowI phae--irde for Eden Project together!..-ntheeayr~aIrrLea,tshle~zmI o-h-rIeghthaesyl~czoIstth. aI Tt.hIeTyh'rtee bigger D Let's hope it doesn't rain! 2 All through history, kings and queens E Yes,absolutely. Anyway, what else have have shown a passion for perfumes. -slIghtly bIgger than 16~nlthe ones~ 've got. you been doing lately? 3 Queen Elizabeth I of England was givenmJ 1m a pair of perfumed gloves. 4 She wore them all the time.DIANEHello? We'll be driving through your village. I S She had a coat and a dress maae whichEMMAHi, Diane. It's me. We'll be walking around the Eden ProjectDOh, hello, Emma. How are you doing? tog~ther. I How will you be g~tting to the had the same scent.E I'm fine, thanks. Eden Project? I Will you be working thatD And how are Katy and Paul? da,? I I'll be seeing them tomOrrow. I HeE Oh, they're fine. Katy's doing her GCSEs won't be coming to the party. at the moment. 1mD How are they going?E Very well, I think. She's been working ANSWER2Sare we going 3 We'll be having I 4 I'll record 5 we'll watch 6 I'm going to really hard and I think she's going to I buy 7 she'll let 8 I'll give 9 I'll be seeingI pass them all.DOh, that's good. 10 I'll ask 11 starts 12We're going to miss 13 she'll be

Recording Scripts 6 Perfumers are taught how to create R Well, one argumentin favour of 1m being vegetarianis that farming animals new fragrances. is so wastefuland usesso much energy. BRUCEI don't care how long it takes. I want 7 And there are only about 400 in the Did you know that, er,one hectareof land canproduce enoughsoyabeansto it right! world. feed600 people,but only enoughbeefto MAN OK. Sorry. I'll have it for you by the S Many men wear perfumes designed for feed20 people? end of the day. both men and women. G Really?Wow! LUCYLook. Bruce is having a go at someone 9 How do you decide whether a perfume R Yeah,and,urn, and you need 100 times again. By the way, are you going to his is right for you? more waterto producea kilo of beef10 Never buy a perfume that you haven't thana kilo of wheat.It's just ridiculous leaving party? and completelyunjustifiable ... DON I might go for a bit. tried on your skin. G I don't know aboutthat. I think people L Yes,me too. You know, I'll miss him in shouldhavethe right to eatwhateverthey1m want. I mean,are you sayingthat human some ways. beingsshouldn'tbe allowedto eatmeat? D Well, you don't have much contact withRACHELGeorge, have you ever worked out R No, that'snot what I meant. All I'm sayingis that meatproduction is very him, but I do. And I won't be sad to see your ecological footprint? damagingto the environment. him go. He's, urn, he's extremely difficultGEORGNEo, but it sounds complicated. G Well, somepeoplewould arguethat it's to work with -he doesn't listen to anyone.R Oh, you can do it online in 5 minutes. the customers'fault, not the farmers'. L Yeah, I was in a meeting with him once R That's exactlymy point. It's up to us to and nobody could get a word in. And I, er, I did it today changethings. Anyway,we'd better he's so bad-tempered. If he's like that in order. What do you fancy? the Leeds office, he's bound to upsetG And? G Er, well, it's hard to say... I wasgoing toR Well, it was a bit disturbing, actually. It have a burger,but now I think I'll just people. D Well, he's unlikely to change his told me that if everyone in the world had have asalad. a lifestyle like me, we'd need 2.3 planets R Good choice! personality overnight. But the Leeds to survive! office isn't doing well, and you know, heG Wow! mJ could improve things there.R Yeah, makes you think, doesn't it? Our L Yes,he probably will, although I can't lifestyle simply isn't sustainable. RACHEILthink peopleshould leavetheir imagine they'll like him.G Maybe, but I don't see how we can really cars~athome morurLoften. D I don't suppose he'll worry about being change it. I mean, I recycle newspapers, popular. He's just ...he's not that kind of turn off the TV at night, that kind of GEORGMEaybe,but I don't seehow you person, is he? I remember him saying, thing. Are you suggesting we all, urn, go can~ask~everyoneto giv~up their cars. \"I'm not here to make friends, I'm here and live in caves or something? R No, that's not what I'm trying to say. R No, that'snot what.J'm trying to say. to sort out the company's problems.\" What I meant was that there are lots of What~I meantwaspeopleshould use And to be fair, he has. other things we can do, not just public transportjf they can. L Sure,no question about that. Is he, urn, recycling or saving energy. taking his family with him, do you know? G Like what? G FairJrLenough, but I still think~a lot~of D Well, he's likely to be there for at least a R Er, well, take food shopping, for peoplepreferto drive. year so I'll be surprised if he doesn't. He's example. Do you ever wonder how far the food you buy has travelled to get to R AIU'm sayingjs that cars~arurLa a real family man. L But commuting's a possibility, I suppose. your local supermarket? bi&--environmentapl roblem. G Hmm, that's an interesting point. I've G Yes,but then~again,public transport He may not want to give up his house here. Anyway, er, are you applying for never really thought about that. is~oftenmorurLexpensive. R Well, a lot of it's flown halfway around R I know, but~it'd be betterJrUf we his job? D Maybe. Do you know who else is going the world, which you know causes thought~about how much transport greenhouse gases,so it'd be much better coststhe planet, notjust~ourselves. for it? if, er, if everyone bought food that's G That's~an~interestingpoint. I've never L Well, Patrick certainly won't. He knows really thoughtybout that. produced locally. he doesn't stand a chance of getting it. G But if we all stopped eating, say,bananas, mI And I doubt if Lynn will go for it, she's then the economies of some Caribbean The sectionofKateFox'sbookexplaining the not that ambitious. countries would collapse overnight. How rules ofqueuingis fascinatingandthe English D But Frieda may well apply. And if she moral or ethical would that be? obeytheseruleswithout thinking aboutit. R Fair enough, but I still think that we Jumping aqueuewill certainlyannoythose does, they might give it to her. should eat more locally produced food L But you're sure to get the job, you could and avoid stuff that has too much peoplequeuingproperly.Howeverd, espite feelingintenseangertowardsthe queue- do it with your eyes closed. packaging. jumper,the Englishwill oftensaynothing - D Hmm, no. They don't think I'm very well G Yes,but then again, the packaging keeps staring angrilyis more theirstyle. organised. And they could be looking for the food fresh. We're not going to ... Thentherearethe rules for saying nobody's going to buy food that's gone someone from outside. off, are they? pleaseand thank you. The English thank L I shouldn't think they'll employ an R No, of course not, but I just don't think bus drivers, taxi drivers,anyonegiving it's right that the food industry produces them aservice.In factthe Englishspend a outsider, just for a year. so much rubbish. lot of time saying pleaseand thank you, D Yes,but surely Bruce won't come back to G OK, then, how else could I reduce my and theyhate not being thanked if they think theydeserveit. Not saying thank you the same job. ecological footprint? will often causea personto sarcastically L You're right, he probably won't. I dare R Urn, let me think ...well, you could shout out, \"You'rewelcome!\". say they'll promote him if he's successful become a vegetarian. in Leeds. Uh oh, here he comes. G Really? Why do you say that? B Don, if you've finished, can I see you in my office? D Right. No, I definitely won't mi~s him. L Good luck. D Thanks. See you later.