B5 -World and India History

WORLD AND INDIA HISTORY ANAND KUMAR



Table of Content SN Description 1 World War 1 2 World War 2: Highlights 3 Important events of WW-2 3.1 Attack on Pearl Harbor – 7th Dec 1941 (2 Hr.), Hawaii island 3.2 Battle of Guadalcanal: 07th Aug 1942 to 9th Feb 1943 (6 Months) Battle of Stalingrad (Hitler crucial defeat) – 1942-43, Russia Battle of Midway: 1942 3.3 Battle of Alamein: 1942 D-Day: The Invasion of Normandy Battle of Berlin: 16/04/45 – 02/05/45 3.4 Battle of Iwo Jima: 19th Feb 1945: The Atomic Bomb - Manhattan Project (16th July 1945) 3.5 The Holocaust Bataan Death March: (By Japanese to US +Phillipino Soldiers) Japanese Internment Camps (In the USA Made for Japanese civilians) 4 After the World War-2 4.1 European powers lose their colonies 4.2 About freedom of goa from Portugal: Hitler, NOT Gandhi, is the reason for India’s Independence Jews create the new state of Israel The Marshall Plan and Recovery 5.1 History of Hongkong, Macau 5.2 History of Taiwan 5.3 History of Korea 5.4 History of Vietnam (What is Vietnam -War) 5.5 History of IRAN 6 Other Major History Incidences 6.1 Fall of USSR 6.2 Afghanistan War 6.3 Cuba Missile Crisis (1962) 6.4 India China War – 1962 6.5 India Pakistan War – 1971 (Bangladesh Freedom) 6.6 Kargil War – 1999 7 Current Benefits of Taking back POK In 1971 War: why didn't India negotiate for POK, when they had 90K POW 8 Currently Why Companies is preferring Vietnam Over India for business 9 Blunders made in History that will always haunt India 10 Education System in other countries 11 All about Developed country 12 Why India is lagging in innovation 13 Why Bihar is a Looser state 14 China’s 17 territorial disputes with its neighbors 15 Was BJP done a Good Governance in 6 years till 2020 ANAND KUMAR



World War-1 Causes of WW-I Many factors led to the start of World War I in Europe. A lot of these factors were rooted in the history of the old powers of Europe including Russia, Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Britain. Causes of World War I included politics, secret alliances, imperialism, and nationalistic pride. However, the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria started a chain of events leading to war. Alliances and Politics: In the years leading up to the war, the nations of Europe were constantly jockeying for power and making alliances. Germany allied with Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1881. These countries all agreed to protect each other in the event they were attacked by France. However, Italy then went and made a secret alliance with France saying they would not aide Germany. In response to Germany's alliances, France and Russia established an alliance in 1892. In 1904, Britain and France signed an agreement. The Triple Entente was formed between France, Britain, and Russia in 1907. Germany felt that this powerful alliance surrounding them posed a real threat to their existence and power in the region. Imperialism: Imperialism is when a country expands its influence and power into a large empire. Some European countries, such as France and Britain, had created large worldwide empires and had become very rich. Other European countries, such as Russia and Germany, wanted to create their vast empires. This caused competition and conflict between many of the countries throughout the world. Europe Ready for War: In 1914, the situation in Europe was tense. Secret alliances, internal politics, and the desire to grow empires had built up distrust and dislike between many of the European powers. All it would take was one international event and Europe would be at war. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand: On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated in Sarajevo. The Austria government believed that the assassination was organized by the Serbian government. They also saw this as an opportunity to regain control of Serbia. Austria-Hungary Declares War: Austria-Hungary issued several harsh demands on Serbia, threatening to invade if Serbia did not comply. They gave them 48 hours to respond. When Serbia's response fell short of the demands, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28. More Declarations of War: Austria-Hungary had hoped they could quickly take over Serbia and that Serbia's ally, Russia, would not risk a major war to help Serbia. However, they figured wrong. Russia immediately began to mobilize its troops and prepare for war. In response, Germany, Austria-Hungary's close ally, declared war on Russia on August 1st. A few days later, Germany declared war on France and invaded Belgium. Britain then declared war on Germany and World War I had begun. Who was to blame? Historians over the years have tried to figure out who was really to blame for starting the war. Many historians today agree that Germany wanted to start the war. The German leaders felt that they were being surrounded by enemies (France, Russia) and that war was going to happen eventually. They felt that the sooner the war occurred, the better chance Germany had to win.

Interesting Facts about the Causes of World War I ✓ Germany quickly attacked France, hoping to conquer France in the west before they had to fight the Russian army in the east. ✓ Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s, the major powers in Europe had been building up their armies and navies in an arms race. ✓ In the beginning, both sides believed that the war would be over before the end of the year. ✓ The British had the largest empire which included India, Australia, Canada, and much of Africa. ✓ The United States was neutral at the start of the war and hoped to stay out of the war. Timeline 1914 June 28 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary Prince) killed in Sarajevo by a Gavrilo Princip (Serbian) July 23 - Austria-Hungary makes demands on Serbia for retribution. Serbia does not meet demands. July 28 - Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. Russia begins mobilizing its troops. August 1 - Germany declares war on Russia. 1915 August 3 - Germany declares war on France as part of the Schlieffen Plan. August 4 - Germany invades Belgium. Britain declares war on Germany. 1916 Aug 23-30 - The Battle of Tannenberg b/w Germany and Russia. Germans defeat the 1917 Russian Army. Sep 5-12 - The advancing German army is stopped before Paris by the British and French at the First Battle of the Marne. The Germans dig in and four years of trench warfare begins. Oct 19 - Nov 22 - The Allies defeat the Germans at the First Battle of Ypres. November 2 - The British begin a naval blockade of Germany. November 11 - The Ottoman Empire declares war on the Allies. December 24 - An unofficial truce is declared between the two sides at Christmas Feb 4 - Germans begin to use submarines against Allied merchant ships around the island of Britain. April 25 - The Allies attack the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Gallipoli. This campaign will last over eight months and will end as a victory for the Ottomans and the retreat of the Allies. May 7 - Lusitania (British passenger ship) is sunk by a German submarine. 1,195 civilians were killed. This act sparks international outrage and contributes to the United States joining the war against Germany. October 14 - Bulgaria enters the war by declaring war on Serbia. Feb 21 - The Battle of Verdun begins between France and Germany. This battle will last until December of 1916 and will finally result in a French victory. May 31 - Largest naval battle (Battle of Jutland) is fought b/w Britain & Germany in the North Sea. July 1 - The Battle of the Somme begins. Over 1 million soldiers will be wounded or killed. January 19 - The British intercept the Zimmerman Telegram in which Germany tries to convince Mexico to join the war. This will result in the United States declaring war on Germany. March 8 - The Russian Revolution begins. Tsar Nicholas II is removed from power on March 15. April 6 - The United States enters the war, declaring war on Germany. November 7 - The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrow the Russian government.

1918 December 17 - The Russians agree to peace with the Central powers and leave the war. January 8 - President Woodrow Wilson issues his \"Fourteen Points\" for peace and an end to the war. Mar 21 - Germany launches Spring Offensive to defeat Allies before the US can be deploy reinforcement July 15 – 2nd Battle of the Marne begins. This battle will end on August 6 as a decisive victory for the Allies. Nov 11 - Germany agrees to an armistice & the fighting comes to an end at 11 am 11/11/18 1919 June 28 - The Treaty of Versailles is signed by Germany and World War I come to an end. ANAND KUMAR

World War 2 Reason of WW-II: Many events led to the beginning of World War 2. In many ways, World War 2 was a direct result of the turmoil left behind by World War 1. Below are some of the main causes of World War 2. Treaty of Versailles: This treaty was in place after World War-I between Germany and the Allied Powers. Since Germany had lost the war, the treaty was very harsh against Germany & they were forced to \"accept the responsibility\" of the war damage suffered & required that Germany pay a huge sum of money called reparations. & This treaty ruins the German economy, People were starving and the government was in chaos. Japanese Expansion: Before World War II, Japan was growing rapidly. But as an island nation, they did not have the land or the natural resources to sustain their growth. Japan began to look to grow their empire to gain new resources. They invaded Manchuria in 1931 and China in 1937. Fascism: With the economic turmoil left behind by World War 1, some countries were taken over by dictators who formed powerful fascist governments. These dictators wanted to expand their empires and were looking for new lands to conquer. The first fascist government was Italy which was ruled by the dictator Mussolini. Italy invaded and took over Ethiopia in 1935. Adolf Hitler would later emulate Mussolini in his takeover of Germany. Another Fascist government was Spain ruled by the dictator Franco. Hitler and the Nazi Party: In Germany, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party rose to power. The Germans were desperate for someone to turn around their economy and restore their pride. Hitler offered them hope. In 1934, Hitler was proclaimed the \"Fuhrer\" (leader) and became dictator of Germany, Hitler resented the restrictions put on Germany & while talking about peace, Hitler began to rearm Germany. He allies with Mussolini and Italy & looked to restore Germany to power by expanding his empire. He first took over Austria in 1938. When the League of Nations did nothing to stop him, Hitler became bolder and took over Czechoslovakia in 1939. Appeasement: After World War 1, the nations of Europe were weary and did not want another war. When countries such as Italy and Germany became aggressive and began to take over their neighbors and build up their armies, countries such as Britain and France used appeasement policy & tried to make Hitler happy rather than try to stop him. They hoped that by meeting his demands he would be satisfied and there wouldn't be any war. Unfortunately, the policy of appeasement backfired. It only made Hitler bolder. It also gave him time to build up his army. Great Depression: The period before World War II was a time of great economic suffering throughout the world called the Great Depression. Many people were out of work and struggling to survive. This created unstable governments and worldwide turmoil that helped lead to World War II. Interesting Facts about the Causes of WW-2 ✓ Because of the Great Depression, many countries were experiencing strong fascist and communist movements including France and Great Britain before the war. ✓ Before WW-II: the USA attempted to stay out of world issues, they were not members of the League of Nations. ✓ As part of their appeasement policy, Britain and France agreed to let Hitler have part of Czechoslovakia in the Munich Agreement. Czechoslovakia had no say in the deal. The Czechoslovakians called the agreement the \"Munich Betrayal.\"

✓ Japan had taken over Korea, Manchuria, and a significant part of China before World War 2 began. Important dates of WW-2 and how it started 1933 January 30 - Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany. His Nazi Party takes power and he became dictator 1936 October 25 - Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy form the Rome-Berlin Axis treaty. 1936 Nov 25 - Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan sign the Anti- Comintern Pact. This was a pact against Russia. 1937 July 7 - Japan invades China. 1938 March 12 - Hitler annexes the country of Austria into Germany. This is also called the Anschluss World War II 1939 September 1 - Germany invades Poland. World War II begins. 1939 September 3 - France and Great Britain declare war on Germany. 1940 April 9 to June 9 - Germany invades and takes control of Denmark and Norway. 1940 May 10 -Jun 22: Germany takes over much of western Europe: Netherlands, Belgium & Northern France. 1940 May 30 - Winston Churchill becomes the leader of the British government. 1940 June 10 - Italy enters the war as a member of the Axis powers. 1940 July 10 - Germany air attacked Britain (lasted for 4 Months) – Known as the Battle of Britain. 1940 September 22 - Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact creating the Axis Alliance 1941 June 22 - Germany and the Axis Powers attack Russia with a huge force of over four million troops. 1941 December 7 - Japan attack the US Navy in Pearl Harbour. The next day US enters WW-II on Allies side 1942 June 4 - The US Navy defeats the Japanese navy at the Battle of Midway. 1942 July 10 - The Allies invade and take the island of Sicily. 1943 Sep 3 - Italy surrenders to Allies, but Germany helps Mussolini to escape & form government in Northern Italy. 1944 June 6 - D-day and the Normandy invasion. Allied forces invade France and push back the Germans. ANAND KUMAR

1944 August 25 - Paris is liberated from German control. 1944 December 16 - The Germans attack in Battle of the Bulge. But lost sealing the fate of the German army. 1945 February 19 - US Marines invade the island of Iwo Jima. After a fierce battle, they capture the island. 1945 April 12 - US President Franklin Roosevelt dies. He is succeeded by President Harry Truman. 1945 March 22 - The US Third Army under General Patton crosses the Rhine River. 1945 April 30 - Adolf Hitler commits suicide as he knows Germany has lost the war. 1945 May 7 - Germany surrenders to the Allies. 1945 August 6 - The United States drops the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. The city is devastated. 1945 August 9 - Another atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. 1945 September 2 - Japan surrenders to US General Douglass MacArthur and the Allies. Major Events of WW II Hitler betrays Stalin and invades Russia: In 1939, Hitler had signed a pact vowing not to attack the Soviet Union. But in June 1941 Hitler broke his promise and invaded Russia, The Nazis ingresses hundreds of miles and reach the outskirts of Moscow by Oct, but there was extreme cold & The Soviets had more experience operating in cold weather and were better prepared than the Nazis. German equipment was not designed for <0 temperatures, German lacked essentials such as antifreeze & clothes, Germany never took Moscow, and that failure proved to be a crucial turning point in the war. Germany didn’t have the manpower or industrial base to fight a two-front war against the Soviet Union and the British. Soviet Union’s sacrifice dwarfed that of the Western allies American memories of WW-II focuses mainly on the United States or our English-speaking allies, But the Soviet Union bore a disproportionate share of the burden in fighting the German war machine. The Americans and British each suffered around 4L deaths of military personnel. France suffered 2L but Soviet deaths are disputed, but the Soviets lost at least 86L million soldiers and possibly as many as 138L. In other words, around 90 percent of the Allies who died fighting the Nazis were Soviets.

Famous Battles of WW-2 Attack on Pearl Harbour – 7th Dec 1941 (2 Hr), Hawaii island Before the Attack: WW- II had been raging in Europe and Asia for 2 years, but the US had not entered the war. Japan was trying to take over much of Asia and was worried about the US Navy in Hawaii (which is an island in North pacific almost in between Japan and USA) They decided to strike to prevent the USA from attacking them. The Japanese thought that if they destroy warships in Pearl Harbour, then the US Navy would be crippled but they were mistaken and the attack on Pearl Harbor had just the opposite result. The US declared war the next day. Attack on Sunday Morning: ✓ 100s of Japanese airplanes made a surprise attack on the US Navy in Pearl Harbor. The bombers dropped bombs and torpedoes on the warships, while the fighter planes attacked the US fighter planes on the ground so they could not take off and fight back. They destroyed lots of fighter jet many ships including warships, destroyers, and cruisers, and killed many soldiers. ✓ The biggest US loss was the sinking of the USS Arizona ship, over 1,100 US military personnel died when Arizona sunk. It was this attack that forced the United States to enter World War II & later All US ships were recovered except 3 (Arizona, Utah, Oklahoma) & later used during the war. Causality: USA: Killed=2390, Wounded=1178, Ship Sunk/damaged=12/9, Aircraft Destroyed/Damaged=164/159 , Japan: Killed=64, Ship Sunk/Damaged=5, Aircraft Destroyed/Damaged=29/74 After the Attack: ✓ US Citizens were in shock. They tried to avoid the war, but could not ignore this attack & it’s united them. The next day, 08/12/41: the US declared war on Japan. ✓ Three days later Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States. The United States was now a major part of World War II. ✓ The US Navy was able to recover from the attack quickly. Japanese had not damaged important facilities including oil storage depots and repair yards. Also, no aircraft carriers were in Pearl Harbor at the time of the attack. Aircraft carriers would soon become the most important type of navy vessels in the war. ✓ Today there is a memorial to the US soldiers who lost their lives during the attack called the USS Arizona memorial and is built on the water above the wreckage of the USS Arizona. ✓ President Roosevelt gave a famous speech after the attack in which he said December 7th would be a \"date which will live in infamy\". ✓ The Japanese also used submarines, including smaller ones called midget submarines, in the attack. The entire attack lasted around 110 minutes, just under two hours. ✓ The Japanese attacked a Sunday morning because they thought the US soldiers would be less alert at that time. ANAND KUMAR

Battle of Guadalcanal: 07th Aug 1942 to 9th Feb 1943 (6 Months) ✓ After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese had control of the South Pacific including the Philippines. They started threatening US ally Australia.US finally gathered enough forces in the Pacific to begin to attack. They chose the island of Guadalcanal – Which was a part of the Solomon Islands located to the northeast of Australia) as a place to begin their attack. As the Japanese had recently built an airbase on the island to use it to invade New Guinea. ✓ This is the 1st time the US had gone offensive and attacked the Japanese. When US marines invaded the island. They surprised Japanese forces by surprise and soon had control of the airbase. ✓ The Japanese did not give up easily & won a naval battle of Savo Island sinking four Allied cruisers and isolating the U.S. marines on Guadalcanal. Then they landed reinforcements on the island to take it back. ✓ Over the next six months, the battle waged. The U.S. was able to protect the island during the day by sending out planes to bomb incoming Japanese ships. However, the Japanese would land at night using small fast ships, sending in more soldiers ✓ in Mid, Nov Japanese attacked with 10K soldiers. The fighting was fierce, but the Japanese were unable to advance. They were forced to retreat & the US claimed total control of the island on 9th Feb . Results of the Battle ✓ 1st Time Japanese lost the war and had a major Morale loss. The Japanese lost 31K Soldiers (9K from disease & Hunger) soldiers and 38 ships. The Allies lost 7100 soldiers and 29 ships. ✓ It is estimated that around 9,000 Japanese soldiers died from disease and starvation during the battle. ✓ Several movies and books have been written about the battle including Guadalcanal Diary and The Thin Red Line (both were books that were later made into movies).

Battle of Stalingrad (Hitler crucial defeat) – 1942-43, Location: Russia It was one of the deadliest battles of history, the death toll at Stalingrad was huge, leaving about 8.5L Axis soldiers, 10L Soviet soldiers downed, missing or wounded. Most of the civilians residing in the city also died during the combat. Once Hitler failed to capture Moscow in 1941, He planned to capture Caucasus & its rich oil fields in 42.in July Hitler diverted a huge force to capture Stalingrad city, Stalingrad didn’t have any great strategic importance, but the city’s name gave the fight symbolic importance for both Hitler and Stalin. Weeks of brutal warfare followed as the German’s sought to take the city one building at a time. In November, the Russians launched a counteroffensive to relieve the city, encircling the German attackers and taking tens of thousands of prisoners. Many historians consider the Battle of Stalingrad to be a decisive turning point in the European war. Battle of Midway: 1942 ✓ In June 1942, Japanese naval forces attacked American held Midway Island Expecting it to be an easy win, But the Americans cracked Japanese codes, so they were about their plans, On 4th June, 4 Japanese aircraft carriers engaged 3 American ACC (at right). The Japanese made the mistake of launching an initial strike against land-based forces on Midway rather than against American carriers. That allowed the US to launch the first carrier-to-carrier attack of the battle. The results were devastating: all four Japanese carriers suffered fatal blows. The single remaining Japanese carrier managed to cripple the American carrier Yorktown, which sank the next day. The Japanese, whose navy had previously dominated the Pacific, struggled to replace the carriers it lost at Midway. A growing fleet of American aircraft carriers soon had the Japanese on the defensive. Battle of Alamein: 1942 After the fall of France, Britain didn’t have the military strength, But British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was anxious to demonstrate to his people that Britain could continue contributing to the fight against fascism. So, he dispatched troops to North Africa, where he hoped to dislodge the Italians (German ally) from their colony in Libya. The British routed the Italians, taking tens of thousands of prisoners. But Hitler dispatched a contingent of German troops commanded by the brilliant Erwin Rommel, who was able to reverse some of the British gains and extend the war in North Africa for another two years. ANAND KUMAR

D-Day: The Invasion of Normandy ✓ Since 1941, Stalin had been urging his British and American allies to open a second front in France. The Western Allies finally felt ready to retake France in June 1944. This map shows the invasion plan, which was dubbed Operation Overlord. It involved the amphibious landing of 1.5L British, American, French, and Canadian troops to beaches in Normandy, across the English Channel from Great Britain. ✓ The Germans knew that an invasion was coming. They could tell by all the forces that were gathering in Britain as well as by the additional airstrikes. What they didn't know was where the Allies would strike. To confuse the Germans, the Allies tried to make it look like they were going to attack north of Normandy at Pas de Calais. ✓ By the end of D-Day over 150,000 troops had landed in Normandy. They pushed their way inland allowing more troops to land over the next several days. By June 17th over 5L Allied troops had arrived and they began to push the Germans out of France. Interesting Facts about D-Day ✓ The troops needed the light of a full moon to see to attack. For this reason, there were only a few days during a month when the Allies could attack. This led Eisenhower to go ahead with the invasion despite the bad weather. ✓ The Allies wanted to attack during high tide as this helped the ships to avoid obstacles put in the water by the Germans. Battle of Berlin: 16/04/45 – 02/05/45 The Battle of Berlin was the last major battle in Europe during World War II. It resulted in the surrender of the German army and an end to Adolf Hitler's rule. It's primarily fought between the German & Soviet Army. Soviets had over 25L soldiers, 7,500 aircraft, and 6,250 tanks. The Germans had around 10L soldiers, 2,200 aircraft, and 1,500 tanks. Till this fight German army was ill-equipped, Soldiers were sick, wounded, or starving. So, they included young boys and old men. The battle began on April 16 when the Soviets attacked along the Oder River near Berlin. They quickly defeated the German, By April 20th the Soviets began bombing Berlin and had it surrounded in a few days. At this point, Hitler began to realize that he was going to lose the battle. He tried to move the German army from western Germany to Berlin to save the city. By April 30, Germans were running out of ammunition. At this point, Hitler admitted defeat and committed suicide along with his new wife, Eva Braun.

May 2nd, the German generals inside Berlin surrendered to the Soviet army. Only a few days later, on May 7, 1945, the remaining leaders of Nazi Germany signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies and the war in Europe was over. Results: Soviet Union: 81K- Killed; 2.8L- Wounded. Germans: 92K-Killed, 2.2L- wounded. Civilian killed=22K Interesting Facts about the Battle of Berlin ✓ Around 1.5L Polish soldiers fought alongside the Soviet Union. ✓ Some say that Soviet was in a hurry to capture Berlin before the rest of the Allies, so he could keep German nuclear research secrets for himself. ✓ Poland celebrates its Flag Day on May 2 to commemorate the day it raised the Polish flag over Berlin in victory. ✓ The battle left over a million Germans without homes, clean water, or food. Battle of Iwo Jima: 19th Feb 1945: ✓ It was 1st Major battle on Japanese land & took place between US & Japan, This island (only 8 Sq. mile mostly flat except for a mountain – Suribachi) was a strategic location because the US needed a place for fighter planes and bombers to land and take off when attacking Japan. ✓ US Marines landed on the island on 19th Feb. & US generals thought that it may take them around a week to take the island. But they were wrong. The Japanese had many surprises for the US soldiers and it took 36 days of furious fighting for the US to finally capture the island. ✓ On 1st Day 30K US marines landed on shores we’re not attacked by Japanese So they wrongly thought that maybe Japanese were killed in the bombing, Because the Japanese had dug tunnels and hiding places all over the island & were waited for more US marines to come, then attacked. Many US soldiers were killed. ✓ The battle went on for days. The Japanese would move in secret tunnels. After 36 days of brutal fighting, US finally secured the island of Iwo Jima. They placed a flag on top of Mount Suribachi. This picture became famous in the US. Later a statue was made & it became the US Marine Corps Memorial (Washington, DC.) ANAND KUMAR

Interesting Facts ✓ The US had more wounded soldiers than, but in reverse, the Japanese had death=18000 (Only 216 wounded) than USA death=6800, because the Japanese had decided to fight to the death ✓ The US government awarded 27 soldiers with the Medal of Honor for their bravery during the battle. ✓ There were 6 men in the famous US flag being raised pictures. 3 were killed later in the battle. The other 3 became celebrities in the US. ✓ The Japanese dug 11 miles of tunnels within the island of Iwo Jima. The Atomic Bomb - Manhattan Project (16th July 1945) ✓ At WW-II start (in 1939) Atomic bomb had not been invented. But Albert Einstein had the idea that by splitting an atom, a highly explosive bomb can be made & he helped scientists in that. When he realized that such a bomb could be made, he was frightened about what might happen if Hitler learned how to make the bomb 1st. He wrote to US President Franklin Roosevelt & explained. As a result, Roosevelt set up the Manhattan Project. ✓ Manhattan Project: It’s the name of an R&D program for the atomic bomb. It started small, but as the bomb became more real, the United States added scientists and funding to be sure they were the first to have the bomb. Ironically, many of the scientists involved in making the bomb had defected from Germany. By the end of the project, funding had reached $2 billion and around 200,000 people were working on the project. ✓ The First Atomic Bomb: 16/07/1945: 1st atomic bomb was tested in the New Mexico desert. The explosion was massive & equivalent to 18000 tons of TNT & found that temperature at the center of the explosion was 3X than at the center of the sun. Although scientists were happy, they also were sad and fearful. This bomb could cause mass destruction and death. When President Harry Truman heard of the bomb's success he wrote \"We have discovered the most terrible bomb in the history of the world\". ✓ Deciding to Drop the Bomb: By the time the first atomic bomb had been made, Germany had already surrendered & WW-2 in Europe was over. Japan was defeated as well but would not surrender. The US was contemplating an invasion of Japan. Army leaders figured that anywhere from 500,000 to 1 million US and Allied soldiers would die in an invasion. President Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb instead. ✓ Hiroshima: 6th Aug1945: Bomb named Little Boy (10feet long & 10K Pound weight) was dropped by a plane named Enola Gay on Hiroshima. The explosion was huge and tens of thousands of people were killed. A small parachute was on the bomb to slow its drop and allow the plane time to fly away from the blast zone. ✓ Nagasaki: 9th Aug 1945: Despite witnessing the terrible destruction of the bomb on Hiroshima, Emperor Hirohito and Japan still refused to surrender. 3 Days later, another bomb named Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki & forced Japan- Emperor Hirohito to surrender after 6 days

Interesting Facts ✓ The lead scientist on the Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer is called the \"father of the atomic bomb\". ✓ The first bomb dropped on Hiroshima was made from Uranium. The bomb dropped on Nagasaki was made from Plutonium, which was even more powerful than uranium. ✓ It is thought that at least 1.35L people died from the Hiroshima explosion and 70K in Nagasaki ✓ Hiroshima was chosen because it was a large port city with an army base. The Holocaust Its most terrible events in human history occurred during WW-II when Hitler was the leader of Germany 6 million (60L) (including 1 Million women/Children) Jewish people were murdered by the Nazis. Hitler also killed Millions of others like Polish people, Catholics, Serbs. It is thought that the Nazis murdered as many as 17 million innocent people. Why Hitler did it: Hitler hated Jewish people and blamed them for Germany losing World War I. He considered Jewish people to be less than human. Hitler also believed in the superiority of the Aryan race. He wanted to use Darwinism and breeding to create a race of perfect people, Hitler wrote in his book that when he became ruler, he would rid Germany of all the Jews. Not many people believed it, but as soon as he became Chancellor, He made laws that said Jews had no rights. Then he started doing barbaric act against them People in the queue of Gas Chamber (Not aware Remains of the corpse lying @ crematorium about fortune) Oven at Ma Ghettos: When Nazis would take over a city in Europe, they would force all of the Jewish people into one area of town. This area was called a ghetto and was fenced in with barbed wire and guarded. There was little food, water, or medicine available. It was also very crowded with multiple families sometimes sharing a single room to live in. ANAND KUMAR

Concentration Camps: All Jewish people were eventually to be brought to concentration camps. They were told they were relocating to a new and better place, but this was not the case. Concentration camps were like prison camps. People were forced to do hard labor. The weak were quickly killed or died of starvation. Some camps even had gas chambers. People would be led into the chambers in large groups only to be killed with poison gas. Stories and Heroes of the Holocaust: There are many stories of Jewish people survive during the Holocaust. Anne Frank's Diary - This diary tells the real-life story of a young girl named Anne Frank. She and her family hid from the Nazis for 2 years before they were betrayed and captured. Anne died in a concentration camp, but her diary survived to tell her story. Schindler's List - This movie tells the story of Oskar Schindler, a German businessman who managed to save the lives of over one thousand Jewish people who worked in his factories. Note: this movie is R-rated and not for children. The Hiding Place - This tells the true story of Corrie ten Boom, a Dutch lady who helped to hide Jewish people from the Nazis. Corrie gets caught by a spy, however, and is sent to a concentration camp. Corrie survives the camp and is let free at the end of the war. Bataan Death March: Philippines (By Japanese to US+Phillipino Soldiers) After bombing Pearl Harbor, Japan quickly began to take over much of Southeast Asia. As the Japanese approached Philippines, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur moved the U.S. forces from Manila to Bataan to save Manila from destruction. After 3 months of fierce fighting, the Japanese defeated the US + Filipino army at Bataan. On 09/04/1942, US surrendered with 76K (12K American) combined Filipino and American troops, But Japan was Japanese commander planned to move them to Camp O'Donnell, about 80 miles away, which the Japanese would turn into a prison. The prisoners would walk part of the way and then ride the train the rest of the way. But the Japanese were surprised to see the Count. They thought there were only around 25K Allied soldiers, not 76K They divided the army into smaller groups of 100 to 1000 men, took their weapons, and told them to start marching.

✓ The Death March: The Japanese did not give the prisoner’s food or water for 3 days. As a result, soldiers became weaker and started to fall behind. Those that fell behind were beaten and killed by the Japanese. Sometimes exhausted prisoners were driven over by army vehicles. Once prisoners reached the trains, they were crammed into the trains for the rest of the journey. Those that could not fit in were forced to march the entire way to the camp. ✓ March lasted for six days. With an estimate of 5K-10K death in the journey. Once the soldiers reached the camp, conditions didn't improve much. Thousands more died at the camp from starvation and disease over the next few years. The prisoners that survived were rescued in early 1945 when the Allies retook the Philippines. The Japanese officer in charge of the march, General Masaharu Homma, was executed for \"war crimes against humanity.\" Interesting Facts about the Bataan Death March ✓ General MacArthur wanted to fight at Bataan but was ordered by President Roosevelt to evacuate. ✓ When the Japanese first captured the army, they executed around 400 Filipino officers who had surrendered. ✓ The Japanese attempted to cover up the event by having the local newspaper report that the prisoners were well treated. The truth about the march came out when escaped prisoners told their stories. ANAND KUMAR

Japanese Internment Camps (In the USA Made for Japanese civilians) After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, the US declared war on Japan and entered World War II & People became paranoid that Japanese-Americans would help Japan against the US. So, President Roosevelt signed an executive order that allowed the military to force people of Japanese ancestry into internment camps. Around 1.2L Japanese-Americans (with their entire Family including kids) were sent to Internment camps (which is like prisons. People were forced to move into an area that was surrounded by barbed wire.) but they had not done anything wrong ✓ 1/3rd people in the camps were school-aged children. Schools were set up in the camps for the children, but they were very crowded and lacked books and desks ✓ Life in the camps wasn't very fun. Each family typically had a single room in tarpaper barracks. They ate bland food in large mess halls and had to share bathrooms with other families. They had little freedom. Also, in the same way around 12K Germans and Italians were sent to internment camps in the United States. ✓ The internment ended in January of 1945. Many of these families had been in the camps for >2 years. Many of them lost their homes, farms, and other property while they were in the camps. They had to rebuild their lives ✓ In 1988, the U.S. government apologized for the internment camps. President Ronald Reagan signed a law that gave each of the survivors $20,000 in reparations. He also sent each survivor a signed apology. Interesting Facts about the Japanese Internment Camps ✓ Despite the unfair and harsh treatment, the people in the camps were fairly peaceful. ✓ After being freed, the internees were given $25 and a train ticket home. ✓ The camps have been called by names of \"relocation camps\", \"internment camps\", “concentration camps.\" ✓ People at the camps were required to fill out a \"loyalty\" questionnaire to determine how \"American\" they were. Those found to be disloyal were sent to a special high-security camp called Tule Lake in Northern California. ✓ Around 17,000 Japanese-Americans fought for the United States military during World War II.

After the World War-2 . Many things changed once World War II was over. Much of Europe and Eastern Asia had been destroyed by the fighting and bombings that had taken place over many years. Also, many country's borders needed to be set and governments re-established where Germany or Japan had taken over LHS is the picture of Teheran conference photo having Allied Leaders discuss Europe Europe: Germany had occupied much of Europe during World War II. But Many western countries returned to the same governments and borders they had before the war. However, Germany was divided up into Eastern and Western Germany. The Eastern part was controlled by the USSR (Russia) and the Western part by the Allies. The USSR also took control of many of the countries in Eastern Europe where they had fought the Germans. These included Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. Europe was in much need of financial aid due to all the roads, bridges, buildings, and more that had been destroyed in the fighting. The United States offered Aid in the form of the Marshall Plan to help Europe recover. Japan and Eastern Asia: The US and the Allies occupied Japan to maintain control (During recovery) Japan would become an independent nation again in 1952. In Korea, the Allies and the USSR (Russia) divided up the country into North and South Korea. The plan was for Russia to control the North and the Allies - South until a free election could be held for the entire country. This never happened as Russia later refused and the country is still split to this day with North Korea controlled by communists. China, civil war continued that had started before World War II. It was between the communists and the nationalists. The communists won and the nationalists fled to Taiwan. War Crimes: After the war, many leaders from Japan and Germany were brought to trial. They had violated the rules of war according to the Geneva Convention and had also committed crimes against humanity. These crimes included the Holocaust, slave labor, and the terrible treatment and torture of prisoners of war. Many of these leaders were executed for their crimes. Picture details: War crimes trials for German leaders Source: US Army United Nations: The Allies formed the United Nations to try and prevent World War III from happening. The United Nations was formed on October 24, 1945. There were 51 original member nations including 5 permanent Security Council members: China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Cold War Begins: Europe became divided into the Eastern Bloc of nations and the West. The Eastern Bloc was led by the Soviet Union (Russia). These countries were run by communist governments and had their alliance called the Warsaw Pact. The Western countries, including the United States, formed an alliance against communism called NATO. These two alliances, NATO and the Warsaw Pact would take part in an arms race war called the Cold War. The Cold War never escalated into full war due to the fear of what would happen to the world if many countries started dropping atomic bombs. The Cold War would last for the next 45 years ANAND KUMAR

The Warsaw Pact: Named so because the treaty was signed in Warsaw, included the Soviet Union, Albania, Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria as members. The treaty called on the member states to come to the defense of any member attacked by an outside force, this revolved around “Western Germany, which is being remilitarized, ✓ This pact remained intact until 1991. Albania was expelled in 1962 because, believing that Russian leader Nikita was deviating from strict Marxist orthodoxy, the country turned to communist China for aid and trade. In 1990, East Germany left the Pact and reunited with West Germany & became a member of NATO. The rise of non-communist governments in other eastern such as Poland and Czechoslovakia in 90-91 marked an effective end of the power of the Warsaw Pact. In March 1991, the military alliance component of the pact was dissolved and in July 1991, the last meeting of the political consultative body took place. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): The Cold War was in full swing, as the Soviet Union captured surrounding countries first to help protect them from any invasion. This tactic was used to imprison civilians and force them to join the Soviet military. As their armed forces greatly increased in numbers, other countries and nations feared that the Soviet Union would expand their control and take over other countries. ✓ In response to this NATO is formed between the territories of North American and Europe. its main purpose was to defend each other from the Soviet Union taking control of their nation. Countries joined in 1949: Belgium, Great Britain, Italy, Iceland, Luxembourg, United States, Canada, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, and Portugal. West Germany, Turkey, and Greece joined by 1955. ✓ Today its 30 countries group, they defend and aid countries in crisis, just like Darfur. NATO is made upon knowledgeable political and military leaders represented by each country. This council comes to a consensus on making important decisions on what political and military tactics to use, for daily activity. ✓ Many people believe that NATO is pointless and a waste of government money. But This organization has helped end extremely bloody conflicts in Bosnia, Iraq, and Afghanistan. NATO is still up and running in this century. It’s been around 59 years and as long as there are problems in the world, NATO will be there to seek world peace. European powers lose their colonies World War II fatally undermined the legitimacy of European rule over populations in Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. The war’s end triggered a series of independence movements that ended European colonial rule almost everywhere by the 1960s. India gained independence from Britain relatively peacefully in 1947. Gorilla fighters in Vietnam drove the French out between 1946 and 1954. An insurgency in Algeria forced France to give up that territory in 1962, and France granted most of its other African possession’s independence in 1960. By 1980, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom had also granted their African colonies independence. British Colonies in 1900 areas below, Total=Approx. 69 countries Africa: 23 Nos, In America: 13 Nos, Europe: 7, Middle East=8, Asia: 10, Oceanic: 8, During 19th & 20th centuries, the French colonial empire was 2nd largest after British, In terms of population France colonial possessions totaled 150 million inhabitants, compared to 330 million for British India alone., Also French Establishments of India, composed of Pondicherry (1765– 1954); Karikal (1725–1954); Mahé (1721–1954) Yanaon (1723–1954); Chandernagor (1673– 1952) About freedom of goa from Portugal: Goa on India's western coast was freed from Portuguese rule on 19/12/61, More than 400 after

it was colonized, the fight for freedom began in the 1940s as India inched closer to independence from British rule. But Goa remained a Portuguese colony until 1961, In 1955, India even imposed an economic blockade on Goa. In 1961, the Indian army invaded the state after the Portuguese fired at Indian fishing boats, killing one fisherman. After 36 hours of air, sea and land strikes by the army, Portuguese signed the \"instrument of surrender\", handing over Goa territory to India. Hitler, NOT Gandhi, is the reason for India’s Independence ✓ World War II had a profound effect on the colonial powers because it destroyed their economies. after WW-II. Hitler destroyed the economies of Britain and France to such an extent that they were no longer able to financially maintain their military forces, and were hence incapable of containing the burgeoning freedom movements in their colonies. It is worth noting that Britain was in such bad shape that it received about one-fourth of the total aid given under the Marshall Plan. So regardless of Gandhi Britain would have left India in 1947 purely for financial reasons, due to its wholly collapsed economy. ✓ After WWII, Britain left not only India but nearly all its other holdings, including Jordan in 1946, Palestine in 1947, Sri Lanka/Myanmar in 1948, Egypt in 1952, and Malaysia in 1957. For the same reason, France also had to grant independence to Laos in 1949 and Cambodia in 1953, and had to leave Vietnam in 1954; the Netherlands also left most of its colonies called Dutch East Indies, mainly Indonesia in 1949. & In case of No world War- II, it most probably would have taken another 30 or more years for India and some of the other colonies to get freedom ✓ Another major consequence of World War II was that it greatly hastened Indian political independence. The highly-publicized Cripps Mission that took place in India in 1942 was essentially a political ploy approved by Churchill to buy time for Britain and to try to assuage anti-colonialist feelings in the U.S. [1] ANAND KUMAR

Jews create the new state of Israel At the end of WW-II Jewish from all Europe reached Palestine (under British rule). So the new UN passes a resolution to divided Palestine b/w Jewish & Palestinian state, which was OK for Jews, but opposed by Arabs saying Jews got larger portion When Britain ended its supervision of Palestine in May 1948, Jews declared the new state of Israel. But was not recognized by its neighbors; Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, all attacked the next day. The Israelis won the war, gaining control of more territory than they would have received under the UN proposal The Marshall Plan and Recovery ✓ After World War II much of Europe was destroyed. Armies from both sides had bombed roads, bridges, supplies, and communication facilities throughout Europe. Europe needed to rebuild but this was not easy. Many governments were in debt or out of money because they had used all their resources in fighting the war. Many people did not have enough food to eat let alone money to pay taxes. ✓ US & Europe had allied with the Russians to defeat Hitler. However, now they were worried about the Russians and the spread of communism. If Western Europe did not rebuild and grow strong quickly, it may soon fall to communism, Fortunately, the land of the United States had been free of war and devastation. The US economy was doing well, making the United States the richest country in the world. They wanted to help Europe and its allies recover from the War. The Marshall Plan: the United States came up with the Marshall Plan (named after Secretary of State George Marshall). It offered help and finances to European countries Although the US had already been helping Europe to recover, the Marshall Plan made it official in 1948. Over the next 4 years, the US gave $13 billion in assistance to Western European countries. The US also offered assistance to Russia and its allies, however, they turned it down. By the time the Marshall Plan funding ended, all of the countries that participated had larger economies and were stronger than before the war. The plan was successful in helping Western Europe recover economically from the war. Interesting Facts ✓ George Marshall was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for this Plan. ✓ The Marshall Plan helped with supplies for factories. Ex plan supplied carbon black to a tire plant in Birmingham, England keeping the plant open and 10,000 workers with jobs. ✓ The US also helped to improve technology and manufacturing techniques in many European countries. ✓ Winston Churchill said that the Marshall Plan was \"the most unsordid act in history\". ✓ Japan was not a part of the Marshall Plan but did receive US economic aid through other programs.

History of Hongkong, Macau ✓ Portuguese, Dutch and French traders arrived on the south coast of China in the 1500s and Portugal set up a base in Macau (neighboring Hong Kong) ✓ By the early 19th century (1800+), the British import of tea from China & exported luxury items like clocks and watches to china but there was a huge imbalance in trade. So, the UK starts exporting opium to China (which was legal in the UK). ✓ But China opposed it which lead to The First Opium War (1839-1842) & Britain occupied the island of Hong Kong on 25/01/1841 & Treaty of Nanking signed on 29/08/1842. Hong Kong became a Crown Colony of the British Empire and stage as a military point ✓ The Kowloon peninsula followed in 1860 after a second Opium War ✓ But the British were worried about the security Hong Kong port surrounded by areas still under Chinese control. The British decided the answer would be to lease a buffer zone around Hong Kong that would make the island less vulnerable to invasion. ✓ In 1860, at the end of the Second Opium War, the UK gained a perpetual lease over the Kowloon Peninsula, which is the mainland Chinese This agreement was part of the Convention of Beijing that ended that conflict. ✓ In 1898, the British & China signed 2nd Convention of Peking for the 99-year lease of Hongkong 200 islands & British promise that the islands would be returned after 99 years, ✓ In WW-2, Hong Kong was occupied by Japan from 1941-45 just after they attacked pearl harbor. Although British, Canadians, Indians & HK retaliated but was outnumbered. So, surrendered. ✓ During the Japanese occupation approx. 10K HK civilians executed also Japanese cut rations for civilians to conserve food for soldiers ✓ By the end of the war in 1945, Hong Kong had been liberated by joint British and Chinese troops. The population of Hong Kong had shrunk to 6L from earlier 1.6 million due to the scarcity of food. The communist revolution in China in 1949 led to another population boom in Hong Kong. ✓ Again from 1950 onwards (Under British rule), Hong Kong transformed into a commercial hub but Anti-colonial sentiment fueled riots in 1967 which led to some social and political reforms & led to partially elected legislature & an independent judiciary. ✓ In 1984, British & Chinese signed the Sino- British Declaration, in which Britain agreed to return not only the New Territories but also Kowloon and HK itself when the lease term expired. & it will be Special Administrative Region. China promised to implement a \"One Country, Two Systems\" regime, under which for fifty years Hong Kong citizens could continue to practice capitalism and political freedoms, In 1997 the UK transferred control of Hong Kong and surrounding territories to the People's Republic of China ,The official name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Hong Kong SAR) ANAND KUMAR

History of Taiwan ✓ Before the 1600s, Taiwan was self-governing, ✓ Passing Portuguese sailors become the first Europeans to lay eyes on Taiwan; they are so enchanted they name the island Ilha Formosa (Beautiful Island). ✓ It was a colony of the Netherlands for about 40 years in the early to the mid-17th century and was subsequently independent again for about two decades. ✓ China gained control there in the late 17th century and ruled Taiwan for some two centuries. ✓ In 1894 China and Japan went to war over their conflicting interests in Korea. Japan won & ceded Taiwan ✓ After WW-2 1942, the Republic of China - one of the victors - began ruling Taiwan with the consent of its allies the US and UK, ✓ In 1949 - Chinese communist armies (Dictatorship) defeated Nationalist forces on the mainland and established the People’s Republic of China (Original China) & The Nationalists fled to Taiwan, resulting in the separation of Taiwan from China. In the ensuing years, China claimed jurisdiction over Taiwan - ROC (Republic of China) as One Country, Two Systems policy, but in the early 1990s, Taiwan’s government dropped this claim to China. So, what is Taiwan? ✓ Republic of China (ROC) (Taiwan) government, which fled to Taiwan in 1949, 1st claimed to represent the whole of China (Which they intended to re-occupy). It held China's seat on the UN Security Council and was recognized by many Western nations as the only Chinese government. ✓ But in 1971, the UN switched diplomatic recognition to Beijing and the ROC government was forced out. Since then the number of countries that recognize the ROC government diplomatically has fallen to about 20. ✓ China regards Taiwan as a breakaway province which it has vowed to retake, by force if necessary. But Taiwan's leaders say opposed this & said It has its constitution, democratically-elected leaders, and about 300,000 active troops in its armed forces. What role does the US play? ✓ The US is by far Taiwan's most important friend and its only ally. ✓ But 1979 US president Jimmi Carter ended US diplomatic recognition of Taiwan to concentrate on burgeoning (to grow or blossom) ties with China. ✓ The US Congress, responding to the move, passed the Taiwan Relations Act, which promises to supply Taiwan with defensive weapons, and stressed that any attack by China would be considered of \"grave concern\" to the US. ✓ The pivotal role of the US was seen in 1996 when China conducted missile tests to influence Taiwan's 1st presidential election. In response, US President Bill Clinton ordered the biggest display of US military power in Asia since the Vietnam War, sending ships to the Taiwan Strait, and a clear message to Beijing.

History of Korea Understanding Geography: ✓ North Korea shares the border with 3 countries, China, Russia, and South Korea and in right, there is a Sea of Japan and in left, there is a Yellow sea ✓ While South K only shares the border with North Korea History ✓ North and South Korea were a unified country till 1910 Under the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) ✓ Although the Japanese were trying to extend their empire since 1850 & having great influence over Korean & also controlled their emperor but finally taken over Korea in 1910 till 1945 ✓ In 1945: When it was already clear that now Japan is going to surrender, Allied Forces (especially USA) though that in all the places which are currently taken over by the Japanese (Including Korea) – They will do the free election & will set a democratic government as their intention was good but it was not their priority (as their priority was Germany) ✓ But At the same time intention of Russia was not good and even before Japan surrender, He started progressing his troops to capture the Korea & below is the reason for Russia this intention Russia -Japan war 1904-1905: ✓ This is very less known war but play a very important role in the formation of North Korea ✓ In 1904 Russia was ruled by Zar dynasty rule & they wanted to build a rail network till Port Arthur (Because this port can play an imp role because at that time whole Russia usually is covered with snow), So they started sending troops to Port Arthur, which Japan perceived as a threat to take over Korea, But Russia warns Japan to don’t intervene (& Mistakenly considered himself big & Strong), So when the fight broke, Assisting Port of Arthur was tough as it was 1000x miles far from Russia (Mosco/St Petersburg), So Finally Russia lost & that is why they were eager to capture Japan owned provide (Korea) after their surrender ✓ 1945: When the USA Dropped Bomb on Japan, Russia Declared war on Japan and Invaded & Captured Manchuria So, when Japan Surrenders, Russia captured the Northern part (aiming to make all Korea Communist) & the USA Captured Southern Part (aiming to make all Korea Democratic), So even Russia and USA being allied forces, here comes the trust deficiency ANAND KUMAR

Division of Korea: ✓ Its more or like India -Pakistan divide without given much thought, the only objective here was to keep the Seoul (in one territory), So there was made a line known as 38 parallel of latitude ✓ Then the USA appointed an anti-communist leader Rhee to rule the South Part & It was declared a Nation & in May 1948 – Rhee was installed as 1st president ✓ While Russia appoints Kim il sung as the leader (1948-1994) to rule North Korea → Followed by Kim Jong-il (1994-2011)→ Followed by Kim Jong-un (2011- Till Date) Difference b/w South (Democratic) & North (Communist) Korea ✓ In Summary, SK is much developed and almost a developed country while NK is still owned by Dictator ✓ 98.8% Korean in USA and South Korean (for outside world Korea by default means SK ✓ Note: South Korea is also not heaven either, here 4th Most cause of death is suicide for age (10-30 years) because of hyper-competitive society

History of Vietnam (What is Vietnam -War) Understanding Geography: ✓ From the side picture, we can understand that current Vietnam, Laos & Cambodia was earlier a colony of France ✓ French Rule: 1860-1941 ✓ Japanese Invasion: 1941-1945 (During the time of WW-2, Japan has captured almost all the southeast Countries like Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Myanmar, New Guinea (Australia), Mainland China (Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong, Hubei, Inner Mongolia) ✓ In 1945: Japan surrendered to below Allied Northern Troops Surrendered to China Southern troops surrendered to the UK ✓ But After this surrender, France said that since this was our territory earlier, so please handover this to us, So the UK was OK with it but china was not bit convinced ✓ Once France Established their territory again- It was opposed by locals as they wanted freedom, they don’t like even Japanese nor France, which resulted in the 1st Indo-china war (1946-54) lead by Vietminh group (Led by ho chi Min) Vs France Loyalist and their armies. Result: France was defeated with Geneva accords because Vietminh group was proficient in Gorilla War ✓ Geneva Accords 1954 1) France will leave from Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos & All 3 will be free 2) Vietnam will be divided in 2 at 17th Parallel (For an interim period of 5 years & after that it will be united again) • In which North will be Led by Communist (Vietminh group head - Ho Chi Minh) - who also has spent his most time in China & USSR • South will be as per the western country (Democratic): Ngo Dinh Diem So, after the divide, NV Capital was Hanoi and SV capital was Saigon which was later renamed as Ho Chi Minh (because NV later captured SV) ✓ So, in 1955, Allies of NV was USSR+ China (Both Communist Country) & SV was USA+UK+Other western Country, because of cold war b/w democracy and Communism ✓ Even After Geneva accord: Everything was not peaceful because the UK, US-supported Ngo Dinh Diem became corrupt autocratic leader (who was minor catholic) and persecuted 1000s of Buddhist, So People started opposing Dien Diem and Mostly by Viet-Cong (Communist Guerilla Force) who wanted a unified Vietnam and was Backed by NV, ✓ Also, Dinh Diem – did not let the election happen (as per the Geneva accord) & was backed by the USA ✓ America Intervention ANAND KUMAR

Till now there was no role of the USA in this, But America wanted to contain communism (because they believed in DOMINO theory, which suggest that if any country becomes communism, there is a high possibility that the neighboring country can also become Communist and they want to curb the growth of China. So, US sent Military advisors (Not Soldiers) to SV & their count was heavily increased by US President JFK in 1962 ✓ USA official entry in Vietnam – Gulf of Tonkin Incident In this USA said that his 1 Naval ship was attacked by NV and USA passed Gulf of Tobkin Resolution and the USA officially entered in this war Note: Later it was revealed that the USA was lying about this incident and there was no such attack by NV ✓ What happened in this War? By 1967: There were 5L USA soldiers deputed there to official fight because the land in Vietnam was not smooth and soldiers have to fight in Jungle, Water, Mountains (in small -Small groups) which they were not used to off & there was no proper road, while on the other hand Vietnamese were expert in Gorilla technique was working. Huge Bombing: It was even more than the Total bomb Used in WW-2, This is because of the frustration of desperation Use of Chemical Agent – NAPALM (which was burn even a green Forest) and Agent Orange (which can immediately make the try leaves less – So that USA Airforce can view from the sky) – This led to a long term’s environmental degradation and effect Viet Cong Army used a very Innovative Way to combat the USA (

Vietnamese Knows that in case of Airstrike – They can’t do much, so they dig lots of tunnels & They usually keep a low profile and whenever any US troop comes, they apparated suddenly to fight Only because of this kind of tunnels they were not affected by USA bombings much TET Offensive: This was the turning point of this war, In This was a plan made by VietKong to do surprise attack in NV, on US Embassy, Army Base and other Govt building locations, & They will turn this complete table /Government by this attack Although it didn’t go as per planned Damage to the USA was huge and this boosts the Moral of NV because, before this act, they were thinking that the USA has so much force, Technology & it’s impossible to defeat them Change in Perception: Before this attack, US government was convincing people that we are about to win the war in next 6 months, but after this people realized that we may not win the war and govt is fooling around also people started questioning that why even we are fighting this war? Mai Lai Massacre: 1968 Resulted in Anti-war sentiment in the USA This was a massacre done by US troops in which innocent people & children were killed, & photos of which was started publishing in the USA newspaper, which in turns resulted in a mass protest in the USA Students gathered in Large #s in front of the white house to oppose Draft Opposition: Draft was a system in which it was mandatory of all youth to serve in Military for at least 2 years, so they also opposed that because they don’t want to go to Vietnam to kill innocent people Media War: ✓ This was kind of 1st war where reporters were given the video footage & uncensored report about the horror of the war, so anger in people was also increasing ✓ Leaked Pentagon report: In which it was stated that yes, we have misguided govt and we can’t win the war in next 6 months, Due to this public opinion for govt changed, which was not the case with earlier wars ✓ Lindon Johnson lost the Presidential election to Nixon in 1968, because he failed to keep promise of war ending & after winning he brings a policy called Vietnamization which said We will bring our soldiers back and count of SV soldiers will be increased ✓ Paris Peace Accord 1973 in b/w USA and NV and SV: in which the USA announce his exited ✓ But the war was continued, Now the position of NV was stronger and they captured Saigon in 1973 & North and South Vietnam unified and a communist government was formed Causalities & Impact of this war ANAND KUMAR

✓ USA: 58K Soldier died and 1.5L wounded while in Afghanistan war (Run for 15 Years) 10K soldiers died ✓ Vietnam: 10-20 Lakh civilian casualties, this is because most of the time US Military was not able to distinguish b/w Civilian and combatant, because of No Special cloths and their fighting style, so many of the time, to kill 2-3 combatant, they had to kill the whole village ✓ 1st major defeat of USA – Because NV was finally successful ✓ The modern weapon always cannot win the war ✓ Public perception is important – Without this, you had to win 2 war, 1 in the war zone and 2nd at home ✓ Cold war Dynamics Changed - & USA extended a friendly hand to china in 1972, because china was powerful in that reason & he has lots of influences on small countries, & that resulted in some problem b/w USSR and china

History of IRAN Geographical Location: North - Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, and the Caspian Sea, East - Pakistan, and Afghanistan, South - the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, West - Turkey, and Iraq. Iran also controls approx. dozen islands in the Persian Gulf. Importance: Very Oil and gas natural rich Also, there is Straight of Harmuz which act as a choke point & 20% of worlds oil passes through it Brief History of Iran : Safavid Dynasty: 1501 – 1736: Its made Shia Islam was made official religion of Iran before Qajar Dynasty: 1785 – 1921: It gave Ulema (Clergy) a Political power Pahlavi Dynasty: 1921-1978 Constitutional Revolution: 1906 ✓ Qajar Ruler accepted constitutional monarchy in which there was some restriction on King to avoid doing as per his wish), Parliament constituted – Like England where there will be King and constitution both ✓ Shia Islam declared an official religion, ✓ But this revolution was finally failed because Earlier Ulema has supported this revolution but later they removed their support World War -1 & Aftermath Britain and Soviet Union Power play, Britain succeeding in controlling all oil in IRAN, they formed a company named Anglo-Iranian Oil Company which later known as British Oil, there were lots on Interference of UK at that time & with the support of Britain Only, Qajar Dynasty was removed and Reza Shah (Pahlavi) Dynasty was established, Raja Shah only wanted to be emperor and said England that you may continue to extract oil & he again did the following 1) Secular Government establishment that is again Shi Islam is no more the official religion 2) He established a Dictatorial rule and not listening to Ulema’s – So Ulema’s went against him ANAND KUMAR

During WW-2, England believed that Iran is declining towards Russia and although both USSR & England were on the same side (Allies), Still, they did not like it & They removed and Reza Shah and appointed his son 22 yr. old son Mohd Raza Shah as a King in 1941 till 1979 In 1951: & Since there were a constitution and election, in 1951 Mohr Mossadegh became PM but he nationalized the Oil resources, Britain imposes an embargo and a blockade, halting oil exports and hitting the economy. A power struggle between the Shah and nationalist Prime Minister ensues 1953 August - Prime Minister Mossadeq is overthrown in a coup engineered by the British (MI- 6) and US intelligence services (CIA) General Fazlollah Zahedi as proclaimed prime minister, and the Shah returns from temporary exile to full power Reforms did by Shah in 1963 ✓ Economic Reforms - Growth and development ✓ Oil industry developed ✓ A close ally of USA and western power in the Cold war ✓ Westernization – Modern education, Institution, and culture, so some people believed this now we are going to completely adopt the western culture, which was not appreciated by 1 leader Ayatollah Khomeini Ayatollah Khomeini ✓ He was a religious leader and Cleric – People in IRAN respected him a lot ✓ He opposed the reform mainly because of increased women rights, Rigging of the election, Abuse of power ✓ 1963: He protested against Shah ✓ So, he was arrested and send to Exiled (1st to Iraq – A Shia Majority country & then from Iraq to France) ✓ But when he was in Iraq, He tends to give a fiery speech against Shah and because the leader of conservative people Revolution of 1978- 79 ✓ Although most people were not aware of the reason behind this revolution later it came out the following. ✓ People were dissatisfied with corrupt Government ✓ Oil benefit was although benefiting the nation to build the road, School, Hospital but Poor were not getting its benefits ✓ Rising Unemployment and Inequality – Students were graduating from college but there were no jobs ✓ Westernization was not accepted by conservatives ✓ Perceived imperialism of USA: It started appearing like USA enslaved IRAN ✓ In this revolution – The objective was not to create an Islamic republic, they revolted simply due to the above reasons Events /Action taken by Shah ✓ 1975: BAN on all political party (Except His) & As Party banner, they started opposing, So Shah ordered the arrest of opposing political Prisoners

✓ Media Censorship imposed: Now TV and Paper can write or show by taking permission from govt ✓ So, in 1977: On-road protest started, College students started a large group Protect ✓ On 6th Jan 1978: there was an article with heavy criticism about Khomeini – So all religious people got angry and joined the protest, So Shah called Police and army for the crackdown, few people killed, Anger further aroused, So it was working as a cycle, More death and more people joining the protest ✓ But At that Time America Backed Shah and promised of Military support, so people again get angrier ✓ September 1978: Shah Imposed Martial Law against the protestors and again few 100 people died ✓ Strike and civil resistance throughout the country ✓ 16th Jan 79: Shah Left to USA (For Medical treatment): People became Happy and said that American agent ran ✓ Khomeini Returned from 15 Years exile and welcomed by Millions and did following Removed the prime minister appointed by Shah Suppressed the voice of all – Who simply want Fundamental change and didn’t want sharia Law or pure Islamic country Aftermath ✓ April 1979: Vote for a new constitution ✓ The Islamic Republic of IRAN established ✓ Apart from President and Parliament, A supreme leader post added, who can overturn any govt decision, ✓ Sharia law adopted ✓ Formation of Islamic revolutionary Guard (An elite army group) to protect any government overturn and protect the constituency and law Iran -Iraq war 1980-88 ✓ Saddam Hussain attacked Iran because in Iraq Majority was Shi but Saddam Hussain and all major leader of Iraq was Sunni, so they fear that this revolution of Iran can also, Khomeini made a speech that all the neighboring country of Iran must bring the revolution and do Takhta Palat of all the Dictatorship Government ✓ This WAR was going on for 8 years without any result, No Border changed, No Govt Changed 55 American Hostage in US Embassy in IRAN 1979 November - Islamic militants take 52 Americans hostage inside the US embassy in Tehran. They demand the extradition of the Shah to face trial in Iran for the heinous crime he did in Iran 1980 July - The exiled Shah dies of cancer in Egypt. Peace Brokered by Algeria: 1981 January - The American hostages are released, ending 444 days in captivity. After this Incident - the USA started imposing Economic sanctions (in 4 stages) on IRAN and so do most of his allies, mainly oil and trade sanctions over Iran's alleged sponsorship of terrorism, a quest for nuclear arms, and hostility to the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. Which put IRAN on a very difficult situation for 33 years, ANAND KUMAR

1989 June - Ayatollah Khomeini dies. On 4 June, President Khameno is appointed as a new supreme leader. In 2015: This ban was lifted when Iran signed Nuclear deal Conclusion ✓ The objective of this revolution was not to make IRAN an Islamic estate but This revolution goes to conservatism from Modernism (Opposite to all other revolution) ✓ Unarmed protestor against heavily armed Army

Fall of USSR ✓ On December 25, 1991, the Soviet flag flew over the Kremlin in Moscow for the last time. ✓ Earlier there were total 15 republics to USSR with Centralized economy and plan ✓ 1stly 3 Baltic republics (Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia) had already declared their independence from the USSR – Because they were a free nation before WW-2 & USSR taken over them under Molotov Ribbentrop pact ✓ 11 Representatives from Soviet republics (Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) had already announced that they would no longer be part of the Soviet Union. they declared they would establish a Commonwealth of Independent States, only 1 Kazakhstan, remained. ✓ The once-mighty Soviet Union had fallen, largely due to radical reforms that Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev during his six years as USSR Leader. But he was disappointed in the dissolution of his nation and resigned from his job on December 25. ✓ It was a peaceful end to a long, terrifying, and sometimes bloody epoch in world history. Note: In 1988, Time magazine selected Mikhail Gorbachev to be its “Man of the Year” for his work toward ending the Cold War. & “Man, of the Decade” in 1989. In 1990, Gorbachev won the Nobel Peace Prize. The Russian Revolution ✓ In 1917: Russian Revolution Bolshevik overthrew Russia’s Czar Nicholas II, ending centuries of Romanov rule. The Bolsheviks established a socialist state in the territory (Russian Empire) ✓ A long and bloody civil war followed. The Red Army of Bolshevik government, defeated the White Army, A large group of allied forces including monarchists, capitalists, and supporters of other forms of socialism. ✓ A 1922 treaty between Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Transcaucasia (modern Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan) formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The newly established Communist Party, led by Marxist Vladimir Lenin, took control of the government. At its peak, the USSR contain 15 Soviet Socialist Republics. ✓ USSR was supposed to be “a society of true democracy,” but in many ways, It was ruled by 1 Communist Party–that demanded the allegiance of every Russian citizen. ✓ After 1924, when the dictator Joseph Stalin came to power, the state exercised totalitarian control over the economy, administering all industrial activity and establishing collective farms. It also controlled every aspect of political and social life. People who argued against Stalin’s were arrested and sent to camps or executed. ✓ After Stalin died in 1953, Soviet leaders denounced his brutal policies but maintained the Community Party’s power. They focused in particular on the Cold War with Western powers, engaging in a costly and destructive “arms race” with the United States while ANAND KUMAR

exercising military force to suppress anticommunism and extend its hegemony in Eastern Europe. Causes of Disintegration of USSR 1) Space Rat with the USA: Billions spent to compete with the USA for 1st Satellite, 1st Animal / 1st Cosmonaut / 1st women in space: Although USSR was 1st in all 4 the USA landed on Moon 1st and all efforts of USSR seems dwarf now 2) Arms Race: ✓ Billions spent on Huge Army ✓ Nuclear arsenal largest in the world ✓ Mutually agreed destruction: Locating Nuclear Bomb on Various places to combat war 3) Cold War (1945- 1991): It also costs a lot of money, which was spent to support communist increase like Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, China 4) Afghanistan War (1979 – 1989) ✓ Lots of money & resource wasted ✓ 15000 Soldiers killed ✓ 50000+ wounded ✓ Also, there was a prestige issue – As people started to say that even such a big country can’t win in Afghanistan Decline in Economy ✓ Since there was no free market and each and everything is controlled by the government, so was draining the USSR economic growth, Ex: Any big company own by govt in India is hardly ever profitable 5) Political factor ✓ March 11, 1985: Mikhail Gorbachev was named general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) He tried to improve socialism, & to jump-start the Soviet economy by New policy of glasnost (“openness”) and perestroika (“restructuring”) ✓ Glasnost: 1) Freedom of speech to Media 2) Earlier records declassification Although this was brought to make the system Efficient, it backfired. Now media started publishing about the negatives of the government, Baltic nations stated printing about their freedom Perestroika: 1) Election – Earlier there was only 1 member, but now they increased the option to 2-3 Nos 2) Foreign Investment 3) Privately owned business ✓ Relaxed Policies leads to Demand to Eastern and Central Europe Like, Poland, Romani, Bulgaria: Because they usually had a puppet government – Who usually takes the order from USSSR Other reasons ✓ USSR had become a Totalitarian state & each and everything was controlled by the government (It is said that Stalin was more dangerous than Hitler) he has killed more of his Russian people than Hitler killed in the concentration camp or by other means

✓ Non-Russian Ethnic did not assimilate: Lenin in 1922 thought that all different ethnicity people like Turkmenistan, Kirgizstan, will slowly assimilate in Russia but Stalin didn’t though that & killed many non-Russian people in 1000s on no’s Aftermath ✓ 1989: Considered as a year of Revolution and from 89 to 91 in countries like Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia all communist government replaced without any violence except, Romania: Where Dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu tried to suppress the freedom movement, So He and His wife both were assassinated on live TV ✓ Also, as opposed to the nature of USSR, this time Gorbachev dint not sent any army to suppress the movement while in 1956: Red army killed 1000s of people in Hungary to suppress such movement ✓ Berlin Wall Fell in 1989 and both East & West Germany United Also in 1989: George Bush Sr announces the end of Cold War ✓ So Current Russia had the 1st Elected President Boris Yetlten and 1 month after his election, August coup was done, so to oppose this he also came on the street with people August Coup ✓ On 19th Aug 1991: 8 Russian leader who believed that all this is Happening due to Gorbachev Policy, So They house arrested his and said to the public that he is ill and declared an emergency in the country ✓ So, people came on the streets & in front of the parliament building, So to control them Army was called but to all surprise, Army did not take part in this and this August coupe was failed ANAND KUMAR

Afghanistan War Why Afghanistan is important Although it’s a land-Lock zone (Having No sea from any side), Still it’s in b/w the all the Major communication path, So if we have to go to Europe or Vice versa, it goes through Afghanistan, If any has to come to India from the Middle East and vice versa, It has to go with Afghanistan, if anyone wants to come from North Asia to South Asia, he has to come via Afghanistan It’s called Graveyard of Empires ✓ Easy to invade because of the internal fight but difficult to conquer ✓ Impossible to rule for a longer period of life peacefully ✓ Mainly because of again geographical location and + Tribal/Ethnic division ✓ In divided in half by Hindukush mountains and rest most area is sandy ✓ Population tribe, Pashtun=42%, Tajik=27% ✓ 50% of Pashtun Population live in Afghan & 50% in Pak & there is no specific borderline and due to this they can easily travel from Afghanistan to Pakistan ✓ Also, only 12% are here in livable ✓ Large # of the refugee is staying in Pakistan and IRAN ✓ World’s largest producer of Opium (90% words heroin is made by this) & Most of the Terrorist organization make money from this The Great Game ✓ It was a constant fight b/w British Empire and Russian Empire to take hold on Asia & Afghanistan was in between ✓ In 1919 there was a Treaty b/w King of Afghanistan and British for independent Afghanistan ✓ After Independence Afghan was in no side of WW-1 and WW-2 ✓ In 1960 King Zahir Shah did reforms like women education, Election, Political right, means started democracy ✓ In 1973: Current kings’ cousin Doud khan outed him and him in place of King, named him as both president and PM ✓ After 5 years, in 1978: A Communist Party PDPA (People democratic party of Afghanistan) coup against Doud Khan ✓ They continued Modernization but they tried to bring land reforms (means taking from Rich to giving it to poor), Due to this Kabali started protesting, So they suppressed it, But it was not suppressed completely, they stop 1 but another emerges from other location, So in that case, they asked for the help from Communists Lord USSR

✓ 1st USSR sent some advisors, but later they sent their army on 24th Dec 1979 and stayed for 10 years till 89 Why USSR sent Their Army ✓ In fighting in PDPA: which resulted in many Takta Palat, ✓ Rising rebellions in Rural area due to modernization & land reformation ✓ Fear of Extend of IRAN’s Islamic revolution to Afghanistan USSR force in Afghanistan ✓ Once USSR Force reaches Afghan, 34 Muslim Nations and UN opposed USSR invasion ✓ But USSR didn’t listen to anyone and captured almost all the Major cities and All communication channel (TV/Radio) but they can’t capture Rural areas, because of Hilly terrains and no roads from Tank Movement Cry of Holy War ✓ This is the history of Afghanistan that although they fight a lot once any outsiders come, they become united So, to oppose USSR all tribe and Rural group also all united, ✓ They named it as a Holy War – because they told the USSR people believes no God, so it’s a Holy WAR and named in “Jihad” and fighter “Mujahidin” ✓ In Name of Holy war, Flock from all around came to support, like these days in Syria: where even who don’t know Syria is going there to support just in name of Islam ✓ They Got Support from Saudi Arab, Turkey, Pakistan – Because Pakistan was US ally and He didn’t want USSR there, China – because china had a conflict with USSR in 1962, USA- Because USA was in a cold war with USSR and he thought that if USSR got hold here, he will also influence other countries and also to contain the communism ✓ So, All Mujahidin started gorilla War in the hilly area ✓ Also, 1 guy of the richest Family of Saudi Arab Name Osama Joined this fight in 1980. ✓ This is the photo from the office of US president Ronald Regan with Afghan Mujahidin group leaders ✓ At that duration only there were 3 groups formed 1) Northern Alliance 2) Taliban -1980 3) Al Qaeda ✓ USA supplied Arms through Pakistan using ISI and given training to these groups ✓ At last, this WAR came to a stalemate end because USSR was not able to capture Rural area & Mujahidin was not able to Capture urban area ✓ Game Changer Air Missile Stinger: Supplied by the USA to Mujahidin after 1985: Light, Portable, handheld & can shot down the Helicopter, Earlier w/o this Mujahidin had no way to combat Russian Air attack & using this they shot many USSR planes, & which was shocking to USSR, so they step a back ANAND KUMAR

USSR invasion winds down ✓ In 1985, Gorbachev reforms USSR and started pulling forces from all the country because he wants to focus more on his own country rather than expansion of playing the power game ✓ In 1986: USSR formed a Communist Govt in Afghanistan (led by Najibullah) ✓ In 1989: All USSR troops left ✓ So as expected and as evident, after leaving USSR, all Afghan War-lords started fighting Afghan Civil WAR – 1989 – 1996 ✓ 1991: Collapse of USSR ✓ 1992: Collapse of USSR backed Najibullah Govt ✓ 1992 – 96: All warlord tried formed a government but was chaos, & they were all fighting ✓ Finally, a Group named Taliban emerges with base @ Kandhar started progressive slowly and till 96 it defeated all warlords and taken over the Kabul ✓ In Pic: Yellow is Taliban Territory and Green + Red: Northern Alliance (Masood) Territory and they run the government for 5 years ✓ Slowly the Taliban started Capturing green gone as well & on 9th Sep 2001, The assassinated Masood Taliban Rule: 1996 – 2001 (Leader: Mullah Omar) ✓ Talib Means: Student, mends students of Islam, ✓ Supported and backed by Pakistan ✓ Strict Sharia Law, Widespread human rights violation like hand cutting, head cutting ✓ The worst condition of women: No Education, No Free Movement (Can move with Husband/Father), Burka Must ✓ As per a Survey in 2002: Afghanistan was the worst country for women Al Qaeda: Leader: Osama Bin Laden & Ayman al Zawahiri ✓ Taliban was a group who wanted to form the government, run a Country, while Al-Qaeda was an international N/w who want to spread terrorism & There ideology was extreme Islamism and they want to attain their goal by terrorism ✓ This group was supported & sheltered by Taliban ✓ Famous Attack by Al Qaeda: World Trade Center Bombing: 1993, US Embassy Bombing (Africa): 1998 09/11, WTC, Pentagon Attack: 2001, Madrid Train Bombing: 2004 ✓ After this George Bush: Started a Mission of War on Terror & said Either you are with us or against us Operation Enduring Freedom: 2001 -2014 ✓ The USA Asked Taliban to Handover Osama to them but they refused, So the USA attacked Afghanistan By 2001: Taliban Government Fell and & the Fighters went into hiding ✓ UN Came & made an International security assistance force (ISAF) and appointed Hamid Karzai the President of Afghanistan, who again won in 2004, then 2009

Taliban Insurgency ✓ Again, Taliban fighters started fighting back and using gorilla Technique, which they had used against the USSR in the ’80s, and now the USA has to fight with those groups (to whom he had supplier arms and ammunition) ✓ They are using road Side IED, Ambush & the fight is Asymmetric, because USA army is coming in Convoy while they were fighting gorilla, Like: In the picture is the normal road and geographical construction of Afghanistan ✓ They again captured many rural areas ✓ In 2011: Osama Bid Laden was killed in Abbottabad Pakistan Note: When the USA attacked Afghanistan and toppled the Government, only 200 soldiers were killed, but in this 14-15 year >4000 Soldiers were killed, which proved that it’s easy to capture Afghanistan but impossible to take full control with peace Situation After 2014 ✓ October 2014: Ashraf Ghani now replaced the Hamid Karzai as a president ✓ Dec 2014: ISAF which was having mostly American, transfers all his duties to Afghan Security Forces ✓ Approx. 10K USA soldiers remain there to advise and support the Afghan Army, Approx. 99% handover given ✓ Taliban Splits: 1 group with the same mindset, which others are being soft now and want a peace talk ✓ ISIS has captured some area of Afghanistan A Bleak Scenario ✓ 1 of the poorest and least developed country, High Illiteracy ✓ Heavy govt corruption in case of any adds for any other country for development ✓ Huge # of mines (even of USSR time), & still claiming lives of citizens ✓ Refugee: Approx. 70 lakhs, who are still living in Iran and Pakistan ✓ Turncoat Soldiers: You never know when any soldiers can take another side, even due to this Many USA soldiers died because Afghan Soldiers frequent Turncoat ANAND KUMAR

Cuba Missile Crisis (1962) The Cuban Revolution ✓ Jan 1, 1959: After waging a successful guerrilla war against the Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista, Fidel Castro came to power, who was not yet a communist, US though of wait and watch to see approach to his regime. ✓ In 1959-1960, US-Cuban relations worsened due to Castro’s anti-US policies, especially of election refusal ✓ When It’s clear that Castro alliances with the Soviet Union, President Dwight Eisenhower cut off diplomatic ties to Cuba and began preparing contingency plans for overthrowing Castro and replacing him with someone more amenable to the US ✓ As US-Cuban relations deteriorated, Castro asked USSR for support. USSR signed multiple trades and aid agreements with Cuba, provided arms and weaponry, and also gave political support to the Cuban Revolution in the United Nations and other international organizations. Reason for This Crisis ✓ In 1961: Cuba is now a Communist nation right of of the coast of the US, this is the middle of the Cold War. The U.S. believes in a strategy of containment, so in 1961, the United States, the CIA they try using Cuban exiles (People who have left Cuba), they try to support them to enter and invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. But the effort wasn't planned properly & people joined half-heartedly & it was this big failure. ✓ So now both JHF and CIA seems weak, everyone was looking incompetent (Especially in b/w Cold WAR) So, the USA started placing more medium-range missiles, from mid-50 to 1962 Turkey and in Italy which could reach any USSR place in 10 to 20 minutes and a situation there was a notion that if you will be able to get to the other guy faster, they wouldn't be able to retaliate, which the Soviet Union did not appreciate the United States Timeline of the Cuban Missile Crisis ✓ October 15: A U-2 reconnaissance aircraft reveals several SS-4 nuclear missiles in Cuba. ✓ October 16: Crisis begins: President Kennedy convenes his Executive Committee to consider America's options. ✓ October 17: An SS-5 IRBM site, the first of three to be identified, is detected in Cuba. ✓ October 18: JFK meets with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrie Gromyko and advises him that America will not tolerate Soviet missiles in Cuba. Gromyko denies the presence of any Soviet weaponry in Cuba. ✓ October 19: JFK meets with the Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara, and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. They discuss military options. ✓ October 20: JFK returns to Washington to discuss the discovery of additional Soviet missiles in Cuba. ✓ October 21: President Kennedy decides on a naval blockade of Cuba. ✓ October 22: President Kennedy addresses the American public and announces his plan to implement a naval blockade of Cuba. U.S. military alert is set at DEFCON 3 and Castro mobilizes all of Cuba's military forces.

High Altitude Russian Nuclear Test at Kapustin Yar Hydrogen Bomb on Rocket. Yield Approx. 300 Kilotons ✓ October 23: Organization of American States) supports the decision to quarantine Cuba. Reconnaissance photos reveal that Soviet missiles are ready for launch. Discussion of diplomatic efforts at the UN and the vote by the Organization of American States. ✓ October 24: Soviet ships reach the quarantine line & receive orders from Moscow to hold their positions. JFK concludes that if we invade Cuba, the missile base crews in Cuba will likely fire at least some missiles at the US McNamara said that ships approaching the quarantine line are being shadowed by a Soviet submarine. ✓ October 25: U.S. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson confronts the Soviets at the U.N. but they refuse to answer. American military forces are instructed to set DEFCON 2 - the highest ever in U.S. history. Review of the movement of ships toward the quarantine line and potential US responses. ✓ October 26: 1. US receives a letter from Khrushchev stating that Russia would remove their missiles if the USA publicly guarantees to not invade Cuba. 2. The CIA reports that the construction of the missile sites is continuing and accelerating. 3. RFK meets secretly with Soviet Ambassador Dobrygin and agrees after a phone call to the president that the removal of US missiles from Turkey is negotiable as a part of a comprehensive settlement. 4. Khrushchev receives a cable from Castro urging a nuclear first strike against the US in the event of an invasion of Cuba. ✓ October 27: 1 U-2 spy plane accidentally flies into Russia & 1 over Cuba is shot down. #) EX-COMM receives 2nd letter from Khrushchev stating that, in addition to a public promise not to invade Cuba, the USA remove its missiles from Turkey. #) Calamity Dominic Airdrop over Johnston Island area by B-52 Hydrogen bomb test. Yield 800 Kilotons. ✓ October 28: Khrushchev announces the dismantling of Soviet missiles in Cuba and does not insist on his demands concerning the removal of U.S. missiles from Turkey. #) High Altitude Russian Nuclear Test conducted at Kapustin Hydrogen Bomb on Rocket. Yield 300 Kilotons. ✓ October 29: President Kennedy orders US ships to remain on the quarantine line and authorizes the continuation of low-level reconnaissance flights. ✓ November 21: 1 Month after the crisis began, President Kennedy terminates the quarantine when Khrushchev agrees after several weeks of tense negotiations at the UN to withdraw Soviet IL-28 nuclear bombers from Cuba. Turning Point of Cold War ✓ It’s because of the height of the Cold War. During the Cold War tensions between the United States and Russia. The US wanted to prevent the spread of communism while Russia wanted to promote it. ✓ Each of these countries had ICBM's which could have blown each other country to pieces. ✓ At the time the US had enough missiles to blow up the world about 55 times. ✓ The Cuban Missile Crisis was a big situation that cooled down the Cold War. We went from being in almost a state of emergency to a state of easiness and calmness. ANAND KUMAR

India China War – 1962 India China Relationship ✓ 1947: Independence of India ✓ 1949: Communist win the Civil was & People’s Republic of China (Current China) : Nationalist lost the war & they flew to current Taiwan ✓ Initially, India and China relationship was very good, India Supported china on every platform when west countries and Europe was not liking China because they were communist and even, they did not recognize this mainland china 1st, But Only due to India China got the admittance in UN ✓ 1960: India was 1st offered the Veto Power of UN (Because they had to offer Veto to 1 country in India), But due to poor oversight of Jawahar Lal Nehru (This was 1 of the biggest mistake of Nehru), They rejected it by saying that we are “Dharma Nirpech Rastra”, So we don’t need it, You should better give it to China, and that is why it is given to China In 1950: China Attacked Tibet and occupied it, Earlier Tibet was autonomous and making his government, But china said that it was once ruled by Chinese empire, So basically is part of China, So Earlier there was a Buffer b/w India & china & that was Tibet, which is no More, So no we had a direct border with china In 1950: India & China signed Panchsheel Accord for peaceful existence like no Attack, So India didn’t oppose to china occupying Tibet and accepted that it was part of China (Mr. Nehru Said the same in Parliament), while US and England were strictly opposing it Disputed Area 1: Even at the time of British there was no proper boundary demarcation b/w Chinese empire and British, There was just an imaginary line Mcmohan Line (which is usually used to differentiate b/w to kingdoms like the kingdom of Tibet, Kingdom of Ladakh or Mostly based on local tradition), Also China say that Arunachal Pradesh (which is known as NEFA back then) is also his territory (which is South Tibet) Chinese army entered through Twang are and entered till Assam Disputed Area 2: Akshi China: This Area is in J&K, This is a Flat area at a very high altitude, & since there was no living there, It was never a concern or matter of disputes, But in 1956 China Build a road connecting from Xianxing to Tibet (passing through Akshi Chin, Even

India was not aware for 2 years that any such road is made, But when we came to know that, we strongly opposed that Parallel Event in 1959 In Tibet: People of Tibet revolted against china, but it was crushed by Chinese army & Dalai lama fled from China to India and since then Tibet governance from exile is running from India, India objected to china that why he is doing inhumanity in Tibet and China said to India that why you had given shelter to Dalai lama (because he is not a political leader) Since then tension b/w India & china roses 1960: Zhou Enlai Visit to India: ✓ He proposes India that you keep NEFA (Arunachal Pradesh) and we will keep (Aksi Chin), We both should withdraw our troops 20 KM behind from MCmohan Line ✓ But both the claims were rejected by Mr. Nehru, Because in b/w 1959- 61, China was increasing his patrolling & there were various incidences of skirmishes in b/w Indian and Chinese soldiers and even few soldiers killed 1960: India introduced Forward Policy ✓ Intelligence suggested Mr. Nehru that we should make some posts @ Mcmohan Line and in Aksi Chin, till now there was no post & we were only doing patrolling, so we did that especially at Mcmohan line ✓ So, this is the excused given my China to rest of the world that India was trying to free Tibet or was trying to occupy Tibet, i.e. why we had attached India The War: 20th Oct to 21 Nov 1962 ✓ This was started while Indian soldiers were patrolling, Chinese fired at them, so few more soldiers went & Chinese again fired, & that’s how this war started & Chinese were so prepared that in just 4 days, they captured Arunachal Pradesh and entered 60 KM in India, Till Tezpur Assam ✓ But After that fighting stopped for 3 weeks and Negotiation started, again Zou said that against we should go back 20 KMs but this time we ill only go back 20 KM from the current position, that India’s 40KM we had to give them, There were also few other humiliating offers, which we rejected and again on 14th Nov War started at Aksi Chin The Battle of Rezang La in Ladakh @ 17000 ft This WAR was led by Major Shaitan Singh (also got Param Veer Chakra later), where 123 soldiers stopped the attack of china & killed 1000 Chinese soldiers, & 114 Indian died in this & the Body of Major was found after 1 year in the snow Results of this WAR ✓ India lost approx. 3000 Soldiers + 4000 POW ✓ India not used Navy + Airforce: because we thought that if we will use Airforce, China might use AF to drop Bomb on our cities, which was not a good decision for us, because in later war we made good use to Navy and Airforce ✓ We were not completely ready and were not Equipped with cloths, Food, Supply Route, not even warm clothes for soldiers to combat winter @ -20 Deg C ✓ After this we have learned a lot, we made roads in North East and Helipad and airports The Ceasefire: Declared by China itself on 21st Nov They went 20 KM back from McMohan Line (which was a surprise to us too) But they completely captured Aksi Chin Reason for China Ceasefire ✓ Show of Power: That in case of any territorial dispute, we can use our force ✓ They had to stop India forward policy ANAND KUMAR

✓ The USA, the UK came to support India, As Indian PM talked to JFK for support and they assured that they are sending the AF in some time So, if that fight extended little longer, that could be fatal to China ✓ At the same time, there was a Cuban Missile Crisis b/w USA & USSR and Nuclear war was almost there, & that’s is why nobody could come to India support immediately Impact on India ✓ Mr. Nehru Prestige went down (Nationally internationally), for poor leadership & Diplomacy & also he showed immense trust in China, which was broken ✓ Henderson-Brooks-Bhagat: On the failure of war is still classifies because there are numerous negatives about our approach towards this WAR ✓ India strengthen its Army and started developing weapon system, earlier there was no Missile program ✓ Now India is aware that China and Pakistan can both declare WAR any time ✓ After this war, there is a friendship b/w Pakistan and china, in 1962 Only they resolved their territorial dispute and Pakistan gifted Trans-para track to china and in return got his friendship & it’s still intact

India Pakistan War – 1971 (Bangladesh Freedom) Highlights of 1947 Partition ✓ At the time of partition, East Bengal is added in Pakistan - & was considered as East Pakistan while current Pakistan was west Pakistan & there was no geographical connect b/w East and West Pakistan, Although Jinna asked for a Road passage area to make a road to connect these 2, it was rejected by Nehru ✓ There was a biasing towards western Pakistan and all the people in higher authority was from west Pakistan Only West Pakistan Discrimination with East ✓ East Pak Population % = 60% but the budget spending was only 30% ✓ East Pak Export was 70% of Total Export which was from Jute ✓ Also, East Pak people demanded to make Bangla an official language which was approved in 1956 after lots of movements and few people also got killed in this ✓ So, there was an anger in east Pakistan and that is why A Party was made there named with Awami Party (Bengali Nationalist Party) who started demanding Autonomy under the Leadership of Sheikh Mujib ur Rehman 6 Point Movement: Awami League Meanwhile in West Pakistan party started a 6-point Movement in ✓ In 1969: Ayub Khan transferred the Power to 1966, which was very strong demands, So West Pakistan put Mujib ur Rehman Yahya Khan (Military general) & both were in Jail dictator, Yahya promised that I will do 1. Federal state Election for both National assembly (which 2. Apart from Defense and foreign did not happen till 1969 from 47) and Provincial assembly affairs all affairs (subjects) should be ✓ At that time there was an emerging Party with the state Pakistan People Party of Zulfikar Ali 3. Separate current and Fiscal Policy Bhutto (who was foreign Minister in time of 4. Taxation Power Ayub Khan Governance) but due to some 5. Trade with the foreign nation and dispute he got separated separate forex reserve: because all ✓ Election seat distribution (on basis of import money was being used for population) development for West Pakistan East = 162 Seat (6.8 Cr Population), 6. Separate Military & Navy West=138 (6.0 Cr Population) Total=300 Seats, So Seat for Majority=150 Nos 2 Natural Calamity in West: Before Election, there were 2 Natural Calamity in West, Flood & World’s deadliest Cyclone Bhola cost > 5 Lakh death, But West Pakistan didn’t provide any support & also rejected the support of India and & Other countries ✓ Result of 1970 Election in Pakistan: West Pakistan: PPP Party Won =81/138 Seats, While Awami Party won=160/162 (Most Fierce Victory in History) So In totality Awami Party crossed the Mark of 150 and should form the government ✓ & This result was not welcomed by West Pak & They don’t want anyone to become PM from East, So They postponed National assembly inauguration ✓ After that there was a negotiation in b/w Yahya (President), Bhutto (PPP Part), Rehman (Awami Part), But there was no fruitful outcome but Yahya got suspicious about both ANAND KUMAR

Rehman and Bhutto & though that they both will be together and will through me out or in Jail, So instead he sent both Rehman and Bhutto in Jail ✓ After this, there was a strike and protest started in East Pakistan & Awami League start to work as quasi Govt, started forming rules, Giving orders, etc. ✓ Pakistan used his Army to suppress this movement and 100s of people died in this ✓ So, on 26th March 1971: Awami League Announced separation from Pakistan & to suppress this Pakistan started operation searchlight Operation searchlight Highlights ✓ From March to December: Pakistan Army Killed Approx. 3-5 Lakh, Intelligentsia, Nationalist, Students, Educated Civilians, Awami League Supports, & Raped 2-4 Bengali women because they thought raping is good to curb the protest ✓ After this Genocide, Bangla People took the weapon in their hand and formed Mukti Bahini Sena to fight Pak using Gorilla warfare, so all Rural area was in control of Mukti Bahini while the urban area was under control on Pak Army ✓ Indian government-supported Mukti Bahini & Trained them ✓ All Awami Party leaders came to India and started operating from here India Intervention ✓ Initially, India was neutral because in India also there was a protest of independence from Mizoram, Assam, Nagaland, so if India supported West Pak, He should have to support internal protect too, so ideologically he would be weaker ✓ But as the Operation searchlight was progressing, # of refugees in India (Tripura, Assam, Bengal) were increasing & when this count increases to 1 Cr, it was difficult to accommodate them ✓ So, India’s 1st step was diplomatic, India raised this issue in UN and where ever Indira Gandhi was getting chance, she was raising this issue ✓ But Once all effort failed Indira Gandhi Openly said that Now we are with People of West Pak, & Now we will support them in Liberation & started providing them the ammunition ✓ But for another 6-7 Months, India Army didn’t go there because of heavy Monsoon and flood condition and Quagmire in Sunderbans War Begins ✓ Till Nov 71, its starts to appear that WAR can begin any time, Both India & Pakistan were preparing their Army ✓ On 3rd Dec 1971: Pakistan made Pre-emptive strike on India Airbase (Punjab, Rajasthan, Kashmir, Agra, Jodhpur), But Since India was already prepared, so there was no big damage ✓ After this India Launches full-blown attack on Both West and East Pakistan, Attacked East from 3 direction (East, West, North) under Field Marshal Meneckshaw and reached Dhaka in just 13 Days ✓ Few famous Battles were Chamb, Basantsar, Longewala, Hill Naval Engagement ✓ Dec: 4, Operation Trident: Attack of Karachi Naval Port and Many sunk, i.e. why we called this day as Navy Day, also in the Bay of Bengal, we sunk Pakistan INS Gazi (Most imp Ship) ✓ Pakistan Ask US for Help and the US sent his Air Craft Carrier and India Ask Russia for help and Russia also sent his Air Craft Carrier, so both ACC arrived in the Bay of Bengal but can’t attack