MB Pérez et al. and roots were separated, cleaned of variance (ANOVA), and means garlic organs and weighed. Then, samples were were compared by Tukey’s test at 5% lyophilized, homogenized and stored probability level using InfoStat/L. Garlic has a special ability to at -18°C until analytical determination. accumulate large amounts of Se (Table For lyophilization and homogenization, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2). This is possible because Se has a freezer dryer Virtis freeze mobile chemical similarity with S. Also, the (New York, USA) Model 6 Lyophilizer Accumulation of Se in different highest Se concentrations were found 12l and a grinder Ultracomb (Buenos in leaves; in fact, Se concentration Aires, Argentina) model MO-8100A in leaves was twice that found in the were used, respectively. Figure 1. Total Se accumulated (µg) during growing season in different garlic organs. a) Digestion of garlic samples leaves; b) bulb; c) roots; Se0= 0 kg ha-1; Se1= 5 kg ha-1; Se2= 10 kg ha-1; Se3= 15 kg ha-1. Mendoza, INTA, 2014. Approximately 0.150 g of dried sample (leaves, bulbs and roots) was Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 digested using 6 mL sub-boiling HNO3 and 0.5 mL 30% (v/v) H2O2. The decomposition of the samples was performed in a microwave oven (DGT, Provecto Analítica, Jundiaí, Brazil) at a nominal power of 1200W and the program comprised four steps: 1) 5 min at 400W, 2) 8 min at 790W, 3) 4 min at 320W, and 4) 3 min at 0W. Finally, sample was filtered and diluted to 50 mL before the analysis. Determination of Se and nutrients in garlic The concentration of different elements (Se, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, P and S) in garlic samples was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The Elan DRC-e ICP-MS from Perkin Elmer (Norwalk, CT, USA) was used. Depending on the analyte, different strategies for interferences removal were adopted, including the application of two different reaction gases: oxygen and methane (Table 1). The instrument was calibrated against external certified standard solution containing each of the elements determined in this work. Also,103Rh was used as internal standard (Table 1). Translocation factor (TF) The translocation factor (TF) was calculated as the ratio of Se concentration in the leaves to the Se concentration in the roots (Renkema et al., 2012). TF = [Se]leaves/[Se]roots Statistical analysis Four treatments were studied: 0, 5, 10 and 15 kg ha-1 of Se, with a random plot design and three replicates. The Se doses were applied directly to the substrate. All instrumental measurements were also performed with three replicates. Data were evaluated using analysis 296
Selenium biofortification on garlic growth and other nutrients accumulation other organs. This result was expected results have been reported for other natural Se sources to humans. In our as leaves are the termination of the Allium plants like ramps, leek and experiments we also observed that Se vascular tissue, i.e. where it is expected onion where Se accumulation was also concentration dropped between the that Se would be accumulated with around 1000 µg g-1 (Montes-Bayón et second and the third sampling period, the highest magnitude. Furthermore, al., 2002; Lavu et al., 2012; Schiavon most probably due to the formation of we observed that Se content in garlic & Pilon-Smits, 2017). For this reason, volatile Se compounds after the initial plants was increased thirty times by the Allium plants are considered as accumulation of Se. In fact, it has to be Se fertilization (Table 2). Similar Se hyperaccumulaters and represent mentioned that Allium plants are able to form highly volatile Se compounds, Figure 2. Fresh weight (g) during growing season of garlic fortified with Se. a) leaves, such as dimethylselenides (DMSe) and b) bulb and c) roots; Se0= 0 kg ha-1; Se1= 5 kg ha-1; Se2= 10 kg ha-1; Se3= 15 kg ha-1. dimethyldiselenides (DMDSe). The Mendoza, INTA, 2014. results reported in the present work have demonstrated that Se accumulation in garlic plants not only depends on the Se doses but also on each specific organ and the time of garlic growth. On the other hand, Se is not considered essential for plants but they can obtain benefits from this element due to its antioxidant power against reactive oxygen species. These free radicals are very reactive producing oxidative stress, which results in H2O2 accumulation that can induce a sequence of reactions and/or trigger unspecific oxidation of proteins, membrane lipids or DNA injury (Mora et al., 2015). All this is avoided with Se because it is a better antioxidant than S. Therefore, Se supplementation is not only good for human health but also for plants. Variations of Se content in garlic during growth season Despite the nutritional importance of garlic and its high content of Se, the current information regarding Se accumulation and metabolism in garlic is scarce. In the present work, garlic plants were cultivated under the earlier mentioned conditions and Se content was determined in different growth cycle moments. Selenium was found to be accumulated differently in leaves, bulbs and roots depending on the growing period of garlic (Figure 1). The content of Se increased in bulbs as time passed while in leaves and roots the Se accumulation increased to a maximum value and after that it decreased (Figure 1). The Se accumulation in bulbs reached a maximum value of 1000 μg/ bulb-1 when the Se dose was the highest while the Se accumulation in leaves went from 1600 to 600 μg/leaves-1, and roots went from 800 to 200 μg/ root-1. This behavior can be explained considering that during growth cycle garlic plants have four different stages Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 297
MB Pérez et al. (Burba, 2013). The first one is dormancy metabolic process are stopped. different Se doses (Figure 2). Similar when there is no biological activity Furthermore, the ability of garlic results have been reported for onions (Maroto-Borrego, 2002; Portela & where the Se effect on growth was Cavagnaro, 2004). The next one is plants to transport and accumulate very small and in wheat where Se did sprouting when leaves and roots start Se through time was calculated and not affect fresh weight within a given to grow using the nutrients stored in the expressed as TF values (Table 3). range of concentrations (Arscott & bulb. After that, it starts the vegetative Garlic plants showed a very high TF Goldman, 2012; Guerrero et al., 2014). growth when the plant elaborates which indicates that Se is transported In both cases, Na2SeO4 was tested as Se important metabolites, like Se and S and accumulated in plants quite easily source. In onion, two doses of Se were compounds with biological properties (Puccinelli et al., 2017). The TF was applied, 127 µmol L-1 and 1270 µmol L-1 for humans. Likewise, leaves and roots increased throughout growth (LSD= while in wheat, Se doses between 1 and grow fast during that stage (Maroto- 9.4) and decreased while Se dose was 100 µmol L-1 were applied (Arscott & Borrego, 2002; Portela & Cavagnaro, higher than 10 kg ha-1 (LSD= 4.5). This Goldman, 2012; Guerrero et al., 2014). 2004). Finally, bulbing is initiated decrease may be due to a decrease in According to the result reported in this when the elaboration of metabolites Se tolerance due to its toxicity at high work, Se did not affect garlic growth, is stopped and these substances are concentrations (Brown & Shrift, 1982). which could indicate its greater aptitude transported from leaves to the bulb to Similar results were found in sunflower to be used in biofortification than wheat start its development (Maroto-Borrego, crop, while in basil plants the results or onion. 2002). These stages are strongly affected were opposite with TF being decreased by environmental conditions (e.g. in time during root senescence (Garousi However, there are reports where high temperature and photoperiod) of the et al., 2016; Puccinelli et al., 2017). content of Se was linked to decreased site where garlic plants grow (Portela & plant weight because it becomes toxic Cavagnaro, 2004). The obtained results Effect of Se on fresh weight of to plants in high concentrations (Garousi showed that the accumulation of Se in garlic organs et al., 2016; Haghighi et al., 2016). garlic plants was similar to that observed At bulbing stage there is a decrease in for others nutrients such as S, where its Fresh weight is an important the weight of leaves. In this stage, all accumulation in bulbs increased fast parameter to be evaluated as profits metabolic process is stopped and the when the bulbing stage started, while in generated from garlic cultivation are leaves senescence starts with the bulb leaves and roots decreased. Therefore, based on the amount of garlic produced. development (Brewster, 2008). aiming to maximizing the accumulation Fresh weight of garlic organs (leaves, of Se in the edible parts of the garlic bulbs and roots) was evaluated at the On the other hand, Se supplementation plant, i.e. bulbs, Se must be applied beginning (September 2014), mid-term before the bulbing stage because at this (October 2014) and end (December Table 2. Total Se concentration in leaves, specific time the Se accumulation and its 2014) of the growth cycle, to study the bulbs and root samples in different moments tolerance to Se by these organs. There of garlic growth. Mendoza, INTA, 2014. were no significant differences in fresh weight of garlic organs treated with Se concentration (µg g-1 dry weight)1 Table 1. ICP-MS instrumental parameters. Mendoza, INTA, 2014. October 16th (vegetative 57.4b growth stage) 16.8a ICP-MS operational parameters December 5th (final bulbing) Spray chamber Cyclonic Nebulizer Meinhard® LSD 9.4 Forward power 1200 W Se0 1.6a Se1 28.3b Plasma gas flow rate 15 L min-1 Se2 40.4c Se3 49.6c Nebulizer gas flow rate 0.74 L min-1 LSD 12.0 Auxiliary gas flow rate 1.0 L min-1 Dwell time 60 ns Monitored isotopes 78Se, 80Se, 64Zn, 66Zn, 24Mg, 55Mn, 54Fe, 57Fe, 63Cu, 47PO, 48SO Leaves 42.4b Dynamic reaction cell operational conditions Bulb 23.0a Element Determined Reaction Gas flow RPq RPa Roots 24.6a isotope/species gas (L min-1) (V) (V) LSD 9.4 Fe 54Fe, 57Fe Methane 1.20 0.75 0.00 CV (%) 55.5 Cu 63Cu Methane 0.70 0.70 0.00 1The means are the result of 3 determinations on 3 replicates; 2Means followed by same Mn 55Mn Methane 0.70 0.70 0.00 letters in the column do not differ statistically, Tukey test (5%); Se0= 0 kg ha-1; Se1= 5 kg Se 78Se, 80Se Methane 0.70 0.80 0.00 ha-1; Se2= 10 kg ha-1; Se3= 15 kg ha-1; LSD= Least significant difference. P 47PO Oxygen 0.75 0.40 0.01 S 48SO Oxygen 0.75 0.40 0.00 298 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Selenium biofortification on garlic growth and other nutrients accumulation has also promoted plant growth of with the highest Se supplementation could affect the plant tissues (Xue et al., lettuce and potatoes (Xue et al., 2001; to evaluate the greatest change in 2001). Turakainen et al., 2008). The Se doses accumulation. tested were 1.0 and 0.9 mg kg-1 of soil, Significant changes in the respectively. The growth-promoting The S accumulation (Table 4) was accumulation and distribution of Zn, effect of Se may be attributable to its 1.3-folds higher in the leaves of garlic Mg, Mn, Cu and Fe were also observed antioxidant properties (Cheng et al., plants treated with Se than in the leaves in the present work (Table 4). The results 2016). The negative or positive effect of control plants, thus indicating that Se showed that Se has an antagonist effect of Se over the plant growth depends supplementation produces an increase over Cu (LSD= 2.8), Mg (LSD= 19.4), on its concentration (Fargasova, 2004). in the translocation of S from roots Mn (LSD= 13.1), Fe (LSD= 932.4) and Therefore, there is a Se concentration to leaves. This phenomenon can be P (LSD= 458.8) and a positive effect range where garlic can be enriched with attributed to two different mechanisms. over Zn (LSD= 906.2) uptake. The this element without being affected by The first of them is mainly associated to interaction between the Se treatment its toxicity. the increase of the expression of SO4-2 and the garlic organ was not significant transporters due to the presence of SeO4-2. for Zn. However, this interaction was Effect of Se biofortification on Se mimics S starvation to stimulate significant for Cu, Mg, Mn, Fe and P. other nutrients of garlic plants transporter expression, and hence, the flux of S assimilation pathway increases These changes can be explained The effect of Se on the accumulation facilitating the increased of S and its considering that Se might be preventing of other nutrients (Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, redistribution (Boldrin et al., 2016). the over accumulation of nutrients such Fe, P and S) was studied in the last Likewise, another possible mechanism as Mg, Zn and Fe. Moreover, Se could stage of garlic growth to investigate involved in S translocation due to Se in generate changes in the distribution of possible changes in their accumulation garlic, is related to the interference of these nutrients to maintain an optimal and distribution in the plant (Table 4). Se on S for cysteine biosynthesis. This level of cellular metabolism, particularly The study was applied on garlic treated interference produces high amounts in the parts containing plant chlorophyll of o-acetylserine (OAS), which is an that is beneficial for plants (Longchamp Table 3. Se translocation factor (leaves Se intermediate in the biosynthesis of et al., 2015). However, these changes concentration/root Se concentration) during cysteine and up-regulates S uptake. could be dangerous for the plant because garlic growth. Mendoza, INTA, 2014. However, a reduction of S concentration Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn act as co-factors in in bulbs was observed and this could many antioxidant enzymes (Broadley et Se translocation factor1 4.2a 2 be due to a competition between S and al., 2012). Therefore, if the activities of 1.6a Se to translocate into this organ. The these enzymes decrease, the sensitivity September 4th 10.8b S accumulation in the roots was not of the plant to environmental stresses 4.5 significantly affected by the presence increases (Gurgul & Herman, 1994). October 16th 9.1b of Se. This could be attributed to the Additionally, Mg and Fe are also 4.0a increase of the expression of SO4-2 related with the synthesis of pheophytin December 5th 3.5a transporters due to the presence of SeO4-2, (chlorophyll molecule without Mg) and 4.5 which does not affect the transport of S chlorophyll (Broadley et al., 2012). LSD 5.0a from the soil to the root in the presence Therefore, significant changes in the 2.5a of Se, as explained above (Boldrin et al., concentration of these elements produce Se1 19.8a 2016). important problems in plants, such as Se2 4.3a chlorosis in leaves (Silva et al., 2011; Se3 1.5a The effect that Se has over S Broadley et al., 2012). LSD 6.1a accumulation and distribution is very 3.3b important to the plant because S is In this research, P accumulation was Se1 x September 4th 0.8a replaced by Se in aminoacids like Cys and observed to be significantly decreased Se2 x September 4th 6.4a Met, thus altering the protein structure by Se, mainly because SeO3-2 and PO4-2 Se3 x September 4th 7.9 (Terry et al., 2000). Additionally, Se compete for the same carriers (Zhang Se1 x October 16th 82.9 reduces the rate of protein synthesis et al., 2017). This must be taken into Se2 x October 16th because the substitution of SeMet for special consideration because plants Se3 x October 16th Met is less effective as a substrate need P for roots development and plant Se1 x December 5th for peptide bond formation during photosynthesis (Pessarakli, 2005). The Se2 x December 5th translocation (Eustice et al., 1981). results also showed that P accumulation Se3 x December 5th On the other hand, the formation of increased in leaves and decreased in LSD Se-amino acids increases the ethylene bulbs and roots when garlic plants were production (Cheng et al., 2016). This treated with Se. These changes on the CV (%) phytohormone produces changes in distribution of essential elements like the membrane lipid composition and P could be a mechanism to reactivate 1The means are the result of 3 determinations increases membrane permeability that associated antioxidants and improve on 3 replicates; 2Means followed by same plant tolerance to stress (Feng et al., letters in the column do not differ statistically, Tukey test (5%); Se0= 0 kg ha-1; Se1= 5 kg 299 ha-1; Se2= 10 kg ha-1; Se3= 15 kg ha-1; LSD= Least significant difference. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
MB Pérez et al. Table 4. Nutrient concentration (Zn, Mg, Fe, Cu, P and S) in different organs of garlic plants in the last stage of their growth. Mendoza, INTA, 2014. Nutrient accumulation (µg/g)1 Zn Mg Mn Fe Cu P S 112.6a 2 470.2b 2048.2b 6780.3b Se0 1160.0b 389.8a 78.4b 3864.6b 26.3b 1192.4a 6244.3a Se3 906.2 19.4 458.8 420.1 LSD 1075.0a 599.5c 51.6a 2393.0a 19.6a 1918.8b 8996.6b 510.4a 150.6a 2260.3b 5401.9a Leaves 323.5a 449.8b 13.1 932.4 2.8 5288.4a 1167.3 88.8 681.9a Bulb 88.4a 547.3b,c 31.8a 908.5a 20.2a 563.0 551.3 2061.7a 651.7c 1794.0a,b 7886.1c Root 71.5a 166.5a 13.1a 272.2a 20.8a 2043.6a 10107.1d 949.3a 134.6a 3172.6c 7043.2c LSD 177.9a 516.6b,c 150.1b 8205.2b 27.9b 1347.9a,b 3760.5a 469.1a 383.0b 1178.1a,b 5411.5b Se0 x leaves 1701.6 26.6 16.1 1141.9 3.4 185.8a 5165.3b Se3 x leaves 112.3 17.2 802.3 Se0 x bulb 35.7a 990.8a 23.1a 779.7 Se3 x bulb 25.2 6.7 Se0 x root 28.0a 826.2a 17.3a Se3 x root LSD 16.7a 239.1a 23.2a CV (%) 9.6a 305.3a 18.4a 182.8c 10363.7c 32.7b 117.3b 6047.4b 23.1a 22.7 1614.9 4.8 19.6 29.0 11.9 1The means are the result of 3 determinations on 3 replicates; 2Means followed by same letters in the column do not differ statistically, Tukey test (5%); Se0= 0 kg ha-1; Se1= 5 kg ha-1; Se2= 10 kg ha-1; Se3= 15 kg ha-1; LSD= Least significant difference. 2013). y Técnicas (CONICET), Agencia B U R B A, J L. 2013. 100 Temas Sobre La Nacional de Promoción Científica y Producción De Ajo, INTA. ed. 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Research CORREIA, NM; CARVALHO, ADF. 2019. Herbicide selectivity for potato crop. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 302-308. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/ S0102-053620190308 Herbicide selectivity for potato crop Núbia M Correia1ID; Agnaldo DF Carvalho2ID 1Embrapa Cerrados, Brasília-DF, Brasil; [email protected] (corresponding author); 2Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília-DF, Brasil; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO Few studies on herbicide selectivity for potato crop can be Seletividade de herbicidas para a cultura da batata found in literature, especially under Brazilian conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze phytotoxic action of different Estudos sobre seletividade de herbicidas para a cultura da ba- herbicides for potato cv. Agata. Two experiments were developed tata são poucos, especialmente em condições brasileiras. Por isso, under commercial field production conditions. A randomized objetivou-se estudar a ação fitotóxica de diferentes herbicidas para a complete block design, in factorial scheme 7x2+1, four replicates, cultura da batata, cv. Agata. Dois experimentos foram desenvolvidos was used, from April 14 to September 29, 2016. Treatments consisted em área de produção comercial, no delineamento experimental de of seven herbicides sprayed at two doses (ethoxysulfuron 45 and 90 blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 7x2+1, em quatro repetições, g ha-1, halosulfuron 37.5 and 75 g ha-1, sulfentrazone 250 and 500 g de 14 de abril a 29 de setembro de 2016. Os tratamentos foram ha-1, flumioxazin 17.5 and 35 g ha-1, clomazone 200 and 400 g ha-1, constituídos da aplicação de sete herbicidas em duas dosagens (etho- isoxaflutole 37.5 and 75 g ha-1 and oxadiazon 250 and 500 g ha-1) xysulfuron 45 e 90 g ha-1, halosulfuron 37,5 e 75 g ha-1, sulfentrazone and also a control without application. Potato plants were sprayed 250 e 500 g ha-1, flumioxazin 17,5 e 35 g ha-1, clomazone 200 e 400 g with post-emergence herbicide ethoxysulfuron, four and seven days ha-1, isoxaflutole 37,5 e 75 g ha-1 e oxadiazon 250 e 500 g ha-1), além after hilling up, for the first and the second experiments, respectively; de uma testemunha sem aplicação. O herbicida ethoxysulfuron foi the other pre-emergence herbicides were sprayed after planting. The pulverizado em pós-emergência nas plantas de batata, 4 e 7 dias após two doses of herbicide ethoxysulfuron caused severe visual injuries a realização da amontoa, respectivamente para primeiro e segundo to potato plants, reflected in the commercial production of tubers. experimento; e os demais em pré-emergência, após o plantio da batata. However, flumioxazin, halosulfuron, sulfentrazone, clomazone, As duas dosagens de ethoxysulfuron ocasionaram injúrias visuais isoxaflutole and oxadiazon were considered promising pre-emergence severas às plantas de batata, com reflexo na produção comercial de herbicides for potato crop. tubérculos. Entretanto, flumioxazin, halosulfuron, sulfentrazone, clomazone, isoxaflutole e oxadiazon foram promissores para uso na cultura em pré-emergência. Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, cv. Agata, phytotoxicity, tolerance. Palavras-chave: Solanum tuberosum, cv. Agata, fitotoxicidade, tolerância. Received on November 29, 2018; accepted on August 2, 2019 According to potato growers, physaloides represent a great problem, just one or two herbicides is quite chemical weed control in potato since herbicide metribuzin is not difficult. New strategies should be crop in the Southeast and Midwest effective for its management; it is not adopted, considering an integrated regions of Brazil (São Paulo, Goiás effective enough for Cyperus rotundus, management system or, simply, the use and Triângulo Mineiro) is made Oxalis spp. and Polygonum convolvus, of other herbicides which are not used, by using pre-emergence herbicide which dominate the cropping areas. P. despite being registered for the crop. metribuzin, and, when necessary, convolvus became common in irrigated For instance, clomazone, isoxaflutole post-emergence herbicides belonging potato production areas in Cristalina, and flumioxazin which are herbicides to aryloxyphenoxypropionate and GO and Araxá, MG and, due to various suggested for pre emergency application cyclohexanedione chemical groups, emergency flows throughout the crop after planting (Rodrigues & Almeida, specific to control species of Poaceae cycle, allied to its climbing growth 2018; Agrofit, 2019). family. habit (Lorenzi, 2008), causes damages to potato during the root mechanized Clomazone and isoxaflutole have Despite the simplicity of herbicide harvesting. a broader spectrum control of grass selection, weed management in species, registered at doses 360 and agricultural areas is not as easy. Species According to this panorama of 75 g ha-1 for potato crop, respectively; belonging to family Solanaceae, such infestation, we conclude that weed flumioxazin is registered to control, as Solanum americanum and Nicandra management in potato crop using mainly, eudicotyledons, at the dose 35 302 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Herbicide selectivity for potato crop g ha-1 (Rodrigues & Almeida, 2018, in the commercial production area of that grew in the treatment without Agrofit, 2019). Flumioxazin is a quite potato cv. Agata, in the municipalities herbicide (control). promising herbicide for this crop, Cristalina-GO and Unaí-MG, from April based on the results in controlling 14 to September 29, 2016. Cultivar Potato plants were sprayed with post- solanaceous species, reported in other Agata was chosen for the tests for being emergence herbicide ethoxysulfuron, studies (Kazarian et al., 2000; Wilson the most planted cultivar in the country four to seven days after hilling. Pre- et al., 2002; Hutchinson, 2007) and to be consumed in natura. emergence herbicides were sprayed after selectivity for potato crop at doses of potato planting. The authors used a CO2 up to 72 g ha-1 (Wilson et al., 2002; According to Köppen, the local pressurized costal sprayer, equipped Vasilakoglou et al., 2013). climate is Aw, tropical with dry winter with a bar containing four spray nozzles, (Cardoso et al., 2014; Simões et al., TTI 110015, spaced 0.5 m, with constant Based on the control potential 2015). Soil in experimental areas pressure of 3.4 kgf cm-2, with equivalent of problematic weeds in potato (16o24’35’’S, 47º16’24’’O, 981 m consumption of 200 L ha-1. crop, ethoxysulfuron, halosulfuron, altitude and 16o5’12’’S, 47º27’55’’O, sulfentrazone and oxadiazon herbicides 970 m altitude) is representative of the Due to planting time (winter are recommended. The three first region, classified as Dark-Red Latosol, season), the areas were irrigated using mentioned herbicides are excellent for presenting values of pH (CaCl2) = 5.7 a center pivot irrigation system and the cyperaceous control, such as C. rotundus and 5.9; organic matter (g dm-3) = 22 and plants received the volume of water (Gannon et al., 2012; Boyd, 2015); 28; PMehlich (mg dm-3) = 7.7 and 8.7; K recommended for the crop throughout oxadiazon is effective for Oxalis spp. and (mg dm-3) = 250.0 and 155.60; Ca and the cycle. Irrigation followed the routine solanaceous, and it is also recommended Mg (cmolc dm-3) = 4.9 and 3.7; 1.6 and of the rest of the commercial area for other vegetables, such as onion and 0.9, respectively for the first and second and was performed every 48 hours, garlic (Rodrigues & Almeida 2018; experiment. In relation to texture, the in a volume of 10 mm. In order to Agrofit, 2019). Sulfentrazone and soil in the first experiment was classified avoid pest and disease, insecticides halosulfuron are widely studied in other as very clayey, 610, 120 and 270 g kg-1 and fungicides were sprayed in the countries for potato crop, for weed clay, silt and sand, respectively; the soil experiments every week, and then the management and selectivity for the crop in the second experiment was classified rest of the commercial area was also (Bailey et al., 2002, Wilson et al., 2002; as clayey, 590, 368 and 42 g kg-1 clay, sprayed with these insecticides and Grichar et al., 2003; Hutchinson et al., silt and sand, respectively. fungicides. 2005a,b and 2006; Boydston, 2007). The soil was plowed once and Possible visual injuries in potato Results of weed management using harrowed twice, after which it was plants were evaluated 15, 30 and 45 herbicides is important, selectivity or its treated with a rotating hoe. Mechanized days after application (DAA) of post- phytotoxic action in a crop of economic planting was performed using a planter emergence herbicide ethoxysulfuron and interest should also be considered, since Grimme, on April 14, 2016, in the 30, 45 and 60 DAA of pre-emergence the herbicide chosen should be effective first experiment, and July 2, 2016 in other herbicides, making up the first, for weed and selective for the crop, the second experiment, spacing 80 cm second and third evaluation periods, without affecting productive potential. between lines, planting four potato seeds respectively; we used grading scale from Selectivity is the base for a successful (type 2 and 45 mm diameter) per meter, 0 to 100%, in which zero represents chemical control of weeds in agricultural 5 cm depth. Base fertilizations consisted absence of visual injuries and 100 the production, considering a measure of a of 2300 kg ha-1 of NPK formulation death of all plants in the useful area differential response of various plant (03-35-06). At 25 days after planting (SBCPD, 1995). species to a given herbicide. The greater (DAP), in the first experiment, and at the tolerance, differences between crop 27 DAP in the second experiment, cover On the harvest date (August 1, 2016, and weed, the greater the application fertilization was carried out using 350 in the first experiment, September 29, safety (Oliveira Junior & Inoue, 2011). kg ha-1 NPK formulation (20-00-20). 2016, in the second experiment), potato Hilling up was done simultaneously, 4 plants in the useful area of plots were As variation in phytotoxic action days before post-emergence application, counted and data were estimated for of ethoxysulfuron, halosulfuron, in the first experiment and, 7 days, in the plant population per hectare (hundred sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, clomazone, second experiment. plants ha-1). Afterwards, tubers were isoxaflutole and oxadiazon herbicides manually taken from the soil and, in potato plants could be noticed, the Plots consisted of 2.4 m width (three then, separated into commercial (first aim of this study was to evaluate the lines of potatoes) and 5.0 m length, with class: diameter >45 mm, second class: selectivity of these herbicides for potato the second plot line (central position) diameter: 20-44 mm, and total), and crop. 3.0-m length considered as useful area, discarded, counted and weighed to obtain totalizing 2.4 m2. the quantity and fresh mass of tubers per MATERIAL AND METHODS plot. Values were estimated on t ha-1 and All plots were kept without weeds a thousand/units ha-1, respectively for Two experiments were conducted until harvest, with manual elimination productivity and quantity of commercial of all weeds that survived chemical and discarded tubers. treatment in the control and all weeds For commercial productivity, only Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 303
NM Correia & ADF Carvalho perfect tubers were considered (absence time. This is due to application, post- and absorption, consequently, if the of deformation, cracks and no attacks emergence herbicide, when the plant plant has no metabolic or biochemical of insects, fungi or bacteria), which shoot was exposed to the product. selectivity to the product, harmful showed diameter >20 mm; the others These notes decreased over time, due effects will be more drastic. This kind were classified as discarded tubers. to plant recovery, which was faster in of selectivity allows the plant to alter Reference values of traits were estimated the second experiment than in the first. or degrade the chemical structure of the in relation to market trading (mainly Ethoxysulfuron was applied on July 6, herbicide through reactions which result Ceasa, DF) with the rural farmer, who in the second experiment and on May 13 in non-toxic substances (Oliveira Junior lent the areas where the experiments in the first experiment, when the plants & Inoue, 2011). were carried out. showed around 10 cm (in the second) and 12 cm height (in the first). The Considering the other herbicides, In both experiments, the months when the herbicide was applied only flumioxazin and the highest dose experimental design was randomized (May and July) affected plant recovery; of clomazone, in the second experiment, blocks, arranged in a factorial scheme this may have occurred because of caused phytointoxicaton to the crop. 7x2+1, four replicates. The treatments weather conditions. For flumioxazin, the symptoms were consisted of seven herbicides applied mild (less than 5%), characterized at two doses (ethoxysulfuron 45 and In another study, the authors by browning of leaves, which could 90 g ha-1, halosulfuron 37.5 and 75 reported that potato plants sprayed with not be noticed anymore at 30 DAA. g ha-1, sulfentrazone 250 and 500 sulfentrazone and halosulfuron, pre and In another study, this herbicide also g ha-1, flumioxazin 17.5 and 35 g post-emergence, were more sensitive to caused phytointoxication to potato ha-1, clomazone 200 and 400 g ha-1, post-emergence herbicides (Grichar et plant cv. Russet Burbank, showing isoxaflutole 37.5 and 75 g ha-1 and al., 2003). The same was observed for notes from 1 to 19%, when doses of 53, oxadiazon 250 and 500 g ha-1), and one sulfentrazone (Balley et al., 2002) and 105 and 140 g ha-1 were applied in pre- herbicide-free control, kept weed-free flumioxazin (Vasilakoglou et al., 2013) emergence (Hutchinson et al., 2005b). (manual weed picking). application. Applying herbicide on the For clomazone, phytointoxication plant shoot area favors higher retention was noticed from 45 DAA on, with Joint analysis of variance was performed using SAS statistics program Table 1. ANOVA F test scores for phytointoxication notes in three evaluation times1, besides v. 8.2 (Muller & Fetterman, 2003), fixed production and quantity of commercial tubers (diameter >45 mm, <44 mm and total), plant effect of both experiments (first and population (pop.), production (Prod.) and quantity (Quant.) of discarded tuber of potato cv. second) and factorial scheme of each Agata, in relation to experiments, herbicides, doses and interaction of factors. Cristalina-GO of them were considered. The effects and Unaí-MG, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2016. of experiments, herbicides, doses and their interaction, when significant, were Variation sources Phytointoxicaton - time Commercial production unfolded and compared using Scott- 1st 2nd 3rd ɸ>45 20>ɸ<44 Total Knott test, 5% significance level. We used the adjusted averages obtained Experiment 30.2** 21.6** 12.8** 1.9ns 10.1** 5.5* from SAS analysis of variance to perform clustering test with the aid of Herbicide 1035.8** 694.1** 162.6** 3.0* 1.5ns 4.4** Genes program Version 2013.5.1 (Cruz, 2013). Herbicide-free control was Dose 22.7** 95.4** 24.9** 0.2ns 5.8* 1.4ns compared with treatments of interest through contrasts. Exp. x herbicide 17.9** 60.6** 33.3** 0.2ns 0.6ns 0.2ns RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Exp. x dose 16.4** 18.1** 0.2ns 1.4ns 0.0ns 1.6ns ANOVA F test scores for all Herbicide x dose 21.2** 55.2** 11.9** 1.1ns 0.9ns 0.9ns evaluated traits are shown in Table 1. For phytointoxication notes, significant Exp. x herb. x dos. 18.5** 7.6** 8.0** 0.4ns 2.3ns 0.2ns effects of interaction between the experiments, herbicides and doses, in the CV (%) 31.2 36.2 72.1 16.3 30.1 13.5 three evaluation times, could be noticed. The authors decided to unfold herbicide Commercial quantity Pop. Discarded x dose interaction in each experiment ɸ>45 20>ɸ<44 Total Prod. Quant. (Tables 2 and 3). In both experiments, the herbicide ethoxysulfuron, at two Experiment 42.6** 19.5** 59.1** 7.6** 2.7ns 144.2** doses, caused severe visual injuries to potatoes, 34-65% in the first evaluation Herbicide 3.7* 2.0* 4.3** 1.1ns 2.0ns 0.2ns 304 Dose 0.9ns 7.3** 4.9* 0.0ns 1.2ns 1.2ns Exp. x herbicide 0.4ns 0.8ns 0.3ns 1.8ns 0.5ns 1.2ns Exp. x dose 2.1ns 0.3ns 1.9ns 0.0ns 0.5ns 0.4ns Herbicide x dose 0.6ns 0.7ns 0.8ns 1.0ns 1.1ns 2.3* Exp. x herb. x dos. 0.4ns 2.0ns 0.9ns 1.7ns 1.6ns 3.9** CV (%) 14.9 26.7 13.3 9.9 61.9 34.9 1At15, 30 and 45 days after application (DAA) of post-emergence ethoxysulfuron; and at 30,45 and 60 DAA application of other herbicides, pre-emergence application. **,*Significant at 1% and 5% probability, respectively, using ANOVA F test. nsnot significant using ANOVA F test. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Herbicide selectivity for potato crop notes ranging from 14% (45 DAA) action or chemical group), is associated triazolinones, respectively (Rodrigues to 12% (60 DAA), and symptoms with application time (pre or post- & Almeida, 2018). The same for were characterized by chlorotic spots emergence), dose used, plant size at clomazone and isoxaflutole, which among leaf veins. Visual damages application time (for post-emergence), are inhibitors of carotenoid synthesis, might have occurred late, since with characteristics of soil and plant (related belong to isoxazolidinones and plant developing, the roots had access to absorption, translocation and isoxazoles chemical groups, respectively to herbicide in soil profile. Clomazone metabolization of herbicide, alteration (Rodrigues & Almeida, 2018). and flumioxazin movement through soil of plant of action, etc.) (Oliveira Junior profile should also be considered, high & Inoue, 2011). In this sense, herbicides Interaction of the three factors and small, respectively. High clomazone ethoxysulfuron and halosulfuron inhibit was also significant for quantity of and small flumixazin movements the enzyme acetolactate synthase discarded tubers (Table 3). In the through soil profile should also be (ALS) and belong to chemical group first experiment, the highest doses considered. Herbicide movement in soil sulfonylureas (Rodrigues & Almeida, of herbicide ethoxysulfuron and depends on the soil physico-chemical 2018). Flumioxazin, oxadiazon and halosulfuron differed from the others characteristics and climatic conditions. sulfentrazone have the same mechanism and their respective lowest doses. The of action [protoporphyrinogen oxidase same was observed for the lowest dose In most cases, tolerance or enzyme inhibitors (PPO)], belonging of sulfentrazone. These treatments susceptibility of a plant to herbicides to different chemical groups, though differed from herbicide-free control varies depending on the product n-fenilftalimidas, oxadiazoles and and resulted in lower quantity of (independently of the mechanism of discarded tubers. On the other hand, in the second experiment, at these two Table 2. Averages of phytointoxication notes of the first and second evaluation times1 of doses, no significant difference between potato cv. Agata, in relation to unfolded triple interaction (experiment x herbicide x doses), herbicides and the control was observed. and herbicide-free control. Cristalina-GO and Unaí-MG, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2016. In relation to discarded tubers, in both experiments, interactions and isolated 1st evaluation - Phytointoxication (%) factors were not significant. Herbicides/control 1st research (Unaí) 2nd research (Cristalina) Significant interactions were observed only for isolated factors and Doses no significant interactions for any other evaluated trait were observed. For Lower Higher Lower Higher plant population and commercial tuber production with diameter under 44 mm, Ethoxysulfuron 63.8 b A(2) 65.0 b A 33.8 b A 65.0 b B herbicides did not differ among each other. However, for production of larger Halosulfuron 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A tubers (diameter >45 mm) and total production, ethoxysulfuron differed Sulfentrazone 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A from the other herbicides and control, resulting in lower averages (Table 4). Flumioxazin 3.8 a A 5.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A The same was verified for quantity of commercial tubers (diameter >45 mm, Clomazone 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A diameter <44 mm and total), added halosulfuron and sulfentrazone, which Isoxaflutole 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A also resulted in lower average. These three herbicides differed from the others Oxadiazon 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A and herbicide-free control. Control 0.0 0.0 In another study, herbicides halosulfuron and sulfentrazone affected 2nd evaluation - Phytointoxication (%) total potato tuber production, in the three places where the experiment took 1st research (Unaí) 2nd research (Cristalina) place, mainly in the highest doses (210 and 280 g ha-1 of sulfentrazone and Doses 66 g ha-1 of halosulfuron) and when the herbicides were sprayed in post- Lower Higher Lower Higher emergence herbicides (Grichar et al., 2003). Results obtained from clayey Ethoxysulfuron 41.2 b A 57.5 b B 15.0 b A 42.5 c B soil with low organic matter content (<1.0%). In the present study, soil in Halosulfuron 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A both experiments was clayey and very Sulfentrazone 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 305 Flumioxazin 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A Clomazone 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 13.8 b A Isoxaflutole 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A Oxadiazon 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.1 a A Control 0.0 0.0 1At 15 and 30 days after (DAA) post-emergence application of ethoxysulfuron; and at 30 and 45 DAA pre-emergence application of other herbicides. 2Using Scott-Knott test at 5% probability, averages followed by uppercase letter, in columns, compare herbicides within each dose and uppercase letter, in lines, compare doses within each herbicide, for the respective evaluated variable. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
NM Correia & ADF Carvalho Table 3. Averages of phytointoxication notes of third evaluation time1 and quantity of experiment when compared with the discarded tubers of potato cv. Agata, in relation to unfolding of the triple interaction second one. However, for commercial (experiment x herbicide x doses), and control without application. Cristalina-GO and Unaí- tuber production, the second experiment MG, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2016. showed higher average, except for >45- mm tubers, which no difference between 3rd evaluation - Phytointoxication (%) experiments was noticed. Besides, in the first experiment, the authors noticed Herbicides/ 1st research (Unaí) 2nd research (Cristalina) higher plant population. Comparing control the controls in both experiments, the Doses authors verified the same relation observed for the averages of treatments Lower Higher Lower Higher with herbicide application, except for plant population, where the control of Ethoxysulfuron 25.0 b A(2) 46.2 b B 12.5 b A 17.5 c B the second experiment showed higher average compared with the control of Halosulfuron 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A the first experiment. Sulfentrazone 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A Differences between the experiments are justified due to planting time (April, in Flumioxazin 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A the first, and June, in the second), which affected cultivar Agata. Seed potato size Clomazone 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 12.5 b B and form of planting could also explain those differences. Nevertheless, seed Isoxaflutole 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A potatoes of the same caliber were used in both experiments (type 2), mechanic Oxadiazon 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.0 a A 0.6 a A planting using the planter Grimme. As observed for herbicide treatments, the Control 0.0 0.0 number of commercial tubers was more responsive to studied factors than fresh Quantity of discarded tubers (thousand/units ha-1) mass (production) of tubers, since the response variability was higher. 1st research (Unaí) 2nd research (Cristalina) The hypothesis that there is a Doses variation in the phytotoxic action of the herbicides ethoxysulfuron, halosulfuron, Lower Higher Lower Higher sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, clomazone, isoxaflutole and oxadiazon on potato Ethoxysulfuron 149.1 a A 72.3 b B 48.9 a A 61.5 a A crop was confirmed for ethoxysulfuron, flumioxazin and clomazone for Halosulfuron 132.1 a A 81.2 b B 44.8 a A 47.9 a A phytotoxicity symptoms on potato; ethoxysulfuron, for production and Sulfentrazone 75.0 b B 146.4 a A 65.6 a A 42.7 a A quantity of commercial tubers; halosulfuron and sulfentrazone for Flumioxazin 122.3 a A 138.1 a A 37.5 a A 52.1 a A quantity of smaller and total commercial tubers. Considering total production Clomazone 141.9 a A 110.7 a A 47.9 a A 29.2 a A of commercial tubers and tubers with higher diameter, plant response to Isoxaflutole 116.1 a A 118.8 a A 53.1 a A 44.8 a A ethoxysulfuron was more pronounced and relevant, justified by the time of Oxadiazon 101.2 a A 103.6 a A 55.2 a A 59.2 a A herbicide application (post-emergence application). Control 146.4 53.1 Based on phytotoxicity notes and 1At 45 days after application (DAA) of post-emergence ethoxysulfuron; and at 60 DAA production of commercial tubers application of other herbicides, pre-emergence application. 2Using Scott-Knott test at 5% (especially, total and diameter higher probability, averages followed by lowercase letter, in columns, compare herbicides within each than 45 mm), the herbicides flumioxazin, dose and uppercase letter, in lines, compare doses within each herbicide, for the respective halosulfuron, sulfentrazone, clomazone, evaluated variable. isoxaflutole and oxadiazon, at two tested doses, were considered selective clayey, with medium organic matter herbicides was noticed. content (2.2 and 2.8%). The type of soil and organic matter content interfere In addition to soil characteristics, in bioavailability of herbicides in soil potato genotype can also influence solution, being able to be absorbed selectivity, which is explained by by plants, lost through leaching, changes related to plant uptake, volatilization or degraded. translocation, metabolization or even compartmentalization. In relation to Herbicide doses (Table 5) influenced these, cultivar Ranger Russet was the in production and quantity of tubers most sensitive to herbicides flumioxazin with diameters under 44 mm, and total and sulfentrazone compared to the quantity of tubers as well, in which the other tested cultivars (Russet Burbank, highest averages were obtained with the Russet Norkotah and Shepody), which lowest doses of herbicides, not differing did not show potato tuber production from the control. For plant population, affected by herbicides (Hutchinson et production of larger commercial tubers, al., 2005b). total production of tubers and quantity of larger tubers (diameter >45 mm), no In relation to experiments (Table significant difference between doses 6), higher quantity of commercial (lowest and highest) and the studied tubers (diameter >45 mm, diameter <44 mm and total) was verified in the first 306 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Herbicide selectivity for potato crop Table 4. Averages of production (diameter >45 mm and total) and quantity of commercial ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS tubers (diameter >45 mm, <44 mm and total) of potato cv. Agata, in relation to herbicides (isolated factor), and herbicide-free control. Cristalina-GO and Unaí-MG, Embrapa Hor- Thanks to Agrícola Wehrmann, taliças, 2016. specifically agricultural engineer Rodrigo Ribeiro, the production Herbicides/ Production (t ha-1) Quantity (thousand/units ha-1) manager, who provided the areas for controls the field experiments. ɸ<45 Total ɸ>45 20>ɸ<44 Total Ethoxysulfuron REFERENCES Halosulfuron 39.2 b(1) 45.0 b 234.8 b 108.2 b 343.0 b Sulfentrazone AGROFIT. 2019. Sistema de Agrotóxicos Flumioxazin 46.4 a 52.7 a 278.5 a 99.3 b 377.8 b Fitossanitários do MAPA. available http:// Clomazone agrofit.agricultura.gov.br/agrofit_cons/ Isoxaflutole 44.8 a 51.1 a 269.4 a 110.1 b 379.5 b principal_agrofit_cons Accessed August 23, Oxadiazon 2019. Control 44.9 a 51.9 a 288.8 a 123.1 a 411.9 a BAILEY, WA; WILSON, HP; HINES, TE. 2002. 46.7 a 53.9 a 285.7 a 128.9 a 414.7 a Response of potato (Solanum tuberosum) and selected weeds to sulfentrazone. Weed 48.9 a 55.6 a 293.5 a 120.2 a 413.7 a Technology 16: 651-658. 48.6 a 56.1 a 287.2 a 126.9 a 409.3 a BOYD, NS. 2015. Evaluation of preemergence herbicides for purple nutsedge (Cyperus 45.6 53.6 279.8 151.3 431.1 rotundus) control in tomato. Weed Technology 29: 480-487. 1Using Scott-Knott test at 5% probability, averages followed by lowercase letter, in columns, compare herbicides within each evaluated variable. BOYDSTON, RA. 2007. Potato and weed response to postemergence-applied halosulfuron, Table 5. Average production (diameter <44 mm) and quantity of commercial tubers (diameter rimsulfuron, and EPTC. Weed Technology <44 mm and total) of potato cv. Agata, in relation to studied doses (isolated factor), and 21: 465-469. herbicide-free control. Cristalina-GO and Unaí-MG, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2016. CARDOSO, MR; MARCUZZO, FF; BARROS, Doses/ Production (t ha-1) Quantity (thousand/units ha-1) JR. 2014. Classificação climática de Köppen- controls 20>ɸ<44 Geiger para o estado de Goiás e Distrito 7.2 a(1) 20>ɸ<44 Total Federal. Acta Geográfica 8: 40-55. Lower 6.2 b Higher 8.0 124.8 a 403.9 a CRUZ, CD. 2013. Genes: a software package Control for analysis in experimental statistics and 108.5 b 381.9 b quantitative genetics. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy 35: 271-276. 151.3 431.1 GANNON, TW; YELVERTON, FH; TREDWAY, 1Using Scott-Knott test at 5% probability, averages followed by lowercase letter, in columns, LP. 2012. Selective exposure of yellow compare doses within each evaluated variable. nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus), and false Table 6. Averages of plant population, production (diameter <44 mm and total) and quantity green kyllinga (Kyllinga gracillima) to of commercial tubers (diameter >45, <44 mm and total) of potato cv. Agata, in relation to postemergence herbicides. Weed Technology experiments carried out in Unaí, MG (first) and Cristalina, GO (second), and herbicide-free 26: 294-299. controls of each experiment. Cristalina-GO and Unaí-MG, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2016. GRICHAR, WJ; BESLER, BA; BREWER, Experiments Population Production (t ha-1) Quantity (thousand/units ha-1) KD. 2003. Purple nutsedge control and 20>ɸ<44 Total ɸ>45 20>ɸ<44 Total potato (Solanum tuberosum) tolerance 302.4 a 129.9 a 431.1 a to sulfentrazone and halosulfuron. Weed First 44.8 a 6.1 b 50.8 b 251.3 b 103.4 b 354.7 b Technology 17: 485-490. 305.4 183.9 489.3 Second 42.5 b 7.3 a 53.9 a 254.2 118.8 372.9 HUTCHINSON, PJS; HANCOCK, DM; BEUTLER, BR. 2005a. Efficacy of reduced Control 1st 42.9 7.68 52.8 sulfentrazone rates applied preemergence with metribuzin in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Control 2nd 44.8 8.36 54.4 Weed Technology 19: 954-958. 1Using Scott-Knott test at 5% probability, averages followed by lowercase letter, in columns, HUTCHINSON, PJS; BOYDSTON RA; compare experiments within each evaluated variable. RANSOM, CV; TONKS, DJ. 2005b. Potato variety tolerance to flumioxazin and for potato crop cv. Agata, even with already registered, are options for weed sulfentrazone. Weed Technology 19: 683-696. variations in quantity of tubers, but management as they can also be used by without effect on fresh mass. These the crop farmers. HUTCHINSON, PJS; BEUTLER, BR; results are important since they will HANCOCK, DM. 2006. 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NM Correia & ADF Carvalho 21: 1023-1028. plantas daninhas. In: OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, Climatologia 11: 206-226. RS; CONSTANTIN, J; INOUE, MH (eds). KAZARIAN, DE; NISSEN, SJ; THOMPSON, Biologia e manejo de plantas daninhas. VA S I L A K O G L O U , I ; D H I M A , K ; AL. 2000. Sulfentrazone and flumioxazin for Curitiba: Omnipax. p.243-262. PASCHALIDIS, K; THOMAS GATSIS, T; broadleaf control in potatoes. Proceedings ZACHARIS, K; GALANIS, M. 2013. Field Western Society Weed Science 53: 76. RODRIGUES, BN; ALMEIDA, FLS. 2018. Guia bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) and de herbicidas. 7. ed. Londrina: Edição dos redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) LORENZI, H. 2008. Plantas daninhas do Brasil: autores. 764p. control in potato by pre- or post-emergence terrestres aquáticas, parasitas e tóxicas. 4ª applied flumioxazin and sulfosulfuron. ed., Nova Odessa: Instituto Plantarum. 672p. SBCPD - Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research Plantas Daninhas. 1995. Procedimentos 73: 24-30. MULLER, KE; FETTERMAN, BA. 2003. para instalação, avaliação e análise de Regression and ANOVA: An integrated experimentos com herbicidas. Londrina. 42p. WILSON, DE; NISSEN, SJ; THOMPSON, A. approach using SAS Software. New York: 2002. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) variety John Wiley & Sons. 592p. SIMÕES, RM; RODRIGUES, M; SILVA, LF; and weed response to sulfentrazone and ALVES, MA. 2015. Aspectos climáticos do flumioxazin. Weed Technology 16: 567-574. OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, RS; INOUE, MH. 2011. estado de Minas Gerais. Revista Brasileira de Seletividade de herbicidas para culturas e 308 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Research PAULUS, D; ZORZZI, IC; RANKAPE, F. 2019. Soil water stress ranges: water use efficiency and Chinese cabbage production in protected cultivation. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 309-314. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190309 Soil water stress ranges: water use efficiency and Chinese cabbage production in protected cultivation Dalva Paulus1ID; Ivan Carlos Zorzzi2ID; Fabiana Rankrape1ID 1Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Dois Vizinhos-PR, Brasil. [email protected] (corresponding author); 2Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Paraná (UFTPR), Pato Branco-PR, Brasil; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO Water deficit or water excess can affect development and yield Faixas de tensão de água no solo: eficiência do uso da água e of vegetables. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect produção de couve chinesa em cultivo protegido of different soil water stress ranges for Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) in a protected cultivation. The researches were carried O déficit hídrico ou excesso de água pode afetar o desenvolvi- out at the Olericulture Sector of Universidade Federal Tecnologica mento e produção das hortaliças. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de do Paraná between April and July, 2015 and January and April, 2016. diferentes faixas de tensão de água no solo para a cultura da couve Two Chinese cabbage cultivars were analyzed (Eikoo and Kinjitsu) chinesa (Brassica pekinensis), em ambiente protegido. Os experi- with four soil water stress range (13-17, 23-27, 33-37 and 43-47 kPa) mentos foram conduzidos no Setor de Olericultura, da Universidade moments of irrigation indicative parameters. The trial design was Tecnológica Federal do Paraná entre abril e julho de 2015 e janeiro completely randomized, with four replications, in a factorial scheme. e abril de 2016. Foram estudadas duas cultivares de couve chinesa For head fresh mass, a soil stress range of 13-17 kPa resulted in (Eikoo e Kinjitsu) e quatro faixas de tensão de água no solo (13-17, higher yield (527.2 g/plant), in the first research. In the second one, 23-27, 33-37 e 43-47 kPa), sendo parâmetros indicativos do momento ‘Eikoo’ showed higher productivity in the stress range 13-17 kPa de irrigar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente (70.7 t ha-1). About water use efficiency, higher values were obtained, casualizado, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial. Para massa 42.1 kg m-³ in the first research and 47.3 kg m-³ in the second one fresca da cabeça, a faixa de tensão do solo de 13-17 kPa resultou with Kinjitsu and Eikoo cultivars, respectively, in the stress range em maior produção (527,2 g/planta), no primeiro experimento. No 13-17 kPa. ‘Eikoo’ had a higher productivity than ‘Kinjitsu’ in the segundo, ‘Eikoo’ apresentou maior produtividade na faixa de tensão second research (summer), but in the first one (autumn-winter) these 13-17 kPa (70,7 t ha-1). Quanto à eficiência no uso da água, foram differences were not expressive. The use of stress ranges as indicative obtidos maiores valores, da ordem de 42,1 kg m-³ água no primeiro e of irrigation return time between 13-17 kPa is suitable for Chinese 47,3 kg m-³ água no segundo experimento, para as cultivares Kinjitsu cabbage crop. e Eikoo, respectivamente, na faixa de tensão 13-17 kPa. ‘Eikoo’ teve maior produtividade do que a ‘Kinjitsu’ no segundo experimento (verão), porém no primeiro experimento (outono-inverno) essas diferenças não foram expressivas. A utilização de faixas de tensão como indicativo do momento de retorno à irrigação entre 13-17 kPa é adequada para a cultura da couve chinesa. Keywords: Brassica pekinensis, tensiometry, irrigation management, Palavras-chave: Brassica pekinensis, tensiometria, manejo da water deficit. irrigação, déficit hídrico. Received on August 9, 2018; accepted on April 15, 2019 Ch i n e s e c a b b a g e ( B r a s s i c a Understanding soil moisture is of methods for indirect determination pekinensis) is considered the underlying importance, as it indicates its of soil moisture is the tensiometry, world’s most important vegetable from water status. In irrigation, this should be which uses sensors called tensiometers Brassicaceae family when it comes determined and will serve as a parameter (Bernardo et al., 2006). Thompson et to global consume, because it is a for the amount of water to be applied by al. (2002) recommend, for broccoli and key element for diets in many Asian the irrigation system. There are several cauliflower, species of Brassicaceae, countries. Due to its wide acceptance methods for determining soil moisture, tensions between 10 and 12 kPa. and high nutritional value, as a source which differ mainly by measurement Marouelli (2008) recommends the use of vitamin C, minerals such as sodium, means, measurement site, installation, of tensiometers in vegetable crops and potassium, magnesium and calcium, cost, response time and ease of field leafy vegetables in general, and to keep there is a constant request for this operation (Mantovani et al., 2009). tension between 10-20 kPa, seeking the vegetable (Laczi et al., 2016). lowest value for critical moments during One of the most commonly used Hortic. bras., Brasília,v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 309
D Paulus et al. its development. 11.78 P (mg dm-3 ); 76.32% V ; K, as indication of harvest point the Ca, Mg, Al, H+Al, SB (cmolc dm-3) of sturdy head (Segovia et al., 2000). In Generally, vegetables show an 0.45; 6.10; 3.70; 0.00; 3.18 and 10.25, the second research, transplant was underdeveloped root system, high respectively. The soil was characterized performed on February 1, 2016 and water content in their constitution and as very clayey with 78.3; 16.7 and harvest on April 10 (87 DAS), done in a short cycle, so the occurrence of 5.0% clay, silt and sand, respectively. advance due to diseases incidence. water deficit can severely compromise Its microporosity, macroporosity and the farming (Marouelli, 2008). Thus, total porosity were respectively 0.42; Up to the tenth day after transplant, the great majority of vegetable crops 0.31 and 0.73%; particle density 3.52 g irrigation was homogeneous, to in Brazil is conducted with irrigation, cm-3; soil density 0.95 g cm-3. Soil water guarantee the glue. Afterwards, started but an inadequate management can retention curve was determined in the the discrimination of cultivations. compromise the profitability and Physics and Soil Water Laboratory of Irrigation management was performed sustainability of production by excessive the Universidade de Passo Fundo, from based on soil matrix potential, determined or poor water application (Beshir, 2017). undisturbed samples, collected at 0.10 by tensiometers. The irrigation liquid m depth, with six repetitions (Figure 1). level was applied manually using a Having this in mind, the relevance of To determine the volumetric humidity graduated cylinder, aiming to evenly studies on hydric relations between crop, of the low stress points (6 and 10 kPa) distribute the water all over the vase. soil, environment and the minimum porous plate funnels were used; for 100 A tensiometer was installed at 10 cm amount required for production and 300 kPa stress the Richards chamber depth per experimental unit, according maximization can be noted. There and pedotransfer functions (Michelon et to procedures indicated by Marouelli is a shortage of studies on irrigation al., 2010) were used, to determine the (2008). Stress readings were performed management in Chinese cabbage. humidity at 1500 kPa. The relationship daily at the end of afternoon, using a Therefore, the objective of this study between stress and volumetric moisture digital tensiometer. When the mean was to evaluate the effect of different soil was adjusted using the model proposed stress reached the cultivation stress water stress ranges for Chinese cabbage by Van Genuchten (1980), described in range, irrigation was performed until in a protected environment. equation (1): reaching the field capacity (CC). For the soil water stress ranges (kPa) 13- MATERIAL AND METHODS (1) 17; 23-27; 33-37 and 43-47, at the time of irrigation, the irrigation levels per The research was carried out at Where θ= volume-based soil moisture application (L) were 0.22; 0.65; 1.02 Olericulture Sector of Universidade (m3/m3); Ψm= soil matrix potential and 1.32, respectively. Soil moisture Federal Tecnologica do Paraná, Campus (kPa); θr= residual volumetric moisture corresponding to the observed/measured Dois Vizinhos (25º42’S, 53º06’W, (m3/m3); θs= volumetric humidity at stress was determined by means of the altitude 520 m). Two researches were saturation (m3/m3); m, n and α= model water retention curve (Equation 2), carried out, one from April to July 2015 parameters. considering the depth of root system and another from January to April 2016. (100 mm), vase area (0.07 m²) and The researches were conducted in a The m was obtained by equation (2) mean value of the stress range humidity protected environment, arched model, (Mualem, 1976): (θatual). Thus, the replacement volume covered with clear polyethylene, 150 was calculated (LLI) to reach the CC μ thickness. The region climate is Cfa, (2) (0.397 m3 m-3), according to equation according to Köppen classification (Alvares et al., 2013). In order to adjust the model, (3) (Mantovani et al., 2009). the RETC software was used (Van The trial design was completely Genuchten et al., 1991). The values of (3) randomized in a 2x4 factorial scheme, the adjustment parameters were depth two cultivars (Eikoo and Kinjitsu) and = 0.10 m; residual volumetric moisture Where LLI= irrigation liquid sheet four soil water stress ranges (13-17, (m3/m3) = 0.078; volumetric humidity at (mm); θ cc= field humidity capacity (m3/ 23-27, 33-37 and 43-47 kPa), with saturation (m3/m3) = 0.43; m = 0.359; n= m3); θcurrent= current humidity (m3/m3); four repetitions. In each 18 L vase, a 1.56; α= 0.036 and R2= 0.95. Z= root system depth (mm); PAM= plant was managed, being considered vase area (m2). an experimental unit, spaced 30 cm Seedlings were produced in a tray between plants and 60 cm between rows. of expanded polystyrene with 128 The mean temperature provided cells, filled with commercial substrate by climatic data, relative humidity The soil used to fill the vases is Tecnomax®. Vases were filled with and radiation were obtained from the classified as Dystroferric Red Latosol soil and plantlets were transplanted UTFPR meteorological station (16 (Embrapa, 2018), taken from a 0-20 with four to six leaves (Segovia et al., UTC) at Campus Dois Vizinhos, located cm layer, dried, unstuck and sieved 2000), 17 days after sowing date, in nearby the experimental unit. Potential in a 3 mm mesh. These were the both researches. In the 2015 research, evapotranspiration was estimated by chemical characteristics of the soil: transplant was performed on May the Penman-Monteith method (Allen 5.8 pH (CaCl2); 1.88% organic matter; 6, 2015 and harvest on July 15, 88 et al., 1998). days after planting date (DAS), using 310 Cultural practices, pest and disease Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Soil water stress ranges: water use efficiency and Chinese cabbage production in protected cultivation control were carried out according to To evaluate fresh mass, the aerial period. Temperature conditions were the recommendations of Segovia et part was separated from the roots and suitable for the crop, considering that the al. (2000). Fertilization was calculated weighed in a precision digital scale. majority of Chinese cabbage cultivars, based on soil chemical characteristics Then, samples were taken to the drying including those used in this research, are laboratory report and on recommendation oven at 65°C until constant mass. adapted to temperatures between 15 and proposed by Segovia et al. (2000). The 25°C (Brasil, 2010). urea fertilization was divided into three Based on the considered spacing, 40 kg ha-1 applications, in the planting, population per hectare was estimated There was no significant interaction 15 and 30 days after the transplant; and multiplied by fresh mass of the head, between cultivars and soil water stress while phosphorus and potassium were estimating total productivity. Water use ranges for all analyzed traits in the first applied in 100 kg ha-1 doses of P2O5 efficiency was calculated according to research. In the second one, there was and 40 kg ha-1 of K2O, in one single the productivity (dry mass of the head) a significant interaction, only for fresh application, when preparing the soil in and to the amount of water consumed and head dry mass, productivity and the vases. Same fertilization was used by the crop in each cultivation during root dry mass. in both researches. the cycle (Doorenbos & Kassan, 1994). Cultivars Eikoo and Kinjitsu did not During harvest, the head Otained data were submitted to differ significantly in the first research. circumference was measured with a analysis of variance (F test) and the However, in the second one, from tape measure, with results expressed cultivation effects obtained by means of ‘Eikoo’ a greater head fresh mass was in cm. To evaluate the compactness, Scott-Knott’s test (p<0.05). Statistical obtained comparing to the ‘Kinjitsu’ grades from 0 to 5 were assigned, with analyzes were performed using GENES (Table 1). Productivity was similar 0 for plants with total head absence; 1 statistical software (Cruz, 2006). to head fresh mass, in which cultivar for plants with head without a defined Eikoo produced 57.2 t ha-1, while core; 2 for plants with outside core head RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ‘Kinjitsu’ produced 30.2 t ha-1. This and loose peripheral leaves; 3 for plants response is conditioned to the cultivar with defined core head and leaves with Mean temperature during the period characteristics, and ‘Eikoo’ can produce inceptive compaction in the periphery; of the research was 16.5°C in the first heads weighing 2.5-3.5 kg on average 4 for plants with defined core head and research and 21.8°C in the second (Horticeres, 2015), while ‘Kinjitsu’ has compact peripheral leaves, but with one. This difference is attributed to a 2.2 kg mean head mass (Topseed, allowed visual individualization; and 5 the period when the researches were 2015). Based on this result, it can be for head with compact core and without performed. The first research was suggested that the two cultivars can be visual individualization of the peripheral carried out in autumn-winter period conducted in the autumn-winter period, leaves (Souza et al., 2013). and the second one in summer-autumn but ‘Eikoo’can also be cultivated during summer period. Table 1. Head fresh mass (HFM) and productivity of the Chinese cabbage submitted to different ranges of soil water stress in two crops. Dois Vizinhos, UTFPR, 2016. Soil water HFM (g/plant) tension (KPa) 2015 2016 13-17 23-27 Cv. Eikoo Cv. Kinjitsu Mean Cv. Eikoo Cv. Kinjitsu Mean 33-37 894.9 43-47 463.0 591.3 527.2 a* 1272.5 Aa 517.3 Ba 874.6 Mean 743.8 CV (%) 441.5 458.0 449.8 b 1156.3 Aa 592.8 Ba 681.0 13-17 463.5 428.8 446.1 b 892.0 Ab 595.6 Ba - 23-27 - 33-37 438.0 440.0 439.0 b 800.0 Ab 562.0 Ba 43-47 49.7 Mean 471.6 479.5ns - 1030.2 567.0 48.6 CV (%) 41.5 10.9 - 16.0 34.9 Productivity (t ha-1) - - 25.7 32.8 29.3 a* 70.7Aa 28.7Ba 24.5 25.4 25.8 23.8 24.9 b 64.2Aa 32.9Ba 24.3 27.8 25.1 27.5ns 24.8 b 49.6Ab 33.4Ba 10.9 26.1 b 44.2Ab 25.6Ba - 57.2 30.2 - 16.04 ns not significant by Scott-Knott test (p>0,05). *Means followed by same capital letters in the row and lowercase in the column do not differ statistically by Scott-Knott test (p>0,05). Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 311
D Paulus et al. In a study by Seabra et al. (2014), Seabra et al. (2014) was lower than the other hand, ‘Eikoo’presented fresh mass evaluating the performance of seven highest obtained in this study (70.7 t in the upper head in the stress ranges of Chinese cabbage cultivars in Cáceres- ha-1) with ‘Eikoo’, in the stress range 13-17 and 23-27 kPa, with 1272.5 and MT, under tropical climate, with average of 13-17 kPa, using Dystroferric Red 1156.3 g/plant, respectively, differing temperatures of 27.1ºC, the authors Latosol soil (Embrapa, 2006) with a from the 33-37 and 43-47 kPa ranges, obtained head fresh mass ranging very clayey texture. Possibly the milder with 892 and 800 g/plant, respectively from 584 to 926.3 g/plant, ‘Kinjitsu’ temperatures (21.8°C) in the city of (Table 1). presenting 883.3 g/plant, higher than Cáceres-MT favored the increased that obtained in our two researches, productivity. Soil water stress ranges are related 479.5 and 567.0 g/plant, respectively. On to the additional energy expenditure the other hand, head fresh mass obtained Regarding soil water stress ranges, that the plant makes to absorb water and by these authors with ‘Eikoo’ (800.5 in the first research, the best range was use it in its vital processes, when water g/plant) was lower than that obtained 13-17 kPa, differing from the others, availability is reduced by the potential in this study (1030 g/plant). Increased which did not differ from each other. In matrix reduction (Floss, 2011). Thus, the productivity (60.9 t ha-1) achieved by the second research, ‘Kinjitsu’ was not energy of the photoassimilates resulting influenced by the stress ranges. On the from the photosynthesis process may have been primarily intended for water Table 2. Head dry mass (HDM) and root dry mass (RDM) of Chinese cabbage plants absorption, to the detriment of crop submitted to different ranges of soil water stress in two researches. Dois Vizinhos, UTFPR, growth. 2016. For Brassicaceae species, such Soil water HDM (g/plant) as broccoli and cauliflower, stresses tension between 10 and 12 kPa are suggested (KPa) 2015 2016 (Thompson et al., 2002). Likewise, Marouelli (2008) indicated, for leafy Cv. Cv. Mean Cv. Cv. Mean vegetables in general, to keep the Eikoo Kinjitsu Eikoo Kinjitsu stress between 10-20 kPa, seeking the lower value for critical moments 13-17 30.0 30.0 30.0ns 87.3 Aa* 39.3 Ba 63.3 of development, where there is a greater water demand, such as the 23-27 27.5 33.0 30.3 91.5 Aa 40.5 Ba 66.0 transplantation period and head forming. This way, Tangune et al. 33-37 28.0 27.5 27.7 38.8 Ab 36.8 Aa 37.8 (2016) found that to obtain a larger and commercial fresh mass, inflorescence 43-47 30.0 31.0 30.5 31.4 Ab 41.5 Aa 36.5 average diameter, total and commercial productivity for broccoli, irrigations Mean 28.9 30.4ns - 62.3 39.5 - should be performed when water stress in the soil is around 15 kPa, at 0.2 CV (%) 17.0 - 23.9 - m depth. Higher stresses affect in a negative way productivity , fresh mass, RDM (g/plant) diameter and circumference of the inflorescence. 13-17 17.0 13.0 15ns 25.0 Ab 20.3 Ba 22.7 In the first research, the cultivars 23-27 17.0 15.0 16.0 28.3 Ab 20.8 Ba 24.6 Eikoo and Kinjitsu and the soil water stress ranges did not influence head dry 33-37 15.0 13.1 14.0 38.0 Aa 19.5 Ba 28.8 mass (Table 2). In the second one, head dry masses and the ‘Kinjitsu’ root were 43-47 14.0 13.0 13.6 40.0 Aa 21.0 Ba 30.5 not influenced by stress ranges (Table 2). Cultivar Eikoo had upper head dry Mean 15.8 13.6ns - 32.8 20.4 - mass under smaller stress ranges 13-17 and 23-27, which did not differ from CV (%) 17.9 - 24.1 - each other. The stress ranges 33-37 and 43-47 differed from the first two 38.8 ns not significant by Scott-Knott test (p>0.05); *Means followed by same capital letters in and 31.4 g/plant, respectively, but did rows and lowercase in columns do not differ statistically by Scott-Knott test (p>0.05). not differ from each other. Figure 1. Soil water retention curve 0.10 m depth. Dois Vizinhos, UTFPR, 2016. In the first research, cultivars Eikoo and Kinjitsu and the soil water stress ranges did not influence the dry mass of roots (Table 2). This response was not 312 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Soil water stress ranges: water use efficiency and Chinese cabbage production in protected cultivation observed in the second research, where interval between irrigations. The lower cabbage and other leafy vegetables a significant interaction was found and availability of water intensified root demand constant irrigation to achieve ‘Eikoo’had lower root dry mass in lower growth in depth, therefore accumulating optimum production is because leaf stress ranges, 13-17 and 23-27 (25 and higher dry mass. Thus, the energy production is linked to leaf expansion, 28.3 g/plant, respectively). In addition, expenditure required for root growth which is the water stress most sensitive stress ranges 33-37 and 43-47 differed was not available for the dry mass physiological process. The sensitivity from the first two with 38.0 and 40.0 g/ head accumulation, which may have of Chinese cabbage leaf production to plant, respectively. This result pointed contributed to the aerial dry mass water stress is probably more intense out a higher root growth in stress with reduction in these stress ranges. due to its superficial root system, that less water availability and longer time is, more than 90% of the roots occur One of the main reasons that Chinese up to 35 cm deep in the soil and 20 cm wide around the stem (Averbeke & Table 3. Chinese cabbage plants heads circumference and compactness submitted to different Netshithuthuni, 2010). ranges of soil water stress in two researches. Dois Vizinhos. UTFPR. 2016. The soil water stress ranges did Soil water Heads circumference (cm) not influence ‘Kinjitsu’ roots growth, tension (KPa) obtaining 20.4 g/plant, a lower value 2015 2016 than that obtained with ‘Eikoo’ (32.8 g/plant) (Table 2). The absence of Cv. Cv. Mean Cv. Cv. Mean a significant difference in dry mass Eikoo Kinjitsu Eikoo Kinjitsu of roots is possibly related to the accumulation of similar dry mass of 13-17 38.8 36.4 37.6ns 31.8 36.5 34.2ns the head in ‘Kinjitsu stress ranges, with no intense root development to meet 23-27 38.6 37.8 38.2 35.3 34.0 34.6 the demand of aerial parts, as occurred in ‘Eikoo’. This lower development 33-37 38.5 32.5 35.5 37.8 30.3 34.0 may also be related to the ‘Kinjitsu’ low adaptation to summer-fall period 43-47 37.6 38.0 37.8 38.3 33.3 35.8 climatic conditions. The soil water stress ranges did not influence head Mean 38.4 36.2ns - 35.8 A* 31.0 B - circumference and compactness (Table 3). Head circumference varied among CV (%) 8.9 - 10.6 - cultivars, with ‘Eikoo’ superior to ‘Kinjitsu’. This response is attributed to Compactness an increased head fresh mass obtained from ‘Eikoo’, being an intrinsic 13-17 3.0 3.5 3.3ns 1.8 1.8 1.8ns feature of the cultivar. Maseko et al. (2017) found that the Chinese cabbage 23-27 2.5 3.3 2.9 1.3 2.3 1.8 fresh head production is related to environmental conditions (temperature), 33-37 2.8 2.5 2.6 1.8 2.5 2.1 cultivar and planting density. 43-47 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.4 The compactness is highly appreciated by consumers and it is Mean 2.8 3.0ns - 1.8 2.2ns - considered as an indication of a proper head formation. Values found in this CV (%) 24.6 - 36.1 - study ranged between 2.5 and 3.5 in the first crop and 1.3 and 2.5 in the *Compactness notes ranging from 0 to 5 (0= total head absence; 1= head without a defined second one. In this way, there was a core; 2= outside core head and loose peripheral leaves; 3= defined core head and leaves with better head formation in the first culture, inceptive compaction in the periphery; 4= defined core head and compact peripheral leaves considering that values closer to five but with allowed visual individualization; 5- head with compact core and without visual indicate better head quality (Seabra et individualization of the peripheral leaves. ns not significant by Scott-Knott test (p>0.05); al., 2014). *Means followed by same capital letters in the row and lowercase in the column do not differ statistically by Scott-Knott test (p>0.05). Studying seven Chinese cabbage cultivars, Seabra et al. (2014) found Table 4. Efficiency in water use of Chinese cabbage plants submitted to different ranges of compactness ranging from 1.0 to 4.3, soil water stress. Dois Vizinhos. UTFPR. 2016. and ‘Kinjitsu’ presented 2.9. This value is lower than that obtained in the first Soil water Efficiency in water use (kg HDM/m³ of water) research (3.0), but higher than the tension (KPa) 2015 2016 313 13-17 23-27 Cv. Cv. Mean Cv. Cv. Mean 33-37 Eikoo Kinjitsu Eikoo Kinjitsu 43-47 Mean 32.7 42.1 37.4 a* 47.3 23.2 35.3a CV (%) 17.6 18.3 18.0 b 32.2 16.5 24.4b 12.6 13.8 13.2 c 21.1 16.3 18.7b 10.5 14.4 12.4 c 14.2 10.1 12.2c 18.4 B 22.2 A - 28.7 A 16.5 B 11.1 - 22.1 - *Means followed by same capital letters in the row and lowercase in the column do not differ statistically by Scott-Knott test (p>0.05). Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
D Paulus et al. one obtained in the second research to the rooting zone. The authors suggest Available http://www.horticeres.com.br/ (2.2) for ‘Kinjitsu’. Considering that that irrigation methods, that allow better noticeres/couve-chinesa-hib-’Eikoo’Accessed consumers prefer vegetables with good control over the amount of water applied April 25, 2015. head formation, compactness is one of per irrigation event, would make water the most relevant features, which favors use more efficient. LACZI, E; APAHIDEAN, A; LUCA, E; whitish leaves prevalence. For farmers, DUMITRAS, A; BOANCĂ, P. 2016. Headed this is a feature that reduces transport In summertime, cultivar Eikoo Chinese cabbage growth and yield influenced volume and increases weight per plant. was more productive and in the fall- by different manure types in organic farming winter period, the two cultivars, Eikoo system. Horticultural Science 43: 42-49. In terms of numbers, compactness and Kinjitsu, can be cultivated in was lower in the second research, protected environment due to favorable M A N T O VA N I , E C ; B E R N A R D O , S ; which could be associated with the environmental conditions. The stress PALARETTI, LF. 2009. Irrigação: princípios early harvesting. There was an intense range between 13-17 kPa allowed higher e métodos. 3. ed. Viçosa: UFV. 355p. occurrence of erwinia (Erwinia productivity and efficiency in water use. carotovora) at the end of the cycle, MAROUELLI, WA. 2008. Tensiômetros para mainly in ‘Kinjitsu’, which required ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS controle de irrigação em hortaliças. Brasília: early harvesting. Embrapa. 15p. The authors thank the Conselho For water use efficiency, cultivars Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico MASEKO, I; BELETSE, YG; NOGEMANE, responded differently. In the first e Tecnológico (CNPQ) for scientific N ; P L O O Y, C P ; M U S I M WA , T R ; research, ‘Kinjitsu’ was more efficient initiation grant and the financial support MABHAUDHI, T. 2017. Productivity of (22.2 kg m-³), compared to ‘Eikoo’, to conduct the study. non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa which showed higher efficiency (28.7 subsp. chinensis) under different agronomic kg m-³) in the second research (Table REFERENCES management factors. South African Journal 4). ‘Eikoo's higher efficiency during of Plant and Soil 34: 275-282. the second research (summer) is the ALLEN, RG; PEREIRA, LS; RAES, D; SMITH, result of its higher productive capacity M. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration – guidelines MICHELON, CJ; CARLESSO, R; OLIVERIRA, under higher temperature conditions in for computing crop water requirements. ZB; KNIES, AE; PETRY, MT; MARTINS, that period. Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. 300p. JD. 2010. 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Research NASCIMENTO, NFF; RÊGO, ER; NASCIMENTO, MF; BRUCKNER, CH; FINGER, FL; RÊGO, MM. 2019. Evaluation of production and quality traits in interspecific hybrids of ornamental pepper. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 315-323. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190310 Evaluation of production and quality traits in interspecific hybrids of ornamental pepper Naysa Flávia F do Nascimento 1ID; Elizanilda R do Rêgo 1ID; Mayana F Nascimento 2ID; Cláudio H Bruckner 2ID; Fernando L Finger 2ID; Mailson M do Rêgo 1ID 1Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Areia-PB, Brasil; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; 2Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa-MG, Brasil; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO The cultivation of potted peppers as ornamental plants has Avaliação da produção e caracteres de qualidade em híbridos increased considerably throughout the planet. In Brazil, this crop is interespecíficos de pimenteiras ornamentais more recent and still lacks cultivars. In order to increase the available variability and obtain new cultivars, the interspecific hybridization is O cultivo de pimentas em vaso como planta ornamental tem au- very useful in add a desirable attribute that occurs in one species to mentado consideravelmente em todo o planeta. No Brasil, esse cultivo another species, resulting in a new cultivar of agronomic interest. The é mais recente e ainda carece de cultivares. Para ampliar a variabili- objective of this study was to characterize parents and interspecific dade disponível e obter novas cultivares, a hibridação interespecífica hybrids based on 27 quantitative traits and evaluate their genetic é muito útil como forma de inserir um atributo desejável que ocorre diversity by multivariate procedures. Parents of seven pepper em uma espécie para outra espécie resultando em uma nova cultivar genotypes were crossed, and, seven hybrids were generated. The de interesse agronômico. O objetivo deste foi caracterizar parentais experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. Data e híbridos interespecíficos baseados em 27 caracteres quantitativos e were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were subsequently avaliar a diversidade genética dos mesmos por meio de procedimen- grouped by Scott-Knott’s method. Tocher’s method was utilized based tos multivariados. Sete genótipos de pimenta foram utilizados como on Mahalanobis distance, and the relative importance was evaluated genitores, gerando sete híbridos. O experimento foi conduzido em by Singh’s method. The effects of treatment were significant by F delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os dados foram submetidos test at 1 and 5% probability for all studied traits, except for anther à análise de variância, com posterior agrupamento das médias pelo length and titratable acidity. According to Scott-Knott’s test, the método de Scott-Knott. O método de Tocher foi utilizado com base genotypes were grouped into two to eight classes. By Tocher’s na distânciade Mahalanobis e a importância relativa foi avaliada por method, the genotypes were separated into four groups. The first meio do método de Singh. Os efeitos de tratamento foram significati- three canonical variables explained 92.02% of the total variance. By vos, pelo teste F a 1 e 5% de probabilidade para todas as características Singh method, fruit yield per plant was the trait that most contributed estudadas, exceto para comprimento da antera e acidez titulável. De to the divergence explaining 21% of the total variance. The studied acordo com teste de Scott & Knott, os genótipos foram agrupados parents and hybrids diverged for the evaluated traits; however, there entre duas a oito classes. Pelo método de Tocher, os genótipos foram was difficulty in obtaining good interspecific hybrids with traits of separados em quatro grupos. As três primeiras variáveis canônicas importance, wherein combinations HS1×L7, L2×L6, and HS1×L2 explicaram 92,02% da variância total. Pelo método de Singh (1981), met these requirements. o número de frutos por planta foi a característica que mais contribuiu para a divergência explicando 21% da variância total. Os parentais e híbridos estudados foram divergentes, para os caracteres avaliados, entretanto houve dificuldade na obtenção de bons híbridos interes- pecíficos quanto a caracteres de importância, tendo as combinações HS1xL7, L2xL6 e HS1xL2 atendido tais requisitos. Keywords: Capsicum spp., hybridization, relative importance, Palavras-chave: Capsicum spp., hibridação, importância relativa, breeding, characterization. melhoramento, caracterização. Received on March 13, 2019; accepted on August 15, 2019 The cultivation of peppers as an agricultural populations (Rêgo & Rêgo, with high aesthetic value, good ornamental potted plant has 2016). Small farmers have been the production, protect against abiotic and increased considerably throughout the main responsible for the expansion of biotic stresses, earliness, uniformity, and planet. In Brazil the internal and external cultivated area with peppers in several improve the quality of the fruit (Rêgo et commercialization of ornamental Brazilian states (Ferrão et al., 2011; al., 2011; Rêgo & Rêgo, 2016). peppers can be considered an important Rêgo & Rêgo, 2016). alternative source of income for the The current trend in genetic breeding The challenge is to select cultivars emphasizes the need to identify, transfer, Hortic. bras., Brasília,v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 315
NFF Nascimento et al. and preserve new sources of genetic plant, inflorescence, and fruit quality, by transferring pollen from a plant to variation (Neitzke et al., 2016). Thus, the and to evaluate their genetic diversity the stigma of the recipient flower. After genetic research on morpho-agronomic through multivariate procedures. pollination, the flower was covered with traits should be better acknowledged, aluminum foil to prevent contamination, aiming to evaluate the genetic potential MATERIAL AND METHODS and labeled (Nascimento et al., 2012a; of parents to produce better offspring Rêgo et al., 2012). Mature fruits were and increase the efficiency of breeding This study was conducted in a collected, one to two months after methods (Pessoa et al., 2018). greenhouse at the Plant Biotechnology pollination, according to the species Laboratory of the Center for Agricultural crossed. Studies of variability in ornamentals Sciences at Universidade Federal da are based on characteristics of size, Paraíba, in Areia-PB, Brazil, in the Two seeds of each parent and flower and fruit, through multivariate Brejo Paraibano, Microregion (6o58’S, each progeny were seeded in 200-cell analysis (Barroso et al., 2012; Silva 35o42’W, 574 m altitude). According styrofoam trays containing commercial Neto et al., 2014; Neitzke et al., 2016; to the bioclimatic classification of substrate. When the plants reached the Costa et al., 2016; Pessoa et al., 2018; Gaussem, the predominant bioclimate in stage of three pairs of mature leaves, Lima et al., 2019). To estimate genetic the area is the 3rd sub-dry Northeast, with they were transplanted to 900 mL pots, divergence, some methodologies are annual average rainfall around 1,400 one plant per pot. Whenever necessary, used, such as multivariate analysis (Cruz mm. By Köppen’s classification, the the cultivation practices recommended et al., 2011). These techniques enable climate is As type, characterized as hot for the culture were applied. the breeder to evaluate genetic material and humid, with autumn-winter rains. with a set of characteristics that combine The average annual temperature ranges Morpho-agronomic characterization the multiple information contained in from 23 to 24ºC. of the hybrids, regarding seedling, the experimental unit (Alvares et al., plant, inflorescence, and fruit traits of 2012). Crossings and evaluation of parents Capsicum spp. was based on the list of and hybrids of ornamental peppers quantitative descriptors suggested by The existing genetic diversity in a were performed in that facility. The IPGRI (1995). population helps to select genetically Universidade Federal da Paraíba dissimilar parents, i.e., parents with has been developing, together with For this purpose, 27 descriptors differences in allelic frequencies, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, a were utilized. The evaluated traits (in which, when crossed, will be the most breeding program for ornamental cm) were: cotyledonary leaf length, convenient to produce progeny and peppers aiming to select pepper lines cotyledonary leaf width, plant height, obtain greater genetic variability in and promote intra- and interspecific canopy width, height at the first segregating generations (Nascimento et hybridization among the selected lines bifurcation, stem width, leaf length, al., 2012a). Interspecific hybridization is for a subsequent release to family leaf width, corolla length, anther length, very useful in the cultivation of plants farmers in Paraíba State (Brazil). filament length, fruit length, fruit as a way to add a desirable attribute diameter, peduncle length, pericarp that occurs in a wild or cultivated plant Seven pepper accessions belonging thickness, placenta length; (in g): to another cultivated species, resulting to the germplasm bank of CCA-UFPB fruit fresh matter, dry matter content, a new cultivar of agronomic interest were utilized as parents: Capsicum seed yield per fruit, fruit yield (Nascimento et al., 2012a). Yet, few annuum (a simple hybrid (HS1) and per plant, fruit weight, yield (g/ records exist on the use of interspecific three lineages L1, L4 and L5), C. plant), days to flowering, days to hybridization in breeding programs for chinense lineage (L2), C. baccatum fructification, total soluble solids (%), Capsicum, probably because of the low lineage (L6), and C. frutescens lineage titratable acidity (%), and vitamin C viability of the obtained hybrid seeds (L7). The parents were crossed with content (%). To obtain the dimension (Rêgo et al., 2012). each other aiming to obtain all possible data, measurements were made using a combinations (Tables 1 and 2); however, pachymeter. Weight traits were taken in It is then necessary to standardize because of the incompatibility for some a scale. Quantitative values as number of ideotypes of plants with desirable traits crosses (Nascimento et al., 2012a), only locules and seeds per fruit were obtained in order to target the needs of a growing seven hybrids were generated (HS1×L2, by counting. market. In Brazil this market is going HS1×L7, L1×L7, L2×L5, L2×L6, through big changes, with an increasing L6×L4, and L6×L7). There was no The experiment was analyzed in a use of new types of pepper, including compatibility for the reciprocal crosses completely randomized design, in which those for ornamental interest (Rêgo & L2xHS1, L7xHS1, L7xL1, L5×L2, analyses of the parents and hybrids Rêgo, 2016; França et al., 2018). L6×L2, L4×L6, and L7×L6. resulted from three replicates. There were 14 treatments, 3 replicates, and 3 The objective of this study was to Crossings were performed manually plants per replicate. Data were subjected characterize morphologically parents in emasculated flower buds before to analysis of variance with subsequent and interspecific hybrids belonging the anthesis. Immediately after clustering of means by Scott-Knott’s to the Capsicum germplasm bank of emasculation, flowers were pollinated method at 5% probability. Universidade Federal da Paraíba based on 27 quantitative traits of plantlet, Tocher’s method and canonical variable analyses were used for 316 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Evaluation of production and quality traits in interspecific hybrids of ornamental pepper Table 1. Phenotypic description of the hybrids and lineages used in this study. Areia, UFPB, 2015. Genotype Species LC CC Characterístics CIF CRF HS1 C. annuum Dark green PF Black Red White with purple margin Erect L1 C. annuum Light green White Erect Orange Red L2 C. chinense variegated White Pendant Black Dark red L4 C. annuum Dark green White Erect Yellow Orange L5 C. annuum Green White Erect Light brown Orange L6 C. baccatum Light green White Erect Black Red L7 C. frutescens Green White Erect Light brown Red LC= leaf color; CC= corolla color; PF= position of the fruit; CIF= color of the intermediate fruit; CRF= color of ripe fruit. the analysis of genetic diversity. In among them. An important result is for height of the first bifurcation, the clustering analysis, generalized the selection of genotypes that can which formed eight classes (Table 3), Mahalanobis distance was used as a maximize genetic gain (Pessoa et al., according to Scott Knott’s criteria at measure of genetic dissimilarity and in 2018). 5% probability, with means varying the formation of groups. In addition, between 2.5 and 52.66 cm. The lineage the relative importance of the evaluated The coefficients of variation of the L1 showed the highest mean, and hybrid traits was calculated by Singh’s method experiment ranged from 1.82 (days L6×L4 obtained the lowest; the latter was (1981). to flowering) to 25.37% (peduncle most suitable for ornamental purposes, length), which were satisfactory because higher bifurcations increase All analyses were performed using values, as significant differences were the plant size, which is undesirable for the Genes computer software (Cruz, detected between evaluated parents and plants grown in a pot (Rêgo et al., 2009). 2013). interspecific hybrids. Silva et al. (2011) stated that the classification of the Four classes were formed for RESULTS AND DISCUSSION coefficients of variation into morpho- cotyledonary leaf length, plant height, agronomic traits of peppers of the genus canopy width, and stem width, all plant- There was significant difference Capsicum depends on the genotype and size related. These traits are important between mean values of the accessions trait under study. for the cultivation of ornamental plants at 1 and 5% probability by F test for all in a pot (Figure 1), because plant height studied traits, except for anther length From the mean-clustering analysis and canopy width must be 1.5 to 2 times and titratable acidity. The significant by Scott-Knott’s test at 5% probability, greater than the pot diameter, and this differences observed among the variability was detected between parents ratio is important in forming a harmonic analyzed parents and hybrids confirm and interspecific hybrids for all analyzed set (Barroso et al., 2012). Therefore, the existence of genetic variability traits, except anther length (0.28 cm) only parent L4 and hybrid HS1×L7 met and titratable acidity (0.82 cm) (Table 3). this criterion, with average heights of 15.33 cm and 25.33 cm, respectively, Higher variability was observed and 14 cm and 24.33 cm average diameters (Table 3). Table 2. Beared fruits (%) and number of fruits per interspecific cross in Capsicum spp. Areia, UFPB, 2014. The selection of smaller-sized plants is one of the main objectives in the Hybrids Species Formed Seeds/ Germination breeding of ornamental peppers, besides the selection of plants with a greater fruits (%) fruit (%) stem width which is of paramount importance to prevent the plant from L4 x L1* C. annum x C. annum 100 42 80 lodging in the pot. The greatest stem width was shown by hybrids HS1×L2 HS1×L2 C. annuum x C. chinense 10 23 100 (1.05 cm), L6×L4 (1.02 cm), and L6×L7 (1.63 cm), which made them the hybrids HS1×L7 C. annuum xC. frutescens 30 27 50 of interest for this trait. L1×L7 C. annuum xC. frutescens 25 20 30 L2×L5 C. chinense x C. annuum 29 16 30 Traits referring to leaves also L2×L6 C. chinense x C. baccatum 50 19 80 showed variability (Table 3). Two L6×L4 C. baccatum x C. annuum 50 26 30 classes were formed for cotyledonary L6×L7 C. baccatum xC. frutescens 20 25 30 leaf width, whose mean values varied *Intraspecific hybrids used as control (the incompatibility was not due to the crosses, but 317 the species used in them). Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
NFF Nascimento et al. Table 3. Mean values for parents and interspecific hybrids referring to traits in peppers. Areia, UFPB, 2015. Genotypes CLL CLW PH CW HFB SD LL LW CL FIL FW FL FD HS1 0.85d 0.28b 37.66d 28.68b 13.90f 0.50d 9.98b 2.76d 1.52a 0.57c 0.81c 1.92b 0.55d L1 1.72b 0.57a 37.66d 25.66b 12.66f 0.49d 4.80c 1.83e 1.36b 0.55c 0.52c 1.14d 0.85c L2 1.27c 0.59a 58.66c 33.00b 52.66a 0.60d 9.18b 7.37a 1.22c 0.53c 1.61a 2.62a 1.04b L4 1.77b 0.69a 15.33d 14.00d 10.66f 0.48d 4.57c 2.23e 1.56a 0.70b 1.32b 2.47a 0.98b L5 1.28c 0.53a 29.00d 19.66d 10.00f 0.55d 6.00c 2.66d 1.60a 0.60c 1.18b 2.18b 0.94b L6 1.01d 0.65a 19.66d 23.33c 15.66e 0.44d 9.24b 7.23a 1.38b 0.47d 0.52c 1.95b 0.92b L7 1.27c 0.48b 25.00d 17.66d 20.33e 0.46d 6.33c 2.66d 1.54a 0.60c 0.34c 2.10b 1.09b HS1×L2 1.24c 0.70a 77.00b 47.33b 27.00d 1.05b 14.66a 6.57b 1.42b 0.58c 0.56c 1.29d 1.00b HS1×L7 1.14c 0.38a 25.33d 24.33c 11.66f 0.79c 5.56c 1.83e 1.62a 0.78a 1.26b 2.56a 0.98b L1×L7 1.12c 0.42b 31.66d 24.33c 16.66e 0.74c 5.13c 2.30e 1.20c 0.57c 0.53c 1.63c 0.82c L2×L5 1.24c 0.62b 74.66b 51.53b 32.96c 0.58d 8.00c 4.63c 1.42b 0.64c 1.46a 1.48c 1.42a L2×L6 1.81b 0.69a 65.33c 42.66b 46.00b 0.82c 10.86b 5.50c 1.74a 0.53c 1.67a 1.53c 1.45a L6×L4 1.84b 0.59a 94.33a 95.00a 2.50h 1.02b 10.70b 2.96d 1.56a 0.36e 0.91c 1.69c 1.12b L6×L7 2.06a 0.47b 101.33a 56.00b 7.50g 1.63a 12.66a 5.06c 1.16c 0.36e 0.68c 1.92b 0.79c DP 0.37 0.14 28.85 21.47 14.49 0.32 3.23 2.01 0.09 0.11 0.47 0.47 0.24 PL PT PLL FFM DMC SYF FYP Y DFL DFR VITC TSS HS1 2.67a 0.14c 0.52b 0.58c 14.00c 19.66d 20.00c 16.38d 65.00b 89.00e 94.83b 7.26c L1 1.63c 0.13c 0.67b 0.34d 21.06c 42.33b 20.00c 10.44d 55.66c 85.00f 109.69b 6.66c L2 2.39a 0.12c 1.38a 0.38d 35.95a 10.00e 16.00d 25.61c 65.33b 125.33a 115.01b 6.50c L4 2.27a 0.18c 1.22a 0.83b 29.38b 51.00a 20.00c 26.51c 63.00b 92.00d 144.46a 7.50c L5 2.02b 0.12c 0.91a 0.97b 18.56c 32.00c 20.00c 23.65c 63.00b 96.00c 153.04a 7.00c L6 2.03b 0.11c 1.07a 0.27d 29.01b 9.66e 11.66d 6.09d 76.00a 124.00a 132.79b 6.33c L7 1.21d 0.09c 1.29a 0.24d 41.12a 13.33d 20.66c 7.15d 62.33b 124.66a 110.86b 6.83c HS1×L2 2.07b 0.15c 0.44b 0.51c 22.84c 7.33e 18.33c 10.16d 62.33b 122.33b 181.12a 6.73c HS1×L7 2.48a 0.15c 1.16a 0.76c 26.87b 55.33a 25.00b 31.51b 65.00b 125.00a 108.82b 9.50b L1×L7 2.20a 0.16c 0.92a 0.40d 20.00c 35.33c 26.33b 14.18d 62.33b 119.00b 122.22b 6.86c L2×L5 2.51a 0.23b 0.64b 1.42a 19.69c 4.33e 28.33b 41.62b 67.00b 127.00a 167.20a 11.00a L2×L6 1.94b 0.22b 0.48b 1.56a 18.73c 3.66e 24.66b 41.21b 59.66c 119.66b 155.45a 12.66a L6×L4 2.09b 0.30a 0.90a 0.89b 26.67b 1.66e 56.33a 51.60a 65.00b 126.33a 109.82b 7.03c L6×L7 2.72a 0.16c 1.01a 0.54c 24.20c 9.33e 54.66a 37.31b 68.00b 122.33b 115.01b 9.30b DP 0.43 0.06 0.35 0.42 8.05 18.45 13.11 14.90 8.99 15.52 28.54 2.26 Cotyledonary leaf length (CLL, cm), cotyledonary leaf width (CLW, cm), plant height (PH, cm), canopy width (CW, cm), height at the first bifurcation (HFB, cm), stem width (SD, cm), leaf length (LL, cm), leaf width (LW, cm), corolla length (CL, cm), filament length (FIL, cm), fruit weight (FW, cm), fruit length (FL, cm), fruit diameter (FD, cm), Peduncle length (PL, cm), pericarp thickness (PT, cm), placenta length (PLL, cm), fruit fresh matter (FFM, g), dry matter content (DMC, g), seed yield per fruit (SYF), fruit yield per plant (FYP, g), yield (Y, g/plant), days to flowering (DFL), days to fructification (DFR), vitamin C (VITC, %) and total soluble solids (TSS, %). Equal letters in columns do not differ statistically, Scott-Knott test, 5% probability. from 0.28 to 0.70 cm in hybrids HS1 and in breeding programs of ornamental varied from 1.16 cm, in hybrid L6×L7, HS1×L2, respectively. The latter would peppers (Nascimento et al., 2012b, Rêgo to 1.74 cm, in hybrid L2×L6 (Table be the hybrid of interest, since genotypes & Rêgo, 2016; Pessoa et al., 2018), as 3), which was the hybrid of interest, with faster initial development can well as greater facility to adapt to pots, because larger flowers give beauty to be transplanted to pots in less time, a being more attractive to the consumers. the plant, since more attractive and highly desirable property, because it Thus, hybrid L1×L7 should be selected, pleasant to consumers, the higher are the may provide time and costs reduction since its length was 5.13 cm and width chances of it being purchased (Santos to form seedlings (Barroso et al., 2012). was 2.30 cm. et al., 2013). For length and width of the adult Three and five classes were formed Regarding the response shown by leaves, however, three and five classes for the flower-related traits corolla the filament, the mean values varied were formed, respectively. Plants with length and filament length, respectively. between 0.78, in hybrid HS1×L7, and shorter leaves have great potential The mean values for corolla length 0.36, observed in hybrids L6×L4 and 318 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Evaluation of production and quality traits in interspecific hybrids of ornamental pepper L6×L7 (Table 3); the latter were those importance, because any contact beyond peppers have had a double purpose, i.e., of interest when aiming to have a necessary with the filament results in addition to their use in the decoration reduction in filament length. A shorter in a deformed fruit, with consequent indoors and in gardens, their fruit can filament would help in the successful reduction in seed yield. and should be consumed or used in the fixation of the crossings, as well as in making of teas or spices (Finger et al., reducing contact with it at the moment Variability was also observed for 2012). Three classes also were formed of the crossing, which is of extreme the morpho-agronomic traits analyzed for fruit weight, whose mean values in the fruits. Recently, ornamental varied from 0.34 to 1.67 g. Line L7 was the lightest, and hybrid L2×L6, the Table 4. Grouping of parents and interspecific hybrids according to Tocher’s method. Areia, heaviest. Analyzing fruit length, four UFPB, 2015. classes were formed, wherein genotype L1 had fruits with the smallest length Group Genotype (1.14 cm), and L2 had the largest ones 1 L4, L5, HS1, L1×L7, HS1×L7, L1, L7, L6×L7, L2×L5 (2.62 cm). For fruit diameter, means varied between 0.55 cm (HS1) and 1.67 2 L2, L2×L6, L6 cm (L2×L6) (Figure 2). 3 HS1×L2 The dimensions of ornamental 4 L6×L4 pepper fruits should be smaller so that there is balance with the plant Table 5. Relative contribution of 27 quantitative traits to diversity between parents and architecture. These traits are correlated interspecific hybrids of Capsicum spp., by Singh method (1981). Areia, UFPB, 2015. negatively with fruit yield per plant. It is noteworthy that the average fruit Trait Relative contribution (%) weight can be changed according to the fruit yield per plant (Rêgo et al., 2011). Fruit yield per plant 20.78 Two hybrids obtained the lowest values for fruit weight, length, and diameter, Leaf width 18.12 L1×L7 and HS1×L2, so they should be selected for ornamental purposes. Yield 12.69 The peduncle length formed three Days to fructification 9.06 classes, with mean values varying between 1.21 and 2.72 cm, which Fruit fresh matter 6.62 corresponded to genotypes L7 and L6×L7, respectively. For ornamental Leaf length 6.35 purposes, it is interesting to select fruits with longer peduncles so that they are Fruit length 4.35 prominent on the leaf, and facilitate harvesting. Seed yield per fruit 4.12 Three classes were formed for Fruit diameter 2.46 pericarp thickness, whose mean values were 0.09 cm, corresponding to parent Pericarp thickness 2.13 L7, and 0.30 cm, corresponding to hybrid L6×L4, which was the one of Fruit weight 1.78 interest, given that selection of peppers with thicker pericarp is positively Days to flowering 1.76 correlated with increased production (Rêgo et al., 2011); moreover, fruits Plant height 1.48 with thicker walls are more resistant to damage during transportation. Vitamin C 1.41 A lower variability was observed Cotyledonary leaf width 1.30 for the placenta length trait, wherein only two classes were formed, which Stem width 1.19 varied between 0.44 cm (HS1×L2) and 1.38 cm (L2). It is important Peduncle length 0.97 to quantify the placenta length, as this is where the greatest amounts of Filament length 0.80 capsaicinoids are found (Zewdie & Bosland, 2001), substance responsible Canopy width 0.79 319 Placenta length 0.45 Corolla length 0.32 Titratable acidity 0.27 Dry matter content 0.27 Anther length 0.16 Total soluble solids 0.11 Height at the first bifurcation 0.11 Cotyledonary leaf length 0.01 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
NFF Nascimento et al. Figure 1. Formed groups, according to Scott Knott's criterion (p≤0.05) for plant architecture. Areia, UFPB, 2015. for the pungency characteristic of fruits, to continue the breeding program of A rich in antioxidant agents (Rêgo & peppers for ornamental purposes. Rêgo, 2016). B The other traits related to productivity The formation of four classes was such as fruit yield per plant and yield Figure 2. Genotype with lowest fruit observed for the trait fruit fresh matter, formed four classes. For these, the diameter (HS1) (A),and highest fruit whose mean values varied between 0.24 lowest mean value was observed in diameter (L2xL6) (B). Areia, UFPB, 2015. cm (L7) and 1.56 cm (L2×L6). This trait parent L6, with approximately 11 is positively correlated with fruit weight fruits per plant, and a yield of around nutritional quality can be used in (Rêgo et al., 2011), and for ornamental 6 g. The highest mean was observed in functional gardens. Cultivating peppers purposes, fruits may not remain erect hybrid L6×L4, which showed around with good-quality fruits allows the at the plant, thus not being attractive to 56 fruits per plant, having an average consumer to exert an occupational the consumer. production of around 51 g. Olszewska therapy of high value to mental and et al. (2010) characterized interspecific dietary health (Finger et al., 2012). Three classes were formed for hybrids of C. frutescens × C. chinense For vitamin C, the means varied from dry matter content trait. The lowest and reported a lower variability for both 94 mg in parent HS1, to 181.12 mg, in content was observed in genotype HS1 traits, observing the formation of only hybrid combination HS1×L2. According (14%), and the greatest was observed two groups for them. to Patrick et al. (2016), the vitamin C in genotype L7 (41.12%). Greater dry content found in pepper surpasses that matter contents, as well as greater Regarding the traits seed yield per of orange. Rêgo et al. (2012) reported pericarp thicknesses, have a direct fruit, fruit yield per plant, yield, fruit values in C. chinense of 99 mg; around influence on fruit firmness (Ferrão et color, flower size, and plant architecture, 28 g of pepper are required to provide al., 2011). the hybrid L6×L4 should be selected as the daily amount of vitamin C that an garden cultivar. adult human needs (60 mg). Then this Five classes were formed for the hybrid has potential to continue the trait seed yield per fruit, which varied The precociousness traits days to on average, from 1.66 for hybrid L6×L4 flowering, and days to fructification to 41.12 cm, in parent L7. The use of had three and six classes, respectively. interspecific hybridization in breeding Parent L1 was the most precocious, as programs of Capsicum spp. is widely it flowered at 55 days and fructified restricted, especially due to the low at 85 days, both counts made after viability and number of hybrid seeds transplantation (Table 3). Among the obtained (Nascimento et al., 2012a). evaluated interspecific hybrids, L2×L6 Thus, although the interspecific hybrids was the most precocious, flowering at evaluated here were not superior to some 59 days and fructifying 119 days after parents (L1, L4, and L5), it is worth transplantation. For these traits, similar stressing that the combination HS1×L7 variability was observed by Thul et al. obtained around 26 seeds per fruit; this (2009), evaluating genetic diversity in same hybrid obtained the smallest size 24 accessions of Capsicum spp. and dimensions of fruit, which indicates that it is a promising combination Two classes were formed for the trait vitamin C. Fruits with a high 320 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Evaluation of production and quality traits in interspecific hybrids of ornamental pepper Figure 3. Graphic dispersion of scores relative to the axes representing the canonical chinense), which formed group three, variables (VC1, VC2 and VC3) for 27 traits studied in parents and interspecific hybrids of showed the greatest values for the traits Capsicum ssp. Identification of genotypes: 1= HS1; 2= L1; 3= L2; 4= L4; 5= L5; 6= L6; cotyledonary leaf width (0.70 cm), 7= L7; 8= HS1×L2; 9= L2×L6; 10= HS1×L7; 11= L1×L7; 12= L2×L5; 13= L6×L4; 14= leaf length (14.66 cm), and vitamin C L6×L7. Areia, UFPB, 2015. (181.12 mg). Such values are of interest when aiming to obtain plantlets with a breeding program for fruit quality. based on generalized Mahalanobis faster initial development, which may The total acidity was lowest in distance, the parents and interspecific reduce production costs (Barroso et al., hybrids were clustered in four groups 2012), and generate fruits with a greater genotype L6 (0.43 g) and highest in (Table 4), which demonstrates that nutritional value. Greater leaf length hybrid L6×L7 (1.31 g). Ornamental there is variability among them for alone is not interesting, given that, peppers can and should have their the evaluated traits. In this method, for ornamental purposes, leaves must fruit consumed fresh, and so, the total individuals belonging to a same group maintain the balance with the plant, titratable acidity influences most the are more homogeneous than individuals so smaller leaves are more preferable flavor of these fruits, in addition to from distinct groups (Cruz et al., (Barroso et al., 2012; Pessoa et al., being an important parameter in the 2011), which would explain the greater 2018). appreciation of the preservation state variation of group one, composed of five of a food product (Rêgo et al., 2011). of the seven evaluated parents, four of The fourth group was formed by which belong to the same C. annuum hybrid L6×L4 (C. baccatum × C. For total soluble solids, three classes species (HS1, L1, L4, and L5), and annuum), which showed the lowest were formed, in which the means varied one to C. frutenscens (L7), as well as values for height at the first bifurcation from 6.33% (L6) to 12% (L2×L6). Total their offspring in hybrid combinations (2.50 cm) and seeds per fruit (1.66) soluble solids content is positively L1×L7 and HS1×L7 (C. annuum × C. traits. Although it is interesting that the correlated with pericarp thickness frutescens), L6×L7 (C. baccatum × C. height at the first bifurcation be low (Lannes et al., 2007; Rêgo et al., frutescens) and L2×L5 (C. chinense × in order to reduce the size of pepper 2011); fruits with thicker pericarp C. annuum) (Table 4). plants, this same genotype showed the are more resistant to damages during greatest corona diameter (95 cm); this transportation, which provides them Parents L2 (C. chinense) and L6 (C. relationship is not desirable, because for with fresher appearance for longer baccatum) and the hybrid combination a smaller size, plant height, height at the period (Schuelter et al., 2010). In resulting from this crossing, L2×L6, first bifurcation, and corona diameter addition, fruits with high levels of total formed the second group (Table 4). must be low. soluble solids have less water to be These genotypes belonged to the same removed during drying, in addition to class, according to Scott-Knott’s test Hybrid L6×L4 also showed the reduced contamination by fungi and probability, for seed yield per fruit, highest values for the traits pericarp pathogenic bacteria (Rêgo et al., 2011). pericarp thickness, and acidity (Table thickness (0.30 cm) and fruit yield per 3). These traits were some of those that plant (56.33). These characteristics are Genetic divergence most contributed to genetic diversity. of interest for ornamental purposes, since, according to Rêgo et al. (2011), Analyzing the genetic divergence, Hybrid HS1×L2 (C. annuum × C. the selection of peppers with a thicker according to Tocher’s methodology pericarp is positively correlated with increased production. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 The relative importance of 27 quantitative traits tested by Singh’s method (1981), showed that eight of these traits contributed with 82% of the genetic diversity, whereas 19 contributed with only 18% (Table 5). The variables that most contributed to divergence were fruit yield per plant, with 21%, and leaf width, with 1%. These traits can help in the selection of superior genotypes for them, which makes them important in the breeding of ornamental peppers. The variable that contributed the least to divergence by Singh’s method was cotyledonary leaf length (0.0019%). This variable can be discarded in future divergence studies because, according to 321
NFF Nascimento et al. Rêgo et al. (2003), traits that contributed and poor size. Beside these traits they NASCIMENTO, MF; FINGER, FL; with a very low percentage or that did showed larger flowers, earliness, fruit BRUCKNER, CH; SILVA, NJ; RÊGO, MM. not contribute at all for the detected quality and yield. 2012b. Heritability and variability for port variability can be discarded. traits in a segregating generation of ornamental REFERENCES pepper. Acta Horticulture 953: 299-304. In the analysis of canonical variables there was phenotypic diversity among ALVARES, RC; REIS, EF; PINTO, JFN. 2012. NASCIMENTO, NFF; RÊGO, ER; RÊGO, MM; the studied genotypes, in which the Genetic divergence in pepper genotypes from NASCIMENTO, MF; ALVES, LIF. 2012a. first three canonical variables explained southwest Goiás. 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Pimentas ornamentais: aceitação (Table 4), since the separation by the two components of seedling and plant height of e preferências do público consumidor. methods was the same, but graphically pepper (Capsicum annuum) for medicinal Horticultura Brasileira 34: 102-109. group 1 had greater separation, wherein and ornamental purposes. ActaHorticulturae genotypes HS1, L4 and L5 were placed 953: 269-275. OLSZEWSKA, D; NIKLAS-NOWAK, A; in a different group (Figure 3). NOWACZYK, P. 2010. Variation in the COSTA, MSD; RÊGO, MM.; SILVA,APG; RÊGO, quantitative characters of androgenic pepper The separation of these groups ER; BARROSO, PA. 2016. Characterization lines derived from hybrid Capsicum frutescens in the graph depends on the scale and genetic diversity of pepper (Capsicum spp) x Capsicum chinense Jacq. Vegetable Crops utilized, which shows one of the parents and interspecific hybrids. Genetics and Research Bulletin 73: 5-11. subjective aspects of this type of genetic Molecular Research 15: 1-12. dissimilarity analysis (Cruz et al., 2011). PATRICK, AO; FABIAN, UA; PEACE, IC; CRUZ, CD. 2013. Genes: a software package FRED, OO. 2016. Determination of variation According to the weighting for analysis in experimental statistics and of vitamin ‘C’ content of some fruits and coefficients, the canonical variable that quantitative genetics. Acta Scientiarum vegetables consumed in Ugbokolo after contributed the least to genetic diversity Agronomy 35: 271-276. prolonged storage. Journal of Environmental was total soluble solids. This trait Science, Toxicology and Food Technology should be discarded in future studies CRUZ, CD; FERREIRA, FM; PESSONI, LA. 10: 17-19. because, in the analysis of canonical 2011. Biometria aplicada ao estudo da variables, traits that have shown the diversidade genética. Visconde do Rio Branco: PESSOA, AMS; RÊGO, ER; CARVALHO, MG; highest weighting coefficient among Suprema. SANTOS, CAP; RÊGO, MM. 2018. Genetic the accessions are discarded (Cruz et diversity among accessions of Capsicum al., 2011), thereby saving time, labor, FERRÃO, LFV; CECON, PR; FINGER, FL; annuum L. through morphoagronomic and financial resources in future studies. SILVA, FF; PUIATTI, M. 2011. Divergência characters. Genetics and Molecular Research genética entre genótipos de pimenta com 17: 1-15. In the conditions of this study, base em caracteres morfo-agrônomicos. traits that contributed the most to the HorticulturaBrasileira 29: 354-358. RÊGO, ER; NASCIMENTO, MF; variability between parents and hybrids NASCIMENTO, NFF; SANTOS, RMC; analyzed were fruit yield per plant and FINGER, FL; RÊGO, ER; SEGATTO, FB; FORTUNATO, FLG; RÊGO, MM. 2012. leaf width. Both are easy to obtain and NASCIMENTO, NFF; RÊGO, M. 2012. Testing methods for producing self-pollinated are of great interest for the production Produção e potencial de mercado para pimenta fruits in ornamental peppers. Horticultura of ornamental peppers. The traits with ornamental. Informe Agropecuário 33: 14-20. Brasileira 30: 708-711. smaller contribution for diversity were cotyledonary leaf length and total FRANÇA, CFM; RIBEIRO, WS; SANTOS, RÊGO, ER; RÊGO, MM. 2016. Genetics and soluble solids, these are difficult to MNS; PETRUCCI, KPOS; RÊGO, ER; breeding of Chili Pepper. In: RÊGO, ER; measure and can be discarded in future FINGER, FL. 2018. Growth and quality RÊGO, MM; FINGER, FL (org). Production studies with these genotypes. of potted ornamental peppers treated with and breeding of chilli peppers (Capsicum spp.). paclobutrazol. Pesquisa Agropecuária 1ed.: Springer. p. 57-80. Obtaining interspecific hybrids Brasileira 53: 316-322. of ornamental peppers with a ideal RÊGO, ER; RÊGO, MM; CRUZ, CD; CECON, ideotype to producers and consumers is IPGRI - International Plant Genetic Resoucers PR; AMARAL, DSSL; FINGER, FL. 2003. not easy. In this work we can indicate the Institute. 1995. Descritores para Capsicum Genetic diversity analysis of peppers: a selection of the combinations HS1xL7, (Capsicum spp). Roma, 51p. comparison of discarding variable methods. L2xL6 and HS1xL2, which presented Crop Breeding Applied Biotecnologhy 3: the best performance regarding the SILVA NETO, JJ; RÊGO, ER; NASCIMENTO, 19-26. evaluated characters and the harmony MF; SILVA FILHO, VAL; ALMEIDA NETO, between plant height, canopy width JX; RÊGO, MM. 2014. Variabilidade em RÊGO, ER; RÊGO, MM; CRUZ, CD; FINGER, população base de pimenteiras ornamentais FL; CASALI, VWD. 2011. Phenotypic (Capsicum annuum L.). Revista Ceres 61: diversity, correlation and importance of 84-89. variables for fruit quality and yield traits in Brazilian peppers (Capsicum baccatum). LANNES, SD; FINGER, FL; SCHUELTER, AR; Genetic Resource Crop Evolution 58: 909-918. CASALI, VWD. 2007. Growth and quality of Brazilian accessions of Capsicum chinense RÊGO, ER; RÊGO, MM; SILVA, DF; CORTEZ, fruits. ScientiaHorticulturae 112: 266-270. RM; SAPUCAY, MJLC; SILVA, DR; SILVA JÚNIOR, SJ. 2009. Selection for leaf and LIMA, JAM; REGO, ER; PORCINO, MM; plant size and longevity of ornamental SILVA, GHN; CARVALHO, MG; PESSOA, peppers (Capsicum spp.) grown in greenhouse AMS; REGO, MM. 2019. Selection in base condition. Acta Horticulturae 829: 371-375. population of ornamental peppers (Capsicum annuum L.).Journal of Experimental SANTOS, RMC; RÊGO, ER; BORÉM, A; Agriculture International 31: 1-7. NASCIMENTO, NFF; NASCIMENTO, MF; FINGER, FL; CARVALHO, GC; LEMOS, NASCIMENTO, NFF; RÊGO, ER; RC; RÊGO, MM. 2013. Ornamental pepper breeding: Could a chili be a flower ornamental plant?.Acta Horticulturae 1000: 451-456. 322 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Evaluation of production and quality traits in interspecific hybrids of ornamental pepper SCHUELTER, AR; PEREIRA, GM; JÚNIOR coeficiente de variação experimental para MM; VERMA, RK; KHANUJA, SPS. 2009. AMARAL, AT; CASALI, VWD; SCAPIM, caracteres de frutos de pimenteiras. Revista Estimation of phenotypic, divergence in a CA; BARROS, WS; FINGER, FL. 2010. Ceres 58: 168-171. collection of Capsicum species for yield- Genetic control agronomically important related traits. Euphytica 168: 189-196. traits of pepper fruit analyzed by Hayman’s SINGH, D. 1981. The relative importance of partial diallel cross scheme. Genetic Molecular characters affecting genetic divergence. Indian ZEWDIE, Y; BOSLAND, P. 2001. Combining Reseach 9: 113-117. Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41: ability and heterosis for capsaicinoids in 237-245. Capsicum pubescens. Horticulturae Science SILVA, AR; CECON , PR; RÊGO, ER; 36: 1315-1317. NASCIMENTO, M. 2011. Avaliação do THUL, ST; LAL, RK; SHASANY, AK; DAROKAR, MP; GUPTA, AK; GUPTA, Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 323
Research PIOVESAN, B; PADILHA, AC; BOTTON, M; ZOTTI, MJ. 2019. Entomofauna and potential pollinators of strawberry crop under semi-hydroponic conditions. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 324-330. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190311 Entomofauna and potential pollinators of strawberry crop under semi- hydroponic conditions Bruna Piovesan 1ID; Aline C Padilha 1ID; Marcos Botton 2ID; Moisés João Zotti 1ID 1Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas-RS, Brasil; [email protected]; [email protected]; moises.zotti@ ufpel.edu.br; 2Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves-RS, Brasil; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO Strawberry cultivation under semi-hydroponic conditions Entomofauna e potenciais polinizadores da cultura do has increased in the Southern region of Brazil since it facilitates morangueiro em cultivo semi-hidropônico management, besides avoiding weather adversities, pests and diseases. However, protected environment can hamper the access O cultivo do morangueiro no sistema semi-hidropônico tem of pollinator insects, essential for crop productivity. This work aumentado na região Sul do Brasil por facilitar o manejo, além de aimed to know the entomofauna associated with strawberry cultivar evitar adversidades climáticas, pragas e doenças. Contudo, nesse Albion cultivated under semi-hydroponic conditions and to identify sistema, o ambiente protegido pode dificultar o acesso de insetos potential species of native pollinating bees. Insects were captured at polinizadores, fundamentais para a produtividade da cultura. different times of the day (9:30 a.m., 12:30 p.m. and 3:30 p.m.) in Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a entomofauna three commercial crops located in Bento Gonçalves and Farroupilha, associada ao morangueiro da cultivar Albion cultivado no sistema Rio Grande do Sul. In each study area, three days of sampling were semi-hidropônico e identificar potenciais espécies de abelhas nativas carried out during January 2017. The flowers were visited by 47 polinizadoras. Os insetos foram capturados em diferentes períodos species of insects. Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) was the most do dia (9h30min, 12h30min e 15h30min) em três cultivos comerciais abundant, constant, dominant and frequent species. Twelve species localizados nos municípios de Bento Gonçalves e Farroupilha, Rio of native bees were identified: Tetragonisca fiebrigi, Tetrapedia sp., Grande do Sul. Em cada área de estudo foram realizados três dias Trigona spinipes, Schwarziana quadripunctata, Plebeia emerina, de amostragens durante janeiro de 2017. As flores foram visitadas P. remota, Bombus pauloensis (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Dialictus por 47 espécies de insetos. Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foi sp.1, Dialictus sp.2, Augochloropsis sp.1, Augochloropsis sp.2, a espécie mais abundante, constante, dominante e frequente. Doze and Augochlora sp.1 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). All these species espécies de abelhas nativas foram identificadas: Tetragonisca fiebrigi, are potential pollinators of the crop. The native species T. fiebrigi, Tetrapedia sp., Trigona spinipes, Schwarziana quadripunctata, P. emerina and P. remota present potential for directed pollination Plebeia emerina, P. remota, Bombus pauloensis (Hymenoptera: of the strawberry under protected cultivation due to abundance and Apidae), Dialictus sp.1, Dialictus sp.2, Augochloropsis sp.1, ease of management. Augochloropsis sp.2 e Augochlora sp.1 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Todas essas espécies são potenciais polinizadoras da cultura. As espécies nativas T. fiebrigi, P. emerina e P. remota apresentam potencial para polinização dirigida do morangueiro em cultivo protegido devido a abundância e facilidade de manejo. Keywords: Fragaria x ananassa, pollination, agriculture, diversity, Palavras-chave: Fragaria x ananassa, polinização, agricultura, native bees. diversidade, abelhas nativas. Received on September 19, 2018; accepted on May 28, 2019 Belonging to the group of small fruits, and Distrito Federal. The average technological advances which contribute strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) productivity is about 30 t ha-1, marked for expansion of cultivated area (Antunes is the most widespread crop in the differences between regions, depending et al., 2015). Semi- hydroponic system world, being cultivated in nearly all on the location and cultivation system shows as one of the main advantages temperate to tropical climate countries adopted can be noticed, though (Antunes the ease in performing cultural practices (Galvão, 2014). In Brazil, strawberry et al., 2015). compared to the conventional system, cultivation is popular in several regions, since it consists of benches which most notably in the states of Minas In the last decades, the use of semi- support packings with substrates Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, São hydroponic system in high tunnel attached to the irrigation system. The Paulo, Espírito Santo, Santa Catarina greenhouse and genetic breeding development of cultivars indifferent to of plants represented important 324 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Entomofauna and potential pollinators of strawberry crop under semi-hydroponic conditions photoperiod (day-neutral) extended the MATERIAL AND METHODS authors also used Bacillus subtilis, for production period, allowing cultivation managing Botrytis cinerea (Helotiales: in places with mild temperatures during Study areas Sclerotiniaceae). flowering (10-20ºC) and all year long (Costa et al., 2014). In Rio Grande The study was carried out in The landscape surrounding the do Sul, Serra Gaúcha is an important three commercial areas using cultivar areas was characterized as follows: strawberry producer region, in protected Albion: area A in Bento Gonçalves-RS area A= existence of small native forest environment, under these photoperiodic (29º10’47.97’’S; 51º24’44.20’’O; 573 m fragments near protected cultivation; conditions, where cultivars Aromas and altitude); areas B and C in Farroupilha- area B= presence of large native forest Albion stand out (Costa et al., 2014). RS (29º10’45.81’’S; 51º21’28, 21’’O; fragments around cultivation; and 583 m altitude; 29º08’35.37’’S; area C= lateral fragment formed by On strawberry crop, pollination 51º21’59.82’’O; 565 m altitude). The eucalyptus and fruit monocultures is essential to reach physiological local climate is humid temperate, (persimmon tree, vine and peach tree). maturity, produce fruits and seeds. according to Köppen’s classification Although most cultivars are self-fertile, (Moreno, 1961). Sampling of floral visitors some show variations on their self- pollination ability (Witter et al., 2014). The authors used a semi-hydroponic To collect floral visitors, 25-meter In many cases stigma becomes receptive system in the three areas, with four transects/cultivation lines were before anthers release pollen, favoring strawberry plants grown on benches and randomly established (adapted from cross-pollination (Roselino et al., 2009). in plastic bags with substrate. Nutrient Vaissiéri et al., 2011). Insects were Pollinating agents like bees are able to availability was carried out through collected directly from flowers with carry pollen among different plants, dripping irrigation system, 12-cm entomological net, totaling three promoting pollination (Zebrowska, spacing between plants. Cultivation was sampling days per area in January 2017. 1998). in a protected environment with plastic Two previously trained collectors ran cover (in a high tunnel greenhouse, arch each predetermined transect at the same However, cultivation under type) (30 m length) with open sides. time for fifteen minutes (7.5 min round protected environment conditions may Flowering and fruiting of strawberry trip), three times along the day (09:30 be a physical barrier to the action of was noticed all over the period of a.m., 12:30 p.m. and 3:30 p.m.). Soon pollinating insects (Antunes et al., this study, since the used cultivar is after collection, insects were stored 2007). Insufficient amounts of pollen indifferent to the photoperiod (day- in falcon tubes (50 mL) containing and lack of individuals to carry it neutral). cotton moistened with ethyl acetate. In among flowers result in imperfect egg laboratory, insects were sorted, counted, fertilization, which decreases hormone Traditional crop managements mounted with entomological pins production, especially auxins, which were kept, such as stolon removal, dry and labeled (Malagodi-Braga, 2002). would promote the growth of the leaves and leaves in excess, application Specimen identification was performed receptacle area near the achene (Abrol of insecticides and fungicides and fruit using a stereomicroscope, with the aid et al., 2017). These factors contribute harvest. Management of these pesticides of dichotomous keys and specialists and to high percentages of fruit deformation was similar in areas A and B; in area later deposited in the Ceslau Biesanko and lower yield (Malagodi-Braga, 2002; C, history of application along the Museum entomological collection, Witter et al., 2012). Considering the development of the crop showed the belonging to Universidade Federal de global importance of this fruit and the adoption of more intense management Pelotas, Pelotas-RS. The collections high investment in its implementation in relation to the other areas, though. were performed on sunny days, with and management, it is essential to The active ingredients used in area mild winds and temperatures above or take pollination into account. Some C were: fluazinam, pyrimethanil, equal 15ºC. studies on species of floral visitors in azoxystrobin + difeconazole, strawberry were carried out under open procimidone, boscalide + cresoxim- Data analysis field cultivation (Malagodi-Braga, methyl, abamectin, chlorfenapyr, The diversity of insects in the 2002; Albano et al., 2009; Connelly et azadiractin and spinetoram. The study areas was evaluated by using al., 2015; Abrol et al., 2017), whereas occurrence of strawberry borer Lobiopa Hill’s diversity profile (1973) using R in protected environments, few studies insularis (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) statistical program. Faunistic analysis can be found in literature (Antunes et and thrips Frankliniella occidentalis was performed to define the abundance, al., 2007; Roselino et al., 2009, Witter (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) resulted in constancy, dominance and frequency et al., 2012). the need for frequent applications of classes of bee species, according to chlorphenapyr and spinetoram in this described by Silveira Neto et al. (1976). The aim of this study was to know place. In areas A and B, the following the entomofauna associated with active ingredients were used: fluazinam, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION strawberry flowers cultivated in semi- iprodione, azoxystrobin + difeconazole, hydroponic system in Serra Gaúcha abamectin, azadiractin and chlorfenapyr. A large variety of insects (47 species) Region and identify potential species In area A, besides these ingredients, the was collected visiting strawberry of native pollinating bees. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 325
B Piovesan et al. Table 1. Number of individuals obtained and their respective collection times observed in areas A= Bento Gonçalves-RS, B and C= Farroupilha-RS, 2017. Pelotas, UFPel, 2017. Collection times/area Order/family Genus/species 9:30 a.m. Total 12:30 p.m. Total 3:30 p.m. Total AB C AB C AB C Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera 11 19 33 63 37 39 40 116 21 31 27 79 Tetragonisca fiebrigi 6 - - 6 51 - 64 - - 4 Tetrapedia sp. 1- - 1 -- - -- - - - Trigona spinipes 13 1 5 11 2 4 - 2 - 2 Schwarziana quadripunctata 1- - 1 -- - -- - - - Plebeia emerina -1 - 1 -6 1 7- 1 - 1 Plebeia remota -81 9 -- 1 1- 2 - 2 Bombus pauloensis -- 1 1 -- - -- - - - Halictidae Dialictus sp. 1 6 1 1 8 12 5 1 18 2 2 - 4 Dialictus sp. 2 1- - 1 -1 - 1- - - - Augochloropsis sp.1 1- - 1 -- - -- - - - Augochloropsis sp.2 -- - - -- 1 1- - - - Augochlora sp.1 -- 1 1 -- - -- - - - Diptera Syrphidae Toxomerus sp. MORFO 1 1 2 1 4 3 10 - 13 1 2 - 3 Toxomerus sp. MORFO 2 - - - - -1 - 1- 1 1 2 Toxomerus sp. MORFO 3 - - - - -1 1 21 - 1 2 Toxomerus sp. MORFO 4 -- 1 1 -- - -- - - - Toxomerus sp. MORFO 5 -- - - -- 1 1- - - - Toxomerus sp. MORFO 6 -1 - 1 -- - -- - - - Eristalis sp. MORFO 1 3- - 3 1- - 1- - 1 1 Eristalis sp. MORFO 2 -- - - -- - -1 - - 1 Palpada sp. 21 - 2 -- - -- - - - Quichuana sp. -- - - -- - -- - 1 1 Fanniidae MORFO 1 11 - 2 -- - -11 - 2 MORFO 2 - - - - -1 - 1- - - - MORFO 4 - - - - -1 - 1- - - - Sarcophagidae Archytas sp. -- - - 1- - 11 1 - 2 MORFO 1 -1 - 1 -- - -- - - - MORFO 2 - - - - -1 - 1- - - - Calliphoridae MORFO 1 -- - - -- - -1 - - 1 Lucilia sp. -- - - -- - --1 - 1 Sepsidae -- - - -- - -1 - - 1 Coleoptera Curculionidae 1- - 1 -- 1 1- - - - Cantharidae -1 - 1 1- - 11 - - 1 Chrysomelidae -- - - 1- - 1- - - - Diabrotica speciosa - 9 1 10 1 17 - 18 1 8 - 9 Coccinellidae Coleomegilla quadrifasciata -- - - -- - --1 - 1 Eriopis connexa -- - - 1- - 11 3 - 4 Tenebrionidae Lagria villosa -1 - 1 -- - -- - - - Scarabaeidae Macraspis dichroa -- - - -- - --1 - 1 Hemiptera Geocoridae 1- - 1 -- - -- - - - Miridae MORFO 1 1- - 1 -- - -- - - - MORFO 2 -- - - -- - --1 - 1 Rhyparochromidae - - - - -1 - 1- 1 - 1 Lepidoptera Hesperiidae Hylephila phylaeus phylaeus - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - Conga iheringii -- 1 1 -- - -- - - - Duponchelia fovealis Crambidae -- 2 2 -- - -- - 1 1 Subtotal Total 38 49 44 131 64 87 49 200 37 59 32 128 459 - = missing species. 326 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Entomofauna and potential pollinators of strawberry crop under semi-hydroponic conditions flowers (cultivar Albion), including several studies (Tomé et al., 2015; Pitts- (2011) observed that floral visiting bee species of orders Hymenoptera, Diptera, Singer & Barbour, 2016). The presence richness, visitation rate and fruit yield Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera of larger forest fragments around area of 21 agricultural crops studied in 15 (Table 1). B may explain the higher diversity countries decreased with increasing index, as these sites serve as shelter distance from natural areas. Comparing the study areas (A, B and and nesting for various insect species, C) using Hill’s analysis, we observed especially native bees. In area A, despite The order Hymenoptera was the a higher diversity of floral visitants the existence of small fragments, they most abundant in all study areas, in area B, followed by area A, when were present in larger quantities and followed by the order Diptera in areas A compared to area C (0= species richness; closer to the protected cultivation. and C and the order Coleoptera in area 1= Shannon Wiener index; 2= Simpson The surrounding landscape has an B (Figure 2). The largest abundance of index) (Figure 1). However, regardless effect on the stability of ecosystem Coleoptera in this area was probably of insect diversity, we observed that as services, such as insect pollination due to the high population of Diabrotica equability values were added to the Hill (Halinski et al., 2015). Garibaldi et al. speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). series (to the curve’s right), communities The predominance of insects of these ended up behaving similarly (Figure 1), which indicates similar species Figure 1. Diversity profile (Hill series) of insects at three sample points (area A= Bento distribution. Gonçalves-RS, area B and C: Farroupilha-RS). As it moves to the left of the x-axis, greater importance is given to rare species. When moving to the right side rare species become less Differences in abundance and important, and a greater value to the equability of insect species. Diversity indexes extracted diversity values may be associated from the x-axis: 0= species richness; 1= Shannon index; 2= Simpson index; Inf= Berger- to the management adopted in each Parker index, 2017. Pelotas, UFPel, 2017. area and the inequality between landscapes near the crops. The scarcity of forest fragments and presence of monocultures of fruit trees around area C may have contributed to these results. According to Ricketts et al. (2008), landscape changes due to intensification of agriculture directly threaten biodiversity. In addition, frequent insecticide applications for strawberry borer and thrips management may have influenced the lower insect diversity in this area. Effects of pesticides on non- target organisms have been portrayed in Table 2. Fauna analysis of bee species sampled in three sites with semi-hydroponic strawberry. Pelotas, UFPel, 2017. Genus or species/area A B C ACD F ACD F Apis mellifera AC D F ma w d mf ma w d mf Tetragonisca fiebrigi c z nd f ---- Tetrapedia sp. ma w d mf ---- ---- Trigona spinipes c yd f cyd f Schwarziana quadripunctata ma w d mf ---- ---- Dialictus sp. 1 ma w d mf czdf Dialictus sp. 2 c z nd f c z nd f ---- Augochloropsis sp.1 ---- ---- Augochloropsis sp.2 c z nd f ---- c z nd f Plebeia emerina c yd f c z nd f Plebeia remota c z nd f c yd f czdf Augochlora sp.1 ---- c z nd f Bombus pauloensis ma w d mf ---- c z nd f c z nd f c z nd f -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - A= Abundance: ma= very abundant; c= common; C= Constancy: w=constant; y= accessory; z= accidental; D= Dominance: d= dominant; nd= non-dominant; F= Frequency: mf= very frequent; f= frequent; - = absent. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 327
B Piovesan et al. A most grow on decaying organic matter. B Coleoptera of families Curculionidae, Cantharidae, Chrysomelidae (D. C speciosa), Tenebrionidae (Lagria villosa) and Scarabaeidae (Macraspis Figure 2. Relative abundance of insect orders collected in strawberry flowers cultivar Albion in dichroa) were present in the flowers the study areas. A= Bento Gonçalves-RS; B and C= Farroupilha, 2017. Pelotas, UFPel, 2017. for food. Diabrotica speciosa was observed damaging the reproductive three orders was also observed in species of Diptera and Coleoptera are structures of strawberry. Eriopis flowers of ‘Campinas’ and ‘Dover’ generalist insect predators, which can connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) strawberry cultivated in open system explain their presence in flowers, as and Coleomegilla quadrifasciata (Malagodi-Braga, 2002). This indicates besides prey which may appear, they (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are that even under protected cultivation, also feed on pollen, an excellent protein predators and, just like hemiptera of as in the case of this greenhouse model source (Casari & Ide, 2012). Family families Geocoridae and Miridae are adopted in the present study, insects Syrphidae (Diptera) was represented by present in the environment, playing go to the flowers for food resources, several species, among them the genera an important role in biological control and bees, main representatives of the Toxomerus, Eristalis, Palpada and of insects-pests. Rhyparochromidae hymenoptera, stand out because they Quichuana. In adulthood, these species (Hemiptera) and the species Hylephila remove nectar and large amounts of mimic bees and wasps, feeding almost phylaeus phylaeus, Conga iheringii pollen to feed the young (Malagodi- exclusively on pollen and nectar. During (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), as well as Braga, 2002). the search for these resources, they end Duponchelia fovealis (Lepidoptera: up carrying pollen adhering to their Crambidae), were considered floral In relation to species richness, the bristles, and may complement the bees visitors, as they were present only order Diptera stood out from the rest in pollinating flowers (Marinoni et al., for food and sometimes causing in areas A and B. In other studies, 2007; Abrol et al., 2017). Other species damages to strawberry plants, such high richness of Diptera in strawberry of families Faniidae, Sarcophagidae, as Rhyparochromidae and D. fovealis flowers of cultivars Chandler and Calliphoridae and Sepsidae (Diptera) (Bernardi et al., 2015). Camarosa was observed (Albano et al., are considered only floral visitors, since 2009; Abrol et al., 2017). Most collected Richness of visiting floral species of the order Hymenoptera was similar in all study areas, with eight species in areas A and C, and seven species in area B, composed of bees belonging to families Apidae and Halictidae (Table 1). The most abundant species was Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), representing 62.7% of the hymenoptera sampled in area A, 72.4% in area B and 90.1% in area C (Table 1). According to faunal analysis, this species was classified as the most abundant, constant, dominant and very common in all sampled areas (Table 2). Similar results were found in studies evaluating the diversity of insects in cultivars Campinas, Dover and Chandler (Malagodi-Braga, 2002; Abrol et al., 2017). These bees live in colonies with hundreds to thousands of individuals and are easily found due to high foraging activity as they need to collect large amounts of pollen to feed their young (Malagodi-Braga, 2002). They currently represent the main species managed for pollination of agricultural crops worldwide (Rosa et al., 2019). Besides A. mellifera, several species of native bees were found: 328 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Entomofauna and potential pollinators of strawberry crop under semi-hydroponic conditions Trigona spinipes, Tetragonisca fiebrigi, species in their natural habitat, by action of different bee species makes the Plebeia emerina, P. remota, Bombus maintaining forest fragments close to pollination process even more effective, pauloensis, Tetrapedia sp., Schwarziana strawberry crops. assisting mainly in improving fruit quadripunctata (Hymenoptera: formation (Malagodi-Braga & Kleinert, Apidae), Dialictus sp.1, Dialictus sp.2, The sampling time with the highest 2007). Augochlora sp.1, Augochloropsis sp.1, abundance and richness of flower- and Augochloropsis sp.2 (Hymenoptera: visiting bees was at 12:30 p.m. in all To simultaneously benefit crop Halictidae), totalizing 13 species areas (Table 1). The decreased visitation and preserve pollinator species, it potentially pollinating crop (Table 1). throughout the afternoon may have been is recommended that insecticides In area A, Dialictus sp.1 and T. fiebrigi influenced by the reduced availability and/or fungicides should be applied, were the most abundant (18.2% and of floral resources. According to when necessary, in the late afternoon, 13.6%, respectively). In area B, the most Polatto et al. (2014), after a certain trying to coincide with the lowest abundant native bees were P. remota period of the day, the scarcity of floral pollinator activity times. In addition, (8.1%), Dialictus sp.1 (6.5%) and P. resources produced by most plants can the maintenance of native forests around emerina (6.5%), whereas in area C these stimulate bees to forage flowers early protected cultivations is fundamental for bees represent only about 10% of the in subsequent days. Imperatriz-Fonseca the natural reproduction of the species. collected floral visiting hymenoptera et al. (1985) highlight that resource (Tables 1 and 2). availability is one of external factors In summary, strawberry cultivation which regulate the flight activity of bees. in semi-hydroponic system is visited by Among native species, T. fiebrigi, P. a wide entomofauna, including insects remota and P. emerina are easily found Higher number of native bees and of the orders Hymenoptera, Diptera, in biomes in the state of Rio Grande individuals visited flowers until 12:30 Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera, do Sul and, in relation to their good p.m., with declining activities after being Hymenoptera the most frequent adaption to rational management, they this period (Table 1). Similar behavior and abundant. The 13 bee species show a great potential to use in large- was verified in melon plants (Cucumis belonging to the Apidae families (A. scale in protected crops. Tetragonisca melo), where native bees preferred to mellifera, T. fiebrigi, Tetrapedia sp., T. angustula and P. nigriceps, belonging visit inflorescences in order to collect spinipes, S. quadripunctata, P. emerina, to the same genera of the species pollen and nectar during morning time P. remota and B. pauloensis) and observed in this work, were efficient in (until 12 p.m.), when temperatures Halictidae (Dialictus sp.1, Dialictus sp.2, pollinating strawberry flowers cultivated tend to be milder (Tschoeke et al., Augochloropsis sp.1, Augochloropsis in protected environment, reducing 2015). The abundance of individuals sp.2, Augochlora sp.1), are potential mainly the percentage of deformed of species A. mellifera was higher at pollinators of the crop, since they present fruits (Antunes et al., 2007; Witter et 12:30 p.m., remaining more active than adaptations for transporting pollen. In al., 2012). Trigona spinipes and B. the other species after 3:30 p.m. (Table the municipalities of Bento Gonçalves pauloensis were also found, however, 1); according to Chang et al. (2001), and Farroupilha, the introduction of T. some authors report difficulties of their foraging pattern is between 10 fiebrigi, P. emerina or P. remota hives managing these pollinating species, and 4 p.m. Tschoeke et al. (2015) into protected strawberry crops may be since they build their nests in trees verified that A. mellifera maintained its an alternative to the pollination deficit and pre-existing cavities, respectively activity during afternoon, only to collect due to abundance and easy handling of (Marsaro Júnior et al., 2017). nectar, though. Interspecific differences these species. in foraging activities may be directly Dialictus sp.1 was the most abundant related to abiotic factors (temperature, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS native bee in the three areas. Genus luminosity and relative humidity) and Dialictus, as well as genera Augochlora the generalist habit of A. mellifera, To Dr. Juliana Galaschi Teixeira and Augochloropsis, comprise solitary which has populous swarms with a (Instituto Tecnológico Vale Belém-PA) or semi-social bees, known as metallic high need for food resources, making and to Dr. Eduardo José Ely e Silva bees. These bees are easily found it efficient in recruitment of individuals (UFPel/FAEM, Pelotas-RS) for helping pollinating several crops, belonging (Giannini et al., 2015). identify insects. To Dr. Charles Fernando to the genera with the highest species do Santos (PUC, Porto Alegre-RS) for richness in Southern Brazil (Halinski et Knowing some particularities helping analyze data. To Embrapa Uva al., 2015). Despite the ease of being found among species may contribute to adopt e Vinho (Bento Gonçalves-RS) and to in agroecosystems, and the important management strategies for strawberry- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande pollination service they deliver, little crop pollination. One possibility to do Sul (Porto Alegre-RS) to make the is known about their biology, and the optimize this ecosystem service is the entomology laboratories available fact that they are socially poor makes association of A. mellifera, managed for identifications. To Coordination rational management of pollination in hives near the crops, with native of Improvement of Higher Education difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to bees, which can be installed inside Personnel (CAPES, Finance Code 001) adopt conservation measures for these protected environments and preserved in for granting scholarships. surrounding forests. The complementary Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 329
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Research RAGASSI, CF; ZUCOLOTTO, J; GOMES, LM; RIBEIRO, CSC; MADEIRA, NR; REIFSCHNEIDER, FJB. 2019. Productivity, quality of fruits and architecture of Jalapeño pepper at different planting densities. Horticultura Brasileira 37:331-337. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190312 Productivity, quality of fruits and architecture of Jalapeño pepper at different planting densities Carlos Francisco Ragassi 1ID; Juliana Zucolotto 2ID; Lucas M Gomes 3ID; Cláudia SC Ribeiro 1ID; Nuno Rodrigo Madeira 1ID; Francisco José B Reifschneider 4ID 1Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília-DF, Brasil; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; 2Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), Piracicaba-SP, Brasil; [email protected]; 3Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia-GO, Brasil; [email protected]; 4Embrapa Secretaria de Inteligência e Relações Estratégicas, Brasília-DF, Brasil; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO Mechanizing the harvest of Jalapeño pepper involves changes Produtividade, qualidade de frutos e arquitetura de plantas in the production system. Spacings between plants in rows (10 to 40 de pimenta Jalapeño em diferentes adensamentos de plantio cm; 60 cm fixed between rows) were evaluated in relation to plant architecture, productivity and fruit quality of cultivar BRS Sarakura Mecanizar a colheita de pimenta Jalapeño exige adequação do during three years, in a randomized complete block design with five sistema de produção. Espaçamentos entre plantas na linha (10 a 40 replicates. Productivity (41.9 to 78.8 t ha-1) and plant height (40.1 to cm; 60 cm fixo entre linhas) foram avaliados quanto à arquitetura da 47.3 cm) responded linearly to density; on the other hand, productivity planta, produtividade e qualidade de frutos da cultivar BRS Saraku- per plant responded negatively (0.48 to 1.04 kg plant-1). The stem first ra, durante três anos no delineamento blocos ao acaso, com cinco bifurcation height was little influenced. Fruit chemical analyses were repetições. A produtividade de frutos (41,9 a 78,8 t ha-1) e a altura de carried out in the second year of the experiment; spacing significantly planta (40,1 a 47,3 cm) responderam de forma linear ao adensamento, influenced pH (5.36 to 4.84), total titratable acidity (TTA) (0.48 to ao passo que a produtividade por planta apresentou tendência oposta 0.36%) and total soluble solids (TSS)/TTA ratio (11.5 to 15.6); no (0,48 a 1,04 kg planta-1). A altura da primeira bifurcação do caule influence on TSS (5.65%) was noticed, though. The increase of plant foi pouco influenciada. Análises químicas dos frutos foram feitas no population provided an increase in productivity without affecting segundo ano de condução do experimento; o espaçamento influenciou fruit quality; the highest height of the first bifurcation achieved may significativamente pH (5,36 a 4,84), acidez total titulável (ATT) (0,48 not be enough to enable mechanized harvesting of the cultivar BRS a 0,36%) e relação sólidos solúveis totais (SST)/ATT (11,5 a 15,6), Sarakura. porém não influenciou SST (5,65%). O incremento da população de plantas proporcionou aumento na produtividade sem prejudicar a qualidade dos frutos; a maior altura da primeira bifurcação atingida pode não ser suficiente para possibilitar a colheita mecanizada da cultivar BRS Sarakura. Keywords: Capsicum annuum, mechanized harvesting, crop Palavras-chave: Capsicum annuum, colheita mecanizada, manejo management, processing. cultural, processamento. Received on April 4, 2019; accepted on August 5, 2019 The state of Goiás has, at least, yearly using the Jalapeño pepper cultivar development were high yield, resistance five pepper sauce processing BRS Sarakura, obtained from a long- to diseases and uniformity of plants plants, located in the municipalities of term partnership between the Brazilian and fruits, besides high pungency. In Ouvidor/Catalão, Nerópolis, Goiânia Agricultural Research Corporation that context, harvest was traditionally and Abadiânia (Onoyama et al., 2011). (Embrapa) and a large food industry, performed manually, so, the cultivar Jalapeño pepper (Capsicum annuum in Ouvidor-GO region, covering was developed with traits adapted to that var. annuum) stands out among several practically all the pepper production production system (Embrapa, 2015). varietal groups of pepper grown for areas for industry in that region. This industrial purposes as these fruits are production corresponded to over 50% The demand for raw material to suitable for sauce processing due to of pepper sauce produced in Brazil in produce pepper sauce is increasing; its thick pulp and intense red color 2015 (Reifschneider et al., 2016), last however, growing areas in Ouvidor-GO (Ribeiro, 2008; De Witt & Bosland, survey conducted. region are not increasing, especially due 2009). to harvest labor shortage, a problem The main requirements in the that is getting worse as a result of Approximately 50 ha are cultivated context of the cultivar BRS Sarakura demographic changes, from countryside Hortic. bras., Brasília,v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 331
CF Ragassi et al. to urban centers, predominant in the is changed: to avoid having productivity in each year, was performed on June Country (Embrapa, 2014). From short per area or quality of produced fruits 11, 2015; April 12, 2016, and April 11, to medium turn, this condition can make impaired (Cavero et al., 2001; Paroissien 2017. expansion of processing industries in & Flynn, 2004; Akintoye et al., 2009). the region, which are dependent on raw Treatments and experimental material supply, unfeasible. This study was carried out to evaluate design the influence of spacing between The most logical alternative to plants in planting lines in relation to Treatments consisted of different labor shortage is the mechanization of productivity, plant architecture and fruit spacings between plants in planting harvest operation. However, effective quality of Jalapeño pepper cultivar BRS rows, 20; 25; 30; 35 and 40 cm between technology adoption requires changes in Sarakura. plants in 2015, 15; 20; 25; 30; 35 and production system to meet the minimum 40 cm in 2016 and 10; 15; 20; 25; 30 criteria required by mechanized MATERIAL AND METHODS and 35 cm in 2017. Plant density/ha operation. In particular, the low ranged from 41,666 to 83,333 in 2015, population density adopted in Ouvidor- Obtaining seedling and 41,666 to 111,111 in 2016 and 47,619 to GO region (55,555 plants ha-1 in spacing experimental characterization 166,666 in 2017. Randomized complete 60 cm between rows and 30 cm between block design, with 5 treatments and 5 plants) may be responsible for making Seedlings of cultivar BRS Sarakura replicates (2015) and 6 treatments and the plant architecture excessively were produced in expanded polystyrene 5 replicates (2016 and 2017), was used. low, so that a significant part of the trays with 128 cells, filled with 1:1 The plot consisted of five planting rows, fruits cannot be harvested when the mixture of commercial substrates 3.0 width and 10 m total length. The operation is mechanically performed. Vivato® and Bioplant®. When the lateral end lines and plants 1.0 m from Preliminary estimates accounted for plants showed three or four true leaves the beginning and end of each useful losses from 30 to 40% of fruits, which (approximately 45 days after sowing), line were discarded, considering plot remain attached to the plants after we transplanted them into the field 8-m central lines of the 3 central lines. use of the harvesting machine model (15°55’57.31”S, 48°8’11.36”O, 997 Etgar Moses 1010 imported from m altitude) in furrows spaced 60 cm Evaluated traits of plant and fruit Israel, the only machine available in among each other (minimum value the region. In order to compare, 20% required for using harvesting machine Fruits were harvested at the same is the maximum quantity for loss model Etgar Moses 1010). Soil in the time when the field showed 70% of acceptable in mechanized harvest, experimental area was classified as Red ripe fruits (considering ripe fruits the according to studies carried out in New Oxisol, showing, at planting time in the ones showing red color all over the Mexico State, EUA (Paroissien & Flynn, first experimental cycle, the following surface), on September 30, 2015 (111 2004). However, field experiments in chemical properties in 0 to 20 cm layer: days after transplanting and 173 days Ouvidor-GO region using this machine pH(water)= 5.6, pH(CaCl2)= 5.1, organic after sowing), August 23, 2016 (143 demonstrated that 100% of the fruits matter = 3.7%, P -(Mehlich I) 83 mg dm-³, days after transplanting and 188 after whose insertion is located above 20 K =(Mehlich I) 294 mg dm-³, S(monobasic calcium sowing) and August 29, 2017 (140 days cm high in relation to the ground are =phosphate) 26.4 mg dm-³, Ca= 6.4 cmolc after transplanting and 188 days after actually harvested (Embrapa, 2015). dm-³, Mg= 2.0 cmolc dm-³, Al= 0.0 cmolc sowing). After harvest, fruit mass of 20 dm-³, H+Al= 6.8 cmolc dm-³, total cation plants per plot (2015 and 2016) and ten Denser planting in rows can influence exchange capacity at pH 7.0 (CTCtotal)= plants per plot (2017) was quantified plant height and height of the lowest 15.8 cmolc dm-³, base saturation (V)= and a sample of approximately 1 kg fruit insertion, which may provide 57%, aluminum saturation (m)= 0%, was removed in order to obtain average better plant suitability for mechanized B(hot =water) 0.3 mg dm-³, Zn= 18.6 mg dm-³, fruit mass. A sample of 50 fruits per harvest and, consequently, higher Fe= 46.6 mg dm-³, Mn= 33 mg dm-³ and plot was used in order to establish the yield (Wall et al., 2003; Paroissien & Cu= 3.5 mg dm-³. Soil was prepared, average fruit length. When the plants Flynn, 2004; Funk & Walker, 2009; in the beginning of each evaluation showed full fruiting, plant height and Uchanski & Blalock, 2013; Walker & year, using a harrow, a subsoiler and a first bifurcation height were evaluated, Funk, 2014). Besides, higher density leveling harrow. Finally, furrowing was both in relation to soil level. in spacing between plants in planting performed with planting fertilization rows shows potential response to application, consisting of 30 kg ha-1 Fruit chemical analyses productive increase, especially under N and 80 kg ha-1 P2O5, according to growing conditions in the dry season recommendation for the crop (Ribeiro, Ripe-fruit (completely red) chemical of Brazilian Planalto Central, where 2008). Top dressing fertilization was analyses were performed only in 2016, climatic conditions are not favorable for done using 120 kg ha-1 N and 60 kg year when an industry demand to disease development, normally favored ha-1 K2O, splitted in 6 times, also standardize these parameters was by populational density (Ribeiro, 2008). following the recommendation for the identified. Hydrogen potential (pH), However, production and quality of crop (Ribeiro, 2008). Transplanting, total soluble solids content (TSS) and fruits must be evaluated when spacing total titratable acidity (TTA) were evaluated according to the methodology described by Mattos et al. (2007). 332 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Productivity, quality of fruits and architecture of Jalapeño pepper at different planting densities Statistical analysis & Flynn, 2004; Akintoye et al., 2009), smaller spacing resulted in higher allowing to establish a spacing between productivity of pepper fruits per area A mixed-model joint analysis of plants in rows corresponding to the and lower productivity per plant. On the variance (Moore & Dixon, 2015) was maximum productivity. other hand, Paroissien & Flynn (2004) used to evaluate plant heights and first verified an increase in fruit productivity/ bifurcation heights, productivity and Fruit productivity per plant presented ha due to high density of plants in only length and mass of fruit. The completely an inverse behavior in relation to one of the six conducted experiments, randomized blocks used each year productivity per area (Figure 1B), reduction of productivity in two of showed different number of plots, with highlighting competition between the six conducted experiments and no some treatments in common (spacing plants (Abu & Odo, 2017). The lower effect on productivity in the other three between plants 20, 25, 30 and 35 cm), fruit load per plant without reduction experiments. Probably, the maximum the correction of degrees of freedom of productivity per area is an interesting potential of productivity in the system being performed by the Satterthwaite aspect for an effective mechanized might have been achieved in the study method. We used Shapiro-Wilk test harvesting, since it tends to reduce carried out by Paroissien & Flynn for residue normality and Levene test bending of plants and branches. Similar (2004), considering the used genotypes for homogeneity. Linear, quadratic productive behavior in pepper C. and environmental characteristics of and cubic regression effects were annuum was obtained by Motsenbocker the study, thus mitigating the effect of tested by orthogonal contrasts; when (1996) and Russo (2008), the first density. the values were significant, regression author working with 7.5 to 45-cm equations were established. Statistical spacing between plants (121,100 to The results in this study corroborate significance was considered at 5% 20,200 plants/ha in 1.1-m spacing the results presented by Cavero et al. error probability and the results were between lines) and the second author (2001), in which population density presented as averages ± standard errors. working with 8-48 cm spacing between ranged between 13,000 and the The coefficient of determination (R²) plants (137,000 to 21,500 plants/ha). maximum 533,333 plants/ha, showing and the square root of the mean square Recently, Aminifard et al. (2010) and a reduction in fruit productivity per plant error (RMSE) were also calculated. Paulus et al. (2015) also verified that and an increase of productivity per area All analyses were performed using SAS University Edition (SAS Institute, 2012). Regressions for variables related to fruit chemical analyses were established in relation to spacing between plants when data showed normal distribution and the F test was significant (p<0.05), with no need of correction of degrees of freedom, since these evaluations were performed only in 2016. These analyses were also carried out using SAS University Edition (SAS Institute, 2012). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Spacing between plants influenced Figure 1. Productivity of Jalapeño pepper cultivar BRS Sarakura per area (A) and per productivity/ha linearly (Figure 1A) plant (B) in relation to in-row plant spacing (average of three years, 2015, 2016 and 2017). and the maximum productivity was not Brasília, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2019. achieved, showing that this productivity can be obtained with an even reduced spacing than the smallest spacing evaluated (10 cm between plants in rows). Increase in productivity per area according to high plant density (lower-spaced plants) was expected up to a certain maximum value, above this value only smaller increases or even reduced productivity would be obtained (Cavero et al., 2001; Paroissien Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 333
CF Ragassi et al. due to an increase in population. The influenced by spacing, showing an show that plant density influences this density level in which the production average value of 38.9 g (range from 37.7 trait inconsistently and subtly, showing per area was supposed to decrease was to 41.6 g considering average values for a possibility to reduce spacing between not achieved in the study carried out each studied spacing). Russo (2008) did plants with no loss of fruit mass. by Cavero et al. (2001), even with an not obtain any effect of plant spacing in Probably, the most impacting influence extremely high population density, rows (8-48 cm) on fruit mass produced is on the number of fruits per plant. 533,333 plants/ha of paprika pepper even evaluating years and different (C. annuum). However, from 200,000 times of cultivation. Nevertheless, Average fruit length, another plants/ha, the authors observed quite Favela & Sánchez (2003) verified an indicator of its size, was not influenced small increases; due to this fact they increase in the average fruit mass of by spacing. Average value observed in recommended a population density Jalapeño pepper due to a reduction of this study was 10.0 cm, ranging from 9.7 limited to that value (Cavero et al., spacing between plants in row from 55 to 10.3 cm. No spacing effect on fruit 2001). cm (12.7 g fruit-1) up to 10 cm (17.5 length was also verified by Paulus et al. g fruit-1), regardless studied spacing (2015) for C. annuum and C. baccatum We suggest here future studies on an between lines (from 50 to 110 cm). On during the two experimental years. economic analysis in order to find out if the other hand, Cavero et al. (2001) the increase provided by plant density in observed fruit mass reduction of paprika Plant spacings evaluated in this planting rows is higher than the increase pepper due to an increase in planting study were based on studies which in production cost caused by a greater density, considering that fruit mass reported an increase in heights of number of seedlings/ha used and higher values ranged very little, around 3.0 g plant and of plant first bifurcation as demand for labor work for transplant. of dry mass/fruit, in density extremes, a result of reducing spacing between 13,000 to 533,333 plants ha-1. Our results plants in planting row (Decoteau & Individual fruit mass was not Graham, 1994; Paroissien & Flynn, 2004), desirable effects for improving Figure 2. Plant height (A) and plant first bifurcation (B) of Jalapeño pepper cultivar BRS efficiency in mechanized harvest. In Sarakura in relation to in-row plant spacing (average of three years, 2015, 2016 and 2017). this study, plant height showed linear Brasília, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2019. response, increasing according to a reduction of spacing between plants (Figure 2A). Paroissien & Flynn (2004) also obtained an increase in C. annuum height due to a population increase in all five conducted experiments. The authors evaluated populations from 51,000 to 493,400 plants ha-1 and obtained plant height between 53.6 and 92.3 cm, considering that the highest value was obtained with the highest population density. Favela & Sánchez (2003), evaluating different spacings, using two Jalapeño pepper cultivars, also found the highest average plant height (72.3 cm) in a denser spacing (10 cm between plants in planting row, regardless spacing between rows). Similarly, Motsenbocker (1996) obtained a linear increase of C. annuum stem length in response to reduced plant spacing in the row (from 45 to 7.5 cm), keeping the same row spacing (85 cm). That author noticed more prostrate plants at the largest spacing, which made mechanized harvest difficult (Motsenbocker, 1996). The insertion of the lowest fruit, which also can be estimated by the stem first bifurcation height, where theoretically the lowest fruit is formed, was influenced in a quadratic form by the adopted spacing (Figure 2B). Paroissien & Flynn (2004) obtained an 334 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Productivity, quality of fruits and architecture of Jalapeño pepper at different planting densities increase in the first bifurcation height In this study, variation of the first not controlled in the experiment, such or the lowest fruit height as an increase bifurcation height, verified in response as wind and inclination of the seedling of density of pepper plants (C. annuum) to the studied spacings, was different in positioned during the transplant. was provoked in all three experiments relation to plant height (Figure 2A), not in which one or the other parameter responding clearly in a linear form to In order to evaluate the efficiency was evaluated. The increase obtained the variation in plant spacing in the row, of mechanized harvest, Funk & Walker by Paroissien & Flynn (2004) was of, although linear adjustment of the curve (2010) studied four mechanized methods at least, 5 cm with population densities was also significant (p<0.05; Figure for harvesting Capsicum annuum var. ranging from 51,000 to 341,500 plants 2B). Considering the average values, annuum. The first method was using ha-1. On the other hand, Russo (2008) bifurcation height was noticeably a stirring harvester with pepper fruit did not obtain any significant effect on higher in the 10-cm spacing between “combing”. The second evaluated height of the first flower when varying plants. It is possible that the lowest fruit method was a harvester adapted with spacing from 8 to 48 cm between plants production per plant in this spacing, a mechanical agitation mechanism, and Kahn et al. (1997) did not observe in special, provides an increase in aiming to reduce mechanical damages to any variation in the first bifurcation bifurcation height reducing the bending fruits. And the third harvest mechanism height with 5 to 25-cm spacings between tendency of the main stem due to its fruit was a cotton harvester with one platform plants in a row. adapted for pepper plant dimensions. load, among other factors which were Finally, the last studied harvester model was developed by New Mexico State Figure 3. pH (A, regression adjustment was not significant), total titratable acidity (TTA) University (2004). Harvest efficiency (B) and total soluble solids (TSS)/TTA ratio (C) of Jalapeño pepper cultivar BRS Sarakura varied from 70 to 90%, considering that in relation to in-row plant spacing. Significant quadratic regression (F, 5%) for TTA and the maximum loss of harvest accepted TSS/TTA ratio, coefficient of variation 4.25%, 10.33% and 11.97% for pH, TTA and TSS/ estimated by authors was 20%. For all TTA ratio, respectively. Brasília, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2019. studied harvesters, height of the lowest fruits effectively harvested was 20 cm. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 Thus, the authors highlighted that the percentage of fruits produced below 20 cm should not exceed 20%, limit accepted for fruit loss at harvest. In this study, the height of the highest first bifurcation was 10 cm, obtained with the use of the smallest spacing between plants in the row (10 cm). In this case, the use of mechanized harvester Etgar Moses 1010, the only model available in the producer region and, probably, the only model in Brazil, will be efficient only if the percentage of fruits produced between 10 cm (first bifurcation height in spacing 10 cm) and 20 cm (minimum height for mechanized harvest) does not exceed 20% (Funk & Walker, 2010). Thus, we verify the need to step up efforts to develop cultivars which respond more to cultural management and whose fruit production is concentrated above 20 cm. Thus, breeding program of Capsicum from Embrapa Hortaliças aimed to select Jalapeño pepper genotypes with main plant and fruit traits which favor mechanized harvest using the machine Etgar Moses 1010 (Gomes et al., 2019). Spacing in planting row influenced significantly pH, TTA and TSS/TTA ratio (Figure 3). TSS content was not significantly influenced by variation in planting density, showing an average of 335
CF Ragassi et al. 5.65% (measured in °Brix) and variation photosynthetic rate (Paulus et al., 2015). increase in plant density; (d) reduction coefficient of 8.37%. With an increase in population density, of spacing between plants in planting the plant spends more energy on cell row provided a linear increase in plant TTA values superior to 0.32% are growth process rather than translocating height, influenced inconsistently the first considered suitable for tomato fruits sugars to fruits (Paulus et al., 2015). In bifurcation height, though; (e) planting intended for processing industry (Heine this study, no deleterious influence of density of 166,667 plants ha-1 provided et al., 2015), reference presented in higher plant density neither on soluble the highest productivity per area among this discussion due to unavailability of solids content (variation between 5.55 evaluated densities and (f) variation of reference data on pepper for industry. and 5.79%, measured in °Brix) nor stem first bifurcation height verified in In this study, TTA values ranged from on other chemical traits of evaluated this study may not be enough to enable 0.36 to 0.48%, which is to say, in all fruits was noticed. This fact allows an mechanized harvest of cultivar BRS spacings, average of TTA was superior increase in number of plants ha-1 without Sarakura. to the recommended value for industrial impairing the industrial quality of “BRS tomato (Figure 3B). Sarakura” fruits. ACKNOWLEGMENTS TSS/TTA ratio shows the balance Evaluations in this study allow The authors thank to Sakura between total soluble solid content and to recommend a smaller spacing Nakaya Alimentos Ltda. for financially acid content in fruits. TSS/TTA ratio comparing to the one used in Jalapeño supporting and to The National Council superior to 10 is recommended for pepper cultivation of cultivar BRS for Scientific and Technological industrial tomato (Heine et al., 2015). In Sarakura in Ouvidor-GO, which is 30 Development (CNPq) for scholarships this study, relation superior to 10 (Figure cm between plants in row, obtaining a and productivity grants. 3C) was obtained regardless the density productivity gain without fruit quality used in planting row. loss. The highest evaluated density REFERENCES promoted an increase in height of “BRS We noticed that pH presented little Sarakura” (up to 6.9 cm) compared to ABU, NE; ODO, CV. 2017. 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As reference, pH in tomato example: higher moisture between soil 10.1080/19315260903012110. fruits intend to industrial processing and plant canopy due to the increased in Brazil, should be from 4.0 to 4.6, evapotranspiration rate and lower air AMINIFARD, MH; AROIEE, H; KARIMPOUR, since the toxins released by the bacteria circulation can be noticed. This can lead S; NEMATI, H. 2010. Growth and yield Clostridium botulinum are inhibited to optimal conditions for some disease characteristics of paprika pepper (Capsicum under this acidity level (Schwarz et al., development, such as anthracnose, annuum L.) in response to plant density. Asian 2013). In California, tomato processing and pests, such as beetles, requiring Journal of Plant Sciences 9: 276-280. industries use pH as a basic parameter greater control of phytosanitary crop to evaluate fruit quality a maximum treatments to avoid drop in productivity. 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Research MELO, RO; MARTINEZ, HP; CARNEIRO, APS. 2019. Production and quality of Sweet Grape tomato in response to foliar fertilization with boron. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 338-342. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190313 Production and quality of Sweet Grape tomato in response to foliar fertilization with boron Raphael O Melo1ID; Hermínia P Martinez1ID; Antonio PS Carneiro1ID 1Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa-MG, Brasil; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO Boron (B) fertilizer application for tomato crop can be carried Produção e qualidade do tomate Sweet Grape em resposta à out by applying the nutrient to the soil or by spraying liquid solutions fertilização foliar com boro on leaves. The use of different fertilizers containing B can interfere in fertilization efficiency, since the performance of each product can A adubação com boro (B) do tomateiro pode ser feita fornecendo- be determined by its physicochemical properties. The aim of this -se o nutriente via solo ou por meio de pulverização de soluções study was to evaluate the application efficiency of two boron-based direcionadas às folhas. O uso de distintas fontes de B nas soluções commercial foliar fertilizers applied at two time intervals and their pulverizadas nas folhas pode interferir na eficiência dessa fertiliza- possible effects on production components of Sweet Grape tomato. ção, pois o desempenho de cada produto pode ser determinado pelas An experiment was conducted under commercial hydroponic system suas propriedades físico-químicas. Dessa forma objetivou-se com in split-split plot scheme that combined two doses of boron in the este trabalho avaliar a eficiência da aplicação de dois fertilizantes nutrient solution [sufficient (25 µmol L-1) or insufficient (6.25 µmol foliares comerciais contendo boro, aplicados em duas frequências, L-1)], two intervals between foliar sprays of B (seven or 14-day e seus possíveis efeitos nos componentes de produção e qualidade intervals) and two commercial foliar fertilizers [boric acid (0.34 g L-1) do tomate Sweet Grape. Para isso, foi implementado um experi- and sodium octaborate (0.36 g L-1)]. A positive effect of boron foliar mento em sistema hidropônico comercial em esquema de parcelas fertilization was observed on the productivity or on fruit quality when sub-subdivididas, em que foram fornecidas duas doses de boro na a condition of B deficiency was noticed in plants, without significant solução nutritiva: suficiente (25 µmol L-1) ou insuficiente (6,25 difference in effects concerning the two B-source and the frequency µmol L-1), acompanhadas de pulverizações foliares com aplicação of these applications. em intervalos de 7 ou 14 dias, utilizando-se os seguintes adubos foliares comerciais: ácido bórico (0,34 g L-1) e octaborato de sódio (0,36 g L-1). Os resultados evidenciaram que a fertilização foliar com B só foi efetiva para aumentar a produção, ou afetar os atributos de qualidade dos frutos quando foi imposta uma condição de deficiência de B nas plantas, não havendo distinção de efeitos com a aplicação das duas diferentes fontes de boro, assim como com as frequências de aplicação. Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum, micronutrient, leaf fertilization, Palavras-chave: Solanum lycopersicum, micronutriente, adubação hydropony. foliar, hidroponia. Received on January 24, 2019; accepted on August 26, 2019 Tomato cultivar Sweet Grape has nutrients and good phytossanitary stability to cell wall (Liebisch et al., been standing out in the market conditions. Moreover, in order to ensure 2009).Additionally, B plays an important as besides of its small size, sweet a good flower set, the air temperature role in other important biological and characteristic flavor; it has high should be from 10 to 32°C (Alvarenga, processes in plant, such as metabolism productivity (Preczenhak et al., 2009). 2013). and transport of carbohydrates and cell This cultivar produces a large number of division (Taiz & Zeiger, 2013). flowers per floral cluster (30 in average), Among the nutrients, boron (B) being conducted commercially with has great importance for flower set, Marschner (2012) reports that two or more stems, which increase the stimulating pollen grain germination, for most cultivated species, as for number of flowers during reproductive and pollen tube growth (Lee et al., tomato plant, B is considered a phase (Heath, 2012). Flower set depends 2009). Boron is also a micronutrient phloem-immobile element. In certain on the appropriate availability of water, that affects positively fruit quality, since, environmental conditions, B deficiency with calcium, provides resistance and in plants may occur, even being 338 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Production and quality of Sweet Grape tomato in response to foliar fertilization with boron sufficient in the rhizosphere, due to a low in the Departamento de Fitotecnia DAT for 4 minutes. Nutrient solution redistribution of this element in phloem at Universidade Federal de Viçosa, drained from the pots returned to tanks (Wimmer & Eichert, 2013). Given the Minas Gerais, Brazil (20°45‟14”S, by gravity through manifolds fixed above, continuous supply of boron via 42°52‟55”W; 650 m altitude), in a glass- below the benches, and then, the pumps xylem is necessary in order to meet the covered greenhouse, with 2.4 m ceiling recirculated this solution to the pots. requirement for new forming organs height and open lateral sides closed with such as fruits, flowers and meristematic an anti aphid mesh. Solution pH was adjusted daily, zones (Marschner, 2012). Thus, B foliar keeping from 5.5 to 6.5 using HCl or applications are a viable alternative to Seedlings of cultivar Sweet Grape NaOH. Nutrients were resupplied, based supply the needs of deficient tomato were produced in a commercial on electrical conductivity reduction, plants (Gondim et al., 2014). nursery (Agro Mudas®) located in the admitting up to 30% depletion. Among Municipality of Pará de Minas-MG. these adds, solution volume of each tank Fageria et al. (2009) state that Sowing was performed in expanded was completed with water whenever it nutrients, for which higher efficiency polystyrene trays of 128 cells, filled with was necessary, admitting a maximum occurs when applied as foliar sprays, coconut fiber substrate. At 40 days after reduction of 40% of the initial volume. are the ones which are necessary for sowing, the seedlings were transplanted plants in low quantities, and that show into 8-liter pots containing commercial The experiment was conducted restricted mobility in plant. Boron stands coconut fiber substrate Golden Mix®. in a split-split plot scheme with four out in this context. The authors highlight Spacing was 0.5 m x 1.0 m between replicates, in a randomized block design, that micronutrient supply through foliar plants and rows, respectively. Plants considering as plots the boron doses into fertilization has low cost due, among were conducted with two stems and nutrient solution, sufficient (25 μmol L-1) other reasons, to the fact that smaller staked using ribbons, afterwards they or insufficient (6.25 μmol L-1). In the quantities of product are required and were pruned above the third leaf over subplots, boron foliar fertilizers were they can be applied in admixture with the sixth flower cluster of each stem. tested: boric acid, sodium octaborate most pesticides (Fernandez et al., 2015). Sprout thinning was constantly carried and water as control treatment. In the out in order to eliminate lateral sprouts. sub-subplots there were allocated the Foliar fertilization is a tool frequencies of foliar fertilization, seven increasingly used for increasing The nutrient solution used was or 14 days. crop productivity (Fernandez et al., described by Fernandes et al. (2002) 2015). However, little is known about with some modifications: 8.0; 2.0; 4.0; The source of boric acid was the situations in which foliar fertilizers 2.0; 1.0 and 1.0 mmol L-1 N, P, K, Ca, product under the tradename Boron 10 can complement fertilization via roots, Mg and S and 50.0; 20.0 7.5; 4.0; 0.9 and (Oxiquímica®), showing the following since controversy in the results obtained 0.7 μmol L-1 Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Cu and Mo physicochemical characteristics: B regarding the potential of this technology for vegetative phase, used from the first content: 17.5%; density at 20°C: 1.3 can be verified (Fageria et al., 2009). to the twentieth first day after transplant g cm-3; pH: 5.3; solubility in water: (DAT) and 12.0; 2.0; 6.0; 3.0; 1.5 and 100%; physical nature: homogeneous The availability of commercial 1.5 mmol L-1 N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S and suspension. The source of sodium products for foliar fertilizations has 60.0; 10.0; 4.0; 1.3 and 0.7 μmol L-1 Fe, octaborate was the product under the been increasing in the last years, Mn, Zn, Cu and Mo for reproductive trade name of Boron Plus (Ecofol®): few controlled studies proving the phase (22 to 112 DAT). During this B content: 20.0%; density at 20°: 1.1 g efficiency of these products can be phase, half of the plants received 25 cm-3; pH: 7.0; solubility in water: 100%; found, though. According to Fageria μmol L-1 B, according to Fernandes et physical nature: powder. et al. (2009) and Fernandez et al. al. (2002) for this crop and the other half (2015), the nutrient source used in received only 6.25 μmol L-1 B (reduction Foliar applications began from leaf application can interfere in the of 75% of the recommended dose). the beginning of flowering (22 DAT) efficiency, and in the potential of this and finished in the last week of the technology, since performance of each The nutrient solution contained in experimental period (112 DAT) product can be determined by their own the 60-L reservoirs of each treatment, totalizing 12 and six applications for physicochemical properties. circulated through a 0.25 HP motor the intervals of seven and 14 days, pump set, which fed the irrigation lines. respectively. We have used 48 units, The aim of this study was to evaluate The irrigation system was activated considering that each plant represented the effect of spraying B sources, during daily at 6 a.m. 9 a.m., 11 a.m., 12 an experimental unit. reproductive cycle, on production noon, 1 p.m., 2 p.m., 3 p.m. and 6 and quality of Sweet Grape tomato p.m. controlled by an electronic timer. The quantities of foliar fertilizers cultivated under hydroponic system. The solution volume was 520 mL for applied to the plants were calculated each minute. From the first to the 40o according to the doses and volumes MATERIAL AND METHODS days after transplant (DAT) the pumps of solution recommended by the remained on for 2 minutes for each manufacturers for their respective The experiment was carried out irrigation schedule; from 41o to 80o products. In this way, each plant received from September to December, 2016, DAT for 3 minutes and from 81o to 112o a dose of 0.34 g L-1 and 0.36 g L-1 B for boric acid and sodium octaborate, Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 respectively, and a fixed volume of 50 339
RO Melo et al. mL of spraying mixture per plant in first ripe fruits appeared, at 50 DAT. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION each application. Fertilizer applications The harvested leaves were washed in were performed with the aid of a manual distilled water, and dried in a drying Foliar fertilization increased sprayer with a full cone nozzle. Plastic oven with forced air circulation at productive indexes, and altered quality curtains were stretched between plants 65ºC until they reached constant mass. of Sweet Grape tomatoes, when B dose during spraying, in order to avoid drift At 80 DAT, 6 fruits of the third and into nutrient solution was insufficient of the sprayed solution to the neighbor fourth flower cluster were sampled. The (6.25 µmol L-1). No increase in plants. sampled fruits were washed in distilled production and quality of fruits was water, cut, and put in aluminum trays observed when foliar fertilizers were Phytosanitary management of plants and, then taken to a drying oven at 65°C applied to plants cultivated under was performed according to practices in order to dry until they reach constant adequate B dose in nutrient solution recommended for tomato cultivation mass. The samples of fruits and leaves (25 µmol L-1). Results can be found in in a protected environment (Vida et were ground using a Willey type mill. Table 1. al., 2004). During the experiment, the Then, dry digestion was done in muffle plants were sprayed with Thiamethoxam furnace at 550°C. The B contents were Foliar application, using two B at 4 g for 20 L, Acetamiprid at 5 g for determined colorimetrically in these sources under insufficient concentration 20 L, Abamectina at 15 mL for 20 L extracts by the method of Azomethine of B in nutrient solution (6.25 µmol L-1), and Teflubenzuron at 5 mL for 20 L to H (Wolf, 1974). increased production indexes (TP and control insect pests and Tebuconazol at CP) that reached the same mean values 20 mL for 20 L to control diseases. The The obtained data were submitted observed in plants which received number and frequency of applications to analysis of variance using software the adequate B dose (25 µmol L-1) followed the prescription of each used R. Averages were compared using (Table 1). Similarly, Prado et al. (2013) product. Tukey test at 5% probability when F observed that tomato plants, cultivar test showed interactions between the Raisa, subjected to omission of B in the Harvest was done weekly from treatments (Table 1). 60 DAT, collecting only ripe fruits following standards described by Table 1. Total fruit production (TP), commercial fruit production (CP), B concentration Heath (2012) for the cultivar Sweet in leaves (BCL), B concentration in fruits (BCFR), soluble solids (SS) and ratio between Grape. Afterwards, fruits were counted, soluble solids/titratable acidity (SS/TA) of tomato cv Sweet Grape grown in hydroponic weighed and classified into commercial system and subjected to doses of boron in the nutrient solution and foliar sprays with different and non-commercial according to fertilizers. Viçosa, UFV, 2016. standards for commercialization determined by Sakata Sudamerica®: Fertilizer source TP1 (g/plant) CP2 (g/plant) Commercial fruits, weighing from 5 to 18 g, without cracking, apical rot Boron doses in nutrient solution (µmol L-1) and pests or diseases. The fruits which did not show these characteristics were 25 6.25 25 6.25 classified as non-commercial. Boric acid 3245 Aa 3199 Aa 2927 Aa 2817 Aa To evaluate fruit quality, twenty ripe commercial fruits of the third and Sodium octaborate 3239 Aa 3174 Aa 2934 Aa 2797 Aa fourth floral cluster of each plant were sampled to determine firmness, pH, Water (control) 3185 Aa 2663 Bb 2806 Aa 2477 Bb soluble solids content (SS) and titratable acidity (AT). Firmness was evaluated BCL3 BCFR4 using five fruits, and determined with the aid of a bench-top penetrometer with (mg/kg) a 4-mm diameter cone tip. A sample of 10-mL of juice was extracted from fruits Boric acid 160.2 Aa 132.9 Ab 27.0 Aa 19.5 Ab to determine SS content (ºBrix) with a digital refractometer, and pH with a Sodium octaborate 150.6 Aa 126.8 Ab 27.4 Aa 18.5 Ab potentiometer. To determine AT, juice was diluted with distilled water in 1:20 Water (control) 87.7 Ba 38.6 Bb 17.8 Ba 12.7 Bb ratio and titrated with NaOH solution 0.005 mol L-1 up to pH 8.2. SS5 (°Brix) SS/TA6 To evaluate nutritional status of Boric acid 7.5 Aa 7.8 Aa 14.8 Aa 14.9 Aa the plants, there was picked the fourth leaf downward the apex (index leaf) Sodium octaborate 7.9 Aa 7.6 Aa 15.1 Aa 14.5 Aa of each stem of each plant, when the Water (control) 7.7 Aa 8.7 Bb 14.8 Aa 16.1 Bb 1Total production obtained by the sum of the weight of commercial and non-commercial fruits of plants cultivated until 112 DAT; 2Commercial production, obtained by the weight of commercial fruits of plants cultivated until 112 DAT;3Boron concentration in leaves collected at 50 DAT; 4Boron concentration in fruits collected at 80 DAT; 5Soluble solids of fruits collected at 80 DAT; 6 Soluble and titratable acidity ratio of fruits collected at 80 DAT. Averages followed by same letters, uppercase for effects of B source in foliar fertilization, and lowercase for boron doses in nutrient solution, do not differ among them by Tukey test, at 5% probability. 340 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Production and quality of Sweet Grape tomato in response to foliar fertilization with boron nutrient solution presented a production were sprayed could be promoted by days, increased production and kept fruit equivalent to that of plants receiving an the B retained in the leaf surface or in quality when a B deficiency in nutrient adequate dose of B in the solution when the cuticles better than by excessive solution was verified, and no need to sprayed with boric acid (0.17 g L-1). concentration of B in the leaf cells. apply the products weekly was noticed; considering that a weekly application Reductions in total (TP) and The results of this study showed that would be considered an excess. Gondim commercial (CP) productions of plants different B sources applied via foliar et al. (2014) carried out an experiment which received B-deficient nutrient (boric acid and sodium octaborate) did with tomato belonging to salad group, solution and did not receive the nutrient not show any differences between its without boron in the nutrient solution by foliar fertilization (Table 1) might efficiencies in increasing production and observed that three applications have occurred due to a greater floral and quality of fruits (Table 1). Unlike of H3BO3 at 0.34 g L-1 during the abortion and/or fewer flowers produced, in cotton cultivated in a greenhouse, cycle would be enough to meet plant since the average weight of fruits was for which the sources boric acid and requirements on B. not affected by treatments. Such plants sodium borate resulted in differences in showed B concentration in leaves (BCL) B foliar concentration, whereas for soy The lowest number of fruits produced lower than the critical level (Table 1), the foliar concentration of B did not alter in plants which received B-deficient which is 50 to 70 mg kg-1 according to in response to the foliar sprays (Guertal nutrient solution (6.25 µmol L-1), and Malavolta et al. (1997), which explains et al., 1996). did not receive foliar fertilization (Table the decrease in the production. 1), resulted in concentration effect over The most commonly used source of the sugar contents in fruits produced Such results highlight that B foliar boron in soil or foliar fertilizers is boric in such conditions. In fact, an increase fertilizations are not necessary on acid (H3BO3) (Lemiska et al., 2014), in soluble solids content (SS) can be tomatoes cultivar Sweet Grape, fed with and a plenty of studies on efficiency verified, which consequently resulted B-sufficient nutrient solution (25 µmol of H3BO3 application to tomato plants in a higher ratio between titratable L-1), since no increase in production and can be found (Roosta & Hamidpour, acidity and soluble solids of fruits (SS/ quality of fruits in this condition was 2011; Prado et al., 2013; Gondim et al., AT) (Table 1). As this variable is related observed. However, we observed an 2014). However, no study on sodium to fruit flavor, an appropriate nutrition increase in B concentrations in leaves octaborate efficiency in foliar sprays on management using boron may reach a and fruits of plants which were sprayed tomato plants was found. Nevertheless, good relationship between productivity in relation to plants which were not some studies report positive effect of this and quality. Lemiska et al (2014) sprayed. The concentrations observed, salt for other crops such as sunflower also observed reduction in strawberry nevertheless, are above the critical (Martin et al., 2014) mustard, wheat and production followed by increase in sugar level for the crop (50 to 70 mg kg-1) potato (Sarkar et al., 2007). concentration in the fruits when leaves according to Malavolta et al. (1997), and soil received no boron application. but below the toxicity zone (209 mg Intervals between boron foliar kg-1), according to Gunes et al. (1999) applications (seven and 14 days) did Foliar fertilizer application was not (Table 1). Nevertheless, it is important not influence the production, quality of enough to increase fruit firmness, even highlight that the high concentration fruits and B concentration in leaves and showing a significant increase in B of boron in the leaves of plants that fruits (Table 2). These results showed concentrations in fruits (BCFR) when that foliar fertilizer application every 14 plants were sprayed with both B sources (Table 1). Although the participation Table 2. Total fruit production (TP), commercial fruit production (CP), B concentration of B in the formation and extension of in leaves (BCL), B concentration in fruits (BCFR), soluble solids (SS) and ratio between cell walls is well known, according to soluble solids/titratable acidity (SS/TA) of tomato cv Sweet Grape grown in hydroponic Liebisch et al. (2009), Ca (which was system subjected to different doses of boron in the nutrient solution and foliar sprays with always available in this experiment) different fertilizers applied at intervals of seven and 14 days from flowering until ripening. plays a major role when compared to B Viçosa, UFV, 2016. in the formation of pectins which make up the cell walls of fruits. Spray intervals TP1 CP2 BCL3 BCFR4 SS5 SS/AT6 (g/plant) (mg/kg) (°Brix) The results obtained in this study corroborate results of Sá et al. (2014), 7 days 3112.7 a 2744.2 a 125.0 a 23.8 a 7.7 15.4 study which concluded that foliar sprays of H3BO3 at 0.3% in reproductive 14 days 3168.2 a 2847.6 a 106.4 a 19.9 a 7.5 15.0 phase, associated with application of B increasing doses via soil, does CV (%) 13.80 6.90 13.8 11.6 8.3 5.4 not increase firmness of the pulp of apple cultivars Imperial Gala and Fuji 1Total production, obtained by the sum of the weight of commercial and non-commercial Suprema. By the other hand, our results fruits of plants cultivated until 112 DAT; 2Commercial production, obtained by the weight are different from the ones obtained by of commercial fruits of plants cultivated until 112 DAT; 3Boron content in leaves collected Lemiska et al. (2014), which observed at 50 DAT; 4Boron level in tomato of salad group fruits collected at 80 DAT; 5Soluble solids of fruits collected at 80 DAT; 6Solids soluble and titratable acidity ratio of fruits collected 341 at 80 DAT. Averages followed by same letters in each column do not differ by the F test, at 5% probability. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
RO Melo et al. greater firmness of strawberry fruits longa vida conduzido com um cacho, em Press. 651p. when foliar applications of H3BO3 were cultivo hidropônico, em função das fontes done. de nutrientes. Horticultura Brasileira 20: MARTIN, TN; PAVINATO, PS; MENEZES, 564-570. LFG; SANTI, AL; BERTONCELLI, P; We concluded that in tomato ORTIZ, S; LUDWIG, RL. 2014.Utilização de cv. Sweet Grape cultivated under FERNÁNDEZ, V; SOTIROPOULOS, cálcio e boro na produção de grãos e silagem hydroponic system, the reduction of T; BROWN, P. 2015. Adubação foliar: de girassol. Semina: Ciências Agrárias 35: B dose into nutrient solution results in fundamentos científicos e técnicas de campo. 2699-2710. a reduction of fruit production and an São Paulo: Abisolo. 150p. increase in soluble solids content. In PRADO, RM; GONDIM, ARO; CECÍLIO such conditions, B foliar applications GONDIM, ARO; PRADO, RM; FILHO, ABC; FILHO, AB; ALVES, AU; CORREIA, MAR; every 14 days, applied from beginning ALVES, AU; CORREIA, MAR. 2014. Boron ABREU-JUNIOR, CH. 2013. Boron foliar of flowering until ripening, reverse the foliar application in nutrition and yield of aplication in nutrition and yield of beet and effect of low concentration of B in the beet and tomato. Journal of Plant Nutrition tomato. Communications in Soil Science and nutrient solution. In this condition the 38: 1573-1579. Plant Analysis 44: 1435-1443. foliar fertilizers, boric acid and sodium octaborate, are equivalent in maintaining GUERTAL, EA; ABAYE, AO; LIPPERT, BM; PRECZENHAK,AP; RESENDE, JTV; CHAGAS, Sweet Grape tomato production. MINER, GS; GASCHO, GJ. 1996. Sources RR; SILVA, PR; SCHWARZ, K; MORALES, of boron for foliar fertilization of cotton and RGF. 2009. Caracterização agronômica ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS soybean. Communications in Soil Science and de genótipos de minitomate. Horticultura Plant Analysis 27: 2815-2828. Brasileira 32: 348-356. To CNPq for granting the master scholarship, and CAPES for the GUNES, A; ALPASLAN, M; CIKILI, Y; OZCAN, ROOSTA, HR; HAMIDPOUR, M. 2011. Effects doctorate scholarship for the first author. H. 1999. Effect of zinc on the alleviation of of foliar application of some macro- and To Sakata Sudamerica® for allowing the boron toxicity in tomato. Journal of Plant micro-nutrients on tomato plants in aquaponic development of this study on cultivar Nutrition 22: 1061-1068. and hydroponic systems. Scientia Horticultare Sweet Grape. 129: 396-402. HEATH, DW. 2012. US Patent 8,097,792. REFERENCES Available at >https://www.google.com/ SÁ, AA; ERNANI, PR; NAVA, G; AMARANTE, patents/US8,097,792<; accessed April 18, CVT; PEREIRA, AJ. 2014. Influência de ALVARENGA, MAR. 2013. Tomate: Produção 2017. formas de aplicação de boro na qualidade e em campo, em casa-de-vegetação e em no rendimento de maçãs (Malus domestica). hidroponia. Lavras: Editora UFLA. 455p. LEE, SH; KIM, WS; HAN, TH. 2009. Effects Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 36: 487- of post-harvest foliar boron and calcium 494. FAGERIA, NK; BARBOSA FILHO, MP; applications on subsequent season’s pollen MOREIRA, A; GUIMARÃES, CM. 2009. germination and pollen tube growth of pear SARKAR, D; MANDAL, B; KUNDU, MC. Foliar fertilization of crop plants. Journal of (Pyrus pyrifolia). Scienta Horticultare 122: 2007. Increasing use efficiency of boron Plant Nutrition 32: 1044-1064. 77-82. fertilizers by rescheduling the time and methods of application for crops in India. Plant FERNANDES,AA; MARTINEZ, HEP; FONTES, LEMISKA, A; PAULETTI, V; CUQUEL, FL; Soil 301: 77-85. PCR. 2002. Produtividade, qualidade dos ZAWADNEAK, MAC. 2014. Produção frutos e estado nutricional do tomateiro tipo e qualidade da fruta do morangueiro sob VIDA, JB; ZAMBOLIM, L; TESSMANN, DJ; influência da aplicação de boro. Ciência Rural BRANDÃO FILHO, JUT; VERZIGNASSI, 44: 622-628. JR; CAIXETA, MP. 2004. Manejo de doenças de plantas em cultivo protegido. Fitopatologia LIEBISCH, F; MAX, JFJ; HEINE G; HORST, Brasileira, 29: 355-372. WJ. 2009. Blossom-end rot and fruit cracking of tomato grown in net-covered greenhouse in TAIZ, L; ZEIGER, E. 2013. Fisiologia vegetal. Central Thailand can partly be corrected by Porto Alegre: Artmed. 954p. calcium and boron sprays. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172: 140-150. WIMMER, MA; EICHERT, T. 2013. Mechanism for boron deficiency-mediated changes in plant MALAVOLTA, E; VITTI, GC; OLIVEIRA, SA. water relations. Plant Science 203: 25-32. 1997. Avaliação do estado nutricional das plantas: princípios e aplicações. Piracicaba: WOLF, B. 1974. Improvents in the azomethine-H POTAFOS. 319p. method for determination of boron. Communications in Soil Science and Plant MARSCHNER, P. 2012. Mineral nutrition Analysis 5:39-44. of higher plants. 3. ed. London: Academic 342 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Scientific communication PINHEIRO, JB; SILVA, GO; OLIVEIRA, VR; AMARO, GB; MORAIS, AA. 2019. Prospection of genetic resistance resources to root-knot nematodes in cucurbit genotypes. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 343-347. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190314 Prospection of genetic resistance resources to root-knot nematodes in cucurbit genotypes Jadir B Pinheiro1ID; Giovani Olegario da Silva2ID; Valter R Oliveira1ID; Geovani Bernardo Amaro1ID; Alexandre Augusto de Morais 1ID 1Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília-DF, Brasil; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; alexandre. [email protected] 2Embrapa Hortaliças/SIN, Canoinhas-SC, Brasil; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO The aim of this research was to prospect genetic resistant Prospecção de fontes de resistência aos nematoides das galhas sources to root-knot-nematode in Cucurbitaceae accessions. Two em genótipos de cucurbitáceas assays were conducted, the first to evaluate the resistance to root- knot nematode, M. incognita race 1 in accessions of Lagenaria O objetivo desse trabalho foi prospectar fontes de resistência vulgaris; Sicana odorifera; Cucurbita facifolia; Luffa sp.; Citrullus aos nematoide-das-galhas em acessos de cucurbitáceas. Foram lanatus cv. Citroides; Lagenaria vulgaris; Cucurbita moschata; realizados dois experimentos, o primeiro para avaliar a resistência ao Cucurbita moschata x Cucurbita maxima; Cucumis melo and nematoide-das-galhas, M. incognita raça 1 em acessos das espécies Cucumis metuliferus. The second to evaluate the reaction to nematode Lagenaria vulgaris; Sicana odorífera; Cucurbita facifolia; Luffa M. incognita race 1, M. javanica and M. enterolobii of the three sp.; Citrullus lanatus cv. Citroides; Lagenaria vulgaris; Cucurbita accessions of Cucumis metuliferus (‘Kino’) considered resistant to M. moschata; Cucurbita moschata x Cucurbita máxima; Cucumis incognita race 1 in the first experiment. The assays were carried out melo e Cucumis metuliferus. O segundo para avaliar a reação aos in a greenhouse at Embrapa Hortaliças in a completely randomized nematoides M. incognita raça 1, M. javanica e M. enterolobii em três design with six replications. The seedlings in pots were inoculated acessos de Cucumis metuliferus (‘Kino’) considerados resistentes with 5000 eggs and juveniles of 2nd stage (J2) of each Meloidogyne a M. incognita raça 1 no primeiro experimento. Os experimentos species alone. Fifty-three and eighty-four days after inoculation, foram conduzidos em casa-de-vegetação na Embrapa Hortaliças, em respectively in both experiments, the plants were evaluated for delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições. As mudas egg mass index (IMO), gall index (IG), number of eggs per gram mantidas em vasos foram inoculadas com 5000 ovos e eventuais of root (NEGR) and reproduction factor (RF). The melon Cucumis juvenis de 2º estádio (J2) das espécies de Meloidogyne, isoladamente. metuliferus known as ‘Kino’ was identified as genetic source of Cinquenta e três, e oitenta e quatro dias após a inoculação, para resistance to root-knot nematodes and can be explored in breeding os dois experimentos respectivamente, as plantas foram avaliadas program as resistant rootstock. quanto ao índice de massas de ovos (IMO), índice de galhas (IG), número de ovos por grama de raiz (NEGR) e fator de reprodução (FR). Verificou-se que a espécie de melão conhecida como ‘Kino’, é um recurso genético que pode ser explorado para a resistência a M. incognita raça 1, M. javanica e M. enterolobii com potencial uso como porta enxerto resistente. Keywords: Cucurbitaceae, Meloidogyne incognita race 1, M. Palavras-chave: Cucurbitaceae, Meloidogyne incognita raça 1, M. javanica, M. enterolobii. javanica, M. enterolobii. Received on November 6, 2018; accepted on August 9, 2019 Am o n g t h e C u c u r b i t a c e a e including the occurrence of nematodes, cucurbit crops and are the most common species cultivated in Brazil are with significant losses in crops due in the world and in Brazil (Pinheiro et the squashes (Cucurbita moschata), to high infestation. Despite low al., 2011, 2013). winter squash (Cucurbita maxima), natural mobility of the nematodes, the summer squash (Cucurbita pepo), constant soil turnover and movement The Meloidogyne enterolobii specie watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), melon of machinery in the crop areas has was discovered in Brazil parasitizing (Cucumis melo), cucumber (Cucumis favored its spread. Root-knot nematodes guava plants in São Francisco’s region, sativus), gherkin (Cucumis anguria) of the genus Meloidogyne are very located in the lower middle Bahia, and chayote (Sechium edule) (Ferreira, destructive to all cultivated cucurbit causing serious damage. It also has 2008). The intensive cultivation of species. Meloidogyne incognita, M. been identified as a parasite that this group of vegetables has promoted javanica and M. arenaria are the most affects various vegetable crops in other the development of several diseases, important root-knot nematode species in Brazilian regions, including cucurbits (Damaceno et al., 2016). Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 343
JB Pinheiro et al. Search for resistance to root M incognita race 1. The following In both experiments, seeds of nematodes in this family for the use of genotypes were evaluated: Bottle cucurbit genotypes were sown in 1.0 genes in biotechnological events or as Gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris); Sikana L plastic pots containing substrate rootstocks becomes important. Franco (Sicana odorifera); Malabar Gourd of savanna soil, washed sand, cattle et al. (2008) and Galatti et al. (2013) Gila (Cucurbita facifolia); Loofah manure and carbonized rice straw, in identified cucurbit species as sources variety (Nova Ponte) (Luffa sp.); Pig the ratio 1:1:1:1. The first trial was sown of resistance to M. incognita and with Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus cv. on October 10, 2012 and the second on potential for grafting. Ito et al. (2014), citroides); Cabacinha (Lagenaria April 28, 2014. Six days after direct also aiming to identify resistance to M. vulgaris); CNPH 001-Phyt-90- sowing of three seeds per pot, plantlets incognita and M. javanica in accessions Phyt92-1; CNPH 042-Phyt-90; CNPH were thinned, leaving only one plant of cucurbitaceae, identified resistant 043-Phyt-90 (Cucurbita moschata); per pot. Plants were inoculated with a and compatible accessions by grafting. hybrid pumpkin (Jabras) (Cucurbita suspension df 5000 eggs and juveniles of Pinheiro et al. (2011) evaluated 13 moschata x Cucurbita maxima); Melon second stage (J2) with the nematodes in squash cultivars for M. incognita, accessions: CNPH 86-276, CNPH 1962, cucurbit roots, in 5 mL water distributed observed that all squash cultivars were CNPH 86255, CNPH 87308, CNPH in the pot, around the plant stem. susceptible; the authors highlighted the 88442, CNPH 93696, CNPH 93696, need to seek for sources of resistance in CNPH 93731, CNPH 94253, CNPH Evaluations were performed 53 and breeding programs. Similarly Pinheiro 92571, CNPH 98307, CNPH 01-963, 84 days after inoculation, respectively et al. (2013) evaluated the resistance of CNPH 11-1061, CNPH 11-1075, CNPH for the 2012 and 2014 trials. The 25 accessions of melon and pumpkins 11-1076, CNPH 01-930, Neve Melon following traits were evaluated. Egg to M. incognita race 1 and found and BRS Araguaia (Cucumis melo); and mass index (IMO): root systems that only the access ‘Kino’ (Cucumis Melon Kino. As susceptible standard washed in running water and colored by metuliferus) presented resistance. Also we used the tomato cultivar ‘Rutgers’. immersion in Phloxin B solution 0.5 g/L for M. incognita, Sigüenza et al. (2005) water for 15 minutes (Taylor & Sasser, observed tolerance, but not resistance, In the second year, 3 accessions of 1978). The longer time for evaluation in C. moschata accessions, whereas C. ‘Kino’ were evaluated: Kino CPACT, after inoculation in the second trial was metuliferus rootstock presented little Kino Bag and Kino Mendonça, necessary due to the slower development damage and low nematode population. species identified as resistant in the of the nematodes, observing the roots of These authors cite several examples first experiment, for the reaction to the susceptible Rutgers tomato control, of grafting with cucurbit species, nematodes of M. incognita race 1, probably by sowing season, with milder for controlling Fusarium in melon, M. javanica and M. enterolobii. The temperatures. After that, the number to increase plant vigor in melon and susceptibility standard was tomato of nematode egg masses was counted cucumber, and for the vine decline cultivar ‘Rutgers’ and Cucumis melo under a stereomicroscope in the root disease (Monosporascus cannonballus) BRS Araguaia. system of each plant/replication. The in melon. Resistance to Meloidogyne IMO in the roots was obtained according enterolobii was also been reported in In both assays, females of root- to Taylor & Sasser (1978) using a scale hybrids of C. lanatus combined with knot nematode were collected from ranging from 0 to 5, where 0= roots C. lanatus var. citroides (Damaceno et tomato roots in the experimental area without egg masses; 1= 1 to 2 egg al., 2016). of Embrapa Hortaliças; these females masses; 2= 3 to 10 egg masses; 3= 11 to were previously identified by isoenzyme 30 egg masses; 4= 31-100 egg masses The objective of this work was to standard (Carneiro & Almeida, 2001) and 5= over 100 egg masses. The gall prospect sources of resistance to gall and then subjected to perineal cutting index (GI) was also evaluated, which is nematodes in cucurbits accessions. to identify the species according to the number of galls in each root system procedures described by Eisenback & of each plant/replication. The GI was MATERIAL AND METHODS Hirschmann-Triantaphyllou (1991). represented by a scale ranging from 1 to After identification, the nematodes were 5, according to Taylor & Sasser (1978): The experiments were conducted multiplied in Rutgers tomato plants in 0= roots without galls; 1= 1-2 galls; 2= in greenhouse and the evaluations a greenhouse. Meloidogyne races were 3-10 galls; 3= 11-30 galls; 4= 31-100 were carried out at Embrapa Hortaliças identified by the differentiating host test galls and 5= more than 100 galls. To Nematology Laboratory, Brasília, according to Taylor & Sasser (1978). evaluate the number of eggs per gram Federal District, Brazil, from October After identification, inoculation was of roots (NEGR), at the end of the trial, to December 2012 and April to August performed on ‘Rutgers’tomatoes, which the roots of all treatments were washed, 2014, using a completely randomized were kept separately in a greenhouse dried at room temperature for five hours design with six replications. for production and maintenance of and weighed before being processed the inoculum. About 45 days after according to Hussey & Barker technique Twenty-eight melon and squash inoculation, eggs and juveniles of (1973) modified by Bonetti & Ferraz genotypes were evaluated in the first second stage (J2) were extracted from (1981). The reproductive factor (RF) of year for reaction to root-knot nematodes the root systems of plants for immediate the root-knot nematode in the different inoculation of the experiments. 344 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019
Prospection of genetic resistance resources to root-knot nematodes in cucurbit genotypes genotypes was obtained by dividing Genes statistical program (Cruz, 2013). this trait was very influenced by the the final and initial population densities experimental conditions and, therefore, (RF = Pf/Pi) (Oostenbrink, 1966). We RESULTS AND DISCUSSION that gives a low reliability to the considered as initial population (Pi) estimates. Although, the other traits the inoculum, quantified and calibrated In the first trial, for all traits, presented reduced CV, ranging from to contain 5000 eggs and juveniles of significant differences were noticed 1.00 to 4.64. The melon genotype ‘Kino’ second stage (J2) nematodes per pot. (P=0.05) among genotypes. The presented to be resistant to M. incognita coefficients of variation (CV) were race 1, meanwhile all other genotypes Statistical analyzes, analysis of higher for NEGR, indicating that were susceptible (Table 1). variance and grouping of means by Scott & Knott were performed using the In the second trial, statistical Table 1. Reaction of cucurbit genotypes to M. incognita race 1 (first trial). Brasilia, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2018. Genotypes IMO1 GI1 NEGR2 RF3 Reaction4 S Bottle Gourd 3.50 c 5.00 b 731.65 a 9.78 b S S Sikana 4.00 d 5.00 b 1471.02 a 8.02 b S S Malabar Gourd Gila 5.00 e 5.00 b 6553.25 b 25.37 d S S Loofah variety Nova Ponte 4.83 e 5.00 b 3751.36 a 18.98 c S S Pig Watermelon 2.66 b 5.00 b 164.61 a 2.45 a S S CNPH-001-Phyt-90, Phy92-1 5.00 e 5.00 b 17747.70 b 36.82 e S S CNPH-042-Phyt-90 4.83 e 5.00 b 13781.54 b 38.48 e S S CNPH-043-Phyt-90 5.00 e 5.00 b 6994.19 b 17.43 c S S Jabras 5.00 e 5.00 b 2506.24 a 24.10 c S S CNPH 86-276 5.00 e 5.00 b 3884.2 a 26.07 d S S CNPH 1962 4.33 d 5.00 b 8979.32 b 15.48 c S S CNPH 86255 4.33 d 5.00 b 1975.45 a 19.33 c S R CNPH 87308 4.83 e 5.00 b 1784.88 a 9.58 b S S CNPH 88442 3.50 c 5.00 b 1140.68 a 6.33 b S S CNPH 93696 4.16 d 5.00 b 3649.71 a 15.23 c - - CNPH 93731 3.00 b 5.00 b 4130.42 a 9.62 b CNPH 94253 4.66 e 5.00 b 2110.19 a 16.57 c CNPH 94254 5.00 e 5.00 b 3145.40 a 21.12 c CNPH 98071 5.00 e 5.00 b 6895.01 b 17.75 c CNPH 98307 5.00 e 5.00 b 4583.54 a 21.25 c CNPH 01-963 3.66 c 5.00 b 745.90 a 7.47 b CNPH 11-1061 4.80 e 5.00 b 5746.49 b 27.98 d CNPH 11-1075 4.66 e 5.00 b 3793.32 a 14.40 c CNPH 11-1076 4.50 e 5.00 b 2995.79 a 17.08 c Kino 1.00 a 1.83 a 196.98 a 0.57 a Neve Melon 4.16 d 5.00 b 1764.02 a 5.77 b CNPH 01-930 5.00 e 5.00 b 98938.87 c 34.52 e BRS Araguaia 4.50 e 5.00 b 2779.94 a 18.92 c Rutgers 5.00 e 5.00 b 2171.39 a 11.43 b Mean 4.34 4.89 7417.69 17.17 CV (%) 4.64 1.00 60.37 4.04 1Egg and gall mass index (IMO and IG, respectively), according to Taylor & Sasser (1978). 0= roots without egg mass and/or gall; 1= roots with 1-2 egg masses and/or galls; 2= roots with 3-10 egg masses and/or galls; 3= roots with 11-30 egg masses and/or galls; 4= roots with 31-100 egg masses and/or galls; and 5= roots with more than 100 egg masses and/or galls; 2NEGR= number of eggs per gram of roots; 3RF (reproduction factor)= final population/initial population; 4Resistance reactions according to Oostenbrink (1966). I= immune (RF= 0); R= resistant (RF<1) and S= susceptible (RF>1). Means followed by same letters in the column, do not differ from each other by Scott-Knott test (p<0.05). Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.3, July - September 2019 345
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