Book HB 37-3

JB Pinheiro et al. Table 2. Reaction of cucurbit genotypes to M. incognita race 1, M. javanica and M. enterolobii (second trial). Brasilia, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2018. Genotypes 1IMO 1IG 2NEGR 3FR 4Reaction M. incognita race 1 Kino CPACT 5.00 b 2.17 a 142.79 a 0.08 a R Kino BAG 3.83 a 2.83 b 67.17 a 0.06 a R Kino Mendonça 4.00 a 2.67 b 60.41 a 0.03 a R BRS Araguaia 5.00 b 4.50 c 1452.26 b 1.83 b S Rutgers 5.00 b 5.00 c 1070.83 b 5.12 c S Mean 4.56 3.43 558.69 1.42 - CV (%) 2.02 5.87 47.57 14.85 - M. javanica Kino CPACT 1.67 a 1.00 a 48.41 a 0.02 a R Kino BAG 1.83 a 1.00 a 143.47 a 0.05 a R Kino Mendonça 1.83 a 1.33 a 36.57 a 0.07 a R BRS Araguaia 5.00 b 4.83 b 2142.89 b 4.25 b S Rutgers 5.00 b 5.00 b 1884.05 b 6.58 c S Mean 3.06 2.63 851.07 2.19 - CV (%) 8.38 6.57 36.57 9.25 - M. enterolobii Kino CPACT 2.83 a 2.17 b 38.69 a 0.04 a R Kino BAG 4.33 b 2.33 b 26.74 a 0.03 a R Kino Mendonça 2.33 a 1.67 a 11.76 a 0.02 a R BRS Araguaia 5.00 b 4.83 c 2857.89 c 1.28 b S Rutgers 5.00 b 4.33 c 554.24 b 1.87 c S Mean 3.90 3.06 697.86 0.64 - CV (%) 7.70 7.38 90.76 13.37 - 1Egg and gall mass index (IMO and IG, respectively), according to Taylor & Sasser (1978). 0= roots without egg mass and/or gall; 1= roots with 1-2 egg masses and/or galls; 2= roots with 3-10 egg masses and/or galls; 3= roots with 11-30 egg masses and/or galls; 4= roots with 31-100 egg masses and/or galls; and 5= roots with more than 100 egg masses and/or galls; 2NEGR= number of eggs per gram of roots; 3RF (reproduction factor)= final population/initial population; 4Resistance reactions according to Oostenbrink (1966). I= immune (FR= 0); R= resistant (FR<1) and S= susceptible (FR>1). Means followed by same letters in the column do not differ from each other by Scott-Knott test (p<0.05). significance was observed (P=0.05) in to this species, emphasizing the need presented little damage and a low all traits on the evaluated genotypes. of resistance sources against root- nematode population. The authors In the same way as in the first assay, knot nematode in squash breeding pointed that high prices and restrictions the coefficients of variation (CV) were programs. Similarly, Pinheiro et al. of nematicides in grafting could become higher for NEGR in the evaluation of (2013) evaluated the resistance of an economically viable method for the all nematode species. We also observed 25 melon and pumpkin accessions control of root-knot nematodes. The the resistance of ‘Kino’ melon for the to Meloidogyne incognita race 1 and results obtained for C. metuliferus by three evaluated accessions and for observed that only the accession ‘Kino’ Sigüenza et al. corroborate the results three species of root-knot nematodes presented resistance. obtained in our study, where a low (Table 2). This fact confirms that ‘Kino’ reproduction factor was observed for melon is a potential genetic resource of Sigüenza et al. (2005) evaluated both experiments and nematode species resistance against root-knot nematode the use of Cucurbita moschata and (Tables 1 and 2). species. Cucumis metuliferus as rootstocks for the management of Meloidogyne Franco et al. (2008) studied Pinheiro et al. (2011) evaluated incognita, and verified that C. moschata the reaction to M. incognita of 16 the behavior of 13 commercial squash rootstocks inoculated with the nematode Cucurbitaceae genotypes with potential cultivars for resistance to Meloidogyne were tolerant but not resistant. The for grafting with muskmelon. The incognita race 1 and all were susceptible inoculated C. metuliferus rootstock genotypes were evaluated based on 346 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019

Prospection of genetic resistance resources to root-knot nematodes in cucurbit genotypes the reproduction factor being observed lanatus), were resistant to M. incognita. BRAZ, LT. 2008. Avaliação de genótipos that the loofah, pumpkin ‘Goianinha’, The best compatibility occurred with de cucurbitáceas quanto à resistência à pumpkin ‘Mini Paulista’, melon the “Canary Melon” rootstocks, which Meloidogyne incognita. Horticultura ‘Redondo Amarelo’ and watermelon had 100% establishment, followed by Brasileira 26: S3650-3654. Charleston Gray were resistant the pumpkin ‘Mini Paulista’ with 94%. FERREIRA, MAJF. 2008. Abóboras e morangas. genotypes. Loofah, watermelon ‘Charleston Gray’ In: BARBIERI, RL; STUMPF, ERT. Origem and pumpkin ‘Goianinha’ had low e evolução de plantas cultivadas. Brasília: Ito et al. (2014) evaluated 33 establishment percentages: 66%, 62% Embrapa Informação Tecnológica, p.59-88. cucurbit accessions to the nematodes M. and 50% respectively. incognita and M. javanica and verified GALATTI, FS; FRANCO, AJ; ITO, LA; that melon genotypes CNPH 01-930, Thus, we concluded that the species CHARLO, HO; GAION, LA; BRAZ, LT. CNPH 01-962, CNPH 01-963, ‘Redondo ‘Kino’ is a genetic resource that can be 2013. Rootstocks resistant to Meloidogyne Gaucho’ and Wax Gourd (Benincasa exploited for resistance to the root-knot incognita and compatibility of grafting in net hispida) were considered resistant to nematodes M. incognita race 1, M. melon. Revista Ceres 60: 432-436. M. incognita with reproduction factors javanica and M. enterolobii. less than 1 (FR<1); ‘Redondo Amarelo’ HUSSEY, RS; BARKER, KR. 1973. A melon, ‘Charleston Gray’ watermelon, REFERENCES comparison of methods of collecting inocula of ‘Coréia’ progeny (Citrullus lanatus), Meloidogyne spp. Including a new technique. and Trichosanthes cucumerins, were BONETTI, JIS; FERRAZ, S. 1981. Modificações Plant Disease Reporter 57: 1025-1028. resistant to M. javanica. Benincasa do método de Hussey & Barker para extração hispida was resistant to both species. de ovos de Meloidogyne exigua em raízes de ITO, LA; GAION, LA; GALATTI, FS; BRAZ, Grafting compatibilities between cafeeiro. Fitopatologia Brasileira 6: 553p. LT; SANTOS, JM. 2014. Resistência de resistant rootstocks and muskmelons porta-enxertos de cucurbitáceas a nematóides were greater than 98%. However, the CARNEIRO, RMDG; ALMEIDA, MRA. 2001. e compatibilidade da enxertia em melão. classification of melon accessions Técnica de eletroforese usada no estudo Horticultura Brasileira 32: 297-302. CNPH 01-930, CNPH 01-962, CNPH de enzimas dos nematoides de galhas para 01-963 to be resistant to M. incognita identificação de espécies. Nematologia OOSTENBRINK, M. 1966. Major characteristics differ from the results of this study, Brasileira 25: 35-44. of the relation between nematodes and plants. which were considered susceptible. Mededelingen Landbouw 4: 1-46. CRUZ CD. 2013. Genes: a software package In a similar study, Galatti et al. for analysis in experimental statistics and PINHEIRO, JB; AMARO, GB; CARVALHO, (2013) evaluated 16 cucurbit accessions quantitative genetics. Acta Scientiarum ADF; SOUSA, NYC. 2011. Reação de for M. incognita and performed a graft Agronomy 35: 271-276. cultivares de abóboras a Meloidogyne compatibility study with a muskmelon incognita raça 1. In: Anais do 6º Congresso cultivar and found that the genotypes DAMACENO, LS; QUEIROZ, MA; DIAS, Brasileiro de Melhoramento de Plantas. loofah (Luffa cylindrica), pumpkin RCS; CASTRO, JMC; TEIXEIRA, FA. 2016. Resumo expandido. 4p. CD ROM. ‘Goianinha’ and pumpkin ‘Mini Avaliação de parentais e F1s em melancia Paulista’ (Cucurbita moschata ), melon quanto à reação ao Meloidogyne enterolobii. PINHEIRO, JB; RODRIGUES, CS; PEREIRA, ‘Redondo Amarelo’ (Cucumis melo), Revista Caatinga 29: 296-304. RB; AMARO, GB; OLIVEIRA, VR; Charleston Gray watermelon (Citrullus CARVALHO, ADF. 2013. Reação de EISENBACK, JD; HIRSCHMANN- Cucurbitáceas a Meloidogyne incognita raça TRIANTAPHYLLOU, H. 1991. Root-knot 1. In: Anais do 7º Congresso Brasileiro de nematodes: Meloidogyne species and races. Melhoramento de Plantas. Uberlândia-MG. In: WR, NICKLE (ed). Manual of Agricultural p. 952-955. Nematology, New York. p.191-274. SIGÜENZA, C; SCHOCHOW, M; TURINI, FRANCO, AJ; CHARLO, HCO; GALATTI, FS; T; PLOEG, A. 2005. Use of Cucumis metuliferus as a rootstock for melon to manage Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Nematology 37: 276-280. TAYLOR, A; SASSER, JN. 1978. Biology, identification and control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species). USA: North Caroline State University Graphics. 111p. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 347

Scientific communication VALADARES, RN; NÓBREGA, DA; LIMA, LB; SILVA, JAS; SANTOS, AMM; MELO, RA; MENEZES, D. 2019. Combining capacity and heterosis in eggplant hybrids under high temperatures. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 348-353. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190315 Combining capacity and heterosis in eggplant hybrids under high temperatures Ricardo de N Valadares 1ID; Danieli A Nóbrega 1ID; Lilian B de Lima 1ID; Jordana Antônia dos S Silva 1ID; Ana Maria M dos Santos 1ID; Roberto de A Melo 1ID; Dimas Menezes 1ID 1Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife-PE, Brasil; [email protected] (corresponding author); dany.an@ hotmail.com.br; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO The objective of this work was to estimate the combinatorial Capacidade combinatória e heterose em híbridos de berinjela capacity and heterosis of eggplant hybrids under high temperature sob altas temperaturas conditions. Seven genitors, twelve hybrid combinations, originated from a partial diallel, and the Ciça F1 hybrid, as control, were Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a capacidade combi- evaluated. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse natória e a heterose de híbridos de berinjela em condições de altas conditions in randomized block design with four replications, temperaturas. Foram avaliados sete genitores, doze combinações from April to December 2017. The assessed traits related to high híbridas oriundas de um dialelo parcial e o híbrido Ciça F1 como temperatures were pollen viability (PV) and fruit fixation index testemunha. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no (FFI); the morphoagronomic traits were number of fruits per plant delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, (NFP), fruit weight (FWe), production per plant (PP), fruit length de abril a dezembro de 2017. Foram avaliados os caracteres rela- (FL), fruit width (FWi), fruit length/width ratio (FLWR) and plant cionados a altas temperaturas: viabilidade polínica (PV) e índice de height (PH). The variance analysis showed greater participation of pegamento de frutos (FFI) e os caracteres morfoagronômicos: número the additive gene effects in relation to the non-additive gene effects de frutos por planta (NFP), peso do fruto (FWe), produção por planta in most traits, except for PV. The genitors CNPH 141, CNPH 135, (PP), comprimento do fruto (FL), largura do fruto (FWi), relação CNPH 109 and CNPH 51 stood out with favorable gene effects to comprimento/largura do fruto (FLWR) e a altura da planta (PH). Os obtain genotypes tolerant to high temperatures, since they present resultados da análise de variância evidenciaram maior importância good general combining ability (GCA) for the traits FFI, NFP and dos efeitos gênicos aditivos em relação aos efeitos gênicos não- PP. The 1x4 and 3x4 hybrids presented positive estimates for both -aditivos na maior parte dos caracteres, exceto para PV. Os genitores GCA and specific combining ability (SCA), demonstrating a greater CNPH 141, CNPH 135, CNPH 109 e CNPH 51 destacaram-se com potential to be used in breeding to increase the FFI, NFP and PP, efeitos gênicos favoráveis para obtenção de genótipos tolerantes a under high temperatures. The 1x4, 1x5 and 1x6 hybrids expressed altas temperaturas, por apresentar boa capacidade geral de combi- positive heterosis for most analyzed traits. The 1x4 hybrid stood out nação (CGC) para os caracteres FFI, NFP e PP. Os híbridos 1x4 e for the highest averages for PV, FFI, NFP and PP. For FWe, FL, FWi 3x4 apresentaram estimativas positivas tanto para CGC, quanto para and FLWR, both positive and negative heterosis were observed, as capacidade específica de combinação (CEC), demonstrando maior consequence of the phenotypic variability of the genitors for these potencial de uso em cruzamentos para incremento do FFI, NFP e traits and suggests the possibility of selection for different sizes and PP, sob altas temperaturas. Os híbridos 1x4, 1x5 e 1x6 expressaram formats. heterose positiva para a maioria dos caracteres analisados. O híbrido 1x4 destacou-se com as maiores médias para PV, FFI, NFP e PP. Para o FWe, FL, FWi e FLWR observou-se tanto heterose positiva quanto negativa, consequência da variabilidade fenotípica dos genitores para esses caracteres, o que sugere possibilidade de seleção para diferentes tamanhos e formatos. Keywords: Solanum melongena, partial diallel, fixation index of Palavras-chave: Solanum melongena, dialelo parcial, pegamento fruits, pollen viability, productivity. de frutos, viabilidade polínica, produtividade. Received on August 8, 2018; accepted on May 7, 2019 Eggplant (Solanum melongena) Portuguese settlers and included in the concentrated mainly in the Center- is a vegetable from Solanaceae diet of Brazilians by the Arabs (Boiteux South region of the country. The fruits family and one of the few Solanum et al., 2016; Ribeiro et al., 1998). include a great diversity of shapes and species from the Old World. In Brazil, colors, usually bright, which leads it was introduced in the 16th century by The area planted with eggplant to its cultivation as an ornamental in Brazil is around 1550 ha/year 348 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019

Combining capacity and heterosis in eggplant hybrids under high temperatures plant, besides cultivation as vegetable Miranda Filho (1988) and Miranda nutrient solution at each stage of plant (Nascimento & Freitas, 2014). The most Filho & Geraldi (1984), adapted development, by 2 L h-1 drip irrigation common varietal group in the country is from Griffing (1956) and Gardner & system, automatically controlled by a the purple-skinned and oblong-shaped Eberhart (1966), respectively. Partial digital timer, with irrigation amounts group (Boiteux et al., 2016). diallels were developed to increase and duration adjusted according to the number of parents included in weather conditions in the region and Eggplant is one of the most demanding diallel crosses (Kempthorne & Curnow, amount of nutrient solution absorbed vegetables for high temperature, with 1961; Hallauer et al., 2010) and have daily by the plants. high sensitivity to cold and frost, during provided information on the presence flowering and fruiting it tolerates milder and magnitude of additive, non-additive The experimental design was a temperatures (Polverente et al., 2005). and heterosis gene effects, without the complete randomized block with 20 The ideal temperature for crop growth need of crossings between all parents treatments (genotypes), twelve hybrid and development is between 22 and (Cruz et al., 2012). combinations obtained by partial diallel 30°C, the decrease to 17°C results 3x4, seven genitors’ lineages and one in inhibition of plant development The present work aimed to estimate hybrid Ciça F1 as control and four (Adamczewska-Sowińska & Krygier, the combining ability (general and replications. 2013). Flower abortion is favored by specific) and heterosis manifested in the natural reduction of daylight and experimental hybrids obtained from The plots consisted of four pots high temperature at night (30°C) (Saito diallel crosses between groups of filled with substrate (coconut powder) & Ito, 1973). Productivity is drastically eggplant lineages with agronomic containing one plant each, spacing 1.75 reduced when temperature exceeds potential, under high temperature m between rows and 0.60 m between 32°C (Baswana et al., 2006). conditions, in order to identify promising plants. combinations for the selection of superior In northeastern Brazil, especially genotypes or that are competitive with We evaluated traits related to high when flowering coincides with the currently available hybrid cultivars. temperatures: pollen viability (PV) and the hottest period of the year, high fruit fixation index (FFI); and other temperatures have been a limiting MATERIAL AND METHODS morphoagronomic traits: number of factor for productivity, increasing the fruits per plant (NFP), fruit weight occurrence of malformation and/or The experiment was conducted (FWe), production per plant (PP), fruit fruit abortion, especially on crops under on Universidade Federal Rural de length (FL), fruit width (FWi), fruit greenhouse conditions, where internal Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, length/width ratio (FLWR) and plant temperatures are higher than the outside Pernambuco, from April to December height (PH). one, causing a considerable reduction on 2017. crop yield in the region (Valadares et al., The average data of each trait 2019). It is therefore important that high In order to obtain F1 hybrids, 7 was subjected to analysis of variance temperature tolerant eggplant strains parents from the Embrapa Hortaliças (p<0.01) and averages grouped by Scott- and hybrids are obtained and evaluated Eggplant Germplasm Bank and Knott procedure (p<0.01). To obtain under such conditions. previously selected (Valadares et al., general (GCA) and specific (SCA) 2019) were crossed in a 3x4 partial ability estimates, the F1’s genitors and Eggplant hybrids can be obtained diallel arrangement, totaling twelve hybrids averages were submitted to from crossbreeding involving male- hybrid combinations. diallel analysis according to the partial sterile strains or by manual emasculation diallel model proposed by Geraldi & and pollination (George, 2009). In the The parents were stratified into Miranda Filho (1988), adapted from the crossing stage, it is of fundamental two groups. Group 1 consisted of the model 2 proposed by Griffing (1956). importance to obtain information about genitors CNPH 135, CNPH109 and Estimates of heterosis relative to the combinatorial capacity, the per se CNPH 47 and group 2 consisted of parental averages were obtained for all potential of the strains, and estimates the genitors CNPH 141, CNPH 60, hybrid combinations by the equation of heterosis of the hybrid combinations CNPH 53 and CNPH 51. Crosses were Hr = [F̅1/(P̅ 1+P̅ 2/2)x100] for each F1 obtained, in order to discriminate performed manually, emasculating hybrid combination. Analyzes were superior genitors for hybridization flowers of the female genitors (group performed using the GENES program in a breeding program. To meet this 2) and proceeding to pollination with version 1990.2018.75. purpose, diallel crosses are used, pollen extracted from male genitors whose analyzes allow estimating the (group 1). Before and after crosses, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION general and specific combining ability measures were taken to ensure the (Griffing, 1956), making inferences genetic identity of each cross. The micrometeorological data about heterosis (Gardner & Eberhart, obtained during the experiment 1966) and studying the genetic control The plants were cultivated in open period showed that the maximum air of evaluated characters (Hayman, 1954). hydroponic system with substrate in a temperature in greenhouse ranged greenhouse. Mineral nutrition and water between 38.2 and 52.5ºC and the There are also modifications adapted requirement were supplied by balanced minimum temperature between 19.6 to partial diallels, such as Geraldi & 349 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019

RN Valadares et al. and 24.9°C. The average temperature was able to influence the expression of estimates for fruit fixation index (FFI), ranged from 27.8 to 33.5ºC. Thus, the the traits (Table 1). number of fruits per plant (NFP) and environment was classified as high production per plant (PP), although temperature for eggplant cultivation. The effects of SCA were significant negative for PV and fruit weight (FWe). Relative humidity ranged from 65 to for most traits except fruit length (FL) In group II, genitor CNPH 51 stood 79%. and fruit width (FWi). Thus, except out with positive GCA for most traits, these two characters, non-additive gene except for FWe and FWi. High estimates Decomposing the effects of effects act and were important in the of GCA, whether positive or negative, treatments (genotypes) on general genetic control of traits. However, the indicate that the genitor is better or combining ability (GCA) and specific upper squared averages of the GCA worse than the others with respect to the combining ability (SCA), significant indicate that additive gene effects were average behavior of crosses (Griffing, differences for GCA were observed more important in trait genetic control, 1956) and is preferred to constitute new between group I and group II parents for except for PV, for which the nonadditive populations (Miranda Filho et al., 1988). most traits, except for pollen viability effect was higher (MSSCA>MSGCA) (PV). This indicates that the parents of (Table 1). The genitors’ GCA estimates were groups I and II are heterogeneous and both positive and negative for fruit that the action of additive gene effects In group I, only genitors CNPH weight (FWe). The genitors CNPH 47, 135 and CNPH 109 had positive GCA Table 1. Summary of variance analysis and estimates of general and specific combining ability of seven genitors in 3x4 partial diallel crosses, relative to nine traits of eggplant grown under high temperatures. Recife, UFRPE, 2017. Traits1 PV (%) FFI (%) NFP PP (g) FWe (g) FL (cm) FWi (cm) FLWR PH (m) GCA (Group 1) CNPH 135 (1) -0.40 2.55 2.41 332.80 -4.78 -1.30 0.21 -0.23 -0.09 CNPH 47 (2) 2.76 -2.07 -2.93 -429.46 10.17 0.29 0.23 -0.04 0.08 CNPH 109 (3) -2.35 0.47 0.52 96.66 -5.38 1.01 -0.44 0.28 0.01 GCA (Group 2) CNPH 51 (4) 3.63 2.82 3.26 331.45 -18.33 1.45 -0.91 0.60 0.05 CNPH 60 (5) -0.26 -1.76 -1.50 70.42 30.96 0.54 0.34 -0.08 0.09 CNPH 53 (6) 0.91 -5.26 -4.01 -432.25 15.95 -0.42 0.96 -0.35 -0.01 CNPH 141 (7) -4.28 4.20 2.25 30.36 -28.58 -1.15 -0.39 -0.16 -0.13 SCA 1x4 12.11 13.80 9.33 676.84 -28.71 -0.33 -0.70 0.10 0.07 1x5 -4.90 0.00 1.79 413.06 -5.18 -0.20 -0.03 -0.02 0.05 1x6 31.16 0.64 -0.69 318.31 11.79 0.67 -0.00 0.07 0.06 1x7 -6.67 1.65 2.41 318.43 -3.02 0.33 0.05 0.01 0.16 2x4 1.81 -1.89 -0.63 -38.20 -13.15 -0.26 0.44 -0.32 0.09 2x5 0.86 7.24 2.07 431.95 -2.13 1.36 0.15 0.16 0.00 2x6 -16.87 -3.10 -0.84 -221.05 47.02 0.15 0.08 0.00 0.09 2x7 -1.09 -4.63 -2.62 -297.74 -21.36 0.50 -0.29 0.18 0.00 3x4 -11.90 2.34 0.85 389.72 17.38 0.48 0.32 -0.07 -0.16 3x5 -1.74 -0.14 2.74 488.57 -7.33 0.62 -0.11 0.13 -0.07 3x6 -0.18 1.58 1.07 -9.37 -15.78 -0.40 -0.38 -0.02 0.11 3x7 -3.23 1.26 -2.51 -199.18 27.30 -0.22 0.10 -0.04 -0.09 Mean square from the analysis of variance MS GEN. 543.97** 203.30** 124.65** 1,772,648.98** 5,963.16** 14.38** 4.06** 1.18** 0.13** MS GROUPS 39.84NS 13.88NS 1.87NS 1,019,237.18* 11,437.15** 4.95NS 1.11NS 0.97** 0.27** MS GCA (1) 213.22NS 176.49** 4,872,690.04** 2,485.72* 45.36** 4.80** 2.23** 0.26** MS GCA (2) 303.25NS 527.46** 234.94** 2,824,165.37** 22,087.91** 46.99** 19.14** 4.96** 0.27** MS SCA 1x2 701.29** 142.51** 318.91** 1,055,880.69** 2,055.39** 1.85NS 0.42NS 0.08** 0.06** 67.94** PV= pollen viability, FFI= fruit fixation index, NFP= number of fruits per plant, PP= production per plant, Few= fruit weight, FL= fruit length, fruit width (FWi), fruit length/width ratio (FLWR) and plant height (PH). NSnot significant. *significant by F test (P<0.05); **significant by F test (P<0.01). 350 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019

Combining capacity and heterosis in eggplant hybrids under high temperatures CNPH 53 and CNPH 60 had favorable The genitors CNPH 47 and CNPH overall average of crossings (Griffing, additive effects for FWe and unfavorable 60 had favorable additive gene effects 1956). for FFI and NFP traits (Table 1). This for FL, FWi and unfavorable for FLWR result indicates that selection for FFI (Table 1). These results are important Regarding the effects of SCA, the and NFP only, which is important from because they indicate that the parents 1x4, 1x7 and 2x5 hybrids showed a high temperature tolerance point of have both favorable and unfavorable nonadditive gene effects for FFI, NFP view, must meet a physiological limit effects for these traits and can be used and PP, although negative for FWe, of the plant, so that the adoption of only in crossings aiming at different fruit due to the negative genetic correlation genitors with additive gene effects for shapes and sizes. between FWe and the other traits these traits do not cause undesirable (Valadares et al., 2019) (Table 1). reduction in FWe due to negative Only the genitor CNPH 141 correlation between FWe x FFI, NFP presented negative values for the Among these, the 2x5 hybrid also and PP (Valadares et al., 2019). characters FWe, FL, FWi and FLWR presented positive SCA for PV, FL, indicating that its use in crossings will FWi and FLWR. The best hybrid Positive and/or negative estimates not result in superior progenies (Table combinations have high SCA effects, of GCA were observed in parents for 1). When GCA is high and negative, positive or negative, and crosses should FL, FWi, FLWR and PH (Table 1). it demonstrates that a given genitor is occur between divergent genitors, in The genitors CNPH 135 and CNPH 53 inferior to the other diallel parents (Cruz which at least one of them has high GCA showed favorable additive gene effects et al., 2012). (Griffing, 1956; Cruz & Vencovsky, for FWi and unfavorable for FL and 1989). The 1x4 and 3x4 hybrids showed FLWR. On the other hand, genitors Positive and/or negative GCA positive estimates for both GCA and CNPH 109 and CNPH 51 showed estimates were observed for plant SCA for FFI, NFP and PP, showing favorable additive genetic effects for FL height (PH). In this case, most genitors higher potential for crossbreeding to and fruit length/width ratio (FLWR) and had estimates close to zero (Table 1). obtain genotypes with high fruit fixation unfavorable for FWi. Estimates of near-zero GCA indicate under high temperatures (Table 1). that the genitor does not differ from the For FL, FWi and FLWR, the Table 2. Averages of the seven genitors, 12 F1 hybrids, and control, and relative heterosis (Hr) to the genitors’ average for four traits evaluated in eggplant under high temperatures. Recife, UFRPE, 2017. Genotypes PV (%) FFI (%) NFP PP (g/plant) Average Hr Average Hr Average Hr Average Hr CNPH 135 (1) 24.00 b - 14.58 c - 8.18 c - 1,568.12 b - CNPH 47 (2) 53.83 a - 14.60 c - 4.93 c - 969.43 c - CNPH 109 (3) 44.50 a - 14.07 c - 9.75 c - 1,624.31 b - CNPH 51 (4) 49.33 a - 14.66 c - 12.06 b - 1,531.56 b - CNPH 60 (5) 45.71 a - 9.04 c - 4.00 d - 856.87 c - CNPH 53 (6) 37.83 b - 6.03 c - 2.50 d - 474.37 c - CNPH 141 (7) 40.00 b - 25.40 b - 16.18 b - 1,532.81 b - 1x4 57.20 a 56.03 36.01 a 146.29 25.06 a 147.50 2,915.43 a 88.11 1x5 36.29 b 4.55 17.63 c 49.15 12.75 b 109.18 2,390.62 a 97.16 1x6 73.54 a 137.84 14.77 c 43.19 7.75 c 44.99 1,793.20 b 75.58 1x7 30.50 b -4.68 25.25 b 26.28 17.12 b 40.52 2,255.93 a 45.50 2x4 50.08 a -2.91 15.70 c 7.31 9.75 c 14.70 1,438.12 b 15.00 2x5 45.23 a -8.86 20.24 b 71.16 7.68 c 72.03 1,647.25 b 80.39 2x6 28.66 b -37.45 6.38 c -38.08 2.25 d -39.51 491.56 c -31.90 2x7 39.25 b -16.34 14.33 c -28.35 6.75 c -36.11 877.50 c -29.86 3x4 31.25 b -33.39 21.53 b 49.87 14.68 b 34.70 2,392.18 a 51.60 3x5 37.50 b -16.59 14.44 c 25.00 11.81 b 71.78 2,230.00 a 79.75 3x6 40.25 b -2.23 12.67 c 26.10 7.62 c 24.57 1,229.37 b 17.15 3x7 32.00 b -24.26 21.83 b 10.61 10.31 c -20.50 1,502.18 b -4.83 Ciça F1 (control) 15.63 b - 11.35 c - 7.68 c - 1,506.56 b - PV= pollen viability, FFI= fruit fixation index, NFP= number of fruits per plant, PP= production per plant. Averages followed by the same letters in the columns do not differ significantly from one another, Scott-Knott test (1%). Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 351

RN Valadares et al. Table 3. Averages of seven genitors, 12 F1 hybrids, and control, and relative heterosis of genitors’ average for five evaluated traits of eggplant under high temperatures. Recife, UFRPE, 2017. Genotypes Fwe (g/plant) FL (cm) FWi (cm) FLWR PH (m) Average Hr Average Hr Average Hr Average Hr Average Hr CNPH 135 (1) 191.91 a - 12.02 d - 7.92 a - 1.51 e - 1.65 b - CNPH 47 (2) 204.08 a - 14.57 c - 7.41 a - 1.96 e - 2.11 a - CNPH 109 (3) 167.37 b - 16.66 b - 6.29 b - 2.65 c - 2.01 a - CNPH 51 (4) 123.92 c - 18.68 b - 4.89 b - 3.81 a - 1.78 b - CNPH 60 (5) 217.60 a - 15.91 c - 7.43 a - 2.14 d - 2.04 a - CNPH 53 (6) 158.75 b - 14.65 c - 8.83 a - 1.71 e - 1.68 b - CNPH 141 (7) 89.72 c - 12.28 d - 6.02 b - 2.04 d - 1.53 b - 1x4 116.79 c -26.03 15.1 c -1.69 5.55 b -13.34 2.74 c 2.62 1.96 a 14.53 1x5 189.63 a -7.38 14.32 c 2.54 7.47 a -2.60 1.91 e 4.91 1.99 a 7.56 1x6 191.61 a 9.28 14.22 c 6.71 8.13 a -2.92 1.75 e 8.02 1.90 a 13.77 1x7 132.24 c -6.09 12.76 d 5.02 6.81 b -2.15 1.87 e 5.61 1.88 a 17.50 2x4 147.32 b -10.17 16.76 b 0.84 6.70 b 9.01 2.50 c -13.64 2.16 a 11.56 2x5 207.64 a -1.51 17.49 b 14.72 7.69 a 3.49 2.29 d 11.43 2.11 a 1.68 2x6 241.79 a 33.28 15.30 c 4.75 8.24 a 1.41 1.87 e 1.35 2.09 a 10.81 2x7 128.86 c -12.28 14.52 c 8.11 6.49 b -3.42 2.23 d 11.22 1.89 a 3.56 3x4 162.29 b 11.43 18.25 b 3.25 5.90 b 5.72 3.09 b -4.48 2.17 a 14.73 3x5 186.88 a -2.91 17.48 b 7.30 6.73 b -1.82 2.60 c 8.55 1.97 a -2.46 3x6 163.43 b 0.22 15.48 c -1.14 7.08 a -6.21 2.17 d -0.68 2.05 a 11.35 3x7 161.98 b 26.00 14.52 c 0.31 6.20 b 0.89 2.34 d -0.21 1.72 b -2.80 Ciça F1 (control) 190.33 a - 21.04 a - 6.75 b - 3.12 b - 2.05 a - Fwe= fruit weight, FL= fruit length, FWi= fruit width, FLWR= fruit length/width ratio, PH= plant height. Averages followed by same letters in the columns do not differ significantly from one another, Scott-Knott test (1%). estimates for SCA were positive for most influenced by high temperatures in in shape and size, and not exclusively most hybrids (Table 1). For PH the SCA the Northeast Brazil, because under high similar to the hybrid Ciça. estimates were positive and/or negative, temperatures it is drastically reduced, but close to zero, indicating that the beside that it has a genetic correlation In addition, FLWR values should performance of the hybrids occurred with the traits NFP and PP (Valadares not be considered isolated to avoid as expected in relation to their parents et al., 2019). misclassification of fruits, even if (Table 1). genotypes produce fruits with desired Although the percentages of PV, FFI, shape. It is therefore recommended The 1x4, 1x5 and 1x6 hybrids NFP and PP were close to or below the that the FLWR values be analyzed in expressed positive heterosis for most values reported by other authors (Silva conjunction with FL and FWi values. traits analyzed (Table 2). Positive, as et al., 1999; Baswana et al., 2006; So, for FWi, some hybrids and genitors well as negative heterosis in eggplant Valadares et al., 2019), the averages did not differ from the commercial hybrids are reported for these traits by obtained for hybrids and genitors were hybrid Ciça (Table 3), while for FL all several authors (Shafeeq et al., 2007; superior to those obtained for Ciça in differed from Ciça. Variation in FL and São & Mehta, 2010; Dharwad et al., most traits, except for FWe, FL and PH, FWi have been reported by other authors 2011; Singh et al., 2012, 2016; Kumar where Ciça stood out among the best (Sao & Mehta, 2010; Singh et al., 2012; et al., 2013; Dubeyet et al., 2014; genotypes (Table 3). Kumar et al., 2013; Dubey et al., 2014; Reddy & Patel, 2014; Magar et al., Sivakumar et al., 2017; Valadares et 2016; Sivakumar et al., 2017; Patel et For FLWR, indicative of fruit shape, al., 2019). al., 2017). genitors and hybrids differed in the vast majority from the Ciça hybrid (Table Additive gene effects were more Overall hybrids had higher averages 3). In this case, because genotypes important than nonadditive ones for than parents for most characters (Table with variation in fruit size and shape most analyzed traits, except for PV. 2). However, only 1x4 hybrid stood out were used, the variability observed in Genitors CNPH 141, CNPH 135, with the highest averages for PV, FFI, the crosses indicates the possibility CNPH 109 and CNPH 51 stood out with NFP and PP (Table 2). FFI is the trait of selection of fruits with variations favorable gene effects to obtain high 352 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019

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Scientific communication CARVALHO, ADF; SILVA, GO; PEREIRA, GE. 2019. Direct selection for phenotypic traits in carrot genotypes. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 354-358. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190316 Direct selection for phenotypic traits in carrot genotypes Agnaldo DF de Carvalho1ID; Giovani O da Silva1ID; Gabriel E Pereira2ID 1Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília-DF, Brasil; [email protected]; [email protected]; 2Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brasília-DF, Brasil; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO Selection of more productive carrot genotypes is fundamental for Seleção direta para caracteres fenotípicos em genótipos de crop breeding programs aiming to increase productivity and reduce cenoura cost production. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate gains from direct selection and to measure its effects on other agronomic traits of A seleção de genótipos de cenoura mais produtivos é fundamental interest in carrots. Thirty six carrot genotypes were evaluated in two para os programas de melhoramento dessa cultura visando aumento experiments: the first, sown in the second half of November 2016 and na produção com redução dos custos. Assim, objetivou-se com esse the second one in the first week of March 2017. The experimental trabalho avaliar o ganho com a seleção direta e medir seus efeitos plots covered a useful area of 1.5 m2, in transversal rows and 0.10- em outras características agronômicas de interesse em cenoura. Para m double spacing between single rows x 0.20-m between double isso, 36 genótipos de cenoura foram avaliados em dois experimentos, rows in a randomized block design with 3 replicates. At 90 days, the sendo o primeiro semeado na segunda quinzena de novembro de incidence of leaf blight was evaluated using a note scale and 100 2016 e o segundo na primeira semana de março de 2017. As parcelas days after sowing, roots were harvested measuring the number and experimentais possuíram área útil de 1,5 m2, em fileiras transversais mass of total, commercial and non-commercial roots of each plot. e espaçamento duplo 0,10 m (entre linhas simples) x 0,20 m (entre The direct selection of commercial root mass allowed to estimate linhas duplas) no delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repe- indirect and expressive gains for most evaluated traits, allowing to tições. Aos 90 dias avaliou-se a incidência de queima das folhas por select seven genotypes (populations 758, 751, 737, 736, 735, 744 escala de notas e aos 100 dias após a semeadura, realizou-se a colheita and 742) which can be released as cultivar or for the formation of a das raízes, mensurando o número e massa das raízes, total, comercial broader genetic-based population. e refugo de cada parcela. A seleção direta no caráter massa de raízes comerciais possibilitou estimar ganhos indiretos e expressivos para a maioria dos caracteres avaliados, permitindo assim, selecionar sete genótipos (populações 758, 751, 737, 736, 735, 744 e 742) os quais podem ser validados para lançamento ou para formação de uma população de base genética mais ampla. Keywords: Daucus carota, efficiency, correlation. Palavras-chave: Daucus carota, eficiência, correlação. Received on November 6, 2018; accepted on August 2, 2019 Carrot occupies a prominent place is an important phase in breeding indirect desirable and undesirable among the vegetables grown in programs (Carvalho et al., 2016). gains for other traits depending on Brazil. Estimates of this tuberous the correlation degrees between the vegetable production are superior to According to Goldenberg traits under selection. Depending on 700 thousand tons per year. The main (1968), selection for a specific trait the intensity degree of trait changes in production regions are Minas Gerais, provides changes in other traits, in certain population, this population can Paraná, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul, relation to genetic correlations. This be seriously compromised, to the point considering the region of São Gotardo, fact is called “correlated response of being rejected by the market. located in Alto Paranaíba Mineiro, to selection”, considering that this responsible for approximately half of selection sometimes does not interest Direct and indirect selections are all carrot produced in Brazil, supplying the breeder. Quantifying the magnitude the first options for obtaining rewarding most Brazilian's Southeast, Midwest, of this correlated response, also called gains (Martins et al., 2003). Direct North and Northeast (IBGE, 2018). indirect selection is of great importance selection for carrot was studied by considering low-heritability or difficult- Carvalho et al. (2017) in an experiment Currently, carrot breeding programs to-measure or difficult-to-identify traits. evaluating open pollinated cultivars aim to develop mainly hybrid cultivars. and carrot hybrids, verifying that, direct Although market has focused on For Cruz & Carneiro (2003), direct selection is effective for traits which are this type of cultivar; multi-character selection is carried out by a breeder when positively correlated. selection in breeding base populations the aim is to obtain gains for an isolated trait. However, this selection can provide Given the above, this study aimed 354 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019

Direct selection for phenotypic traits in carrot genotypes to evaluate gains from direct selection Brasília, GL-756 and BRS Planalto; the difference between NTR and NCR; for commercial root mass (CRM) and from Horticeres cv. Carandaí; from ISLA CRM/TRM ratio (PROP), root average measure the effect of these gains on Sementes the cv. Suprema and from mass (RAM, in grams) using TRM/ other agronomic traits of interest in Vilmorin cv. Verano. Experimental plot NTR ratio and commercial average mass carrot. consisted of a 1.5-m-long x 1-m-wide (CAM, in grams) using CRM/NCR. seedbed. Seeds were manually sown MATERIAL AND METHODS in furrows, transversal to the seedbed, After checking the assumptions double spacing 10 x 20 cm, 10 cm of the variance analysis, analyzes and Experiments were installed in field between simple rows and 20 cm between sources of variation were tested by F at Embrapa Hortaliças (15o55’44”S; double rows. Experimental design test. Heritability estimates ( hˆ 2 ) and 48o08’35”W; 1000 m altitude), located was randomized blocks with three selection gains were calculated using in the rural area Ponte Alta. Thirty six replicates. Plants were irrigated through the following estimators: carrot genotypes were evaluated in two conventional sprinkler, in order to experiments: the first one was sown in meet the crop demand in periods of hˆ 2 = óˆ 2 x100 the second half of November 2016 (total rain scarcity. Plants were thinned 30 g rainfall 840 mm and averge temperatura days after sowing to leave a population óˆ 20.24oC during the experiment), the of 600 thousand plants per hectare. 2 second one in the first week of March Top dressing fertilization was done F 2017 (total rainfall 240 mm and averge right after thinning at 400 kg ha-1 of temperatura 20.37oC). The local ammonium sulfate (80 kg ha-1 N). and gains from selection: climate is Aw type, tropical with dry Other cultural practices were those GS = ihˆ 2óˆ F winter, according to Köppen-Geiger normally used for carrot cultivation classification. The soil in the experiental in the Brazilian Savannah (Cerrado) in which: i= selection index based area was classified as typic distrophic Region (Filgueira, 2003). Red Latosol, clayey texture. on phenotypic standard deviation; hˆ 2 : At 90 days after planting (DAP), For planting, the area which was the severity of leaf blight (SLB) attack heritability in the broad sense in the under fallow with cultural remains of was evaluated, graded by two evaluaters carrots from the previous year, was independently, using note scale from 1 average genotype and óˆ F : phenotypic desiccated with non-selective herbicide to 5, adapted by Aguilar et al. (1986), standard deviation based on average of and incorporated in plowing operation, considering 1 = severity >90%, 2 = 60 days before planting. One week severity from 50 to 90%, 3 = severity genotypes. before planting each experiment, soil from 12.5 to 50%, 4 = severity from was harrowed with a disc chisel; on the 3.8 to 12.55% and 5 = severity <3.8%. All analyses were performed using planting day of the experiments, beds Genes VS 2013.5.1 computational were formed by bed former machine. Roots were harvested 100 DAP and application (Cruz, 2013). values of different traits converted to Three months before experiment t ha-1 or number of roots x 103 x ha-1, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION installation, the soil was evaluated: considering effectiveness 1.5-m-wide pH= 6.0; P= 12.0; K= 399.0; Na= 41.0, seedbed: 1-m seedbed, plus 0.5 m of A difference among genotypes was organic matter= 267.0; B= 0.18; Cu= the walkway formed by the tractor verified for leaf blight (SLB), showing 3.30; Fe= 57.2; Mn= 69.7; Zn= 8.1 and wheels. Measurements, carried out in variability for this trait in the set of S =2.7; in mg dm-3, except pH. Values laboratory, of the following traits were: carrot genotypes evaluated. In relation of Ca= 3.3, Mg= 1.5, Al= 0.0; H+Al= total root mass (TRM, t ha-1), weighing to difference between environments, 3.7, in cmolc dm-3. Thus, limestone was all the harvested roots in plots using differences between the two evaluation not applied, and planting fertilization a digital scale; commercial root mass times were verified, which shows that was performed using 1300 kg ha-1 (52 (CRM, t ha-1), weighing roots without different times influence on the behavior kg ha-1 N, 182 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 104 kg external defects and showing diameter of the evaluated carrot genotypes. ha-1 K2O) of commercial formula 04-14- higher than 25 mm and length over 12 In relation to interaction between 08 (N-P-K). cm; non-commercial root mass (NRM, t genotypes x environments (GxE) no ha-1), using the difference between TRM significant difference was noticed by The following 36 summer carrot and CRM; number of commercial roots F test, for traits SLB, non-commercial genotypes belonging to Embrapa and (NCR, number of roots ha-1 x 1000) root mass, number of commercial roots resistant to leaf blight were evaluated: by counting roots without defects and (NCR), number of non-commercial 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741, diameter higher than 25 mm and length roots (NNR), commercial mass/total 742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749, over 12 cm; number of total roots (NTR, root mass ratio (PROP), average mass 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 755, 758, number of roots ha-1 x 1000) counting all of total roots (TAM) and average mass 1413, 708*555-60-1, 710*555-60-1, the roots harvested in the plot; number of commercial roots (CAM) showing 710*588-11-4, 731*555-7-1, Alvorada, of non-commercial roots (NNR) by that different times do not influence the expression of these traits. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 In relation to total root mass (TRM), commercial root mass (CRM) and number of total roots significant differences were observed (P<0.05) for interaction between GxA. This fact shows the variability among genotypes and that these genotypes 355

ADF Carvalho et al. express differently, depending on root mass. 5.53; 1.57; 15.79; -1.17; 10.64; 14.77 the evaluated time. RAM showed and 6.05% for SLB, TRM, NRM, NTR, highly significant differences between The coefficients of experimental NCR, NNR, PROP, TAM and CAM, genotypes and environments, but no variation ranged from 5.37% for SLB respectively. In this case, the direct significant difference was noticed for to 25.83% for NCR. These values are selection was effective for selecting the interaction between GxA; this fact suitable for experiments with carrots best carrot genotypes, since it allows an shows that the interaction changes for Brazilian conditions (Carvalho et increase of values for most agronomic genotype classification in different al., 2017; Oliveira, et al., 2008). CVg/ important traits, besides contributing, environments in relation to production CVe ratio, measured to show if a trait at least to a small extent, to reduce the of total and commercial roots, but the has favorable or unfavorable condition amount of non-commercial roots. same is not true for non-commercial for selection (Cruz et al., 2012), ranged root mass. The first experimental time from 0.26 for NTR to 0.88 for CRM. Estimated gains for root mass in was characterized by the beginning of These authors report that favorable this study are quite superior to real rainy season, with still little rainfall and condition for selection represent values gains calculated by Silva & Vieira mild night temperatures. The second close to or above the unit. For a set of (2010) and Silva et al. (2012a). In the experimental time is characterized by evaluated traits, many traits do not show first case, the authors obtained gains of heavier rainfall and higher temperature. this condition. The most favorable ones 2.82% per selection cycle evaluating High interference between environments for this selection are CRM, which is three carrot populations of Brasília changing the classification of carrot the most important trait in this study, group, selected on six selection cycles genotypes was also verified by Silva and TRM. for traits which provided higher root et al. (2011) evaluating seven carrot productivity (thicker and longer roots). genotypes in 5 environments in two In Table 1 are shown averages of In the second study, the authors obtained agricultural years. In another study traits under selection. From the 36 gains of 0.97% with selection for root carried out by Grangeiro et al. (2012), evaluated genotypes, the direct selection mass of two carrot populations during eight carrot cultivars originated from for CRM was 26.09 t ha-1 in average, eight years in a row. These estimated cultivar Brasilia were evaluated. These whereas the seven selected populations direct gains are also quite superior to cultivars were commercialized by (758, 751, 737, 736, 735, 744 and 742) direct gains estimated by Silva et al. different seed companies, in Mossoró- by direct selection presented an average (2013) for root mass in selection of RN, from August to November in 2007 of 35.35 t ha-1. A gain of 29.17% of 30% of best plants of three populations and 2008. These authors verified a improved population was estimated from Brasília group, in a selection cycle, complex interaction, it means, change in in relation to the average of original which was 0.55%. genotype classification for commercial genotypes. Using CRM as a selected trait, the effects of this selection on However, gains similar to this study other traits were estimated: 5.58; 19.39; for CRM were obtained by Carvalho et al. (2017), selecting three best Table 1. Direct selection gains in commercial root mass (CRM, t ha-1) and indirect gains populations among 11 evaluated carrot in leaf blight (SLB, note); total root mass (TRM) and non-commercial (NNR) x 1000 ha-1; genotypes; in this case, possibly by the CRM/TRM ratio (PROP); individual root average mass, considering all roots per plot (TAM) highest proportion of genetic variance and considering only commercial roots per plot (CAM); evaluating 36 carrot genotypes in over phenotypic variance showing Distrito Federal during seasons 2016/17 and 2017/17. Brasília, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2017. heritability coefficient of 74% and 86% accuracy of selection, besides low Trait Xo Xs h² (%) GS GS (%) coefficient of experimantal variation, SLB 3.56 3.88 60.53 0.20 5.58 14.17%. Thus, it was estimated that gains TRM 46.85 57.94 81.85 9.08 under selection are varied, depending CRM 26.09 35.35 82.18 7.61 19.39 on experimental accuracy resulting NRM 20.76 22.60 62.44 1.15 29.17 from genetic variability present among NTR 817.78 863.49 28.06 12.83 5.53 genotypes under selection. NCR 258.73 322.38 64.19 40.85 1.57 NNR 559.04 541.11 36.57 -6.56 15.79 More expressive values of gains PROP 0.52 0.60 73.68 0.06 -1.17 estimated in the selection of 20 best TAM 58.02 68.92 78.69 8.57 10.64 families among 100 evaluated families CAM 101.28 110.58 65.95 6.13 14.77 of a population belonging to Brasília 6.05 group, and 50% of best plants in families for commercial root mass, were obtained Total 79.92 107.32 by Silva et al. (2012b), with values ranging from 11.41 and 15.09% between X0= Initial averages of genotypes, Xs= averages of selected genotype, h² (%)= broad-sense families and 2.75 to 11.41% within heritability using percentage, GS= gains from selection and GS%= gains from selection families. All these values show that using percentage. estimated gains can vary a great deal and depend on the evaluated genetic material 356 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019

Direct selection for phenotypic traits in carrot genotypes Table 2. Genotypic correlations between blight leaf incidence (SLB, note); total root mass (TRM); commercial (NCR) and non-commercial (NNR) x 1000 ha-1; CRM/TRM ratio (PROP); total average mass, considering all roots per plot (TAM) and considering only commercial average mass (CAM); evaluating 36 carrot genotypes in Distrito Federal during seasons 2016/17 and 2017/17. Brasília, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2017. Trait TRM CRM NRM NTR NCR NNR PROP TAM CAM -0.38** 0.76** 0.62** 0.45** SLB 0.68** 0.74** 0.25** 0.42** 0.85** -0.25** 0.72** 0.94** 0.90** -0.50** 0.87** 0.98** 0.89** TRM 0.96** 0.70** 0.56** 0.86** 0.49** 0.04ns 0.46** 0.56** 0.56** -0.04ns 0.21** 0.13* CRM 0.47** 0.39** 0.95** -0.51** 0.89** 0.84** 0.66** -0.86** -0.57** -0.48** NRM 0.78** 0.27** 0.87** 0.69** 0.95** NTR 0.43** NCR NNR PROP TAM **,*Significant using t test, at 5 and 1% significance, respectively; ns not significant. and existence of genetic variability formation of new base populations Nível de resistência de cenoura a Alternaria superior to environmental variability. for breeding or for nomination as new dauci e interação com tratamento químico. candidates to be released as cultivars. Horticultura Brasileira 4: 19-22. In relation to selection effect on commercial root mass for leaf blight Genotypic correlation between BRITO, CH; POZZA, EA; JULIATTI, FC; (SLB), 5.58%, Pereira et al. (2012b) CRM and SLB (0.74) is common in LUZ, JMQ; PAES, JMV . 1997. Resistência calculated the direct gains under carrot trials, as defoliation caused by de cultivares de cenoura (Daucus carota) a selection in three carrot populations leaf blight affects productivity (Brito et queima-das-folhas durante o verão. Revista for both traits and verified that in two al., 1997; Pereira et al., 2012a; Perrin Ceres 44: 371-379. populations showing higher genetic et al., 2017). Defoliation caused by leaf variability for these traits, gains of blight reflects in lower productivity and CARVALHO, ADF; SILVA, GO. 2017. 7.17% and 11.01% for CRM and 11.35 root quality. Divergência genética entre genótipos de and 23.76% for tolerance to SLB cenoura através de caracteres agronômicos. were possible; whereas considering a Direct selection on CRM provides agro@mbiente 11: 137-144. population with lower genetic variability considerable gains in almost every these gains were 0.00% for SLB and other traits related to production in the CARVALHO, ADF; SILVA, GO; PEREIRA, RB. 9.61 for CRM. evaluated carrot genotypes. Among the 2016. Capacidade de combinação de genitores seven genotypes (Xs) (Table 1) selected de cenoura para caracteres de rendimento de Despite the positive results of direct from the 36 evaluated genotypes (Xo) raízes e tolerância a queima das folhas. Revista selection in the present study, Cruz et (Table 1), direct selection (GS%) (Table Ceres 63: 183-190. al. (2012) report that selection, based 1) in CRM (29.17%), provided indirect on only one trait, may result in a very and high gains in TRM (19.39%), CARVALHO, ADF; NOGUEIRA, MTM; positive result for this selected trait, but NCR (15.79%), PROP (10.64%) and SILVA, GO; LUZ, JMQ; MACIEL, GM; also may lead to unfavorable results for TAM (14.77%). Direct selection also RABELO, PG. 2017. Seleção de genótipos the other traits. Thus, the authors suggest provided smaller gains, but favorable de cenoura para caracteres fenotípicos de raiz. the use of methods which consider for SLB (5.58%) and CAM (6.05%) Horticultura Brasileira 35: 097-102. combinations which provide more and undesirable for NRM (5.53%), balanced gains in superior genotypes very small gains for NTR (1.57%) CRUZ, CD; CARNEIRO, PCS. 2003. Modelos selection, such as nonparametric indices. and NNR (-1.17%), both favorable to biométricos aplicados ao melhoramento selection. Using these results, for the genético. Viçosa: UFV. 579p. Table 2 presents genotypic set of evaluated traits, direct selection correlations, which express association for CRM provides indirect gains for all CRUZ, CD; REGAZZI, AJ; CARNEIRO, PC. between two traits. These traits can variables, except for NRM, able to be 2012. Métodos biométricos aplicados ao be observed directly in the individual, used in carrot breeding programs aiming melhoramento genético 4a ed. Viçosa: UFV. among the evaluated traits. A strong to obtain superior populations. 514p. and positive correlation between CRM and SLB (0.74), TRM (0.96), NCR REFERENCES CRUZ, CD. 2013. Genes: a software package (0.95), PROP (0.87), TAM (0.98) and for analysis in experimental statistics and CAM (0.89) can be noticed. This fact AGUILAR, JAE; REIFSCHNEIDER, FJB; quantitative genetics. Acta Scientiarum 35: highlights the importance of CRM in ROSSI, PF; DELLA VECCHIA, PT. 1986. 271-276. selecting the best genotypes seeking FILGUEIRA, FAR. 2003. Novo manual de Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 olericultura: agrotecnologia moderna na produção e comercialização de hortaliças. 2 ed. Viçosa: UFV. 421p. GOLDENBERG, JB. 1968. El empleo de la correlación en el mejoramento genético de las plantas. Fitotecnia Latinoamericana, 5: 1-8. GRANGEIRO, LC; AZEVÊDO, PE; NUNES, GHS; DANTAS, MSM; CRUZ, CA. 2012. Desempenho e divergência genética de cenoura ‘Brasília’ em função da procedência das sementes. Horticultura Brasileira 30: 137-142. INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA 357

ADF Carvalho et al. E ESTATÍSTICA, IBGE. 2018. Horticultura: germoplasma tropical. Horticultura Brasileira BENIN, G. 2011. Verificação da adaptabilidade número de estabelecimentos agropecuários 30: 489-493. e estabilidade de populações de cenoura pelos e quantidade produzida por produtos da PEREIRA, RB; SILVA, GO; PINHEIRO, JB; métodos AMMI, GGE Biplot e REML/ BLUP. horticultura. Available: <https://www.ibge. CARVALHO, ADF; VIEIRA, JV. 2012b. Bragantia 70: 494-501. gov.br/estatisticas-novoportal/economicas/ Herdabilidade e resposta à seleção para peso agricultura-e-pecuaria/21814-2017-censo-ag de raízes e tolerância a queima-das-folhas em SILVA, GO; VIEIRA, JV; CARVALHO, ADF. ropecuariohtml?=&t=resultados> Accessed: populações de cenoura. Brasília: Embrapa 2012a. Ganhos genéticos para caracteres September 26, 2018. Hortaliças. 17p. (Boletim de Pesquisa e de raiz em populações de cenoura nos MARTINS, IS; CRUZ, CD; REGAZZI, AJ; Desenvolvimento, 81). sistemas orgânico e convencional de produção. PIRES, IE. 2003. Eficiência da seleção PERRIN, F; LAURENT, CD; GIBON, Y; Horticultura Brasileira 30: 473-479. univariada direta e indireta e de índices de CITERNE, S; HUET, S; SUEL, A; CLERC, seleção em Eucalyptus grandis. Revista Árvore VL; BRIARD, M; HAMAMA, L; PELTIER, SILVA, GO; VIEIRA, JV; VILLELA, MS. 2012b. 27: 327-333. D; GAGNE, S; GEOFFRIAU, E. 2017. Dissimilaridade entre famílias e resposta OLIVEIRA, CD; BRAZ, LT; BANZATTO, DA. Combined Alternaria dauci infection and correlacionada à seleção para caracteres de 2008. Adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica water stresses impact carotenoid content of raiz de cenoura cultivada em dois sistemas de de cultivares de cenoura. Horticultura carrot leaves and roots. Environmental and produção agroecológicos no Distrito Federal. Brasileira 26: 88-92. Experimental Botany 143: 125-134. Semina 33: 2115-2124. PEREIRA, RB; CARVALHO, ADF; PINHEIRO, SILVA, GO; VIEIRA, JV. 2010. Ganhos genéticos SILVA, GO; VIEIRA, JV; CARVALHO, ADF; JB; SILVA, GO; VIEIRA, JV. 2012a. após seis ciclos de seleção em três populações BOITEUX, LS. 2013. Relações entre Resistência de populações de cenoura à de cenoura. Revista Ceres 57: 768-772. caracteres de raiz e ganhos genéticos diretos queima-das-folhas com diferentes níveis de e indiretos em populações de cenoura. SILVA, GO; CARVALHO, ADF; VEIRA, JV; Horticultura Brasileira 31: 25-29. 358 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019

Farewell to the eminent Dr. Hiroshi Ikuta (February 9, 1929 -August 23, 2019) Prof. Paulo César Tavares de Melo, Ph.D. Associate Professor, ESALQ/USP-Department of Crop Science Email: [email protected] On August 23, 2019, in Mogi das Cruzes, SP, at age 90, edaphoclimatic conditions of the different production zones of died Dr. Hiroshi Ikuta. His father, Torao Ikuta was one São Paulo state and other Brazilian regions. The first initiative of the Japanese immigrants who arrived in Brazil in 1918. of the breeding program outlined by Marcílio Dias and Hiroshi He settled in Mogi das Cruzes-SP, where he married Tamie. Ikuta was the formation of a germplasm collection introducing The 10 bushel land he acquired was paid over the years by cultivars and vegetable strains from official educational and producing corn, vegetables and selling firewood and charcoal. research institutions and seed companies from around the A few years later, he began growing tomatoes with which he world. had great economic success. After conducting screenings of the introduced genotypes, they The couple Torao and Tamie worked very hard to integrate pioneered the beginning of numerous blocks of crosses that into Brazilian society and, for that, helped a lot learn to speak culminated in the selection of vegetable cultivars that would Portuguese. Contrary to what commonly happened in the change the landscape of vegetable production in Brazil. But Japanese colony, his son Hiroshi Ikuta was encouraged to go to ensure the expansion of the breeding program, ESALQ/ to college. In 1954, Ikuta graduated as an agricultural engineer USP management decided to establish a physical research from the Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture University and experimentation base in Mogi das Cruzes, which at that of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba-SP. Two years later time was one of the most important vegetable growing areas Ikuta was invited to be Assistant Professor in the Department of in the state of São Paulo. Prof. Ikuta was then commissioned Genetics at ESALQ/USP and started to work in the Vegetable to establish the Experimental Vegetable Station of the Institute Crops Breeding Sector, led by Professor Marcílio de Souza of Genetics in the Rio Acima neighborhood, which opened in Dias. Together they pioneered and became reference in the 1960. Under his direction, the Station received the support of genetic breeding of vegetables for tropical and subtropical Cotia and Sul Brazil Cooperatives. This partnership proved conditions. to be strategic, as it made it possible to carry out its research At that time, the national vegetable growing sector was very and experimentation activities with its members, mostly of incipient and dependent on imported seeds. Most vegetable Japanese origin. cultivars introduced from abroad were not adapted to the The breeding works developed by Prof. Ikuta resulted in the Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July-September 2019 359

Farewell to the eminent Dr. Hiroshi Ikuta release of cultivars of eggplant, cabbage, lettuce, cucumber, Prof. Ikuta. Prof. Norberto concluded his magnificent text with carrots, peppers among other species, which revolutionized the the following sentence that is the synthesis of the personality cultivation of vegetables not only in São Paulo, but throughout of this great scientist who has made so many contributions to the country. Prof. Ikuta pioneered the development of the Brazilian vegetable production: vegetable hybrids, of which he always was an enthusiast, and “Despite having received several honors, including the developed national hybrids of cauliflower, cabbage, eggplant, “Marcilio de Souza Dias Award” from the Brazilian peppers, cucumbers, tomatoes, pumpkins and sweet corn. Horticultural Association, which most impresses on the It should be emphasized that, in addition to conducting personality of Professor Ikuta is the natural and simple way breeding programs, the Station played a very important role in which he turns complex themes into research results for in enabling practical classes in the ESALQ/USP Department Brazilian vegetable production. One of his striking phrases of Genetics, disciplines \"Vegetable Crops Breeding\" and referring to improved vegetable populations was: \"If you have \"Vegetable Crops Seed Production\". The Station was also any important genetic material you should give it to others, so an important center for promotion and technical assistance if you get lost you will know where to find it.\" This philosophy to vegetable growers of the Green Belt of São Paulo city. defines the personality of our honoree”. In addition, it contributed to the development and diffusion of new production technologies such as the onion bulblet It was a huge honor to have been invited by Horticultura cultivation system that was adopted with great commercial Brasileira magazine to write this text about Prof. Dr. Hiroshi success by the growers of Piedade-SP and region until recently. Ikuta, who figures in the pantheon of the great personalities After retirement, Prof. Ikuta has devoted himself to research who built and developed Brazilian vegetable production. His on tree fern, a practically extinct plant species in the scientific contributions, his simple way of being, and the Atlantic Forest bioma and of fundamental importance for kindness he treated his peers will be in our memory forever. soil conservation and groundwater maintenance. He was I am very proud to have been his student in the \"Vegetable also a collaborator at the University of Mogi das Cruzes, Crops Breeding\" and \"Vegetable Crops Seed Production\" where he worked at the Núcleo Integrado de Biotechnologia, disciplines. His teachings were essential to my training as a coordinating research in the area of genetic breeding of the vegetable breeder. Thank you so much, Ikuta! Golden Rain Orchid (Oncidium flexiosum) in agreement with the Via Dutra Region Florists Association (AFLORD) and As his former student Eduardo Kitahara (class ESALQ 74) received support from FAPESP. said: In 2009, Prof. Ikuta was granted as President’s Honor of the 29th Brazilian Congress of Olericulture (29thCBO), event “Professor Ikuta leaves a legacy of dedication, hard work held in Águas de Lindóia-SP, and promoted by the Brazilian and success. Mogi das Cruzes loses a great citizen who Horticultural Association (ABH). At the opening of the collaborated to consolidate our Green Belt, the scientific 29thCBO, the then president of ABH, Prof. Paulo César Tavares community lost a great researcher and the Japanese colony de Melo, read a text written by Dr. Norberto Silva in honor of loses one of its most exponent leaders who expressed itself in Japanese and Portuguese with the same fluency”. September 9, 2019. 360 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July-September 2019

Horta comunitária Photo by João Bosco João Flávio Bomfim Gomes - He held his Master in Socio-spatial and Regional Development from the State University of Maranhão (2016), where he lectured on the theme ‘Multifunctionality of Urban Agriculture’. He holds a degree in Architecture and Urbanism from Tiradentes University (2002). Specialist in Urban and Regional Planning, focusing on Regional Development, acting on the following subjects: agroecology, family farming, sustainable agricultural production, urban and periurban agriculture, markets and urban food systems. He is currently an analyst at Embrapa Cocais, located in São Luís-MA and responsible for Impact Assessment and Demand Prospecting and Market activities. He also conducts experiments with Medicinal, Aromatic and Spice Plants and is currently developing socioeconomic studies with emphasis on Analysis and Economic Feasibility of production systems, Socioproductive Diagnosis using participatory methodologies, Analysis of Productive Chains and Economic- Ecological Analysis of Agroecosystems in municipalities of Maranhão. Renata da Silva Bomfim Gomes - Renata is Researcher at Embrapa Cocais. She graduated in Agronomy from the Federal University of Uberlândia (2003). Her Master and PhD were held in Agronomy/Phytotechnics from the Federal University of Lavras (2005 and 2008). She has experience in Agronomy, focusing on Agroecology, Organic Farming, Medicinal, Aromatic and Spice Plants and Family Farming. She is the scientific editor of the magazine Horticultura Brasileira. She is also a Member of the Local Publications Committee. Currently she is developing projects in the areas of Cultivation and Management of Traditional Species and Survey and Socioeconomic and Productive Diagnosis in Agroforestry Yards in four municipalities of Maranhão. Alex Oliveira - Holds his PhD in Urbanism from Paris Est University (2010), Master in Urban Development from Federal University of Pernambuco (2000) and Architect and Urbanist from Federal University of Paraíba (1993). He is currently Associate Professor IV at the State University of Maranhão (since 1995), Professor of the Graduate Program in Regional Social Development (since 2014). He has served as Chief Executive Officer of the Foundation for Research and Scientific and Technological Development Support of Maranhão (2015-2019) Alternate Federal Counselor of the Council of Architecture and Urbanism of Brazil (2015- 2017), Head of the Department of Architecture and Urbanism (2008-2012), Local Coordinator of the Interinstitutional Doctorate in Urbanism at UFRJ/UEMA (2009-2011), Ataché Temporaire d’Enseignement et Recherche [University of Paris-Est (2006-2007)], Director of the Architecture and Urbanism Course at UEMA (2001-2002), Local Coordinator of the Interinstitutional Master in Urban Development UFPE/UEMA (1999-2000), Director of the Conservation and Restoration Division of DPHAP-MA (1995-1996).