20200104-LPG Pipeworks-Eng.Ahmad Odeh

‫‪1‬‬ ‫مقدمة عن شبكات الغاز المركزية‬ ‫‪Introduction to LPG Pipeworks.‬‬ ‫إعداد وتقديم‬ ‫م أحمد عودة ابو صعيليك‬ ‫ت ‪0798840704‬‬ ‫عمان ‪-‬خلدا‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫نقدم حلول كاملة لشبكات الغاز المركزية‬ ‫والتدفئة بالغاز الحل الأمثل‬ ‫م أحمد عودة ابو صعيليك‬ ‫ت ‪0798840704‬‬ ‫وكلاء بويلرات الغاز الايطالية‬

3 Basic History of Propane: - Dr. Walter Snelling first discovered propane in 1910 - Propane was used for cooking as early as 1912 - First propane powered car introduced in 1913

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5 -What is Propane? Propane - Propane is a hydrocarbon (C3H8) and is sometimes (C3H8) referred to as liquefied petroleum gas, LP gas or LPG. - Propane is produced from both natural gas processing and crude oil refining. - LPG is nontoxic, colorless and virtually odorless. - Propane is a liquid stored under pressure in tanks and cylinders. - Propane is vaporized to a gas before it leaves the tank or cylinder and is then dispensed through a pressure regulator to an appliance, vehicle or piece of equipment.

6 -What is Butane? Butane - Butane is a gaseous component of natural gas,. While (C4H10) petroleum products like gasoline are refined, natural gas products are extracted. - Butane can also be produced from crude oil, but in much smaller quantities. - The chemical formula for butane is C4H10, which means the molecule consists of four carbon atoms surrounded by ten hydrogen atoms. When Butane released into the air, however, it reacts with an ignition source to become a highly flammable gas, and releases carbon dioxide as a waste product, not carbon monoxide.

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‫‪9‬‬ ‫نقدم حلول كاملة لشبكات الغاز المركزية‬ ‫والتدفئة بالغاز الحل الأمثل‬ ‫م أحمد عودة ابو صعيليك‬ ‫ت ‪0798840704‬‬ ‫وكلاء بويلرات الغاز الايطالية‬

10 LPG mixture (Propane & Butane) - Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a mixture of two gases. In everyday life this mixture has a short name - PROPANE. -Propane is more suited to colder environments since it evaporates at(-42oC) at atmospheric pressure. - Butane evaporates at(-1oC)at atmospheric pressure. - The percentage of propane and butane in the mixture is regulated by the state and depends on climatic conditions. For example, in winter the quantity of propane must be at least 70-80%, whereas in summer - just 40% .

11 LPG mixture in JORDAN 25%Propane Butane 75% (C4H10) (C3H8) 3.8 barVapour Pressure-bar g at 0*C = 0.5 barVapour Pressure-bar g at 0*C = Latent heat = 785 BTU/GAL. Latent heat = 808 BTU/GAL.

12 LPG Properties & Characteristics:

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14  Propane -42 ̊  Butane -2 ̊

15 Odorless  Ethyl Mercaptan

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17 Technical Typical Properties Com. Propane Com,Butane Of Commercial LPG Grades 1:24 1:30 Gas: Air ratio for combustion 1930 1900 Flame temperature in air max. *C 44 44 0.51 0.58 Flame Speed cm/sec 1975 1742 1.52 2.01 Relative Density of liquid at 15.6*C (Water at 0*C = 1.0) 537 411 Litre/tonne at 15.6*C 279 238 Relative Density of gas at 15.6*C (Air at 15.6*C = 1.0) -45 -2 Volumes of gas (litres) per kg of liquid at 5.6*C 3.8 / 6.4 0.5 / 1.6 Ratio gas: liquid volume at 15.6*C Boiling Point at 1 atm. *C 10 / 2 9 / 1.8 Vapour Pressure-typical bar g at 0*C / 15.6*C Limits of flammability (percentage of gas by vol. In gas-air mixture) Upper / Lower

18 LPG Properties & Characteristics: Behavior: LPG exists as a gas at normal atmospheric pressure & temperatures, but may be liquefied by the application of moderate pressure. If the pressure is released the liquid will revert back to vapour. Color LPG as a liquid is colorless and as a vapour, cannot be seen. Smell Pure LPG has no distinctive smell so for safety reasons a stanching agent is added during production to give a pungent, unpleasant smell and so aid detection.

19 LPG Properties & Characteristics: Toxicity LPG is non-toxic but at very high concentrations in air, LPG vapour acts as an anesthetic and subsequently an asphyxiate by diluting or decreasing the available oxygen. Flammability When LPG is mixed with air, a highly flammable mixture is produced. The flammability range is between 2% to 11% by volume of gas to air. Outside this range any mixture is wither to weak or rich to potentially ignite. Vaporization One volume of liquid will produce approximately 280 volume of gas vapour. “A little goes a long way, treat LPG with respect”

20 LPG Properties & Characteristics: Vapour Density LPG vapour is heavier than air. Any escapes will find its way to the lowest level where it can remain and form a flammable mixture. Therefore LPG vessels must be sited away from drains and appliances must not be sited in basements or cellars. Cylinders in boats and ships must be stored in purpose built sealed gas lockers. Liquid Density LPG is lighter than water and therefore floats on top of it in a similar way to oil and petrol. Therefore LPG vessels must be sited away from drains and gullies.

21 LPG Properties & Characteristics: Vapour Pressure The pressure LPG exerts on a vessel varies with ambient temperature. The higher the temperature of the liquid the higher the vapour pressure, conversely the lower the temperature the lower the pressure. This means LPG must be protected from heat sources and protective safety distances imposed on the siting and storage of LPG. Commercial Propane has a vapour pressure of approximately 2bar (30psi) at 15oC (similar to the pressure found in a lorry tyre). Commercial Butane has a vapour pressure of approximately 2bar (30psi at 15oC (similar to the pressure found in a car tyre). Because of these characteristics Comercial Butane can be used indoors and Commercial Propane must only be used outdoors.

LPG vapor pressure 22

23 LPG Properties & Characteristics: Expansion When LPG is heated it expands very rapidly. In order to allow for expansion LPG cylinders and tanks are only filled by volume to a maximum of 87% of the total volume of the retaining vessel. Boiling Point The boiling point is the temperature below which LPG will not vaporize to form a gas vapour. Boiling point of Commercial Propane is approximately – 42oC Boiling point of Commercial Butane is approximately – 2oC Commercial Butane can be affected by cold weather resulting in poor pressure and should not be used outdoors in winter months. Commercial Propane is not adversely affected by cold weather in the UK and is an ideal fuel source for heating, cooking and industrial applications. However care must be taken for skin not to come in contact with liquid LPG as cold burns may occur. .

24 LPG Properties & Characteristics: Searching LPG in both its liquefied and gaseous state has a very low viscosity and will flow very easily like water, petrol etc. This means they will flow with ease and penetrate any breaks or weakness in the installation. Therefore, special jointing compounds must be used for LPG installations and certified for use with the service conditions . Chemical Reaction LPG is aggressive to certain non-metalic materials like natural rubber and many plastics; therefore equipment and hoses must be suitable for LPG.

25 LPG Properties & Characteristics: Calorific Value The Calorific Value of a fuel is described as “The amount of heat released when a known quantity of fuel is burned”. Commercial Propane = 95 MJ / m3 Commercial Butane = 121 MJ / m3 Natural Gas = 38 MJ / m3 Because LPG appliances release more heat than Natural Gas, it is important that any gas appliances fueled by LPG are designed and manufactured for that purpose i.e. they will often require special conversion by qualified persons. Fuel / Air Mix Commercial Propane = 23:1 Commercial Butane = 30:1 Natural Gas = 9.6:1 Therefore, it is important that appliances fueled LPG are provided with adequate ventilation and serviced regularly to ensure that they burn efficiently

LPG Properties & Characteristics: 26 Chart: both propane (red) and butane (blue) contain considerably more energy per cubic meter than natural gas (yellow); in other words, they're more calorific. Butane holds more energy than propane because a molecule of butane has three more atoms than a molecule of propane and three more chemical bonds holding it together. More bonds break when you burn butane, so more energy is released during combustion. Figures in megajoules per cubic meter.

27 LPG Properties & Characteristics: Fuel / Air Mix Commercial Propane = 23:1 Commercial Butane = 30:1 Natural Gas = 9.6:1 Therefore, it is important that appliances fueled LPG are provided with adequate ventilation and serviced regularly to ensure that they burn efficiently

28 Advantage of LPG Compared to other fuels  Clean Burning.  No soot, burners have a longer life - so maintenance is low.  No spillage as it vaporizes at atmospheric temperature and pressure.  Effects of corrosion are greatly reduced.  Instantly controllable flame temperature.  Avoids scaling and decarburizing of parts.  Environmentally friendly fuel, with minimal Sulphur content and Sulphur- free emissions.  Very high efficiency with direct firing system.  Instant heat for faster warm-up and cool-down.  Can be used for a variety of applications.

29 Propane color and odor: In its natural state, propane is clear, colorless and odorless. To increase the likelihood that a propane leak will be detected, and as a safety precaution, an odor called Ethyl Mercaptan is added to the gas at the time of production or shipping. Some persons may have difficulty detecting this odorant, colds, allergies, and sinus Congestion, cooking odors, certain medications, age, prolonged exposure to the Odor of propane, damp or musty smells and the use of tobacco, alcohol or drugs may diminish the dispenser’s or end users’ ability to detect the odorant. If for any reason a dispenser or end use customer cannot smell odorized propane, they are to notify a supervisor or their propane supplier immediately. Both the dispenser and the end user’s safety may depend on their ability to smell propane in the event of a leak.

30 Purpose of odorants: Because propane is naturally odorless and colorless, a commercial odorant is added so propane can be detected if it leaks into the environment. Although other odorants may be used, the one most commonly used is ethyl Mercaptan, which is added at the rate of at least one pound per 10,000 gallons of propane. Effective odorization enables the detection of leaks before gas concentration in the air reaches a flammable level. It also reduces gas loss through early detection and repair of leaking pipes, fittings and storage container fixtures.

31 Odorant Characteristics: Odorants have the following characteristics: • An odorous and unpleasant smell; distinctive and readily identifiable as a gas additive and unlike other odors. • Mix well with liquid propane at the same or nearly the same rate - volatile • Stable, inert or chemically inactive enough not to bond with, decompose or react with other parts of the gas or with materials in the distribution system or appliances. • Non-corrosive under conditions found in gas transmission, distribution and utilization.

32 Odorant Characteristics: • Burns completely in the gas flame to form products that are not corrosive, combustible.  Adding Odorant - Requirements Propane is odorized at a refinery, processing plant or pipeline terminal before it is shipped to the bulk plant. Both NFPA 58 and the Department of Transportation (DOT) set safety standards regulating the addition of odorants. Both NFPA 58 and DOT require that propane be odorized before transporting it to a bulk plant. The only exception is when the propane will be used in a manufacturing process that requires the use of “unstaunched” LP-gas.

33 How does Propane Expand? Liquid propane, like water, will expand when heat is added to it. Propane liquid, however will increase in volume nearly 17 times greater than water over the same temperature increase. To allow for this expansion, propane containers are typically filled to only 80% of their capacity. If propane liquid is released into the air, the lack of pressure quickly vaporizes it, expanding it to 270 times its original volume. Therefore, liquid propane leaks can be more hazardous than vapor leaks.

34 How does Propane Expand? Propane is non-toxic, but if released in a confined space, will displace air. Therefore, avoid inhaling propane. Propane vapor is 1-1/2 times heavier than air. If released into still air, it may initially settle in low lying areas. However, if there is sufficient air movement, especially outside, the vapor will quickly dissipate in the air. Propane also causes a refrigerating effect that makes everything it touches extremely cold. This means if it comes in contact with skin, it can cause third degree or deep freeze burns.

35 Vapor Pressure is what forces propane gas from the container... through the piping system...to the appliance. Because the amount of pressure inside a container depends on the outside temperature of the air, lower temperatures mean less pressure and higher temperatures mean more pressure. If the container pressure is too low, not enough gas will flow from the container to the appliances. Container pressure is measured in PSIG (Pounds per Square Inch Gauge). The table below shows propane vapor pressures at various outside temperatures.

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37 Propane released Hazards: If propane liquid is released into the air, it quickly Vaporizes, expanding to 270 times its original volume. Therefore, a liquid propane leak can be more hazardous than a vapor leak due to the expanding vapor cloud. Also, when liquid propane is released into the atmosphere, its rapid vaporization causes a refrigerating effect that makes everything it touches extremely cold. If it comes in contact with skin or other tissues, it will cause third-degree freeze burns.

38 1 270 Liter Lit. Gaseous Phase Liquid Phase

39 Propane released Hazards: Propane vapor is 1.5 times heavier than air. If released into still air. It may initially concentrate in low-lying areas. However, if there is sufficient air movement, especially outside, the vapor should dissipate in the air. When the physical and combustion properties of propane are considered together, these hazards can be identified for an uncontrolled release of propane.

‫‪40‬‬ ‫نقدم حلول كاملة لشبكات الغاز المركزية‬ ‫والتدفئة بالغاز الحل الأمثل‬ ‫م أحمد عودة ابو صعيليك‬ ‫ت ‪0798840704‬‬ ‫وكلاء بويلرات الغاز الايطالية‬

1 The safe production, storage, delivery, and use of propane are important factors to the integrity and growth of the propane industry. 1/9/2020

‫‪2‬‬ ‫نقدم حلول كاملة لشبكات الغاز المركزية‬ ‫والتدفئة بالغاز الحل الأمثل‬ ‫م أحمد عودة ابو صعيليك‬ ‫ت ‪0798840704‬‬ ‫وكلاء بويلرات الغاز الايطالية‬ ‫‪1/9/2020‬‬

3 NFPA 54 and 58 Codes and Handbooks Code Books: NFPA 54 and 58 code books include codes and standards for handling propane.They also include important annexes with charts and tables. Handbooks: Codes NFPA 54 and 58 have accompanying handbooks to help enforcement authorities, industry managers, supervisors, and employees interpret and apply these codes on the job. The handbooks provide historical as well as interpretative information to help clarify the legal language of the code. Updates: NFPA 54 and 58 codes and handbooks are updated and reprinted every three years to ensure they reflect state-of-the-art practices and technology. 1/9/2020

4 NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code NFPA 54, provides minimum safety requirements for the design and installation of fuel gas piping systems in homes and other buildings. 1/9/2020

5 NFPA 58 National Fuel Gas Code NFPA 58, The industry benchmark for safe LP-Gas storage, handling, transportation, and use, NFPA 58 mitigates risks and ensures safe installations, to prevent failures, leaks, and tampering that could lead to fires and explosions. 1/9/2020

6 Applying NFPA 54 and 58 to Propane Operations cont. Here’s a simple tip to remember how to apply these codes:  Code NFPA 54 addresses proper installation of piping distribution systems and appliances INSIDE the building.  Code NFPA 58 addresses the proper handling of propane OUTSIDE the building. 1/9/2020

7 propane tank placement 1/9/2020

8 Tank Placement according to NFPA guidelines- 1/9/2020

9 Separation gas tanks 1/9/2020