SachMoi.Net_Than-Nguoi-va-Dat-Viet

["nh\u00e2n ho\u00e1 (thi\u00ean m\u1ec7nh). C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u trong bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1, ch\u00faa t\u00f4i Nguy\u1ec5n ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c si\u00eau nhi\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c th\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tuy c\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u1ea7m thu\u1eddng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi thu\u1eddng du\u1ee3c: nu\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt gi\u1eefa bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e2y ng\u00e3 ch\u1eadn du\u1eddng qu\u00e2n gi\u1eb7c, r\u00e1i c\u00e1 \u201cb\u00e1o\u201d c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n... H\u1ecd d\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n linh tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u00ednh da d\u1ea1ng, u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn con ngu\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i theo. \u0110\u1ea5t Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh \u2013 \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, g\u1ecdi chung c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng Nam B\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p khi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh khu v\u1ef1c c\u00e0ng l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m t\u00ednh, sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng mang s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng th\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em c\u00e1c \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i qua quan ni\u1ec7m v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd bao g\u1ed3m trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u1eeba v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n. Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng g\u1eb7p nhau nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00e1c. Tr\u00ean d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nho quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd, l\u1ebd d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ta kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3o t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m, l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i sinh ho\u1ea1t \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf chung. Trong d\u00e2n gian, ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00f3ng th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 trong l\u00fac m\u1edbi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ti Th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ea1o s\u0129 (23) \/color] h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ho\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh \u2013 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n vong c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd c\u1eady k\u1ebb-khu\u1ea5t-m\u1eb7t qua k\u1ebb trung gian v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc \u2013 cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c ti tr\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ngay (1789), \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0 b\u00f3ng b\u1ecb truy b\u1ee9c b\u1ecf ngh\u1ec1, h\u1eb3n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi gian \u201ct\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea7n linh trong c\u00e1c mi\u1ebfu H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00ec v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec3 tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngay c\u1ea3 khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Ghi nh\u1eadn c\u0169 cho bi\u1ebft hai \u0111\u1ec1n c\u1ed5 \u1edf R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1, C\u00e0 Mau \u201cnguy\u00ean x\u01b0a l\u00e0 mi\u1ebfu H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng\u201d,(24) c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi trung h\u01b0ng. D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u t\u1eadp trung quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp mi\u1ebfu H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng n\u0103m 1795 \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 qua th\u00ec b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp theo, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c mi\u1ebfu H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp th\u1ea7n linh trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vua t\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, theo cung c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t. Ngay n\u0103m l\u00ean ng\u00f4i (1802), hai mi\u1ebfu H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean v\u00e0 B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi trung h\u01b0ng, n\u01a1i kia l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tr\u00ean c\u00f5i thi\u00eang thu\u1ed9c phe \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 phe ta. S\u1ef1 xoa d\u1ecbu ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t kinh \u0111\u00f4 kh\u00e1c, trong th\u1ee9 b\u1ef1c quan t\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u00e9m quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n: Th\u0103ng Long c\u00f3 mi\u1ebfu H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng n\u0103m 1803. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd mi\u1ebfu \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i n\u0103m 1804 l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u1ea5y. (\u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 thang m\u1ed9c \u1ea5p c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n.) C\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i. Nh\u1eefng ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, nhi\u1ec1u khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo \u0111\u00e0 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 th\u00f4i. S\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 phai l\u1ea1t \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n Nho Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu Trung Hoa l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c vua n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p, qua t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n \u0111i Thanh mang v\u1ec1. Kinh \u0111\u00f4 Hu\u1ebf x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1n X\u00e3 T\u1eafc (1805), \u0111\u00e0n Nam Giao (1806) \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng vua x\u1ee9 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 t\u1ebf Th\u1ea7n N\u00f4ng, t\u1ebf Tr\u1eddi. V\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 chi nh\u00e1nh tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng vua m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t, t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n uy m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n X\u00e3 T\u1eafc, Ti\u00ean N\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng (gi\u1eef ng\u00f4i 1820 \u2013 1840), nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quanh c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1832 \u2013 1833. (C\u0169ng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Ho\u00e0ng Sa thay cho c\u1ed5 mi\u1ebfu V\u1ea1n L\u00ed Ba B\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1835).","L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (1802), ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh \u2013 Gia Long trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi linh thi\u00eang. \u00d4ng \u0110\u00f4 th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng T\u00f4 L\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a L\u00ed, Tr\u1ea7n, L\u00ea, n\u01a1i c\u1ef1u kinh Th\u0103ng Long, s\u1ed1ng v\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean c\u00f5i thi\u00eang, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1809 th\u00ec b\u1ecb \u0110\u00f4 th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ebf thay th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1847 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng m\u1edbi cho t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 mi\u1ebfu c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp sau c\u1ee7a Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean (1846). V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc t\u1eeb Thanh Ho\u00e1 tr\u1edf ra th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hai n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u 1841, 1842. R\u1ed3i theo \u0111\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bao qu\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng n\u00fai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t trong th\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c (h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1852, 1853), trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea7n \u1edf qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y S\u01a1n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ed7 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng n\u00fai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec th\u00eam l\u00ed do l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111e do\u1ea1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p hay kh\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi: c\u1ea5t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u1edf t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ed5i thay trong quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia. Th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c tuy v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu d\u00e1ng nhi\u00ean th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n th\u1ea7n \u2013 ph\u00fac th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, v\u00ec th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u1edd m\u1edd, hay \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c sang \u0111o\u1ea1t th\u1ea7n t\u00edch c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 qua th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c l\u1edd m\u1edd... Lo\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng m\u1edbi \u1edf t\u1ec9nh, c\u00f3 h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e2n th\u1ea7n ho\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1edd c\u00fang ch\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea7n ho\u00e1 n\u1eb1m g\u1ecdn trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu th\u1ea7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c nam, vi\u1ec7c \u0103n c\u1eafp s\u1eafc th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea7n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 theo chi\u1ec1u \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng trong t\u1ea7ng c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u0169 n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1edd t\u1ef1 \u2013 nghi l\u1ec5 h\u01a1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u00edt oi, n\u00ean tr\u00ean x\u1ee9 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1n (n\u01a1i \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh (n\u01a1i \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00fang t\u1ebf) ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc. Th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng ph\u00eda Nam ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch thi\u00eang li\u00eang theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ed3n t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. Theo tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c do b\u1eadc ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 th\u1ea7n linh \u1edf c\u00f5i th\u1ebf phong cho, th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7n cao nh\u1ea5t trong v\u00f9ng n\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1n ri\u00eang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ebf ri\u00eang c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ebf chung. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00ecnh-\u0111\u1ec1n g\u1ed9p chung n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean khi \u0111\u00ecnh-tr\u1ee5-s\u1edf sa s\u00fat t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u2013 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t Nam K\u00ec L\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c ph\u1ed3n t\u1ea1p do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00e1c \u2013 th\u00ec \u0111\u00ecnh mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec1ntr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n Ch\u00fa th\u00edch: (23) \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec9, q. 4, 14b. (24) \u0110NNTC, Nam K\u00ec L\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh, H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu k\u1ec3 sau l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft t\u1eeb t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ed n\u00e0y, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh li\u00ean h\u1ec7.","CH\u01af\u01a0NG IX: TH\u1ea6N LINH \u0110\u1ecaA PH\u01af\u01a0NG VI\u1ec6T NAM \u0110I V\u00c0O TH\u1edcI GIAO L\u01afU C\u1eacN HI\u1ec6N \u0110\u1ea0I I. S\u1ef0 SA S\u00daT C\u1ee6A M\u1ed8T T\u1eacP H\u1eccP TH\u1ea6N LINH THEO V\u1edaI M\u1ed8T TRI\u1ec0U \u0110\u1ea0I SUY T\u00c0N Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00e0o trong quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n linh. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd thu nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111a s\u1ed1, ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea1ch s\u1eb5n. Nh\u01b0ng khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi \u0111e do\u1ea1 l\u00e0m n\u1ee9t r\u1ea1n t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00f3 m\u1edbi du nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y xung \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng ngay \u1edf trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX khi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n c\u00f2n \u1edf Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n \u0111em m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n linh m\u1edbi \u2013 \u00edt ra th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang hi\u1ec3u qua s\u1ef1 rao gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u2013 theo \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00eau g\u1ee3i, m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng tr\u1eddi linh thi\u00eang kh\u00e1c, g\u00e2y nguy h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n khi\u1ebfn cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, \u201ctr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n\u201d l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh theo khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 1841 n\u00f3i r\u00f5: \u201cLi\u1ec5u H\u1ea1nh C\u00f4ng ch\u00faa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 phong t\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i... c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 c\u0169.\u201d(1) C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u trong khi t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp, b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed l\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n linh x\u01b0a c\u0169 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp trung quy chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trung \u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi \u2013 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u2013 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n linh c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n uy th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00dd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb con-Tr\u1eddi theo sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c vua Nguy\u1ec5n th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1eeb 1804, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c B\u1eafc Th\u00e0nh khai danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef, ai ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf.(2) V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 1841 tr\u00ean: \u201cKhi tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u00e1nh Phi, C\u00f4ng Ch\u00faa, C\u00f4ng H\u1ea7u, Qu\u00fd Ph\u1ee7, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd theo ngh\u0129a ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed5i ra T\u00f4n th\u1ea7n, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed5i ra Chi th\u1ea7n... Ph\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n... Phu nh\u01a1n\u201d. L\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 chung cho \u201cc\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh\u201d kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, C\u00f4ng Ch\u00faa r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby tr\u00ean kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u0169, n\u00ean l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 phong \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, tuy nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o c\u00f5i thi\u00eang m\u00e0 g\u1ee3i ra nh\u1eefng tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m s\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n, c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf m\u1edbi v\u1eeba x\u1ea3y ra. Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p theo v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 L\u00ea. \u1ede m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 sa s\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00ec mang nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ea7n H\u1eadu Th\u1ed5 Thi\u00ean Y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i cao c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb khi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee5 h\u1ec7 Nho Gi\u00e1o l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt \u1edf ch\u1ed1n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u1ea7n Thi\u00ean Y (c\u0169) mang l\u1ed1t H\u1eadu Th\u1ed5 h\u1eb3n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1edd th\u00f3i t\u1ee5c quen thu\u1ed9c, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o nh\u1edd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI \u1edf Th\u0103ng Long, m\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1ec1n l\u00e2u nh\u1edd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea5t-m\u1eb9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu k\u00e9o d\u00e0i theo v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1eef th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi Li\u1ec5u H\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. Bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y trong t\u00ean g\u1ecdi tr\u00fa s\u1edf ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ph\u00fac th\u1ea7n th\u00f4n L\u00e1ng H\u1ea1: \u0111\u1ec1n \u1ee8ng Thi\u00ean (Ho\u00e1 D\u1ee5c), \u0111\u1ec1n H\u1eadu Th\u1ed5, \u0111\u00ecnh Nh\u00e0 B\u00e0, \u0111\u00ecnh L\u00e1ng H\u1ea1. D\u00e3y t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed k\u00e8m theo c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00fa s\u1edf th\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n(3) ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n danh ti\u1ebfng tr\u00ean \u201cv\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn tr\u1eddi Nam\u201d l\u1ea1c lo\u00e0i \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc, trong khi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n \u1edf n\u1eeda ph\u00eda Nam \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n uy, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u0169ng trong d\u1ecbp tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh n\u1eef \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, XVIII m\u00e0 qua th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb","th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 \u2013 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00f5i v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m x\u01b0\u1edbng ca v\u00f4 lo\u00e0i, quan ni\u1ec7m mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 nho, ai c\u0169ng \u01b0a th\u00edch. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e1t c\u1eeda \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII theo v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m d\u1ecbp cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n linh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 mang h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea7n ho\u00e1. Cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u00e0o h\u00e1t c\u1eeda \u0111\u00ecnh \u00c1 N\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 c\u00e1i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho th\u1eddi k\u00ec sau khi th\u00e0nh th\u1ea7n \u2013 sau nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n quen m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00ecnh Y\u00ean S\u1edf, ch\u1ebft \u0111i trong l\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ee3 th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a L\u00ed Ph\u1ee5c Man.(4) C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft b\u00ed \u1ea9n, h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a linh thi\u00eang th\u1eadt v\u1eeba t\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ec3 gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edfth\u00e0nh anh h\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi b\u00f3i to\u00e1n khi m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn d\u1ecbch ph\u00e1t ra trong l\u00e0ng saul\u00fac \u00c1 N\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ebft. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 phong th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c nho gia trung \u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u00edch c\u00f3 gom th\u00eam chuy\u1ec7n h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 R\u00f9a thi\u00eang (1789) c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u00c1 N\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh r\u00f9a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd n\u00e0y (1804), \u0111em th\u00eam s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed, bi\u1ec7n minh cho th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n m\u1edbi r\u00f5 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 mang trong m\u00ecnh g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 t\u1eeb t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00e1, r\u00f9a, g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed1ng... s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1nh Gi\u00f3ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa ho\u00e1 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng. Ph\u1ea7n h\u1ed9i l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y \u1edf Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng v\u00e0o n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y \u1edf S\u00f3c S\u01a1n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi L\u00ea qu\u00fd \u2013 v\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n to l\u1edbn h\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX. D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft x\u01b0a c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c c\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea2i Lao t\u1eeb H\u1ed9i X\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn tham gia: X\u01b0a c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 ngay trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00e0ng \u1ea9n n\u01a1i tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n x\u01b0\u1edbng (r\u1eebng r\u00fa hoang s\u01a1) m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi ch\u00f9a Ki\u1ebfn S\u01a1 (ph\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa \u1edf ch\u00f9a su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian h\u1ed9i l\u1ec5) trong khi \u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba - H\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9a n\u1eefa. C\u00e1i x\u01b0a c\u0169 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o \u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n sau nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi k\u1ebft t\u1eadp. L\u1eddi ca c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea2i Lao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi L\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0a t\u00ecnh m\u1eddi m\u1ecdc luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i giao hoan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp trong khung c\u1ea3nh r\u1eebng n\u00fai, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1edbi v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 l\u1ee5c b\u00e1t, thu nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u Ki\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Du \u1edf n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX.(5) D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft t\u00ednh giao c\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9i l\u1ec5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9, l\u1ea1i \u1ea9n n\u00e1u trong l\u1ec5 ph\u00e1 tr\u1eadn: T\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eb7c l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i son ph\u1ea5n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 \u0111\u00f3n ch\u1edd \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, con trai h\u00f9ng h\u1ee5c ra qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i, b\u1eaft v\u1ec1. Ph\u1ea7n di\u1ec5n x\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 ph\u00e1 tr\u1eadn mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u201ctu\u1ed3ng\u201d v\u1edbi c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u trang ph\u1ee5c, l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cao... Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00eam t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Th\u0103ng Long (cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII), r\u1ed3i Hu\u1ebf (cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ecd c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chung nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n m\u1edbi theo quan ni\u1ec7m b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u1edf ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, trong l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ec9 1804, cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n g\u1ed1c \u201ctinh g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e1... qu\u00e1i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng.\u201d(6) Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng h\u00e8m m\u1edbi v\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n v\u00ec c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh nghi\u00eam t\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i th\u1edd c\u00fang ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u1ebb t\u1ebb n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo \u0111\u00e0 h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ch\u1ed1n \u1ea9n tr\u00fa n\u01a1i c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc gi\u1ec1ng m\u1ed1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, l\u00e2u d\u1ea7n s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra th\u1eafc m\u1eafc. J. Przyluski quan s\u00e1t l\u1ec5 \u0110\u1ed9ng th\u1ed5 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng \u1edf H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean, th\u1ea5y trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00fang t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c phong th\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n theo l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft g\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua.(7)","\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Przyluski, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u t\u00e2m l\u00e0 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i thi\u00eang trong l\u1ec5 \u0110\u1ed9ng th\u1ed5, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y, l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn, xay gi\u00e3... Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xa h\u01a1n d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 danh x\u01b0ng. \u1ede ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n linh ph\u1ed3n t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c, l\u1ec5 \u0110\u1ed9ng th\u1ed5, V\u00eda \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ea7u an (m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n nghi ti\u1ebft long tr\u1ecdng cho d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc to r\u1ed9ng, t\u1eeb v\u1ecb th\u1ebf cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ee9 s\u1edf m\u00e0 thu h\u1eb9p trong ph\u1ea1m vi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng dai d\u1eb3ng m\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c hay ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fa th\u00edch (1) Qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u ch\u00e1nh bi\u00ean to\u00e1t y\u1ebfu (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1972), ttr. 246 \u2013 247. (2) \u0110\u1ea1i Nam \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1ec7 (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1962), tr. 402, 403. (3) Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2013 Tr\u1ecbnh Cao T\u01b0\u1edfng , \u201cG\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u00f4i \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d, Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 1982, ttr. 241 \u2013 242. (4) Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Huy\u00ean, \u201cContribution...\u201d, b\u0111d, ttr. 22 \u2013 23. V\u0110ULT (ttr. 87 \u2013 89, ph\u1ea7n Ti\u1ebfm b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c) cho bi\u1ebft L\u00ed Ph\u1ee5c Man c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 N\u01b0\u01a1ng (B\u00e0 th\u1ee9), b\u00e0 n\u00e0y h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0a l\u1eafm v\u00ec th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1edf n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII: Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1i +1720, L\u00ea Anh Tu\u1ea5n +1734. (5) Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Huy\u00ean, \u201cLes chants et les danses d\u2019\u1ea2i Lao aux f\u00eates de Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng\u201d, BEFEO XXXIX(1939), ttr. 153 \u2013 196. Ghi ch\u00fa trang 191 cho bi\u1ebft sau l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i 1937, n\u0103m 1938, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ba b\u00e0i h\u00e1t kh\u00e1c do vi\u00ean tri huy\u1ec7n Ti\u00ean Du v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ra, v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u201ckh\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam t\u00fac..\u201d V\u1eady chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Ki\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ea1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i m\u1edbih\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u201cs\u1ed7 s\u00e0ng\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i c\u0169. (6) Qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u... s\u0111d, tr. 60 c\u00f3 ghi:\u201d\u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 trong h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ban cho c\u00e1c x\u00e3 d\u00e2n ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc Th\u00e0nh\u201d n\u0103m 1804. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1ec7 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c phong th\u1ea7n \u1edf B\u1eafc Th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7nchi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1edd chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y. (7) J. Przyluski, \u201cLes rites de \u0110\u1ed9ng th\u1ed5 \u2013 Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude du culte du Dieu du sol au onkin\u201d, in l\u1ea1i trong Le Vi\u1ec7t Nam (1948), tr. 6. I. UY TH\u1ebe C\u1ee6A TH\u1ea6N LINH LI\u00caN KHU V\u1ef0C TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH \u0110\u1ed4 V\u1ee0 QUY\u1ec0N UY NH\u00c0 NGUY\u1ec4N Ngay t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u0169 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam. Nho Gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 duy l\u00ed t\u00f4n qu\u00e2n sau 1802, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc qua m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua ph\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Minh Thanh lu\u1ed3n v\u00e0o sau th\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i.(8) Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00ec s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, khi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7. M\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec d\u1ec5 c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y sang h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y th\u1eafc m\u1eafc. Ch\u00fang ta g\u1eb7p \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh \u201c\u00edt h\u1ecdc\u201d (Kh\u1ed5ng Nho) nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a vua quan tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n (1821), \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m Thi\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1eabn ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng","m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c v\u00f5 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, l\u01b0u d\u00e2n Minh, Thanh c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ra \u0111i mang theo t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft xa v\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t trung h\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ecd ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ea5y \u00f4ng vua \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp Nho Gi\u00e1o trong v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 kho\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi cho nh\u1eefng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p thi h\u00e0nh trong g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 c\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i thay \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m l\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p mang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n l\u1edbn lao trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n uy t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a vua b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a binh l\u1ef1c, d\u1ea7n d\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u0169 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng toan t\u00ednh tho\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4n ngoan, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ranh ma. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u trong bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00ecn ri\u00eang th\u00ec do s\u1ef1 l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung th\u00ec do \u00e1p l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u00e1 l\u00e0m tan r\u00e3 nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e0n tr\u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n linh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1 nhanh h\u01a1n, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng h\u1ecd m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. Tuy l\u00e0 k\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i d\u00e2n ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u0169 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. (9) \u00c1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft th\u00e2n, khi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 in s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 th\u1edd c\u00fang di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft h\u1ecd, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 1\/3 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, tuy kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n (hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n) nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng khi\u1ebfn ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u00f2n xa x\u01b0a h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra trong sinh ho\u1ea1t, trong tr\u00ed \u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong 80 n\u0103m thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c suy gi\u1ea3m, l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a 40 n\u0103m qua. A. C\u00c1C NHI\u00caN TH\u1ea6N C\u0168 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u2013 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh theo khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 Nho Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u2013 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo th\u00f3i quen (c\u0169ng t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 d\u1ea7n), hay v\u1ee5t n\u1ed5i l\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i \u2013 nh\u01b0 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e0n Nam Giao, l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i: 1942 \u2013 do nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u1ea5y trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eebng khu v\u1ef1c v\u00ec c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia ba K\u00ec), v\u00ec m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, th\u00f4n qu\u00ea, r\u1eebng n\u00fai)... \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi c\u0169 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. Trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea3y n\u1edf theo h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi r\u1ea5t xa x\u01b0a, nay l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p m\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u1edf c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00ec g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. L. Cadi\u00e8re \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi religion des Esprits, th\u1ee9 linh h\u1ed3n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1edf chung quanh, trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng linh h\u1ed3n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tinh, l\u00e0 ma, l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n... M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c P. Mus nh\u00ecn theo m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 religion des Moussons.(10) Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u0169 c\u0169ng th\u1edd c\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e1 th\u00ec c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n uy \u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1ecdi, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e3y s\u1ee9t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t... v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt trong ch\u00f9a D\u00e2u ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n.","L. Cadi\u00e8re quan s\u00e1t tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y ngo\u00e0i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft th\u1edd \u00f4ng Th\u1ea7n \u0110\u00e1 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 linh \u1ee9ng (qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ea1, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn)... c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, bia Ch\u00e0m. M\u1ed9 c\u1ef1 th\u1ea1ch Xu\u00e2n L\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi khai qu\u1eadt, b\u1ecb v\u00f9i l\u1ea5p c\u00f2n l\u00f3 ra m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1. (11) Tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Nam K\u00ec n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd c\u00fang, mang m\u1ed9t danh x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u00f4ng T\u00e0. \u00d4ng th\u1ea7n M\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Cadi\u00e8re tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y \u1edf M\u0129 H\u01b0ng (V\u0129nh Long), v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i mi\u1ebfu nh\u1ecf, theo l\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Gia Long\u201d.(12) L\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong t\u1ee5c th\u1edd \u0111\u00e1 ng\u00e0y nay. D\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 coi \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n linh, \u201c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1\u201d, coi th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1 linh, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u0111\u00e0ng sau c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1ea7n-ng\u01b0\u1eddi chen v\u00e0o: C\u00f3 th\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u00e1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, theo ch\u1ee9ng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Cadi\u00e8re, th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1 c\u00f4ng Hu\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n\u201d, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf d\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb s\u1edf \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u1ea1c n\u1eeda ch\u1eebng hai \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n hai c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, c\u00f2n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tuy kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam d\u00e1ng quen thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c, th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u00eam truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch, v\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng Cao L\u1ed7, \u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o \u1edf g\u1ea7n n\u00ean truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u00ednh c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n. \u00d4ng \u201cTh\u1ea7n th\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf l\u00e0ng T\u00f9ng Lu\u1eadt (Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb), trong mi\u1ebfu B\u00ecnh Kh\u00e2u C\u00f4ng \u1edf Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n (Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean), mang truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00f3 \u00f4ng L\u01b0u Bang, c\u00f3 gi\u1eb7c Khi\u1ebft \u0110\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft oan th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n di c\u01b0 Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean theo l\u1ed1i \u201ctruy\u1ec7n T\u00e0u\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u x\u00fac c\u1ea3m th\u00ec t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 trong khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 h\u00f2n V\u1ecdng Phu (B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh) d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 t\u00edch th\u00ec nh\u1eadn ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u00f4m con th\u01a1, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 con m\u00e8o v\u1edbi r\u1ed5 r\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n! \u1ede m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1edd \u0111\u00e1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00e0m c\u0169 \u2013 c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean hay s\u1ee9t g\u00e3y \u2013 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1edd th\u1ea7n- ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0111\u00e1), c\u00f3 th\u00eam x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, cho n\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u00fd th\u1ee9c, nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u mong kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 c\u00fang Ngu li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng). X\u00e9t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u201ctr\u00ed th\u1ee9c\u201d h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm trong tay uy l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i linh thi\u00eang: C\u00e1c th\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1 trong v\u00f9ng quanh Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n, l\u00fac th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Minh d\u00e2n M\u1ea1c C\u1eedu, l\u00fac th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i. (13) R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1 ph\u00eda Nam \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ebd ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed1i h\u01a1n ph\u00eda B\u1eafc. \u1ede B\u1eafc Ninh, h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 tr\u00ean g\u00f2 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh anh h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch,(14) theo \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ed1i m\u00f2n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec1u ch\u00f5ng. Hay nh\u01b0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u0169 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e0o n\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u00c1 N\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a L\u00ed Ph\u1ee5c Man) theo m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u1edf quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n c\u00e2y. J. Przyluski th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u1edf B\u1eafc, th\u1ea7n th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y thi\u00eang, trong khi L. Cadi\u00e8re th\u1ea5y th\u1ea7n c\u00e2y thi\u00eang \u1edf B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean l\u1ea1i mang n\u1eef t\u00ednh: Con tinh c\u00e2y \u0111a gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n.(15) R. Stein(16) ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh Cadi\u00e8re c\u00f3 \u00fd ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai t\u1ee5c th\u1edd c\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 trong khi, theo \u00f4ng, y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hai quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t: Trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169ng m\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169ng mang m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y c\u1ecf. \u00d4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1n, th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a tri\u1ebft l\u00ed, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh v\u1eabn hi\u1ec3u. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a, \u0111i\u1ec7n, am th\u1edd ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb, tam ph\u1ee7 \u2013 th\u1edd c\u00e1c b\u00e0 ch\u00faa... n\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean: C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u1eef nh\u01b0 h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ao, gi\u1ebfng, hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 trong danh x\u01b0ng (ch\u00f9a Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i b\u1ea7u\/h\u1ed3...) C\u00e1c b\u00e0 ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ng\u00e0n, Thi\u00ean Y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00ednh l\u00edu t\u1edbi c\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e1.","S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e2y-\u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c c\u1ed5 s\u01a1 m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1eef t\u00ednh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt. R. Stein nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u1ee5c th\u1edd B\u00e0, cho l\u00e0 do \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 trong t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi c\u1ed5, trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u00e0m, Mi\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 c\u0169ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u2013 ngay c\u1ea3 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u. N\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2u xa, ph\u1ea3i coi \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n khi g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c, qua nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 ng\u1eadp ch\u00ecm trong quan ni\u1ec7m Nho Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 h\u1ec7 \u2013 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 R. Stein \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t. Cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169ng mang n\u1eef t\u00ednh, sinh s\u1ea3n, ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n do Cadi\u00e8re ghi l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 tinh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7t trong mi\u1ebfu b\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Ng\u1ecdc, b\u00e0 Ho\u1ea3, b\u00e0 Thu\u1ef7, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nh\u1eefng con tr\u1ebb kh\u00f3 nu\u00f4i, b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh g\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft. C\u00e1i linga \u0111\u1eb7t trong \u201cch\u00f9a Ch\u00e0\u201d tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ecbnh \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ebfn xoa \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1ea5n v\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ecba l\u00ed h\u1ecdc cho ta bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed1i r\u1eebng n\u00fai ph\u00eda T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c r\u1ebbo \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ven bi\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t. Cho n\u00ean, th\u1ea7n n\u00fai \u2013 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i th\u1edd c\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng Trung K\u00ec, trong tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1eef th\u1ea7n qua t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00f3ng. T\u00ean b\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ng\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m chung chung, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Ch\u00faa M\u1ecdi, b\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng g\u1ee3i ra \u00fd b\u00eau x\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng (\u201cm\u1ecdi\u201d) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n sai l\u1ea1c. R.Stein quan s\u00e1t tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng Hu\u1ebf, th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n Nam S\u01a1n c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00f4 B\u1ea3y mang g\u00f9i, \u1edf tr\u1ea7n, da s\u1eadm, tay n\u1eafm c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y, tay c\u1ea7m c\u00e1i chung c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ve thu\u1ef7 tinh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u201ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d thu\u1ed1c th\u00e1nh; \u1edf am Ho\u00e0 C\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n c\u00f4 n\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ecdi \u0111eo chu\u1ed7i ng\u1ecdc, v\u00f2ng tay v\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201c\u0110i ngu\u1ed3n\u201d v\u00ec ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed1c men qu\u00fd g\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t x\u01b0a h\u01a1n, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII, chuy\u1ec7n b\u00e0 Li\u1ec5u H\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ef3 n\u1eef l\u00e0 Qu\u1ebf H\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Ng\u1ecdc H\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111em ra t\u1eeb Ph\u1ed1 C\u00e1t (Thanh Ho\u00e1),(17) (Xem \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y http:\/\/hoangthantai.vn\/index.php? topic=5218.0 )tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ebf, tr\u1ea7m \u2013 m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng Ch\u1ee7 Ngu \u1edf Nam K\u00ec \u0111eo g\u00f9i, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eebng n\u00fai xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eadn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng xa. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n Nam S\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng S\u00e1u ngu\u1ed3n B\u1ed3, \u00f4ng M\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1ea5t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ng\u1ea1n, \u00f4ng B\u1ea3y, \u00f4ng Ch\u00edn \u0111eo g\u00f9i, \u0111\u1ea1p r\u1eafn, th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n, mang gi\u00e1o, c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ecdi v\u1edbi cung n\u1ecf, k\u00e8n, n\u00f3n, chu\u1ed7i ng\u1ecdc..., c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft nam t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u00ednh n\u1eef \u0111\u1eadm c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec d\u00f9 trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eabu h\u1ec7, quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh v\u1eabn trao v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u2013 ph\u00eda d\u00f2ng n\u1eef. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u00ean c\u00e1i lao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Ch\u00edn, mi\u1ebfng g\u1ed7 tr\u1ea7m b\u1eb1ng n\u1eafm tay d\u00ednh v\u00e0o l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n: Thi\u00ean Y A Na. Kinh \u0111\u00f4 Hu\u1ebf v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua con-Tr\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu Nho Gi\u00e1o duy l\u00ed, vang vang l\u1eddi t\u1ee5ng kinh s\u00e1ch qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean b\u1ef1c thang danh v\u1ecdng, kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y, x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t khung c\u1ea3nh th\u1ea7n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00fai r\u1eebng \u2013 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Y \u0111i\u1ec7n H\u00f2n Ch\u00e9n thay th\u1ebf cho b\u00e0 Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u00e1 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fa nh\u1eadn hay khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1eabn v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng. V\u00e0 nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u00e0 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi: Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u00fai r\u1eebng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1ch ng\u1ea7m th\u1ea5m xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n, t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u00ecn \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ebb c\u1ea3, \u201cv\u0103n minh\u201d c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi tar\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn tuy r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 thu nh\u1eadn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Click this bar to view the full image. (B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0 x\u1ee9 Ch\u00e0m c\u0169) [\/size][\/font] Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:","(8) Qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u... s\u0111d, tr. 124. Minh M\u1ea1ng t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft s\u1eed Minh, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd do nh\u00f3m Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c d\u1ea1y, h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c quan th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft. Nh\u00e2n s\u0129 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i Phan Huy Th\u1ef1c m\u1edbi cho nh\u00e0 vua hay r\u1eb1ng \u201cT\u1eeb nh\u00e0 L\u00ea \u0111\u1ebfn nay (1824), h\u1ecdc c\u1eed nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc H\u00e1n, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 mau bi\u1ebft \u0111i thi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u201d. (9) Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Ch\u00e0m, Khmer c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5, m\u00e0 ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay, t\u1eebng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, s\u00e1t bi\u1ec3n. Trong c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ghi nh\u1eadn, c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t k\u00ed \u1ee9c bi\u1ec3n, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1 voi. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1930, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 (r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c t\u1eeb v\u0169ng R\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecbnh Cam Ranh) c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i. (BEFEO XXXIII, 1933, ph\u1ea7n Tin t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a M. Ner tr. 496; BEFEO XL, 1940, ph\u1ea7n Tin t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a P. Mus, tr. 476.) D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi (M\u1ecdi) \u201cH\u1ea1\u201d (sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p) trong khi \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y th\u00ec \u201cM\u1ecdi h\u1ea1\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f2n \u201cM\u1ecdi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d th\u00ec \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao, xa h\u01a1n, kh\u00f3 \u0111i t\u1edbi. T\u00ean Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf cho t\u00ean M\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo th\u00f3i quen cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd khinh mi\u1ec7t. C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t s\u00ednh ch\u1eef nho v\u00e0 chia x\u1ebb m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cg\u1ed1c M\u1ecdi\u201d, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u1eef \u201ch\u1ea1\u201d l\u00e0 H\u1ea1 Ch\u00e2u \u2013 T\u00e2n Gia Ba, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng di c\u01b0 M\u00e3 Lai l\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng B\u00ecnh Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960. (10) L. Cadi\u00e8re, \u201cCroyance et pratique religieuse des Annamites dans les environs de Hue \u2013 II. Cultes des pierres\u201d, BEFEO, XIX(1919), tr. 17. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n I: Cultes des arbres. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Cadi\u00e8re v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp: Un empire colonial francais \u2013 L\u2019Indochine, ph\u1ea7n \u201cReligions annamites et non-annamites\u201d. C\u0169ng xem P. Mus, \u201cCultes indiennes et indig\u00e8nes au Champa\u201d, BEFEO XXXIII(1933), tr. 373. (11) H. Parmentier, \u201cVestiges m\u00e9galithiques \u00e0 Xuan Loc\u201d, BEFEO XXVIII(1928), ttr. 79 \u2013 80. (12) L. Cadi\u00e8re, \u201cNotes arch\u00e9ologiques\u201d BEFEO XX(1920), ttr. 1 \u2013 2. (13) Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea7u, \u0110\u1ee9c C\u1ed1 Qu\u1ea3n hay l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a B\u1ea3y Th\u01b0a (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1956), ttr. 45 \u2013 47. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n mang ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u nh\u00e0 Thanh, 1792. (14) \u0110NNTC, t\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc Ninh (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1966), tr. 50. (15) D\u1eabn m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u0103ng trong BEFEO IX(1909), tr. 758, trong b\u00e0i t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft \u201cL\u2019EFEO depuis son origine jusqu\u2019en 1920\u201d, BEFEO XXI(1921), ttr. 264 \u2013 265. (16) R. Stein, \u201cJardins en miniatures...\u201d, b\u0111d, tr. 71, ch\u00fa s\u1ed1 1. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng d\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp theo c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y \u1edf b\u00e0i n\u00e0y. (17) \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u1ecb \u0110i\u1ec3m, T\u00e2n bi\u00ean truy\u1ec1n k\u00ec m\u1ea1n l\u1ee5c, s\u0111d. b. M\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: THI\u00caN Y A NA NG\u1eccC DI\u1ec4N PHI Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 h\u1ebft uy th\u1ebf bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Ch\u00e0m ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec1n Trung tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u0169, c\u00f3 uy th\u1ebf t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n ra \u0111\u1ebfn ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Ch\u00faa X\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u0169, t\u00e1ch ra B\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00e1p Nha Trang, \u1edf H\u1eefu \u0110\u1ee9c (Phan Rang), \u1edf B\u1ebf Ng\u00e3i (B\u00e0 R\u1ecba).(18) \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, B\u00e0 c\u00f3 hai n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t: H\u00f2n Ch\u00e9n (Hu\u1ebf) v\u00e0 Th\u00e1p B\u00e0 (Nha Trang) mang s\u1ef1 t\u00edch th\u00e0nh v\u0103n v\u00e0 tung r\u1ea3i tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea theo v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng n\u00fai \u0111\u1ed3ng, lan ra ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n, thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n Ch\u00e0m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean hay co r\u00fat l\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi bia Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n \u1edf Th\u00e1p B\u00e0 ghi s\u1ef1 t\u00edch B\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1856 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ta bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u trong chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u1edbp tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1t sinh hai b\u1ea3n v\u0103n v\u1ea7n(19) kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111\u00f4 Hu\u1ebf chen v\u00e0o. Trung t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n Nho Gi\u00e1o \u1edf Hu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea3n v\u0103n C\u1ed5 th\u00e1p linh t\u00edch (H\u00f2n Ch\u00e9n) mang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u0103n th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (song th\u1ea5t l\u1ee5c b\u00e1t), c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nho s\u0129 k\u00ec th\u1ecb, k\u00eanh ki\u1ec7u (g\u1ecdi hai \u00f4ng b\u00e0 nu\u00f4i Thi\u00ean Y l\u00e0 \u201cv\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3 M\u1ecdi...\u201d) T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i (hay ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a) nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft cho l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t","th\u1ea7n linh: B\u00e0 t\u1ef1 x\u00e2y th\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con c\u00e1i xen v\u00e0o, chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee1 b\u1edbt b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u1ee1 s\u0129 di\u1ec7n cho nam ph\u00e1i, l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c mang n\u1ed5i c\u00e2y h\u01b0\u01a1ng (th\u1ea7n) v\u1ec1 cung. C\u00f4ng t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00f3i tr\u1ecdn trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u khu\u00f4n s\u00e1o \u201cRa tay s\u1eeda \u0111\u1eb7t k\u1ec9 c\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nho s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n l\u00faa, th\u1ea7n n\u00f4ng, th\u1ea7n d\u1ec7t ri\u00eang r\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh x\u01b0ng t\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0. Th\u1eadt kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n c\u00f2n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u201cch\u00faa\u201d, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh chung quanh kinh \u0111\u00f4 Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u1eef \u201ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, th\u1ea7n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Y, nh\u1eefng t\u00ean l\u01b0u m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u00e0i V\u00e3n B\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp th\u00e1p Nha Trang, n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 B\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n th\u00ec mang gi\u1ecdng v\u0103n l\u1ee5c b\u00e1t b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n tuy v\u1eabn c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng danh nho v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Ki\u1ec1u r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t.(20) L\u1eddi k\u1ec3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft g\u1ea7n g\u0169i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt (B\u00e0 c\u00f3 con trai, con g\u00e1i, d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng, d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i, l\u00e0m b\u1eaby ch\u1ed1ng th\u00fa d\u1eef...) v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n theo m\u1ed9t cung c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d (x\u00e2y th\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb) m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb linh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n t\u00edch. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i th\u00ec B\u00e0 Ch\u00faa X\u1ee9 Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 th\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t(21) qua th\u01a1 v\u0103n, mang d\u1ea1ng ti\u00ean n\u01b0\u01a1ng trong m\u1ed9t khung c\u1ea3nh lung linh huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a m\u1ea5t d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft xa l\u1ea1. Con b\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ti\u00ean ch\u01b0a thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con b\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, con c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u l\u00e0 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee1 ch\u00e2n th\u1ea7n trong truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch; c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn d\u1eef n\u1ed5i d\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u00ecm thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i t\u1eed c\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u00ecm v\u1ee3, c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n khu\u00f4n ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f2ng phu... Cho n\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean B\u00e0 trong th\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1 v\u1eeba theo c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u00e2m, v\u1eeba theo c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n ngh\u0129a, l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n h\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecbu: Po Yan Ino N\u01b0ga \/ Thi\u00ean Yana Di\u1ec5n B\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Ng\u1ecdc Th\u00e1nh Phi \/ Ch\u00faa Ng\u1ecdc Di\u1ec5n Phi. T\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng t\u1ed3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 trong ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng t\u1ed3n trong sinh ho\u1ea1t, l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u1ed3n \u1ea5y d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 tan bi\u1ebfn \u0111i. Ngo\u00e0i khu \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia cho B\u00e0 v\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 nu\u00f4i, ch\u1ed3ng con, n\u1eb1m n\u01a1i c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng C\u00e1i, d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n n\u00fai \u0110\u1ea1i An, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd v\u1ecf l\u00faa d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a B\u00e0, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n do t\u01b0\u1edbng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp (1787).(22) H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 mi\u1ebfu B\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00ecnh\/ch\u00f9a, cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c nhang \u0111\u00e8n ng\u00e0y r\u1eb1m, m\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t. Ta kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft th\u1ea7n M\u1eb9 l\u00faa c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean th\u1ea5y trong quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 c\u0169ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd v\u1eadt r\u1eebng n\u00fai n\u01a1i n\u00e0y: tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 v\u1eadt trao \u0111\u1ed5i s\u0103n t\u00ecm c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n t\u00edch. Tr\u00ean mi\u1ebfu Thi\u00ean Y \u1edf Phan R\u00ed ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng g\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean tri huy\u1ec7n Ho\u00e0 \u0110a s\u1edf t\u1ea1i ghi l\u1ea1i (1854) c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n B\u00e0 t\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Thanh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.(23) Quy\u1ec1n uy \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m d\u00f4ng b\u00e3o ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng tham t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb \u0103n c\u1eafp th\u1ea7n v\u1eadt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u00f4ng b\u00e3o x\u01b0a kia \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng B\u00e0. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i mu\u1ed9n th\u00ec Thi\u00ean Y \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf th\u1ea7n s\u00f3ng bi\u1ec3n Po Riyak b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t. B\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Y c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m th\u00ec sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u1ecdt bi\u1ec3n \u2013 nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n Venus \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh chuy\u00ean nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Y Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 97 ch\u1ed3ng, sinh nhi\u1ec1u con g\u00e1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n x\u1ea5u.(24) T\u1eadp h\u1ecdp th\u1ea7n theo tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng qua v\u0103n bia Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, bi\u1ec3n kh\u01a1i, mang nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u201cph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c\u201d h\u01a1n. V\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00e0i h\u00f2n \u0110\u1ecf (Nha Trang) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u00ean quen thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Y: Ch\u00faa X\u1ee9 Long Th\u1ea7n, C\u00e0n Long Ch\u00faa X\u1ee9 N\u01b0\u01a1ng N\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ed1i th\u1edd c\u00fang th\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: Ng\u01b0 ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea5y g\u1eady ch\u1ecdc v\u00e0o l\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ee9t khi h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 c\u1ea7u mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a. T\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 L\u1ed7 L\u01b0\u1eddng hay b\u00e0 L\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ean \u0110\u0129 D\u00e0ng c\u00f2n d\u00e1ng Ch\u00e0m (yan) cho ta hi\u1ec3u s\u00e1t ngh\u0129a t\u00ean v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd c\u00fang v\u1edbi sinh th\u1ef1c kh\u00ed.(25) Mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm t\u00ean v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Y thay th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi x\u01b0a h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i c\u00f2n n\u1eb7ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t Ch\u00e0m h\u01a1n. V\u00e0o 1\/4 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, E. Aymonier t\u1ea3 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Yan Dari nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 L\u1ed7 L\u01b0\u1eddng: Trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 c\u1ea7u cho tr\u1ebb con l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea5y g\u1eady ch\u1ecdc v\u00e0o l\u1ed7 c\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e1, \u1ee5 g\u00f2 m\u1ed1i...(26) T\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t \u0110\u0129","D\u00e0ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean \u00e2m, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ecf l\u1ed9 \u00fd th\u1ee9c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n do kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng gay g\u1eaft l\u1eafm, b\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i trong v\u00f9ng. Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac s\u00f4ng C\u00e1i (Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n th\u1ecdc s\u00e0o v\u00e0o L\u1ed7 \u0110oi (l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdc) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh an tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Y l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n trong h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng Yan Dari \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u1ed1i th\u1edd c\u00fang c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: V\u00e0o l\u00fac h\u1ea1n, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u1edf Ninh Ho\u00e0 (Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0) th\u1ecdc g\u1eady v\u00e0o l\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u01b0a, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00f5 \u1edf su\u1ed1i L\u1ed3 \u1ed2 (Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0), khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u0103n \u0111\u00e1 xu\u1ed1ng su\u1ed1i th\u00ec m\u00e2y \u00f9n \u00f9n k\u00e9o t\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 giao h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3.(27) T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hoang s\u01a1 trong d\u1ea1ng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Y khi\u1ebfn ta kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c vua chinh Nam \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Tr\u1ea7n Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng. T\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh \u1edf n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 n\u00e0y \u2013 \u00edt ra l\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh l\u00e9n l\u00fat. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft s\u01a1 qua nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng L\u00ea Quang Nghi\u00eam k\u1ec3 chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t tr\u1ebb em Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang M\u00f9a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0 ph\u1ee7 Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0. Cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin l\u00e0 th\u1eadt chuy\u1ec7n E. Aymonier t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ea3o ch\u1ec9 nghe-n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eadp Ch\u00e0m d\u00ecm m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb con nh\u00e0 t\u1eed t\u1ebf, kho\u1ea3ng 4, 5 tu\u1ed5i \u1edf \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y, hay chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e2n ch\u00e0i n\u00e9m m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ra bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n Ng\u01b0.(28) V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng th\u1eadt l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi b\u1ecf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u00ecnh y\u00ean ra n\u01a1i s\u00f3ng gi\u00f3, tr\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00e2m t\u00ednh \u201c\u0103n \u0111\u00e0ng s\u00f3ng, n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e0ng gi\u00f3\u201d \u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh m\u1ea1ng, c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o r\u1ed3i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ea7u c\u1ea1nh th\u1ea7n linh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u00e0y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ma thu\u1eadt tr\u1ea5n y\u1ec3m. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi l\u00fac ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 trong l\u00f2ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n g\u0169i trong m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m k\u00ednh c\u1ea9n th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn m\u1edf ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng x\u00e1c th\u00e2n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t: c\u00e1 voi, \u201cNam H\u1ea3i C\u1ef1 T\u1ed9c Ng\u1ecdc L\u00e2n T\u00f4n Th\u1ea7n\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n cho v\u00e0o b\u1eadc Trung \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c \u00f4ng quan vi\u1ebft \u0110NNTC \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c (\u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX) khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ec9nh (B\u00e0 R\u1ecba) v\u00e0 n\u00eau ra nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 : \u201cDuy c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng Gianh \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 linh \u1ee9ng, c\u00f2n \u1edf bi\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5y\u201d \u2013 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1 voi c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n kh\u01a1i.(29) \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 th\u1edd c\u00fang c\u00e1 \u00d4ng n\u00e0y \u2013 tang l\u1ec5 khi \u00d4ng \u201cl\u1ef5\u201d (lu\u1ef5 \u2013 t\u1ea5p v\u00e0o b\u1edd, ch\u1ebft), h\u00e1t h\u00f2 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t khi c\u00fang t\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u201cng\u1ecdc c\u1ed1t\u201d... nh\u01b0ng ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng trong c\u00e1c Dinh V\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdc c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 voi l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a r\u00f9a bi\u1ec3n, ba ba, \u0111\u1ebbn \/ r\u1eafn bi\u1ec3n (B\u00e0 T\u00edm, \u00d4ng S\u1ee9a, M\u1ed9c Tr\u1ee5 Th\u1ea7n X\u00e0...) V\u00e0 bao tr\u00f9m tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 B\u00e0 Ch\u00faa X\u1ee9. T\u1ebf l\u0103ng \u00d4ng Nha Trang c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e0, mi\u1ebfu B\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i La Gi (B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn), s\u1eafc vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb phong cho B\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong Dinh v\u1ea1n Thu\u1ef7 T\u00fa (Phan Thi\u1ebft) theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y... Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u1ed9i l\u1ec5 bi\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y tuy mang t\u00ednh c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m v\u1ebb \u1ed3n \u00e0o n\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t trong s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng thi\u00eang li\u00eang... L\u1ec5 C\u1ea7u ng\u01b0 \u1edf B\u1eafc V\u1ecdng \u0110\u00f4ng (Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean)(30) n\u00fap b\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khuy\u1ebft danh \u2013 b\u00e0 T\u01a1 gi\u00fap v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf v\u1ec1 Nam c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng n\u0103m 1600 \u2013 nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 thu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng gi\u00e1m h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c, v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh khu\u00f4n th\u1ee9c chung (ni\u1ec7m ch\u00fa, \u0111\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, d\u00e2ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u th\u1ecbt...) n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi ti\u1ebft th\u00f4 k\u1ec7ch \u201cM\u1ea7ng B\u00e0! M\u1ea7ng B\u00e0!\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0 ph\u1ee7 gi\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y quanh b\u00e0n th\u1edd, v\u1ed7 tay, h\u00e9t, n\u1ebfm th\u1ecbt c\u00fang cho th\u1ea7n an t\u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t cho bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 m\u00faa th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, h\u00e1t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1edbt qua \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 cho nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n x\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n trong t\u1ee5c th\u1edd c\u00e1 \u00d4ng.","C\u00e1c B\u1ea1n Ch\u00e8o \u2013 \u00edt ra l\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng nam H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1t B\u00e0 R\u1ecba \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n gi\u1ed1ng nhau tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n x\u01b0\u1edbng trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1m c\u00e1 voi, m\u1edf m\u00f9a c\u00e1 theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t.(31) Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n v\u0103n g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 b\u00e0i Ch\u00e8o \u00d4ng d\u00f9ng trong tang l\u1ec5 c\u00e1 voi, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 Ch\u00e8o Linh (\u0111\u01b0a linh h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft), Ch\u00e8o C\u00f4 h\u1ed3n. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn: l\u1ec5 k\u00ec an, m\u1edf m\u00f9a c\u00e1, ng\u00e0y k\u1ecb ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u0103ng \u00d4ng \u1edf m\u1ed7i Dinh V\u1ea1n h\u00e0ng n\u0103m... \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y l\u1edbp v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n xa x\u01b0a trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ca r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi: \u00d4ng v\u00f4 \u1ee7 d\u1ed9t tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a, Hai b\u00ean b\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1o ch\u00e8o \u0111\u01b0a \u00d4ng v\u1ec1. Di\u1ec5n x\u01b0\u1edbng xoay quanh h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 b\u1ef1c (T\u1ed5ng L\u00e1i, T\u1ed5ng M\u0169i, T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa), v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tay ch\u00e8o (b\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1o) khi\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh tr\u00ed th\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u2013 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ea5t h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ec5 Tiwak c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dayak tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Borneo \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho V. Goloubev l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fac tr\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. C\u00f3 chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a linh h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i y\u00ean ngh\u1ec9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3: Nay linh c\u1eedu \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u1ecfi bi\u1ec3n, Th\u00f4i thuy\u1ec1n ta tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i giang t\u00e2n... Nh\u01b0ng quan ni\u1ec7m chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn theo l\u0103ng k\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o: Thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e1t nh\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lui t\u1edbi, \u0110\u00f2 \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebb l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua... v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n th\u00ec theo d\u1ea1ng h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i c\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed5i thay theo ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ee9ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00e0i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u00e2m t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea3m kh\u00e1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1eed bi\u1ec7t sinh li, v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfp nh\u00e2n sinh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m m\u00e0u L\u00e3o Trang qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nho s\u0129. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, di\u1ec5n x\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00e8o B\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed3ng h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i thu nh\u1ecf. Ta kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u0169 thu\u1ed9c Trung B\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay, h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i tuy c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a g\u1ed1c t\u00edch t\u1eeb \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0o Duy T\u1eeb (1572 \u2013 1634) \u2013 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o g\u1ed1c x\u01b0\u1edbng ca c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u2013 nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb non n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m c\u1eed nghi\u1ec7p B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh (T\u00fa t\u00e0i Nguy\u1ec5n Di\u00eau \u1edf Nh\u01a1n \u00c2n, th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0o T\u1ea5n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c tu\u1ed3ng t\u00edch, tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0o T\u1ea5n (1845 \u2013 1907) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c k\u00ecm h\u00e3m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng theo nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea7u Nam, B\u1eafc. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u1edbi qua nh\u1eefng giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f2n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m x\u01b0\u1edbng ca v\u00f4 lo\u00e0i th\u00ec ngay \u1edf Trung K\u00ec, \u0111\u00e1m v\u0103n th\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX qua th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX, l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t tu\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u00f3ng tu\u1ed3ng n\u00e2ng cao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c. Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i t\u1ed5 t\u00f4m \u0111i\u1ebfm quan d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00e0i ch\u00f2i v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp T\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft tinh t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh l\u1ed1i h\u00f4 b\u00e0i ch\u00f2i c\u00f3 tu\u1ed3ng t\u00edch. V\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00e0o m\u00e0 l\u1ed1i h\u00e1t b\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea7n c\u00e1 voi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u1ecdng nam, kh\u00e1ch... Trong s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i h\u01a1n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n: tu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i l\u1ec5. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Nam K\u00ec thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp s\u0129 phu kho\u00e1c \u00e1o quan quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u1edbi, h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i g\u1eafng g\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n khi n\u1ea3y n\u1edf k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 c\u00e1i t\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u. H\u00e1t b\u1ed9i, nh\u00ecn \u1edf kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, mang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u0103n xu\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng","th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n trong th\u1eddi c\u0169 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng v\u0103n xu\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u m\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p cho v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef Nam K\u00ec, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cai tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u00ecn \u1edf kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 n\u00e0y, ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i, khi chen v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong t\u00edt m\u00f9 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gh\u00ecm gi\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 \u0111e do\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u01a1i quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. Ch\u00fa th\u00edch: (18) H. Masp\u00e9ro, \u201cLa pri\u00e8re du bain des statues divines chez les Chams\u201d, BEFEO XIX(1919), ttr. 1 \u2013 16. (19) Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0, Non n\u01b0\u1edbc Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 (Nha Trang 1969), ttr. 152 \u2013 168. (20) \u201cD\u1ecdc ngang n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ai... ...H\u1ecfi l\u00e0ng l\u00e0ng v\u1eabn \u0110\u1ea1i An, H\u1ecfi ti\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9 hoang bao gi\u1edd.\u201d C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng V\u00e3n B\u00e0 ra \u0111\u1eddi s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng sau l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, l\u00fac \u201cb\u00f3ng\u201d Ch\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u201cb\u00f3ng\u201d Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang t\u1ebf. (21) Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y t\u00ean th\u00e1p Ch\u00faa Ng\u1ecdc tr\u00ean B\u00ecnh Nam \u0111\u1ed3 (1774) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1919, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ee1 mi\u1ebfu th\u1edd B\u00e0 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y gi\u1eefa khu th\u00e1p Nha Trang \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed7 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t (BEFEO XIX, tr. 106). (22) Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0, s\u0111d, ttr. 213 \u2013 214. (23) Ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u0103m 1972. (24) A. Cabaton, Nouvelles recherches..., ttr. 16 \u2013 18. (25) L\u00ea Quang Nghi\u00eam, T\u1ee5c th\u1edd c\u00fang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0 ph\u1ee7 Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1970), ttr. 104 \u2013 110. Trong Th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb Nhang Gi\u00e0ng th\u1edd \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 7 t\u00ean: Gi\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2m (ch\u00edch?), Ch\u1ee3, M\u1ecdi, R\u1ee3, \u0110\u0129, Tho\u00e3, \u00d3 Ma Lai (tr. 74) M\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y thi\u1ebfm (ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 Ch\u00e0m) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0110\u0129 Gi\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 tr\u1eafc n\u1ebft d\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3ng, ch\u1ebft r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f2i tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n sinh l\u00ed.\u201d (tr. 109 \u2013 110). Kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n t\u1ee5c hi\u1ebfn sinh c\u1ea7u l\u1ee3i (ch\u00fa s\u1ed1 28), ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u00e0i B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng th\u1edd nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n h\u00f2n \u0110\u1ecf, h\u01a1i c\u1ea7u k\u00ec h\u01a1n. D\u00e2n hai v\u0169ng N\u1ed3m (\u0111\u1ea7m X\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00ed), B\u1ea5c (\u0111\u1ea7m H\u01b0ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng) tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Mai (Quy Nh\u01a1n) c\u00f3 hai mi\u1ebfu B\u00e0 L\u1ed3i, \u201cmi\u1ebfu c\u0169 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m th\u1edd th\u1ea7n sinh nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 t\u00f4m\u201d theo tin t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n ch\u00e0i trong v\u00f9ng. Mi\u1ebfu nh\u1ecf (0,8 m x 0,6 m), b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1eafp n\u1ed5i b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n sinh d\u1ee5c n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n \u0111i bi\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea5n \u201cxin B\u00e0 cho b\u1eefa bi\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y mai, s\u1ebd c\u00fang cho B\u00e0 \u2018c\u1eb7p qu\u00ea\u2019\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng d\u1ee9a d\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ed9t d\u1ee9a, tinh ho\u00e0n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i d\u1ee9a, l\u00f4ng l\u00e0 l\u00e1 d\u1ee9a x\u1ebb nh\u1ecf nhu\u1ed9m \u0111en. Kh\u00e1 c\u1ea7u k\u00ec n\u00ean c\u00f3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0\u1edbn th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m. T\u1ee5c n\u00e0y b\u00e3i b\u1ecf sau 1947. (V\u0169 Ng\u1ecdc An, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0169ng N\u1ed3m, vi\u1ebft trong X\u01b0a v\u00e0 Nay s\u1ed1 340, th\u00e1ng 92009). \u201cC\u1eb7p qu\u00ea\u201d l\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u1eb7p \u201chu\u00ea\u201d < hoa, n\u00f3i tr\u1ea1i>. H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e2ng c\u00fang ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00fang. (26) Les Tchams et leurs religions, tr. 237. E. Aymonier ch\u00fa sau t\u00ean th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u201cd\u00e9esse impudique\u201d c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 nghe ch\u1eef \u0110\u0129 Gi\u00e0ng Vi\u1ec7t. (27) Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0, s\u0111d, ttr. 42 \u2013 43. (28) L\u00ea Quang Nghi\u00eam, s\u0111d, ttr. 115 \u2013 131. Chuy\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf h\u00f2n \u0110\u1ecf, h\u00f2n M\u1ed9t (Nha Trang), h\u00f2n Nh\u00e0n (Cam Ranh). T\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf (thay b\u1eb1ng c\u00fang heo) c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ra c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p \u201cv\u1eadt t\u1ebf\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1edbi \u201cH\u1ea1\u201d g\u1ea7n g\u0169i (d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n) \u0111\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngang h\u00e0ng (m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, n\u00ean kh\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1t; E. Aymonier, s\u0111d, ttr. 213, 271 \u2013 272. (29) \u0110NNTC, Nam K\u00ec L\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh, quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1973), tr. 44. (30) A. Chapuis, \u201cLes lieux de cultes du village de B\u1eafc V\u1ecdng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d, BAVH (OctDec 1932), ttr. 371 \u2013 410.","(31) \u00d4ng V\u0169 Kh\u1eafc Khoan (T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u ch\u00e8o. S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1974, ttr. 70 \u2013 71) gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n Ch\u00e8o \u0111\u01b0a linh (h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft) do m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y d\u1eabn n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t. \u00d4ng Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0 ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ch\u00e8o \u1edf L\u0103ng \u00d4ng Nha Trang h\u01a1i s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, g\u1ed1c \u1edf Phan R\u00ed, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf Phan Thi\u1ebft (l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft: 7- 1969), do Ban ch\u00e8o Long Minh Ban, d\u00f9ng cho 3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p: \u0111\u01b0a \u00d4ng (c\u00e1 voi), \u0111\u01b0a Linh (h\u1ed3n cha m\u1eb9), \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4 h\u1ed3n. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Nam \u2013 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng (V\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 d\u00e2n gian Qu\u1ea3ng nam \u2013 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, t\u1eadp I, 1983) loan b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3nnh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u qua loa. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng tin t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00f3. c. M\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng: TH\u1ea6N B\u1ea0CH M\u00c3 TH\u00c1I GI\u00c1M T\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0110NNTC v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ean th\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Long \u0110\u1ed9\/\u0110\u1ed7 c\u0169, m\u00e0 theo V\u0110ULT th\u00ec th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u1ea7u c\u1ea1nh Cao Bi\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111o\u00e1n ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u00f4 H\u1ed9 ph\u00eda Nam \u2013 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nay th\u00ec coi l\u00e0 l\u1eddi th\u00fa nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. Nh\u01b0ng \u0110NNTC c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea7n Long \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, c\u1ee7a L\u00ed, c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n linh thi\u00eang n\u1eefa v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u201ctru\u1ea5t ph\u1ebf\u201d \u2013 ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 sau th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XV \u2013 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con ng\u1ef1a th\u1ea7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u1ecd L\u00ed x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tho\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh C\u1ed5 Loa trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea7n Kim Quy b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf vai tr\u00f2. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n h\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p n\u1eefa v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea t\u00e0n t\u1ea1, h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh r\u1ed3i m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n, th\u1ea7n \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay n\u00f3i v\u00e0 th\u1edd m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 t\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi danh x\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i cung c\u1ee7a vua ch\u00faa: th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 con ng\u1ef1a b\u1ea1ch trung th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd \u1edf th\u00f4n Ph\u00fa L\u01b0\u01a1ng (Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean) k\u00e9o d\u00e0i s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh qua Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e8o C\u1ed5 M\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t h\u01a1n n\u1eefa n\u1ebfu ta b\u00e1m theo m\u00ecnh con ng\u1ef1a r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n.(32) V\u0103n t\u1ebf \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb \u201cTh\u00e1i Gi\u00e1m B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 T\u00f4n Th\u1ea7n.\u201d M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao v\u0103n t\u1ebf \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c 1809 \u1edf v\u00f9ng Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean v\u1ecb \u201cTrung \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ea7n\u201d \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1eefa 43 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 ra.(33) Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1m t\u00ean T\u00e0i C\u00f4ng Lan(34) \u00e1o gi\u00e1p k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n (ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a b\u00f9a ch\u00fa), \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1eadn b\u1ecb t\u00ean, c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea (g\u1ea7n th\u00e1p Ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0i) m\u1edbi ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft. D\u00e2n l\u1eadp mi\u1ebfu th\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 d\u1ee1 n\u0103m 1945, trong mi\u1ebfu c\u00f2n treo chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o gi\u00e1p kia. Th\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf mi\u1ebfu Ph\u01b0\u1edbc H\u01b0ng, l\u00e0ng V\u0129nh Ph\u01b0\u1edbc (B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau),(35) ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c con ng\u1ef1a tr\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd trang tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ec1n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 V\u00f5 Di Nguy, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea5n B\u1eedu (c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 gi\u1ecf c\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1i!), trong \u0111\u00ecnh Phong Ph\u00fa (Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 con ng\u1ef1a \u2013 th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, con ng\u1ef1a kim nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi. Th\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f3 t\u00ean B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1m m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n v\u0103n ph\u00e1p H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng sinh ra t\u00ean Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1m B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3, hay, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u00eang t\u00ean ch\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi tr\u1ed1ng tr\u01a1n l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1m nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n th\u1edd \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i \u2013 theo \u0110NNTC, chung v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n Ng\u0169 H\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u1edd \u1edf An L\u01b0\u01a1ng (Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u00faa Ng\u1ecdc, Thu\u1ef7 Long, th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng.(36) Con ng\u1ef1a tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 v\u1eadt linh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt. Trong truy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn kinh \u0111\u00f4 L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II) c\u00f3 con ng\u1ef1a tr\u1eafng ch\u1edf kinh. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 con ng\u1ef1a tr\u1eafng gi\u00fap L\u00ed Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long m\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u0169ng ghi \u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u201cB\u1ea1ch long th\u1ea7n m\u00e3\u201d(37) bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac n\u00e0o vua ra \u0111i, c\u00f2n con vua, L\u00ed Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng sau n\u00e0y \u2013 th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt M\u00e3, con ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0a Ph\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t gia, con ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n, c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00ean To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Cao \u0110\u00e0i T\u00e2y Ninh. Con ng\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc gi\u00fap vua L\u00ed th\u00ec \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam, theo s\u1ef1 t\u00edch truy\u1ec1n qua nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00f9ng mi\u1ebfu Ph\u01b0\u1edbc H\u01b0ng, c\u0169ng t\u1eebng gi\u00fap vua Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ecdi th\u1ea7n t\u00edch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec7n Ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n: con ng\u1ef1a Balaha.(38) \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n \u1ea4n ra ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1m n\u1eef nh\u00e2n \u0103n th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i tha v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea5y h\u1ecd.","Chuy\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ebfu t\u00ecnh ho\u00e0i h\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00f4i k\u00e9o h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111au kh\u1ed5 nh\u1edb nhung. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh con ng\u1ef1a tr\u1eafng \u0111em h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n. Kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Neak Pean (Kampuchia, cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XII \u2013 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIII) di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch \u1ea5y v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang tranh nhau b\u00e1m v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh ng\u1ef1a th\u1ea7n. Chi ti\u1ebft truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hi L\u1ea1p \u1edf ch\u1ed7 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t d\u1eb7n h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quay \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i luy\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfc v\u1ee3 con, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00ean b\u1ecb r\u1edbt xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n h\u1ebft, tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vua \u1ea4n. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1n B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 \u1edf Th\u0103ng Long kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lan xa v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u chi nh\u00e1nh ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n Ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n, chuy\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ecf trong tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n chuy\u1ec7n k\u00ec l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng g\u1ee3i n\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111eo \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00ed \u0111em l\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n ch\u00e0i, th\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ghi nh\u1edb, c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea5n v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1edd c\u00fang m\u1edbi lan r\u1ed9ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1n B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 tranh m\u1ea5t t\u00ean th\u1ea7n Long \u0110\u1ed7 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1o, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u00e3 mang m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi\u1ebfn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i danh x\u01b0ng. V\u1eady th\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 (Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1m) l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u00f4n qua l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n. Trong l\u1eddi kh\u1ea5n chen v\u00e0o l\u00fac t\u1ebf \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u: \u201c... l\u1ee3i v\u1eadt (t\u00f4n th\u1ea7n)\u201d, trong l\u1eddi gia t\u1eb7ng \u201cB\u1ea3o An L\u1ee3i V\u1eadt\u201d \u1edf s\u1eafc th\u1ea7n 1809, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng d\u00e0nh cho d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u00f4n, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean t\u1edd s\u1eafc phong \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 11, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c 5 (9-1-1853) cho th\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf v\u00f9ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n: \u201cGi\u01b0\u01a1ng Uy Ng\u1ef1 V\u0169 B\u1ea3o Ch\u01b0\u1edbng Ki\u1ec7n Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e0 Nhu H\u00e0m Quang Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1eb3ng Th\u1ea7n.\u201d \u201cH\u00e0m Quang\u201d l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc phong cho th\u1ed5 th\u1ea7n theo l\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 1850, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb b\u1eadc trung \u0111\u1eb3ng qua g\u1ea7n 50 n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng l\u00ean b\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra th\u00eam t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u00edch: kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u201cl\u00e0m l\u1ee3i\u201d hay \u201cgi\u1eef y\u00ean\u201d chung chung m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0\u201d Gi\u01b0\u01a1ng uy, ch\u1eadn m\u01b0a, ng\u0103n gi\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d. S\u1ef1 t\u00edch v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc H\u01b0ng (B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer, d\u00e2n g\u1ed1c th\u1edd th\u1ea7n n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n: Vua Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p x\u01b0a th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a tr\u1eafng r\u1ed3i th\u1ea5y th\u00e2n c\u00e2y tr\u00f4i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n gi\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh ng\u1ef1a, vua cho l\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea7n n\u00ean sai v\u1edbt l\u00ean l\u1eadp mi\u1ebfu th\u1edd, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 mi\u1ebfu X\u00e0 B\u00ea (ng\u1ef1a c\u00e2y). Chuy\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh con ng\u1ef1a r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft bi\u1ec3n, d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch Ph\u1eadt. Con ng\u1ef1a Balaha l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Th\u00edch Ca theo m\u1ed9t t\u00edch x\u01b0a, c\u00f2n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00edch mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n th\u00ec v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t kia l\u00e0 Avalokitesvara, Quan \u00c2m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba, Quan \u00c2m Nam H\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n qua l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay k\u00eau c\u1ea7u tai qua n\u1ea1n kh\u1ecfi. M\u1ed9t truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111i theo hai ng\u1ea3 qua l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, qua \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eadm nh\u1ea1t theo v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf s\u1ef1 t\u00edch, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0y nay, t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi mang nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn ra v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u01b0u d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1edd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1n ng\u1ef1a-tr\u1eafng-tr\u00ean-bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 Khmer, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong s\u1ef1 th\u1edd c\u00fang \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a hai t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ri\u00eang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 Quan \u00c2m \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Phi, Thi\u00ean H\u1eadu m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea3i ra tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1edd th\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 \/ Avalokitesvara th\u00ec d\u00e2n Khmer c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ngay t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI), c\u00f2n \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, tr\u1eeb d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc \u2013 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi nay. D\u00f9 sao th\u00ec d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi v\u00f9ng v\u1eaby tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n kh\u01a1i \u2013 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n Khmer n\u1eb7ng t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y th\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i, Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0, B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp Ch\u00e0m-Vi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd k\u00ednh n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ta t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra \u00fd ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u201cth\u00e1i gi\u00e1m\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o th\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 c\u0169. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1edd c\u00fang th\u1ea7n \u1edf B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy s\u1eed s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 t\u00ednh","ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. \u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, khung c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh, ta th\u1ea5y khi th\u1ea7n ho\u00e1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 n\u01a1i th\u1edd t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a vua Nguy\u1ec5n ban nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng T\u00e0i C\u00f4ng Lan n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t trong v\u00f9ng trong khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng theo l\u1ec7nh vua c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi nhu c\u1ea7u th\u00edch \u1ee9ng trong sinh ho\u1ea1t, b\u1edfi (trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c) mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ec7n minh cho s\u1ef1 th\u1edd c\u00fang m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n th\u1ea7n \u201cm\u1ecdi\u201d. S\u1ef1 th\u1edd c\u00fang n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf hay che l\u1ea5p \u0111i b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. S\u1ef1 l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho n\u00e9t th\u1ea7n linh c\u0169 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u01a1n nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, ta n\u1eafm b\u1eaft d\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u1eef \u201ch\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d c\u00f3 th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m m\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbng\/th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y (1971) v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ea5m m\u1ed9, tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n v\u00f4i c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1eb3ng m\u1eb7t \u2013 b\u1ecb g\u00e3y v\u1ee1, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi ra \u2013 nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a qu\u00e9t v\u00f4i tr\u1eafng. V\u00e0 theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng: Con ng\u1ef1a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i gi\u1ed1ng. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u00edt, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00ednh nam n\u1eef tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c, hay b\u1ecf h\u1eb3n \u0111i kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh (tr\u1eeb Quan \u00c2m l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1t sinh mu\u1ed9n nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u2013 m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i). Quan ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n ki\u1ebfp lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p b\u1ef1c \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh \u2013 n\u00ean khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng Ph\u1eadt trong ch\u00f9a sao kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3... th\u00ec tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u1ef1a kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, danh x\u01b0ng B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1m l\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con ng\u1ef1a trung t\u00ednh m\u00e0 ra. \u1ede B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn, con ng\u1ef1a c\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1n, khi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u00ean th\u1ea7n. \u1ede c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o, th\u1ea7n thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd l\u00e0 B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1m, h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh con ng\u1ef1a trung t\u00ednh. V\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian th\u00ec th\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Khmer v\u1ed1n mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u00e0ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba h\u01a1n khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, C\u1eedu Long n\u00ean th\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft th\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n (ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng r\u01a1i r\u1edbt v\u0103n t\u1eeb trong t\u1ebf l\u1ec5), v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u0111i ho\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf h\u1eb3n. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u201cth\u00e1i gi\u00e1m\u201d g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t (qua c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cung \u0111\u00ecnh) \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u0169, c\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5t \u0111i, d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u1edf t\u00ean n\u00fai (B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3, ph\u00eda nam Hu\u1ebf). Con ng\u1ef1a tr\u1eafng l\u1ea1i l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c: Con ng\u1ef1a thi\u00eang v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft, r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2013 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n tu\u1ef3 theo \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn. T\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e0i C\u00f4ng Lan c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch Vi\u1ec7t B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn b\u1ecb t\u00ean, c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea c\u0169, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i h\u01a1n ng\u1ef1a, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd c\u00fang v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00ec ng\u1ef1a n\u1ed5i h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Cathun c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Ch\u00e0m B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea5n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbng Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng trong l\u00fac ung dung c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a v\u1edbi roi \u0111\u1ecf, l\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c reo th\u00ec s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng quay \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ef1a v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng b\u00e0 b\u00f3ng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ec5 c\u00fang (r\u01b0\u1ee3u, tr\u1ee9ng g\u00e0). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 quan ni\u1ec7m phong thu\u1ef7, th\u1ea7n linh Vi\u1ec7t khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u201chuy\u1ebft th\u1ef1c\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u1edf qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 ta g\u1eb7p trong c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n t\u00edch mu\u1ed9n. V\u0110ULT v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XV (Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Ch\u1ea5t) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trung qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 L\u00ea s\u1ed1ng v\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tin t\u01b0\u1edfng phong thu\u1ef7, khi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0) \u00f4ng trung th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 L\u00ed \u0111\u00e1nh nhau b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi ng\u00e3 ra ch\u1ebft. Th\u1ea7n t\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn","trong n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh H\u1ed5 ghi l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c trang vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n qu\u00e1n Tam Thanh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1919.(40) C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0110NNTC l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Thanh Ho\u00e1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n \u201c\u0110o\u00e0n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1i t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed L\u00ea C\u1ed1c\/Ng\u1ecdc \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VIII, l\u00e0m con \u00f4ng n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u01b0\u1ee3n. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 Thanh Ho\u00e1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u1ea7n t\u00edch \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u00e0i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f2n bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam ra theo v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ph\u00e2n tranh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII. Th\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 \u0111i ra, g\u1eb7p \u0111\u00e2u hay \u0111\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o con \u00f4ng L\u00ea C\u1ed1c, l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u1ea5y x\u00e1c th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed9n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t, \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef c\u00e1i th\u1ebf chia hai \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u00f4ng Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t T\u01b0 m\u00e3 (kh\u00f4ng t\u00ean ri\u00eang) \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb.(41) L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng v\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u0169ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9c ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a (T\u01b0 m\u00e3) v\u00e0, tuy kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng g\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng quan ho\u1ea1n (Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t). Th\u00f4n Nh\u01b0 L\u1ec7 (th\u1edd \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n \u1ea5y) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong \u00d4 Ch\u00e2u c\u1eadn l\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf truy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 sau v\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa hai kinh \u0111\u00f4 v\u0103n v\u1eadt n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n nghi\u00eam t\u00fac h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean danh x\u01b0ng B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1m nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn. Th\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 X\u00e0 B\u00ea c\u1ee7a Khmer sau khi h\u1ebft vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00fap vua c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u00ec Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, c\u0169ng thay h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea1ng theo v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m l\u01b0u d\u00e2n Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111e do\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n, n\u00ean t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n \u0111ang th\u1edd cho h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi khung c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi: Mi\u1ebfu Ph\u01b0\u1edbc H\u01b0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh mi\u1ebfu \u00d4ng B\u1ed5n, th\u1edd th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng b\u1ed5n c\u1ea3nh. R\u1ed3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e0n l\u01b0u vong kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ki\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c l\u01b0u d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n b\u1ed5n c\u1ea3nh chung chung m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t danh nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea7n linh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n th\u1ea7n. Minh d\u00e2n l\u01b0u vong nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u00edch to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n xu\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, qua \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, n\u00ean th\u1edd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng B\u1ed5n l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, th\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3, Th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng, Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m chen ch\u00fac trong c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a \u00d4ng B\u1ed5n, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 g\u1ed1c m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn th\u1ea5p tho\u00e1ng b\u00ean trong, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng c\u1edbcho t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, pha tr\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a danh x\u01b0ng \u201cch\u00f9a\u201d ch\u1ec9 n\u01a1i th\u1edd t\u1ef1. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n thu nh\u1eadn, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n th\u1ea7n linh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong s\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y hay m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 to\u1ea3 r\u1ed9ng theo chi\u1ec1u ngang \u1edf t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c th\u00f4n qu\u00ea, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qua quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi trong khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ebb g\u00e3y th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c vua quan, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i linh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng th\u00f3i t\u1ee5c v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n g\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea1o. B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n linh theo s\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba, con ma, th\u1ea7n c\u00e2y \u0111a...) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n cao v\u00f2i v\u1ecdi c\u01b0\u1ee1i xe m\u00e2y, s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u00ecnh, Ph\u1eadt gi\u1edbi cao t\u00edt. Nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u1eefng th\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea7m m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ecdng, ch\u1ecbu l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n theo. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 qua th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 tan bi\u1ebfn d\u00f9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat g\u1eafng g\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c to\u1ea3 r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ng Ph\u00e1p \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n linh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIII. Nam K\u00ec \u1edf v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00ean h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh vua v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111i theo th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 sau theo m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng co r\u00fat, c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ea7n linh ph\u1ea3i l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vua trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng vua b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i th\u00ec \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ed9t ng\u00f3c ng\u00e1ch n\u00e0o","r\u1ed3i. Trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean khi ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00f4i. Ch\u00fa th\u00edch: (32) \u201cNg\u1ef1a b\u1ea1ch trung th\u00e0nh hay s\u1ef1 t\u00edch \u0111\u00e8o C\u1ed5 M\u00e3\u201d, Truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 d\u00e2n gian Ph\u00fa Kh\u00e1nh (Ph\u00fa Kh\u00e1nh 1988), ttr. 27 \u2013 28. (33) Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0, s\u0111d, ttr. 197 \u2013 198; Hu\u1ef3nh Ng\u1ecdc Tr\u1ea3ng \u2013 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1ecdc T\u01b0\u1eddng \u2013 H\u1ed3 T\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110\u00ecnh Nam B\u1ed9, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 (TP. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh 1993), tr. 258. (34) \u0110NNTC, t\u1ec9nh B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, t. III, tr. 144) ghi l\u00e0 T\u00e0i Nh\u1ecb Lan. (35) Ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng V\u0169 Huy Ch\u00e2n, L\u00e0ng qu\u00ea \u2013 Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u2013 Th\u1eafng c\u1ea3nh \u2013 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1973), tr. 142; (36) Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0, s\u0111d, tr. 90. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0110NNTC, t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i, c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i (1970) ghi \u201cng\u0169 h\u00e0nh th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m\u201d c\u00f3 v\u1ebb v\u00ec H\u00e1n v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5m c\u00e2u r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em hai th\u1ea7n nh\u1eadp m\u1ed9t. (37) To\u00e0n th\u01b0 t. I, tr. 194. (38) V. Goloubew, \u201cLe cheval Balaha\u201d, BEFEO XXVII(1927), ttr. 223 \u2013 237, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd 8, 10, \u1ea3nh XVIII, XX, XXII. Goloubew kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1eafc ng\u1ef1a Neak Pean, nh\u01b0ng B.P. Groslier (Indochine, carrefour des arts, Paris 1961, tr. 181) l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i r\u00f5 l\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a tr\u1eafng. (39) A. Cabaton, s\u0111d, tr. 116. (40) \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn ta l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 v\u00ec trong b\u00e0i B\u1ea1t cho Tr\u00f9ng b\u1ed5 V\u0110ULT To\u00e0n bi\u00ean, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi Tang th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eabu l\u1ee5c ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh H\u1ed5. (Xem b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch L\u00ea H\u1eefu M\u1ee5c, trang 149.) (41) \u0110NNTC, Kinh s\u01b0 (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1969), tr. 177. III. M\u1ed8T QUY\u1ec0N L\u1ef0C TRANH CH\u1ea4P V\u1edaI TH\u00c0NH HO\u00c0NG C\u1ee6A HO\u00c0NG \u0110\u1ebe T\u1ea1m l\u1ea5y ni\u00ean h\u1ea1n 1945, th\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n linh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n uy ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t. Con s\u1ed1 80, 90% n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb cho c\u00f5i v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u1edf trung ch\u00e2u B\u1eafc K\u00ec m\u00e0 \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Huy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1945, c\u00f3 ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec trong sinh ho\u1ea1t n\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng \u2013 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u00edt oi nh\u01b0 khi \u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed5i thay c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u00e1t t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n trong n\u0103m 1938. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb thay \u0111\u1ed5i quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c khi\u1ebfn ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua x\u1ee9 Trung K\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n g\u00ec m\u1ea5y, c\u00f2n \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 B\u1eafc K\u00ec ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 tru\u00e2n chuy\u00ean h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 l\u1edbn quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n \u00f4ng vua x\u1ee9 Hu\u1ebf, kinh qua m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee7 Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n uy th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c d\u00f9 \u00edt d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng g\u00e2y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. S\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Przyluski v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ed5 g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho ta th\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c phong th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n\u201d cho l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n linh \u1edf c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0ng x\u01b0a c\u0169. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i s\u1ee3 vua Nguy\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u201cNgu\u1ef5 T\u00e2y\u201d Quang Trung \u0111\u1ebfn thay th\u1ebf \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u00f3 c\u00e1i h\u00e8m \u0111\u00f2i gi\u1ebft l\u1ee3n l\u00e0m c\u1ed7 t\u1ebf trong th\u1eddi gian k\u1ec9 l\u1ee5c, ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbp s\u01a1n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 tr\u1ea9y qu\u00e2n gi\u1ebft gi\u1eb7c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng.(42)","D\u00f9 sao th\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng \u0111i theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1ea5u, khi s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a nho h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea5t uy t\u00edn, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecd \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u00edt \u0111\u1ed5i thay \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 \u1edf v\u00f9ng th\u00f4n qu\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng vang tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0 \u201cv\u0103n minh\u201d h\u01a1n. \u201cT\u1eadp \u00e1n c\u00e1i \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 T\u1ea5t T\u1ed1 n\u1eb1m trong phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5u c\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, ta c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng trung ch\u00e2u B\u1eafc K\u00ec, ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II kh\u00f4ng xa. M\u1ed9t \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef nho, khi t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 ph\u1ea3i x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1eadt c\u00fang b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean n\u00f4m, \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec nho h\u1ecdc suy t\u00e0n; ch\u1eef T\u00e2y gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7y chen v\u00e0o h\u00e8m th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng n\u1ecd g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng g\u1ed1c h\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ec7t\u201d (b\u00eate). Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef T\u00e2y chen v\u00e0o \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd m\u1edbi: C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 Minault t\u1ec9nh Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng Tr\u00e0 L\u00ed xin v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u00f4ng to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, cho l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0ng m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t cung c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u00fac th\u1ea7n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u00ednh xu ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi, k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt mau ch\u00f3ng, n\u1ebfu ta l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00e0o h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9, r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u B\u1ea3o h\u1ed9.(43) Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng trung ch\u00e2u mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, d\u00f9 \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 thay th\u1ebf \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c \u201cb\u1ecb c\u00e1ch\u201d, d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ng\u1ed3i chung m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfu \u2013 nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m l\u0103ng x\u01b0a c\u0169 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5i thay nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u00ec \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang k\u00ednh s\u1ee3. S\u1ef1 t\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u00f5i linh thi\u00eang n\u01a1i tr\u00fa s\u1edf \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf khi\u1ebfn v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ta th\u1ea5y m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t h\u01a1n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng ph\u00eda Nam. Th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n tuy kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n linh s\u1ed1ng. \u00d4ng th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p b\u1ef1c \u201cth\u01b0\u1ee3ng\/trung \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ea7n... h\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c t\u00ed d\u00e2n...\u201d kh\u00f4ng mang ch\u1ea5t \u201cs\u1ed1ng\u201d, ch\u1ea5t \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n cai qu\u1ea3n th\u1ea7n linh trong v\u00f9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp th\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 chung v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y t\u1ebf \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadp cu\u1ed9c, chen ch\u00fac thay th\u1ebf nhau trong ng\u00f4i \u0111\u00ecnh. T\u00e2m c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i vi n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 khung c\u1ea3nh thi\u00eang li\u00eang ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf uy l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 sa s\u00fat v\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ebf khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p. L\u01b0u d\u00e2n tuy quen th\u00f3i d\u1ecdc ngang, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn bi\u1ebft ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u201cth\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d \u2013 c\u00f3 khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau \u2013 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cth\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d \u2013 \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed cho h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. \u1ede v\u1ecb th\u1ebf k\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u2013 hay thu\u1ed9c phe chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u2013 l\u01b0u d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eebng gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m, Khmer, l\u1ea5n c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3 khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n ph\u1ea3i ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ecfng manh v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi che ch\u1edf \u2013 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u2013 th\u00ec xa v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n t\u1eebng khu v\u1ef1c t\u1eeb 1862, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i \u1edf g\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n uy h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf n\u00e0y m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00f5i v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p, kh\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u1eady ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u1ea3i \u201cc\u00fang\u201d h\u1ecd theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111e do\u1ea1 l\u00e0 chung v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, th\u00eam m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00e0m, Khmer kh\u00e1c nhau) n\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1edd c\u00fang th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t chung d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, ngay c\u1ea3 trong chi ti\u1ebft. T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n l\u01b0u d\u00e2n v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u01a1i qu\u00ea g\u1ed1c, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1edd c\u00fang v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf \u1ea5y, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 \u0110\u1ed9ng th\u1ed5 ri\u00eang. L\u1ec5 T\u1ebft v\u01b0\u1eddn \u1edf Nam K\u00ec (m\u1ed3ng ba T\u1ebft theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i, m\u1ed3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u00f4ng L\u00ea V\u0103n Ph\u00e1t) th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n xong, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e3 g\u1ea1o, ch\u1ebb c\u1ee7i, h\u00e1i c\u00e2y tr\u00e1i, \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t. T\u1ebft v\u01b0\u1eddn \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 (\u0111\u00eam 8 r\u1ea1ng 9 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang) th\u00ec c\u00fang \u201cHo\u00e0ng thi\u00ean, H\u1eadu th\u1ed5, Di\u1ec7u T\u00fa Phu nh\u01a1n (?), v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t, Long","Th\u1ea7n Qu\u1ea3n cu\u1ed9c\u201d, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 v\u00eda \u0110\u1ea5t, v\u00eda Tr\u1eddi \u1edf Nam K\u00ec.(44) L\u1ec5 c\u00fang ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169 (\u201cma Th\u1ed5\u201d \u1edf Nam K\u00ec) v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Nam Trung K\u00ec v\u00e0 Nam K\u00ec theo t\u1eebng n\u0103m hay c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00ec l\u00e2u h\u01a1n. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a M. Landes(45) d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t, theo \u00f4ng, v\u00e0o l\u00fac t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nghi ti\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn (m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Long An ng\u00e0y nay) t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (1879) c\u00fang l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn 7 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam, m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft 700 quan cho 16 ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5, tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n (gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0ng m\u00e3) thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 1 500 quan c\u00f9ng l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n 3 n\u0103m c\u00fang m\u1ed9t heo l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00ec. V\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 c\u00fang n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n giao \u01b0\u1edbc \u201ckhao th\u1ed5\u201d c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap ta \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c \u2013 d\u00f9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u00e1 b\u1edfi v\u0103n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nho.(46) Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a L\u00ea V\u0103n Ph\u00e1t(47) v\u00e0 M. Landes, ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u00fang ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169 nh\u01b0ng hai l\u1ec5 c\u00fang \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00fang Ch\u1ee7 Ngu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf, l\u1edbn m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1ea7n linh, \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 v\u1ebb s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi hai t\u1ea7ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ea7n linh: th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t (c\u0169) c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p, \u1edf t\u1eebng m\u1ea3nh ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn, v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea5p cao, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 Ch\u00faa X\u1ee9 c\u0169. C\u00fang \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 nh\u1ecf, \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u1ec5 c\u1ea7u an v\u00ec l\u00fac c\u00fang \u0110\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bao g\u1ed3m c\u00fang lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi khu\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai ph\u00e1 c\u00fang \u0110\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xa x\u00f4i, h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh \u2013 li\u1ec7u c\u00e1i th\u1ebf y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n, gia s\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y trong ba th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1eadp b\u00e0n th\u1edd Ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u00e2m c\u01a1m, rau s\u1ed1ng \u2013 hay rau lu\u1ed9c, r\u01b0\u1ee3u, m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1 l\u00f3c n\u01b0\u1edbng trui v\u00e0 v\u00e0i que c\u1ee7i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u00e2m c\u01a1m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n khai ph\u00e1, d\u00e2n trong \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00fang xong, th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p hay ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t \u00edt trong m\u00e2m c\u01a1m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean b\u00e8 chu\u1ed1i, quay h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i (tr\u1edf b\u00e8), \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u00f4ng hay h\u1ed1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 (\u0111\u01b0a b\u00e8). L\u1eddi kh\u1ea5n tr\u1edf b\u00e8 l\u00e0 m\u1eddi th\u1ea7n, ma \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00fang t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i ra \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea5y ph\u00e1. L\u1eddi kh\u1ea5n l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0a b\u00e8 l\u00e0 m\u1eddi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n Ng\u0169 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ban ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn cho ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0. Tuy s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p trong l\u1ec5 c\u00fang \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c uy hi\u1ebfp th\u1ea7n linh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 trong l\u1ec5 c\u00fang Ch\u1ee7 Ngu ta m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p ra oai v\u00e0 qua l\u1ec5, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ranh ma c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt, l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t k\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n linh. C\u00fang \u0110\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 trong nh\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u201cy\u00ean\u201d (ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh, th\u1ea5y ma ph\u00e1 ph\u00e1ch) th\u00ec th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i mua \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u01b0\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t cho Ch\u1ee7 Ngu b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng. L\u1ec7 b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c, (c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 con th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n!), \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c. Ng\u00e0y c\u00fang, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n nh\u00e3n, ng\u1ed3i trong l\u1ed3ng nan k\u00edn theo l\u1ec7nh th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p cho bi\u1ebft t\u00ean Ch\u1ee7 Ngu, v\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5t. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, Landes g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ecfi k\u00ednh (g\u01b0\u01a1ng soi). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p la h\u00e9t, qu\u00e1t m\u1eafng sai \u00e2m binh tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1ee7 Ngu hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 khi \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e9m chi\u1ebfc kh\u0103n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed9i, c\u00e0o c\u1ea5u m\u1eb7t m\u00e0y, x\u00e9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, b\u00f4i l\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1eb7t khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1i n\u1ed3i rang ra \u2013 ph\u1ea3i \u0111en nh\u01b0 \u201cM\u1ecdi\u201d \u2013 \u0103n th\u1ecbt g\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng, u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u t\u1eebng b\u00e1t l\u1edbn \u2013 nh\u01b0 \u201cM\u1ecdi\u201d \u2013 v\u00e0 la h\u00e9t \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u1ea5t, x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Ngu Ma V\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u00e0n th\u1eed \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eaft Ch\u00faa (Ch\u1ee7) Ngu ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. (C\u00f2n t\u1ea1i sao Ch\u00faa Ngu ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i!) Th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p ra oai \u0111e do\u1ea1, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Ch\u1ee7 Ngu nh\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1 khu\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u00e0n gi\u1eb1ng co ch\u1ecbu hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng khi Ch\u1ee7 Ngu ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1n hay cho thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0ng m\u00e3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 giao k\u1ebft, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0a Ch\u1ee7 Ngu l\u00ean ki\u1ec7u \u0111i kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u1ede m\u1ed7i g\u00f3c ru\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i, th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u1ea5n, ni\u1ec7m ch\u00fa, c\u1eafm c\u00e2y n\u00eau, v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh ma qu\u1ef7 b\u00f9a ch\u00fa, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea5y b\u00e1n\/thu\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u1ee7 Ngu \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ec9 h\u1eb3n h\u00f2i. L\u00ea V\u0103n Ph\u00e1t n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng Ch\u1ee7 Ngu \u2013 nh\u01b0 \u1edf Nam Trung K\u00ec \u2013 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 mang g\u00f9i \u2013 \u00edt ra l\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t t\u1eadp t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u1ed9 ra th\u00f3i t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u00ednh Vi\u1ec7t v\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n","ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh. Khi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u1ed3ng tay tr\u00e1i, v\u1ee3 tay ph\u1ea3i. G\u1eb7p anh ch\u1ed3ng nh\u00e1t gan hay ham ti\u1ec1n, ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5t ngay, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 la h\u00e9t, kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eb1ng co \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e8o n\u00e0i th\u00eam. Th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i ra oai b\u1eaft anh ch\u1ed3ng li d\u1ecb v\u1ee3, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd th\u00ec t\u1edd \u201c\u0111\u1ec3\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ef7 \u0111i. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu (?) th\u00ec th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt xin cho m\u01b0\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e3n \u0111\u1eddi, hay h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, xin m\u01b0\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n, h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 C\u00fang vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i cam k\u1ebft. G\u1eb7p Ch\u1ee7 Ngu \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n (?), th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p \u0111em qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng g\u00e0 lu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0a ra, \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi gian h\u1ebft m\u01b0\u1edbn ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00fac tr\u1ee9ng n\u1edf, Ch\u1ee7 Ngu l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i mang g\u00e0 con t\u1edbi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ed9c!(48) L\u1ec5 Khao th\u1ed5 \/ M\u00e3i th\u1ed5 \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 c\u00f3 hai ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean c\u00f5i thi\u00eang li\u00eang mang t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: \u0110\u00e0o L\u01b0\u01a1ng Bang v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Th\u00fac. C\u0169ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00ec h\u1ecd mang g\u00f9i trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 n\u1ed3i ni\u00eau, r\u00ecu ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y, dao \u0111i r\u1eebng. L\u1ec5 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 18-3 \u00e2m l\u1ecbch, trong \u0111\u00f3 hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng Ch\u1ee7 Ngung, qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u00f3i l\u00edu lo v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ecbu l\u0103n tay \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean t\u1edd v\u0103n t\u1ef1 \u2013 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111i. Th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng d\u1eabn hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng mang 5 h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 b\u00f4i v\u00f4i c\u00f3 v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00f5i u minh v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf, \u0111em tr\u1ea5n 4 g\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa v\u01b0\u1eddn. T\u1edd v\u0103n t\u1ef1 \u201cm\u01b0\u1edbn\u201d \u0111\u1ea5t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n c\u00f3 b\u00ean A l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u201cCh\u1ee7 l\u00e3o Th\u1ed5 ph\u1ee7 Long th\u1ea7n\u201d, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cTi\u00ean hi\u1ec1n Ch\u1ee7 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ea7n\u201d, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb \u201cNg\u0169 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf, Ch\u1ee7 Ngung \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n\u201d v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ean kh\u00e1c-Vi\u1ec7t: \u0110\u00e0 La, \u0110\u00e0 Ni, \u0110\u00e0 Ma, Ma Ni, \u0110\u00e0 R\u00f4 V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Gi\u1edbi c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai: \u0111\u00f4ng, t\u00e2y, nam, b\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1o (Thanh Long, B\u1ea1ch H\u1ed5, Ch\u00e2u T\u01b0\u1edbc, Huy\u1ec1n V\u0169), c\u00f2n x\u1ee9 s\u1edf l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd th\u00ec mang t\u00ean l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n th\u1ef1c h\u01b0, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, gi\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ea3 phi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (t\u1ec9nh Nam Vi\u1ec7t, ph\u1ee7 \u00d4 Ch\u00e2u, huy\u1ec7n D\u1ecb H\u00e0, x\u00e3 B\u1ed3 Ch\u00e2u.) B\u00ean B h\u1eb3n hoi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ec9nh Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Nam, giao ti\u1ec1n cho 5 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 g\u00f3c v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf thu\u00ea m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y l\u00e0m \u201cc\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00e3i m\u00e3i\u201d. T\u1eadp h\u1ecdp c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean c\u00f5i thi\u00eang c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap cho gia s\u00fac t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ed1t, cho con ch\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n qu\u00fd, xua \u0111u\u1ed5i th\u1ea7n x\u1ea5u, gi\u00fap cho m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf g\u00ec c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ea3. D\u00f9 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt kh\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n kh\u00e1 tham lam, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 x\u1eed l\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u201cph\u00e9p n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. Ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn cam k\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u201ch\u00e0nh khi\u1ec3n trong n\u0103m\u201d. K\u00ed k\u1ebft c\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 Ngung, H\u1eadu Th\u1ed5 Phu nh\u00e2n, Man N\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ph\u00e1p s\u01b0: Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u01a1n qu\u00e2n. \u00d4ng S\u01a1n Nam nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 c\u00fang ch\u00faa Ngung Ma N\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho l\u00e0 \u201cdo mi\u1ec1n Trung \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, (49) c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec b\u00e0n chuy\u1ec7n ma qu\u00e1i l\u00fac \u00f4ng in s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu ta d\u00f5i theo s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Nh\u00ecn theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng S\u01a1n Nam l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c t\u1eeb ch\u1eef ch\u1ee7 ngung \u2013 ch\u1ee7 g\u00f3c, ch\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng - c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn ru\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi, ch\u1eef d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u1eb1m trong t\u1edd v\u0103n t\u1ef1 b\u00e1n \/ cho-m\u01b0\u1ee3n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 (v\u00e0 Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, suy di\u1ec5n theo tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0). \u0110i v\u00e0o Nam, tho\u00e1t s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m to\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, ch\u1ee7 ngung th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngu, man n\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh ma n\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng gh\u00ea r\u1ee3n h\u1ee3p l\u00ed h\u01a1n. Hai t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp v\u1ed1n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, nay gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ch\u00faa Ngu Ma N\u01b0\u01a1ng (ch\u1eef d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a L\u00ea V\u0103n Ph\u00e1t). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi xen v\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u2013 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng, khi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a ph\u1ed3n t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c x\u01b0a c\u0169 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1edd c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m l\u01b0u d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1edbi. Trong \u201ctruy\u1ec7n T\u00e0u\u201d T\u00e2y du k\u00ed, \u00f4ng ch\u00faa tr\u00e2u Ng\u01b0u (\u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Ngu) Ma V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1i t\u1ed9i l\u1ea5y b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i qu\u1ea1t c\u1ea7n cho Tam T\u1ea1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Ho\u1ea3 Di\u1ec7m S\u01a1n, n\u00ean b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5. Do c\u00e1i t\u00ean qua kh\u1ea9u ng\u1eef \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169 (tr\u00ean c\u00f5i thi\u00eang) m\u00e0 con tr\u00e2u th\u1ea7n chen v\u00e0o","l\u1ec5 c\u00fang Ch\u1ee7 Ngu, ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 nghe n\u00f3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 c\u00fang Ch\u1ee7 Ngu di\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5n tu\u1ed3ng b\u1ee9c \u00e9p tr\u00e2u th\u1ea7n \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00e2ng qu\u1ea1t \u2013 trong \u0111\u00f3 T\u00f4n H\u00e0nh Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 phe th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p. T\u1ea5n tu\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u1edf Nam K\u00ec b\u1edfi c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u1ea4n: Uma (v\u1ee3 Siva) t\u1eebng khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ef7 tr\u00e2u Mahisasura. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1edfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng do ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb d\u1eabn d\u1eaft, Ngu Ma (V\u01b0\u01a1ng) \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 Uma (N\u01b0\u01a1ng), m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0ng-th\u1ed5, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang t\u1ebf \u2013 v\u00e0 \u00e9p u\u1ed5ng! \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 c\u00fang Ch\u1ee7 Ngung \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0, Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, theo ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n\/cho \u201cm\u01b0\u1ee3n\u201d \u0111\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1eddn trong khi \u1edf Nam K\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng. \u00d4ng Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0 cho th\u1ea5y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung v\u0103n t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nhau m\u00e0 Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e1 th\u1ed5\u201d (m\u01b0\u1ee3n, vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ea5t), trong khi Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e3i \/ khao th\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5: d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00ean \u0103n m\u1eebng l\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, E. Aymonier n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ea5m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng Taboung c\u1ee7a vua Ch\u00e0m m\u00e0 s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII v\u1edbi t\u00ean Tr\u00e0 N\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Long H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Phan R\u00ed, Ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0i (B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn).(50) T\u1ee5c c\u00fang th\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n sang ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bao qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u00fang th\u1ea7n c\u0169. Trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o khai qu\u1eadt Sa Hu\u1ef3nh (Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i), H. Parmentier th\u1ea5y \u1edf l\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Ph\u1ed5 c\u00e1ch Sa Hu\u1ef3nh 5 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam (g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u1ec9nh B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh), c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ebft g\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 xin ph\u00e9p.(51) Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng nghe n\u00f3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 chi ti\u1ebft, r\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20 \u1ea5y, \u1edf B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 t\u1ea1 th\u1ed5 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i k\u00e8m theo. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ea1 (theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a) th\u00ec v\u0103n hoa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e1\u201d c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u201cti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c\u201d h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu th\u1ea7n linh. T\u1ea1 th\u1ed5 v\u1edbi chi ti\u1ebft l\u1ec5 l\u1edbn cho ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai di\u1ec5n ra trong c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n linh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c kinh \u0111\u00f4 Vijaya c\u1ee7a B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t ra nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ch\u0103ng? Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng l\u1ec5 c\u00fang Ch\u1ee7 Ngung c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 ru\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f3i chung \u1edf v\u00f9ng Nam Trung K\u00ec. S\u1ef1 tr\u00e0n l\u1ea5n nh\u1eefng t\u1ee5c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i th\u1ea7n c\u0169 tan d\u1ea7n \u0111i, v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n Ti\u1ec1n Hi\u1ec1n, H\u1eadu Hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn thay th\u1ebf Ch\u1ee7 Ngung tr\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ru\u1ed9ng c\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao dinh lu\u1ef9 \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ch\u1ee7 Ngung \u0110\u00e0 La, \u0110\u00e0 Ni... l\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1eddn? \u1ede Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0, g\u1ea7n r\u1eebng n\u00fai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u1ea5n \u201cc\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng Nhang, Gi\u00e0ng\u201d, \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u1ea5n \u201cc\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u00f4 h\u1ed3n\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ebfu ta nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ranh gi\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n Gi\u00e0ng ch\u1ee7 ngung tr\u00ean, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ea1y ra xa \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o r\u1eebng n\u00fai, sao l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e2n nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u1edf s\u1ef1 \u201cl\u1eeba ph\u1ec9nh\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u1edf s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1ea7n linh c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u2013 th\u1ea7n linh n\u00f3i chung \u2013 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m e d\u00e8 m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c. Trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia theo nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n t\u00e1ch ra hai lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn: ru\u1ed9ng l\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1eddn tr\u1ed3ng hoa m\u00e0u \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0 th\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f3i chung (th\u1ed5) b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u1ed5 th\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n uy l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n: tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng cao, m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t hoang kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1eafm, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00f9ng c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. Th\u1ed5 th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Nhang, Gi\u00e0ng c\u00f2n ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng hoang ho\u00e1 th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i um t\u00f9m hay tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ed5 canh hoang ho\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong n\u0103m. \u00cdt nghe th\u1ea5y chuy\u1ec7n ma tr\u00ean ru\u1ed9ng xanh l\u00faa, ph\u1eb3ng l\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 y\u00eau tinh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn, \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ed5 kh\u00f4 khan. C\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng co r\u00fat c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n \u1ea5y, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong n\u1ed9i dung danh x\u01b0ng H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n: ch\u1ee7 ngung \/ ch\u1ee7 g\u00f3c \u2013 g\u00f3c tr\u1eddi bao la tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh g\u00f3c v\u01b0\u1eddn ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eafm c\u00e2y tre, \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0m m\u1ed1c gi\u1edbi. Th\u1ea7n xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u1edbi hai c\u00e1i t\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng","th\u1eadt g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, \u00fd ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c cao h\u01a1n m\u00e0 th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 khai sinh ra hai c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0110\u00e0o L\u01b0\u01a1ng Bang v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Th\u00fac v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o v\u1ecb th\u1ebf v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c e d\u00e8 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7u c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00e1c, n\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn Ch\u00e0m Vi\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh-C\u1ef1u; c\u00f2n h\u1ecd \u0110\u00e0o, t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng Vi\u1ec7t, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1ecd do Minh M\u1ea1ng ban ra n\u0103m 1837 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i H\u00e1n d\u00e2n\u201d \u1edf T\u00e2y Ninh \u2013 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn Ch\u00e0m.(52) C\u00e1i t\u00e0n d\u01b0 xa l\u1ea1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3, tuy n\u1eb1m t\u1eadn b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i quen thu\u1ed9c, t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o g\u00e2y n\u1ed5i th\u1eafc m\u1eafc. \u1ede Nam K\u00ec, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, l\u1ec5 c\u00fang Ch\u1ee7 Ngu v\u1eabn bao g\u1ed3m ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda. C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n linh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng, tuy mang s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1eadp trung m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, khi\u1ebfn cho quan ni\u1ec7m Ch\u1ee7 Ngu v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 v\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. Ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb c\u1ee7a Landes cho ta th\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3: \u0110\u1ed3 m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng d\u00e2ng c\u00fang cho Ch\u1ee7 Ngu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng \u2013 d\u00f9 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cao c\u1eeda r\u1ed9ng \u2013 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf: Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 t\u00f4n nghi\u00eam d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em ra \u0111\u00fat l\u00f3t cho Ma V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 an l\u00e0nh cho c\u1ea3 l\u00e0ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 v\u1ecb ph\u00fac th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ta kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh hay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. T\u1eeb ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n. Ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n 1\/4 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 sau Landes, L\u00ea V\u0103n Ph\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea3 l\u1ec5 t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u1eefa m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a m\u1ea5y \u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 b\u1eadn t\u00e2m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 c\u1ee9 theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00fa th\u00edch: (42) Ng\u00f4 T\u1ea5t T\u1ed1, T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t. II, T\u1eadp \u00e1n c\u00e1i \u0111\u00ecnh (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1977), ttr. 159 \u2013 164, chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng \u1edf Ph\u00fac Y\u00ean. (43) P. Pasquier, L\u2019Annam d\u2019autrefois (Paris 1929). (44) Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0, s\u0111d, tr. 227. (45) M. Landes, \u201cNotes sur les moeurs et superstitions populaires des Annamites\u201d, Excursions et Reconaissances (1888), in l\u1ea1i 1896, ttr. 220 \u2013 223. (46) Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0, s\u0111d, ttr. 230 \u2013 233. (47) L\u00ea V\u0103n Ph\u00e1t, La vie intime d\u2019un Annamite de Cochinchine et ses superstitions vulgaires (Saigon 1906), ttr. 32 \u2013 35. (48) Ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. (49) S\u01a1n Nam, \u0110\u1ea5t Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh x\u01b0a (TP. HCM 1984), tr. 89. (50) E. Aymonier, s\u0111d, tr. 272; Th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec9, q. 7, 3a. (51) H. Parmentier, \u201cNotes d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie indochinoise II \u2013 D\u00e9p\u00f4ts de Sa Huynh\u201d, BEFEO XXIV(1924), tr. 341. (52) Qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u... s\u0111d, tr. 213. IV. M\u1ed8T PH\u00daC TH\u1ea6N \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C D\u00c2N CH\u00daNG \u01afA CHU\u1ed8NG H\u01a0N TH\u00c0NH HO\u00c0NG C\u1ee6A HO\u00c0NG \u0110\u1ebe: \u00d4NG TH\u1ed4 \u0110\u1ecaA \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay m\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t t\u1eed. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a vua, chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i lo c\u1ea7u xin m\u01b0a n\u1eafng \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra","r\u1eb1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec l\u00ed do n\u00e0y hay l\u00ed do kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean ngai b\u1ec7 xa t\u00edt \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi, n\u00ean h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 lo l\u1ea5y. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u1edf Nam K\u00ec t\u1eeb n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u00ec l\u1ebd g\u00ec m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u201cc\u1ea7u m\u01b0a\u201d, n\u00ean l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i lo xoay s\u1edf theo tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169 trong ch\u00fat quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00f5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho ta th\u1ea5y vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba trong sinh ho\u1ea1t tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nam K\u00ec, vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean c\u1edb m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, v\u1ed1n ch\u01b0a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 suy s\u1ee5p. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe \u00f4ng L\u00ea V\u0103n Ph\u00e1t thu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec7n.(53) Khi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0ng ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0y t\u1ed1t th\u00ec ch\u00f9a m\u1edf c\u1eeda th\u1eafp nhang, khua chi\u00eang d\u00f3ng tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ec1n vang. Trai l\u00e0ng \u0111i t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p leo l\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 10 chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n, d\u00e0nh thuy\u1ec1n to nh\u1ea5t cho \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba m\u1eadp m\u1ea1p m\u1eb7c \u00e1o th\u1ee5ng v\u1ea3i xanh, mang m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 tr\u1eafng, d\u00e1ng hi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i trong thuy\u1ec1n la h\u00e9t gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng chi\u00eang tr\u1ed1ng, ch\u00e8o \u00e0o \u00e0o quanh m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac s\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t l\u00fac thuy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0ng, ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng im b\u1eb7t, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng k\u00ec k\u00e8o v\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o th\u00ec tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a. \u2013 V\u00e0i ng\u00e0y n\u1eefa. \u2013 Tr\u1ec5 l\u1eafm, \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4 ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft r\u1ed3i, xin cho m\u01b0a s\u1edbm h\u01a1n \u0111i. \u2013 \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00f4i t\u00e2u l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Tr\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y n\u1eefa th\u00f4i. \u2013 Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0a ngay. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u00ean tr\u1eddi t\u00e2u th\u00ec xu\u1ed1ng \u00e2m ph\u1ee7 xin gi\u00f9m. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ecb x\u00f4 xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc trong ti\u1ebfng la c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \u201c\u00d4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng xong th\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3\u201d. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5p l\u1eb7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ea1t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u1ecba m\u1ec7t, k\u00eau l\u00ean: \u201cTh\u00f4i, c\u00f3 tin m\u1eebng, k\u00e9o tui l\u00ean\u201d. \u2013 Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o m\u01b0a? L\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n, \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ecb x\u00f4 xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ecbu r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u01b0a ngay. Xong, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i kh\u1eafp l\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f2 theo nh\u1ecbp sanh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n: R\u1ea7m r\u1eadp b\u01a1i \u2013 Cho tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a xu\u1ed1ng \u2013 Cho d\u00e2n l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng \u2013 L\u00faa \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y kho \u2013 Cho d\u00e2n \u0103n no \u2013 \u0110\u1eb7ng ch\u00e8o cho m\u1ea1nh. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng r\u1ea1ch th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u00e9o thuy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n. V\u00e0 v\u00e0o m\u00f9a n\u1eafng n\u0103m 1975, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u1edf g\u1ea7n th\u1ecb x\u00e3 T\u00e2n An, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 c\u1ea7u m\u01b0a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u2013 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u201cd\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng\u201d h\u01a1n: \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7m qu\u1ea1t phe ph\u1ea9y \u0111i d\u1ecdc b\u1edd ru\u1ed9ng l\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i theo, ch\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i h\u1ecfi: \u201cM\u01b0a? Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o m\u01b0a?\u201d` Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef th\u1ed5 th\u1ea7n mang t\u00ednh bao qu\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 hai t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh cai qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea5t theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1edbi. V\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00ean th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eabn v\u1edbi th\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu nh\u00e0, v\u01b0\u1eddn. Przyluski \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2y c\u1ed5 th\u1ee5, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ed5 th\u1ea7n \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u01b0a.(54) C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u1edf c\u00e1c khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, n\u01a1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5p sau c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5, h\u1ed9i t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ta th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 trong l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00f5 v\u1eeba k\u1ec3. \u0110i d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o ph\u00eda Nam, ta g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c \u00f4ng th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e2y c\u1ed5 th\u1ee5 cho C\u00e1c B\u00e0, C\u00e1c C\u00f4, C\u00e1c B\u00e1c, cho con tinh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu ng\u1ed3i trong mi\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa tr\u1eddi n\u01a1i hoang v\u1eafng hay tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i tr\u00ean g\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1 nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Phan Thi\u1ebft \u2013 M\u0169i N\u00e9 m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m vang xa h\u01a1n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n cai qu\u1ea3n theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0110i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 trong khi th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a vua Nguy\u1ec5n, mang n\u1ed9i dung qu\u00e1 duy l\u00ed nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u1ea5p b\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba tr\u1edf n\u00ean k\u1ebb theo s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n th\u00e2n m\u1eadt, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i. \u0110\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat d\u00ednh d\u1ea5p v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c, quy\u1ec1n uy tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01a1n th\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng, t\u00e1o qu\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n cao v\u1eddi v\u1ee3i h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 giao vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u1edf tr\u1ea7n gian cho th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba. Th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng n\u01a1i v\u0103n kh\u1ebf m\u00e3i th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa","Ngung, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a vua. Th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra oai h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n d\u00e1m x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u2013 tr\u1eeb tr\u1ebb ch\u0103n tr\u00e2u v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u Th\u1ea7n N\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng \u201d\u0111\u1ee9a ch\u0103n tr\u00e2u\u201d th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb khinh mi\u1ec7t trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf ri\u00eang r\u1ebd m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf Ph\u00f9 C\u00e1t (B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ph\u1ea7n trong l\u1ec5 c\u00fang C\u01a1m m\u1edbi \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0.(55) Th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Nam K\u00ec l\u1ea1i ki\u00eam nhi\u1ec7m th\u00eam vi\u1ec7c \u201cb\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9, tr\u1ebb em\u201d v\u00e0o l\u00fac M\u1ee5 B\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n ph\u1ee5 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.(56) Th\u1ef1c ra th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111em h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi x\u01b0a, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng: Th\u00e1 Lan h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, Cashemire v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V \u2013 VII \u0111em \u00e1o m\u00e3o Ph\u1eadt ra ph\u01a1i n\u1eafng, T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean (Trung Qu\u1ed1c) ph\u01a1i Long V\u01b0\u01a1ng, thu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n... C\u0169ng trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u01b0a d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n (c\u1ea3 L\u00ed?) c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf th\u00e2n b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i n\u1eafng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX v\u1edbi b\u00e0i v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0ng C\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 (Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb).(57) Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n n\u01b0\u1edbc thay th\u1ebf cho th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng r\u1ea1ch Nam K\u00ec, tuy m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u00edt toan t\u00ednh: L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u1ed3n \u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho Tr\u1eddi ch\u00fa \u00fd, qu\u1eady \u0111\u1ee5c s\u00f4ng cho Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ebft, h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 \u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Tr\u1eddi th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba Nam K\u00ec th\u00eam m\u1ed9t d\u00e1ng h\u00ecnh Khmer. C\u1ea7u m\u01b0a theo nghi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 Khmer. L\u1ec5 C\u1ea7u m\u01b0a \u1edf s\u00f3c Pisei (t\u1ed5ng B\u00ecnh Ho\u00e0, Tr\u00e0 Vinh) ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 dai d\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebb b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng T\u00e0.(58) Th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba \u2013 \u00f4ng T\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i qua l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng neak-ta ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u Mi\u00ean th\u1edd c\u00fang m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng T\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1, s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e2y, trong c\u00e1c katom (mi\u1ebfu) d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00f4ng coi th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng hay kh\u00f4ng.(59) Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n uy \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi x\u00e1c th\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n h\u1ecd v\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng \u00f4ng theo khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Vi\u1ec7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n th\u00ec th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n T\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Ngung \u2013 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n T\u00e0 m\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7, xoa d\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean. Khi c\u00fang th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec3 nguy\u00ean l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng khi c\u00fang \u00f4ng T\u00e0 th\u00ec l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 m\u00f3n c\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n d\u1edf ch\u1eebng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00e1i chu\u1ed1i b\u00f3c ra) \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea7n T\u00e0 an t\u00e2m th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c! Th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng \u1edf Nam K\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng do m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0u d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n: \u201cti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft\u201d l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, truy\u1ec7n T\u00e0u. Ch\u00fa th\u00edch: (53) L\u00ea V\u0103n Ph\u00e1t, s\u0111d, ttr. 43 \u2013 46. (54) H. Masp\u00e9ro, Les religions chinoises, s\u0111d, tr. 173. (55) Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0, s\u0111d, ttr. 204 \u2013 205. (56) L\u00ea V\u0103n Ph\u00e1t, s\u0111d, tr. 54. (57) E. Por\u00e9e-Masp\u00e9ro, s\u0111d, ttr. 267 \u2013 272; L. Cadi\u00e8re, \u201cCroyances et dictons populaires de la vall\u00e9e de Ngu\u1ed3n S\u01a1n\u201d, BEFEO I(1901), tr. 205. (58) E. Por\u00e9e-Masp\u00e9ro, s\u0111d, ttr. 233 \u2013 234. (59) L\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ed1c Mi\u00ean (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1969), ttr. 69 \u2013 70. V. C\u00c1C \u00d4NG TH\u1ea6N B\u00ccNH D\u00c2N TRUNG QU\u1ed0C C\u1eacN \u0110\u1ea0I TR\u00caN \u0110\u00c0 VI\u1ec6T HO\u00c1 D\u00f2ng l\u01b0u d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u1eddi b\u1ecf qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9 s\u1edf to\u1ea3 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o ph\u00eda Nam v\u1eabn","c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eebng l\u00fac l\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp sau nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u1edf ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, binh t\u01b0\u1edbng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Minh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t l\u1edbn c\u00f3 ghi trong s\u1eed s\u00e1ch. H\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, kh\u1ecfi s\u1ee3 nh\u00e0 Thanh truy \u0111u\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1m l\u01b0u vong n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd v\u00e0o Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, t\u1ea1o th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. V\u1ec1 sau, s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 dai d\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m \u0103n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1edd ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch dung d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u00ecm \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5ng binh, \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Minh th\u1ea7n th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n Nho Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trung qu\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p con Tr\u1ea7n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Xuy\u00ean (Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ecbnh) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1edd vua Minh v\u00e0o ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 an c\u01b0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft v\u00ec, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i lo \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. M\u1ea1c Thi\u00ean T\u1ee9 l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Chi\u00eau Anh C\u00e1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi lao \u0111ao l\u1eadn \u0111\u1eadn c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kinh doanh c\u1ea3 ngh\u1ec1 g\u00e1 b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1c C\u1eedu. Cho n\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u1ea5y. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u2013 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c \u2013 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u01b0u t\u00fa trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u201c\u00edt h\u1ecdc\u201d m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf n\u00ean m\u1edbi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 \u201ct\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi \u201cv\u0103n hay ch\u1eef t\u1ed1t\u201d: h\u00ed k\u1ecbch, \u201cti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft\u201d, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea1ch tho\u1ea1i. \u1ede tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ec5 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng chung v\u0103n ho\u00e1 trong v\u00f9ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf.(60) M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, trong l\u00fac vua quan Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a khu\u00f4n th\u1ee9c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a, th\u00ec Minh d\u00e2n l\u01b0u vong l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 mang m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t, v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m nho s\u0129 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, nh\u01b0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng Tr\u1ecbnh L\u00ea, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed1ng, mu\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIII. Do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua ch\u00faa Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 (b\u1eaft thay \u0111\u1ed5i y ph\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi sau) khi\u1ebfn cho y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng c\u00f2n tranh ch\u1ea5p d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0u vong v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u00edt h\u1ecdc (so v\u1edbi nho s\u0129 khoa b\u1ea3ng) khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa bi\u1ebft \u201cti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft\u201d nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n Kinh Truy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 tin nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u01a1n l\u00e0 trong s\u1eed k\u00ed. Th\u1ea7n Quan \u0110\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd mang t\u00ednh khu v\u1ef1c l\u01b0u t\u00e1n (Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c) l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u00fat t\u1eeb Tam qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ed di\u1ec5n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a La Qu\u00e1n Trung ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb Tam qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecd. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu Quan \u0110\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb B\u1eafc ch\u00ed Nam (Vi\u1ec7t), th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u00f5 t\u01b0\u1edbng trung t\u00edn, ngh\u0129a li\u1ec7t, th\u00e0nh th\u1ea7n ngay sau khi t\u1eed tr\u1eadn (v\u1eadt ch\u1ebft L\u1eef M\u00f4ng), \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t V\u00f5 Kh\u00fac Tinh Qu\u00e2n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c, nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh, th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00ean cho x\u00e2y mi\u1ebfu Quan \u0110\u1ebf \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctruy\u1ec7n T\u00e0u\u201d do c\u00e1c \u00f4ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1eafc Ninh, Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00e1nh S\u1eaft... d\u1ecbch ra qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n t\u1eeb 1904 v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ra kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh cho m\u1ed9t phong th\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nam K\u00ec.(61) Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Tam qu\u1ed1c, Thu\u1ef7 h\u1eed c\u00f9ng truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 khu\u00f4n n\u1eafn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i k\u00edn Minh d\u00e2n (v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i), r\u1ed3i qua h\u1ecd m\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t trong \u0111\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0u vong. Nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng trong tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ma thu\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Phong th\u1ea7n, T\u00e2y du, Thuy\u1ebft \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c trang s\u00e1ch ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng n\u00ean ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ee5c V\u00e2n Ti\u00ean, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf nho s\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh Chi\u1ec3u d\u00f9 mang tinh th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn khe kh\u1eaft c\u0169ng","ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu cho c\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 chung quanh x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ec1m y\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u00ec n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ri\u00eang t\u01b0. Vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ea7n h\u1ed5 c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3ng), x\u1eed t\u1ed9i (cha con h\u1ecd V\u00f5) l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd c\u1ecdp, \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ecdp ng\u1ed3i nghe h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i tr\u00ean kinh r\u1ea1ch, nh\u01b0ng chuy\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng Phi\u00ean sao m\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a C\u00e1p T\u00f4 V\u0103n, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng Phi\u00ean trong Chinh \u0110\u00f4ng, Chinh T\u00e2y, Ng\u0169 h\u1ed5..., c\u00f2n \u00f4ng t\u00f4n s\u01b0 th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o V\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u1ec1n, V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ngao l\u00e3o t\u1ed5! D\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ma thu\u1eadt trong truy\u1ec7n T\u00e0u (th\u1ea7n ho\u00e1 \u00f4ng Tr\u1eddi, \u00f4ng Ph\u1eadt) th\u1eadt h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n qu\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Nam K\u00ec. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e1, nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e1 \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u2013 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n Nho Gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb g\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed5 n\u1eeda ch\u1eebng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, cho n\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ee9 chi\u1ebfng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f2n ch\u1edd m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20, 30 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX. Ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb th\u1ebf v\u1eeba bao tr\u00f9m v\u1eeba nh\u1ecf nhoi, v\u1eeba thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba Nam K\u00ec. \u00d4ng th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba Nam K\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean cao v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng, T\u00e2y Chu, v\u1eeba xa v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian l\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t \u2013 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba xa v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00ed. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n Phi long di\u1ec5n ngh\u0129a \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n minh, m\u1ed9t l\u00ed gi\u1ea3i cho s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3: Th\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u00f3 ngai. nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \u00f4ng vua T\u1ed1ng Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh \u2013 Tri\u1ec7u Khu\u00f4n D\u1eabn \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed7 n\u1eb1m ng\u1ee7 tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00e2n l\u1ea1c. (Nghe th\u1ea5p tho\u00e1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n s\u1eed k\u00ed k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 L\u00ed C\u00f4ng U\u1ea9n \u0111u\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111i xa). Khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb h\u01a1n v\u00ec trong truy\u1ec7n T\u00e0u, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf T\u00e2y du, th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 sai ph\u00e1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba hi\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u00f9a b\u1ee1n l\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i l\u00fac nh\u1edd c\u1eady l\u00e0m trung gian v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n linh l\u1edbn. L\u1ec5 c\u00fang Ch\u00faa Ngu c\u00f3 di\u1ec5n tu\u1ed3ng T\u00e2y du m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nghe thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 con \u201cl\u1eadt \u0111\u1eadt\u201d ch\u1ea1y qua ch\u1ea1y l\u1ea1i trong ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea3nh t\u00ecm Ng\u01b0u Ma V\u01b0\u01a1ng (Ngu Ma N\u01b0\u01a1ng) v\u1ec1 k\u00ed gi\u1ea5y b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5t. Truy\u1ec7n T\u00e2y du c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh v\u00ec mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ngay ch\u00ednh trong v\u00f9ng chung l\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u1ea4n v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n Hanuman d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e0nh th\u00e2n x\u00e1c T\u00f4n H\u00e0nh Gi\u1ea3, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn r\u00f5, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169 Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p d\u00f9 th\u1ea7n Kh\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u00fap vua \u1ea4n \u0111\u00e1nh T\u00edch Lan n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng chuy\u1ec3n qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2 Tam T\u1ea1ng th\u1ec9nh kinh th\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o th\u1ea7n ho\u00e1 l\u1ea1i mang th\u00eam t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong v\u00f9ng, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 l\u01b0u d\u00e2n l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 c\u0169, m\u1edbi. Trong l\u1ec5 t\u1ed1ng \u00f4n \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u00e1ng 5-1927, tuy v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ki\u1ec7u Tam T\u1ea1ng, T\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean th\u1ea7n Quan C\u00f4ng (\u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam uy v\u0169), th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n X\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u00e2n v\u1edbt v\u00e1t ch\u00fat nho phong c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ki\u1ec7u Ph\u1eadt, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ch\u1ee9ng gi\u00e1m cao nh\u1ea5t cho bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5.(62) Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng Ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u1ec7m (B\u00ecnh Ch\u00e1nh, nay thu\u1ed9c Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh) l\u1ec5 t\u1ed1ng \u00f4n l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh r\u01b0\u1edbc kinh, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 T\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean tr\u1eeb 72 \u0111\u1ed9ng y\u00eau l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh r\u01a1m, \u0111em l\u00f9a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ed1t ti\u1ec7t.(63) \u00d4ng L\u00ea V\u0103n Ph\u00e1t k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 t\u1ed1ng \u00f4n kh\u00e1c: Trong l\u1ec5 c\u00fang, th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi ma t\u1edbi cho \u0103n c\u1ed7 tr\u00ean b\u00e8, r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng ph\u00e1o l\u1ec7nh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea5t roi d\u00e2u \u0111u\u1ed5i ma tr\u1ed1n \u0111i, trai tr\u00e1ng mang b\u00e8 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ecf xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea3 tr\u00f4i theo d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 ch\u1ea1y \u00e0o \u00e0o m\u1edbi sinh ra th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef \u201dCh\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 T\u00e0u t\u1ed1ng \u00f4n\u201d. V\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 t\u1ed1ng \u00f4n gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n th\u00e1ng 4-1975 \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u1edbi ba \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Tam T\u1ea1ng ph\u00f2 th\u1ea7y \u0111i v\u00f2ng v\u00f2ng trong khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed Ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u1ec7m g\u1ea7n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea5n k\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, g\u1ea7n ta h\u01a1n \u00f4ng L\u00ea V\u0103n Ph\u00e1t, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec7n T\u00e2y du \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em th\u00eam k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n cho m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 c\u0169 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. T\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean c\u00f2n nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e0n Cao \u0110\u00e0i, theo m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea7u: C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n nho h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t con kh\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i tu h\u00e0nh cho m\u00ecnh. C\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 an l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y T\u1ebft v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt qua v\u1ea1ch v\u00f4i, c\u00e2y n\u00eau, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n Phong th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng chen v\u00e0o: Ch\u00ednh Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf nghi\u1ec7p cho nh\u00e0 Chu, \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh ng\u0103n Thi\u00ean Linh C\u1ea9u th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1edd d\u1ecbp T\u1ebft xu\u1ed1ng","tr\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y m\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o ranh gi\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi vui ch\u01a1i. (64) \u0110\u1ec9nh n\u00fai linh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ninh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u1edd B\u00e0 \u0110en c\u1ee7a Khmer, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00ec th\u1ea7m v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i (1962) l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u1edd L\u00ea S\u01a1n Th\u00e1nh M\u1eabu, v\u1ecb ti\u00ean c\u00f4 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e9p h\u01a1n h\u1ebft trong ph\u00e1i n\u1eef c\u1ee7a Phong th\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebft \u0110inh San trong Chinh T\u00e2y. B\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh h\u00f2n n\u00fai n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a: L\u00ea s\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00fai (B\u00e0) \u0110en. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 trung gian c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh m\u1eabu \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng L\u0103ng Am (Hu\u1ebf), m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 gi\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u0103n hoa l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00ea m\u1ea1i\u201d (gi\u00e0 \u0111en) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ghi l\u1ea1i cho nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd L\u00ea t\u00ean M\u1ea1i.(65) Gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i am \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t Nam K\u00ec th\u00ec c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 L\u00ea S\u01a1n v\u1eady! S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch theo h\u01b0\u1edbng duy l\u00ed t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi l\u00f2ng tin d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n linh c\u0169, m\u1edbi mang \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e9p \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia x\u1ebb m\u1ed1i giao h\u1ed9i t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd qua nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i k\u00edn h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu nhau: L\u1eadp m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n uy tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf m\u1edbi trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f5i v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quy\u1ec7n ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhau n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y th\u00e2n x\u00e1c v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Ch\u00fa th\u00edch: (60) Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n n\u00f4m (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n hay kh\u00f4ng) c\u00f3 t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong: Hoa V\u00e2n c\u00e1o th\u1ecb truy\u1ec7n (1650) c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu D\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7t truy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 Minh, Hoa t\u00ecnh truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed T\u1ee9, Song tinh truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu H\u00e0o ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 1700, l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Trung Qu\u1ed1c (in sau 1644) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef \u1edf H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi kh\u1ecfi th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n. (Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu H\u00e0o, Truy\u1ec7n Song tinh, Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n H\u00e3n bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1987, ttr. 8 \u2013 9.) Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng Nam tri\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p di\u1ec5n ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa Chi\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi (1719) tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec c\u1ea3 2\/3 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9. (61) G. Coulet (Les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s secr\u00e8tes en terre d\u2019Annam, Saigon 1927, ttr. 42 \u2013 43) cho bi\u1ebft \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Annam \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, th\u00f4n qu\u00ea ng\u1ed1n ng\u1ea5u c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch \u1ea5y... C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua c\u1ea3 150$ lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y\u201d. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n tr\u00ean h\u00e3y so s\u00e1nh: Trong v\u1ee5 Phan X\u00edch Long 1913, c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i k\u00edn d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 m\u1edf c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng b\u00e1n xe \u0111\u1ea1p v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n 400$. (62) BEFEO XXVII(1927), m\u1ee5c Tin t\u1ee9c, ttr. 462 \u2013 465. (63) Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea5n, Ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u1ec7m qu\u00ea t\u00f4i (TP. HCM 1985), ttr. 102 \u2013 103. (64) L\u00ea V\u0103n Ph\u00e1t, s\u0111d, tr. 31. (65) R. Stein, b\u0111d, tr. 69.","CH\u01af\u01a0NG X: CHI\u1ec0U H\u01af\u1edaNG V\u00c0 NH\u1eeeNG K\u1ebeT QU\u1ea2 T\u1eacP H\u1eccP TH\u1ea6N LINH M\u1edaI I. KH\u1ee6NG HO\u1ea2NG: \u0110\u1ed0I NGH\u1ecaCH V\u00c0 H\u1ed8I T\u1ee4 C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, theo h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u00e0y. Nam K\u00ec \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng n\u00ean v\u1eabn l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb. B\u1eafc, Trung K\u00ec ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan l\u1ea1i tuy quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u00fat d\u01b0 uy v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 quen thu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ee5c, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 cho ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb hai-t\u1ea7ng kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean t\u1eebng khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp th\u1ea7n linh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng theo nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng l\u1ed1i m\u00f2n c\u0169, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u00eda d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong v\u00f9ng. D\u00e2n Trung K\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 vua, n\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 xin s\u1eafc cho th\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u1eeb Hu\u1ebf \u0111i ra \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n mu\u1ed1n cho vua Nguy\u1ec5n \u201ctu\u1ea7n du\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o uy t\u00edn cho h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua, \u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng Cao Kh\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5t sinh t\u1eeb, t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u00f4ng m\u1edbi l\u1eadp. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua th\u1eddi nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n B\u1eafc K\u00ec \u0111i t\u00ecm quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng vua \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t, \u0111i xin\u201dch\u00e2n h\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d (r\u01b0\u1edbc) \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 th\u1edd trong khi Nam K\u00ec, b\u1ea1o d\u1ea1n, ng\u1ed7 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n \u2013 v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0103n c\u1eafp s\u1eafc th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 th\u1edd \u00f4ng ti\u00ean s\u01b0 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb hai-t\u1ea7ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0m b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n mang d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng \u2013 tuy c\u00f3 m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u2013 trong c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed1i l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng, n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1ecb. L\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed, ngay trong l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecb d\u00e2n, do s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5m th\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi, c\u00e1c l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u0169 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng tr\u00ean sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, tr\u00ec n\u00edu h\u1ecd tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i theo s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia x\u1ebb m\u1ed9t \u00edt b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi, gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 m\u1edf mang thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba d\u1ed3n ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh. L\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1eb1ng co n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng, c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd d\u1ec5 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n linh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, n\u1eb7ng khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 l\u00ed tr\u00ed m\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh h\u01a1n \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 h\u01a1n. L\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p s\u1eb5n trong x\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ede t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean, quan ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 h\u1ec7 g\u1eaft gao nh\u01b0 Nho Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i suy y\u1ebfu trong th\u1eddi lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX qua th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam s\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p- Vi\u1ec7t khi\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vua b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, quy\u1ec1n uy \u00f4ng cha b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00ec l\u1ea1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi n\u1eefa, v\u00ec th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3 theo ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp (nho s\u0129) l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0, ng\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u2013 c\u1ea3 vai tr\u00f2 kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1eabn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a n\u1eef gi\u1edbi n\u1ea5p sau s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5c th\u1edd Li\u1ec5u H\u1ea1nh l\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5t ti\u00ean \u00f4ng L\u00e3 Thu\u1ea7n D\u01b0\u01a1ng, chen v\u00e0o khu Nam Giao \u1edf cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u01a1n,","c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t H\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o trong sinh ho\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e0ng lao \u0111ao c\u00e0ng mang t\u00ednh c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean theo khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u1ea5y \u2013 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00fap b\u00f3ng B\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00f9m kh\u00f4ng \u00edt b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n Nho Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 \u1ea9n \u1ee9c t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n. Cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p cai tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. C\u00e1c B\u00e0, ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh M\u1eabu l\u1ea5n c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa, ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c do ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c b\u00e0 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft v\u00e0o: c\u00e1c b\u00e0 quan l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf, c\u00e1c \u201cme T\u00e2y \u201c (m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi), c\u00e1c b\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00f3m ch\u1ee3 l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n, \u00edt hay nhi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. V\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1t \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 khi ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a sinh ho\u1ea1t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc(1) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh trong sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ra nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i theo th\u00f3i quen tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng theo nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t khoa h\u1ecdc. Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ebf X\u01b0\u01a1ng (1870 \u2013 1907) kh\u00f4ng ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng trong khi \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc: M\u1ed9t th\u1eb1ng tr\u1ecdc t\u1ebfch ng\u1ed3i khua m\u00f5, Hai \u1ea3 tr\u00f2n xoe \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u00faa b\u00f4ng. Th\u1ea5p tho\u00e1ng b\u00ean \u0111\u00e8n len b\u00f3ng C\u1eadu, Th\u01b0\u1edbt tha d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1n ngu\u00fdt s\u01b0 \u00f4ng. Ch\u1ecb em th\u1ee7 th\u1ec9 \u0111\u00eam canh v\u1eafng: \u201cCh\u1eb3ng s\u01b0\u1edbng g\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00fac th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d. H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng li\u1ec7u \u00edt ai l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1edbi m\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda ph\u1ee7, s\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1n. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng (b\u00e0) \u0111\u1ed3ng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m k\u1ebb trung gian gi\u1eefa c\u00f5i v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3, mang \u201cchuy\u00ean m\u00f4n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0m thu h\u1eb9p ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng t\u00edn h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p, c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u th\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00ec tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi sinh ho\u1ea1t chia x\u1ebb v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft th\u00e2n. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y, \u201cchuy\u00ean m\u00f4n\u201d \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d \u2013 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00ean-\u0111\u1ed3ng. V\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y th\u00ec l\u00ean-\u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m-sinh-l\u00ed bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00fd ngh\u0129a, m\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n n\u00e9n m\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ebf X\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong v\u1ecb th\u1ebf sa s\u00fat c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp m\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n ri\u00eang t\u01b0, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t ra gi\u1ecdng m\u1ec9a mai, h\u1eadm h\u1ef1c: \u201cCh\u1eb3ng s\u01b0\u1edbng g\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00fac th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d. L\u00ean-\u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y mang r\u1ed9ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh: \u201cb\u00f3ng C\u1eadu\u201d nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u201chai \u1ea3\u201d g\u00e2y c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c giao hoan \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u201cngu\u00fdt s\u01b0 \u00f4ng\u201d, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f2n d\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c b\u00e0 \u2013 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ee5 \u2013 v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung v\u0103n nh\u01b0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y (Gi\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a V\u0169 Tr\u1ecdng Ph\u1ee5ng). T\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00f3ng \u1edf c\u1eeda ph\u1ee7, s\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean l\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh m\u00e0 nay \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 uy th\u1ebf g\u00ecn gi\u1eef n\u1eefa. C\u00e1c b\u00e0 quan l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf c\u00f2n \u1edf v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u1ecb k\u1ec1m k\u1eb9p h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i c\u0169ng chao \u0111\u1ea3o, n\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y trong t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n \u201cme T\u00e2y\u201d bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn v\u1ecb th\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, c\u00e0ng bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e9o m\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ph\u00eda \u201cch\u1ed3ng\u201d, trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t. Gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 sinh ho\u1ea1t ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng h\u01a1n \u2013 m\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh h\u01a1n. C\u1ea3 hai l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p tinh th\u1ea7n, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c, bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3","ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n b\u1ecb k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 b\u1edfi sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp h\u1ecd. V\u1edbi Ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh m\u1eabu mang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng thu h\u00fat, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00f3ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 \u1ea9n \u1ee9c \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 v\u00e0o c\u00f5i v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, c\u00f2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c th\u00ec v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ea7m k\u00edn, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi \u201cth\u1ee7 th\u1ec9 \u0111\u00eam thanh v\u1eafng.\u201d Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f2n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, kh\u00f4 c\u1ee9ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u2013 s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd, b\u00ean l\u1ec1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao th\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u1ea5y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng s\u1ebd lan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng khai, c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920, r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30 qua l\u1edbp v\u0103n s\u0129 \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. N\u01b0\u01a1ng theo \u0111\u00e0 \u00c2u ho\u00e1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, r\u1ee5t r\u00e8 hay b\u1ea1o d\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, theo m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5u gi\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng gh\u00ecm gi\u1eef b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eb7t nh\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y lan truy\u1ec1n qua nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e0 cho m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n linh c\u0169 \u2013 hay t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n linh c\u0169 \u2013 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec s\u1ef1 tr\u00e0n l\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i chia x\u1ebb s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t. Ri\u00eang \u1edf l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi H\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef g\u1ee3i ra v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tan r\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f3 t\u00e1ch n\u00f3 ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi h\u1ed9i Long Hoa, m\u1edf ra th\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1eadn, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 mang c\u00e1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t (Le Mythe de l\u2019\u00e9ternel retour) v\u1edbi khai \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eeba c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc, n\u01a1i n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft l\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1ee1 l\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y nay.(2) C\u00f2n \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong gi\u00e1o l\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u00f3 b\u00f9ng d\u1eady nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c trong v\u00f9ng: c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa l\u01b0u vong mang v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng tranh ch\u1ea5p t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c, c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1eddi huy ho\u00e0ng n\u1eefa, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p kh\u01a1i s\u00e2u th\u00eam s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 so v\u1edbi huy\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi vang b\u00f3ng c\u0169. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ed3n vong d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00f4ng qua y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng \u201ch\u1ed9i k\u00edn\u201d ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh. T\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ba v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt: Di \u0110\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, Th\u00edch Ca c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Di L\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng messie da-v\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft khai th\u00e1c s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, nh\u01b0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 B\u1ea1ch Li\u00ean Gi\u00e1o H\u00e0n S\u01a1n \u0110\u1ed3ng, k\u1ebb tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u1edbi Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. B\u1ea1ch Li\u00ean Gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 sau mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch b\u00e0i Thanh ph\u1ee5c Minh, \u0111\u1ec1 ra nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cho \u00f4ng Di L\u1eb7c ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n Trung Hoa, c\u00f2n Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i c\u00f9ng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1i v\u1ebd ra khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc ch\u00e2n ch\u00faa \u2013 m\u1ed9t Minh v\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf giao th\u1eddi Minh Thanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ch\u00e1u ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec vua d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i nh\u00e0 Minh, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb xa \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i \u00fd th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201c\u00f4ng vua s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t\u201d s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i thanh b\u00ecnh m\u1edbi sau l\u00fac h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i d\u1eaft d\u1eabn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t","n\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec nh\u00e0 Thanh v\u1eabn v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng cai tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n H\u00e1n su\u1ed1t m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb h\u1ecd lung lay v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng s\u00fang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u n\u01a1i c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng hay t\u1eadn kinh \u0111\u00f4. \u01af\u1edbc m\u01a1 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. V\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u00eam trong t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m con ch\u00e1u l\u01b0u vong, ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t th\u00eam n\u1ed7i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng xa t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp Minh d\u00e2n kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp th\u1ea7n b\u00ed gi\u00e1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt ngay t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p Nguy\u1ec5n - T\u00e2y S\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng Nam K\u00ec thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi l\u00e0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf tan r\u00e3 dai d\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y. S\u1edf m\u1eadt th\u00e1m Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo M\u1eabu qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 coi c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i k\u00edn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ph\u00e1 r\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb an. Nh\u01b0ng cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i an ninh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u00eau b\u00e0i, vun qu\u00e9n tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u00ed nhi\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111e do\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh l\u1ee5c l\u00e2m c\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c do t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111em l\u1ea1i. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 sa \u0111o\u1ea1 n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m ngay ch\u00ednh trong v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1ee5 c\u01b0 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u00edn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i mang d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y \u201cs\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd\u201d, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c thanh to\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i d\u00f9 mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc qu\u1ed1c gia hay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. T\u1eeb t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tan r\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, t\u1ef1 t\u01b0 t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng xa, k\u00e9o theo nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ea3ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, khu v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Cho d\u00f9 v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 duy v\u0103n ho\u00e1 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u201cph\u1ea3n Thanh ph\u1ee5c Minh\u201d bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u201cph\u00f9 Thanh di\u1ec7t D\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, hay ch\u1ed1ng T\u00e2y \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u00ec \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00ec nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i: H\u1ecd v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u ch\u1ed1ng T\u00e2y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea1. Cho n\u00ean d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cai tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng) cai tr\u1ecb song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.(3) Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i n\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Nam K\u00ec, v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 tan r\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hay c\u00f2n \u1edf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, l\u1ebb t\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat theo v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang th\u00f4n qu\u00ea mang n\u1eb7ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00e0ng c\u1ee9ng c\u1ecfi, co r\u00fat h\u01a1n v\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1ecb. C\u00f3 t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ec7n minh cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng sai ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m h\u1ed9i k\u00edn n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec l\u1ea5y t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m g\u1ed1c qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i k\u00edn Vi\u1ec7t mang t\u1eeb ng\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i (\u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i phai nh\u1ea1t h\u01a1n), chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nam K\u00ec n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX.(4) \u00d4ng \u0110\u1ea1i Minh Qu\u1ed1c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tho\u00e1ng hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho m\u1ed9t \u201cHo\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed\u201d c\u1ee7a H\u00e0m Nghi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cHo\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf\u201d Phan X\u00edch Long, t\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 Phan Ph\u00e1t Sanh, g\u00e2y qu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea3o ngay t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1913, 1916, l\u00fac Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang l\u00fang t\u00fang \u1edf ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c. V\u00e0 khi n\u0103m th\u00e1ng l\u00e0m phai l\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea5p k\u00edn th\u1eddi gian b\u1eb1ng quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c si\u00eau h\u00ecnh m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 trong h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef \u201cminh\u201d, c\u00f3 qu\u00ea v\u1ee3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Nam K\u00ec, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh chuy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Minh M\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, h\u1eb9n ki\u1ebfp sau s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea7u thai \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 d\u1ee9t n\u1ee3 t\u00ecnh... V\u00e0 n\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00ean n\u0103m 1939, \u1edf M\u0129 Tho c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u00e8n Mai V\u0103n H\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Minh M\u1ea1ng t\u00e1i sinh, c\u00f3 b\u00f9a ph\u00e9p","l\u00e0m khi\u1ebfp c\u1ea3 l\u00ednh l\u00e0ng, h\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9c D\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0110i\u1ec1m, tr\u1eeb s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00e3 t\u00e0 M\u0129 Tho.(5) C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u01a1n trong l\u00fac k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 h\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n, co gi\u1eadt, h\u1eb1n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chia x\u1ebb s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. G. Coulet \u0111\u00e3 coi nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong h\u1ed9i k\u00edn n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh h\u1ed9i k\u00edn, c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp mang tham v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u2013 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh hay c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p tho\u00e1ng c\u00f3 b\u00f3ng \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ch\u00ednh b\u00f3ng \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p to l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i mang danh l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c b\u00f9a n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111eo, gi\u00fap h\u1ecd xua \u0111u\u1ed5i ma qu\u1ef7, tr\u00e1nh d\u1ecbch t\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n, ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ra d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh \u2013 c\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u1ed1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ra ch\u1eef. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u1ea1 v\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfc ghe l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a, nh\u00e0 tranh v\u00e1ch n\u00e1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00e0y ru\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5 cho ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadt... Uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01a1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00f5i si\u00eau linh v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng sao v\u1edbi t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t b\u00f9a v\u1ebd v\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n t\u1ef1 \u2013 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u00edt ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng d\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, hi\u1ec3u, n\u00ean c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y ph\u1ee7 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m m\u00e0n th\u1ea7n b\u00ed, s\u00e1t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00f9a c\u0169ng ngu\u1ec7ch ngo\u1ea1c v\u1edbi v\u0103n t\u1ef1 (ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea1c) c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. N\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1c b\u00f9a h\u1ed9i k\u00edn kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00eang li\u00eang ho\u00e1, th\u1ea7n ho\u00e1, \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang c\u00f3 \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng theo \u00fd \u00f4ng th\u00f4i.(6) Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y r\u00f5 l\u00e0 v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng binh l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea9y, l\u1ea5n d\u1ea7n, l\u1ea5n d\u1ea7n n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecbu m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u00e0 \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, t\u00ecm h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n \u2013 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u2013 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00ean kh\u00f9ng, \u0111i r\u00eau rao h\u00f9 do\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi t\u1eadn th\u1ebf m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nho nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c g\u1eb7p \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi th\u1ebf, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u00ec mang kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00fa th\u00edch: (1) Jeanne Cuisinier, La dance sacr\u00e9e en Indochine et en Indon\u00e9sie (Paris 1951), ttr. 106, 123 \u2013 124. Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 khi\u1ebfn b\u00e0 tuy c\u0169ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy \u0111\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00f3ng v\u00e0o ch\u00f9a, c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ma thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n ri\u00eang r\u1ebd trong sinh ho\u1ea1t n\u01a1i \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng chi ti\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u00faa \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00f3ng c\u00f3 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng g\u1ee3i ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 chen v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ebf X\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f9 \u00edt l\u1eddi v\u1eabn cho th\u1ea5y v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang chia x\u1ebb s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay. (2) Micea Eliade, Aspects du mythe (Paris 1963), ttr. 88 \u2013 89, d\u1eabn \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Nordman Cohn, ttr. 222 \u2013 223. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u0169 m\u1edbi d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n: \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga c\u1ee7a B. Yeltsin xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i th\u1edd c\u1ea3 K. Marx, L\u00e9nin l\u1eabn J\u00e9sus \u2013 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 Cao \u0110\u00e0i cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft! (3) Xem t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m L\u00f2 Cheng \u1edf G\u00f2 C\u00f4ng trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t C\u00fac, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i trong S\u01a1n Nam , s\u0111d, ttr. 47 \u2013 52. (4) Vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i k\u00edn \u1edf \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chung, v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 A. Schlegel, J. Chesneaux... G. Coulet tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u1edf Nam K\u00ec \u2013 trong m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1edf M\u1eadt th\u00e1m v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0 \u00e1n m\u00e0 Coulet d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o e c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi khai c\u1ee7a t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng ta n\u00ean coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t n\u00ean d\u00e8 ch\u1eebng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. C\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft gi\u00fap ta nh\u1eadn ra v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i k\u00edn v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c","t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3u l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 sau, th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ho\u00e1, hay c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tho\u00e1ng b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng trinh th\u00e1m, ki\u1ebfm hi\u1ec7p. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc, theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u201ctruy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n\u201d, c\u00e1c l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi, c\u00e1c s\u1ea5m ng\u1eef (?) h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft qua b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. Gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean v\u0103n th\u00ec ta s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cb\u01a1i\u201d gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang r\u1ed3i tu\u1ef3 l\u00fac m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u trong hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3. (5) T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u0103n kh\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975, c\u00f3 ghi l\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Nam K\u00ec. Trong m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn mang ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n k\u00ec c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u \u1edf Mi\u00ean, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ho\u00e1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kho\u1ea3ng 1920 \u2013 21, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u1ed1n tu \u1edf T\u00e0 L\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ng\u1eadm \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n Minh m\u1ea1ng theo tin t\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111ao th\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m t\u1edbi th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. (L\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u \u1edf Kamphuchea, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1971, ttr. 186 \u2013 193.) \u0110\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n Minh m\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 linh thi\u00eang \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, h\u01a1i b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u00fa Qu\u00fd (theo b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169:Poulo C\u00e9cir de Mer) \u0111\u1ed3n r\u1eb1ng \u1edf ngo\u00e0i nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea3o xa, c\u00f3 h\u00f2n Ti\u1ec1n v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng Minh m\u1ea1ng l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng khi l\u1eb7n xu\u1ed1ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea3! (6) G. Coulet, Les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s secr\u00e8tes... s\u0111d, v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t giai t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p, ttr. 46 \u2013 47; v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 Phan X\u00edch Long, ttr. 35 \u2013 46; v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u00f9a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n vi\u1ebft sai n\u00e9t, xem c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh 3, 4. II.B\u1eecU S\u01a0N K\u00cc H\u01af\u01a0NG, KH\u1edeI \u0110\u1ea6U C\u1ee6A D\u00d2NG TI\u00caN TRI NAM K\u00cc Nh\u00ecn \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh, mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ng\u1ea7m nh\u1eadn hay tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u nh\u01b0 \u1edf Nam K\u00ec m\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y mang \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0, dai d\u1eb3ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t qu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea3o, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eddi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00ec ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh xa v\u1eddi, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 nghe theo, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y. T\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ti\u00ean tri \u1edf Nam K\u00ec, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng coi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u2013 nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng tin, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u2013 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh. S\u1ef1 m\u00f9 m\u1edd l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u1edf B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u00ean l\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1eeb l\u1ea1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, \u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t, tr\u1ed1n n\u1ea5p. \u201cGi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7\u201d khi sinh th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00fac l\u00e2m v\u00f2ng t\u00f9 t\u1ed9i v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng \u201cgian \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129\u201d. C\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p g\u1eaft gao \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i \u201ctr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1945, danh t\u1eeb B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng (v\u00e0 T\u1ee9 \u00c2n Hi\u1ebfu Ngh\u0129a) ngay t\u1ea1i hai t\u1ec9nh Long Xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t t\u00edch m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i kh\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau trong d\u00e2n gian, \u1edf xa \u0111\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfu k\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m sao t\u00ecm ra t\u00f4ng t\u00edch.\u201d(7) Trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o l\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i v\u0103n v\u1ea7n cho d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb (ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c b\u00e1t, c\u00f3 khi th\u1ea5t ni\u00eam lu\u1eadt) do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1o s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c \u2013 hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u2013 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 sau, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ecf b\u00e0y t\u00e2m t\u01b0, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i v\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecdc theo gi\u1ecdng ng\u00e2n nga, truy\u1ec1n cho nhau l\u1eddi th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y, nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf cho nhau m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft, t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u \u2013 kh\u00f4ng xa v\u1edbi sinh ho\u1ea1t n\u00f3i th\u01a1, n\u00f3i v\u00e8 \u1edf l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u2013 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, d\u1ec5 thu\u1ed9c h\u01a1n kinh s\u00e1ch ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n xa l\u1ea1. S\u1ef1 l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c ph\u00e1t \u00e2m ch\u1eef v\u00e3n c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ra th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef gi\u1ea3ng, t\u00ecnh c\u1edd l\u1ea1i tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a: l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc t\u00f4n s\u01b0, gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o cho t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u","truy\u1ec1n theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i g\u1ed1c c\u0169 n\u1eefa. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 ch\u1eef s\u00e1m (b\u00e0i kinh c\u1ea7u c\u00fang theo l\u1ed1i) v\u00e3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u00e1m gi\u1ea3ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u00e1m g\u1ee3i li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn (l\u1eddi) s\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0i Gi\u1ea3ng th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi \u201cti\u00ean tri\u201d. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u00edch, l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp (v\u00e0 ch\u1ebd ra th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i) l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp kh\u00e1c t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. T\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd chi\u00eau m\u1ed9, ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n \u2013 c\u00f3 khi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u2013 hay l\u1ee5c t\u00ecm t\u00f4ng t\u00edch c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt qua con ch\u00e1u, m\u1ed3 m\u1ea3, n\u01a1i tu luy\u1ec7n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3..., n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o: Qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4 k\u1ec7ch \u0111em s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh thu h\u00fat tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, \u0111em hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u00f4 v\u1ebd, n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ecbp-th\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c thu x\u1ebfp s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n sao cho quy t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ra khi mu\u1ed1n \u0111i v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong tr\u00e0o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean (1807 \u2013 1856) m\u00e0 ch\u1eef l\u00f3t c\u1ee7a t\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p danh nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt (ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb n\u01a1i bia m\u1ed9 n\u00fai Sam). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0110o\u00e0n V\u0103n Huy\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c sau n\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1849, \u00f4ng b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0103n \u201cng\u00e0y n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd n\u00f3i to\u00e0n gi\u1ecdng n\u1eeda h\u01b0 n\u1eeda th\u1eadt, khi ph\u00e0m khi th\u00e1nh,\u201d b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n kinh m\u00e0 G. Coulet nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.(8) C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y, ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean c\u0169ng do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Nam K\u00ec trong n\u0103m 1849 m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u1eed c\u00f3 ghi. (9) Theo l\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ch v\u1edf mu\u1ed9n ghi l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng y\u00ean v\u1edbi l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m, \u00f4ng b\u1ecf \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0ng Ki\u1ebfn Th\u1ea1nh (Long Ki\u1ebfn \u2013 Long Xuy\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay) ng\u1ed3i trong \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u2013 l\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb v\u1ec1 sinh ho\u1ea1t trong khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u00eda Nam. C\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1 so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ta \u0111o\u00e1n: Ph\u00e1t b\u00f9a \u0111\u1ed1t ho\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng, l\u1ea5y tro trong b\u00e1t h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1edd cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea5y b\u00f4ng c\u00fang ra l\u00e0m v\u1eadt tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c ma thu\u1eadt, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129 ch\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n n\u01a1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u00e0 h\u1eb3n do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng n\u00e2ng th\u00eam uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ec7n t\u1eb7n l\u1ea5y t\u1eebng m\u1ea3nh gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu gi\u1ea5y v\u1ebd b\u00f9a, x\u00e9 ra ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f3n tay c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 to l\u1edbn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f9n \u00f9n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0m n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng quan quy\u1ec1n n\u00ean \u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u1ec1 t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh, giam r\u1ed3i th\u1ea3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1850 do tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ra \u00e2n v\u00ec nghe chuy\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00ec ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 loan truy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao th\u00ec m\u1ed1i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng: Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y, h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t b\u1ed3 t\u00e1t trong khung c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1edf t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m mang s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ee3i ch\u1edd l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh tho\u00e1t tai n\u1ea1n t\u00f9 ng\u1ee5c, \u0110o\u00e0n V\u0103n Huy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafng ch\u1ecbu \u00e9p m\u00ecnh theo khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5, nh\u1eadn th\u00ed ph\u00e1t, v\u1ec1 tu \u1edf ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a n\u00fai Sam (Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c) do Do\u00e3n U\u1ea9n l\u1eadp ra n\u0103m 1847,(10) th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i L\u00e2m T\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ee9 38. Trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec, s\u01b0 \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khai kh\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea5t hoang \u1edf v\u00f9ng Th\u1edbi S\u01a1n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 n\u1eeda t\u1ee5c n\u1eeda t\u0103ng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01b0 s\u0129 m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Nam K\u00ec v\u1ec1 sau. Sau khi s\u01b0 \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean t\u1ecbch th\u00ec ch\u00f9a g\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1c L\u00e2m \u1edf Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn c\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn, gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f9a T\u00e2y An n\u00fai Sam n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t b\u00ean l\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, v\u1edbi th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1ch ra th\u00eam th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, khai th\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi th\u1ea7y n\u00f3i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a th\u1ea7y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o","ch\u1ee7. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn. L\u00ed thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean b\u1ecb l\u1eabn v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i v\u1ec1 sau ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a t\u00edn l\u00ed v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec cao xa kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, l\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ngay t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ecd. V\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00edn l\u00ed \u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb khung c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eafm m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. T\u00e2m h\u1ed3n qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecdn s\u1eb5n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ch\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0\u1edbng su\u1ea5t. Tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai tuy kh\u00f4ng cao, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi r\u1eebng c\u00e2y hoang \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac t\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng bao quanh. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mi\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1ecb Qu\u1ea3n c\u01a1 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh b\u1eaft r\u1ed3i th\u1ea3 (1843), xu\u1ed1ng t\u00f3c \u0111i tu, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt ra sao m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt V\u00f4i, Ph\u1eadt B\u01b0\u1edbm, (11) s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 t\u00edch \u1ea5y b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o g\u1ee3i ra, xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 k\u00ec th\u1ecb trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n b\u00f9a ng\u1ea3i, g\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ea7n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mi\u00ean th\u1eadt v\u1eeba h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00f9a ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m l\u01b0u d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t. Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y l\u1ea5y n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf, c\u00e1i \u201cc\u1ed1c\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i, vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi \u201ch\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 theo s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c chung c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. L\u1ea1i th\u00eam v\u00f9ng H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ebft g\u00f3c \u0111\u00f4ng nam c\u1ee7a v\u1ecbnh Th\u00e1i Lan c\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m ch\u1ee9a d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c L\u00f4i Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng mang bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y th\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1\/g\u1ed7 khoanh v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n y\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 l\u1eabn nhau. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 chung \u0111\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u0103ng s\u0129, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, Ph\u1eadt Di L\u1eb7c, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec m\u1edbi. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd suy \u0111o\u00e1n, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n theo c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i \u2013 Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y \/ B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady gi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ed1c ph\u1ee7 Ca \u1edf H\u00f3c M\u00f4n n\u0103m 1885. V\u1eady m\u00e0 mu\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 5 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u00f9a Minh S\u01b0 \u1edf ga S\u00e0i G\u00f2n (c\u0169, ga B\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh). (12) M\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb s\u1edf M\u1eadt th\u00e1m t\u1ecbch thu n\u0103m 1916 \u1edf R\u1ea1ch Tr\u00ea (Sa \u0110\u00e9c), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tuy mu\u1ed9n m\u00e0ng so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eef Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, theo G. Coulet, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1867 tr\u00ean ba t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn.(13) Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 G. Coulet \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea3 theo c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Tuy \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng danh x\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean l\u00e1 c\u1edd n\u1ed5i d\u1eady n\u0103m 1916, c\u0169ng trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. N\u1ed9i dung t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 G. Coulet g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o\u201d (le tiers-ordre bouddhique). Gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y rao gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1eeb bi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ham mu\u1ed1n, l\u1ea1c th\u00fa \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean N\u00e1t b\u00e0n. T\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n chay (v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y \u0103n chay th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y nay), l\u1ea7n tr\u00e0ng h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ecdc kinh, \u0111i ch\u00f9a l\u1ea1y Ph\u1eadt m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y 3 l\u1ea7n, mua b\u00f9a tr\u1eeb b\u1ec7nh, tr\u1eeb t\u00e0, h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a tr\u00ean n\u00fai trong ba ng\u00e0y r\u1eb1m th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang, th\u00e1ng 7 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 10. Nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201dm\u00ea Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d \u1edf ga S\u00e0i G\u00f2n th\u00ec \u0103n chay m\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3c.\u201d C\u00e1c ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a G. Coulet v\u1ec1 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ta quen g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u01b0 s\u0129 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00edt th\u00eam th\u1eaft, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Gi\u1edbi c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi (nh\u01b0 \u1edf Trung, B\u1eafc) m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u01b0 s\u0129 n\u1eefa m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng s\u0129 \u2013 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1ea1i gia \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea5n \u00e1t quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng t\u0103ng s\u0129 (n\u1ebfu ch\u00f9a c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u0103ng s\u0129.) H\u01a1n th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thay t\u0103ng s\u0129 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ch\u00f9a, l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3","g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu th\u1eddi khai ph\u00e1. L\u00ed thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng che l\u1ea5p n\u1ed5i tinh th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn n\u1ea3y sinh nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eadm th\u00eam kh\u00eda c\u00e1nh n\u00e0y hay kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo. Cho n\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 sau c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i Gi\u1ea3ng l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u0103ng s\u0129 \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p n\u00ean khi bi\u1ec7n minh cho quan ni\u1ec7m thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1edd t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ecdc kinh r\u00e2m ran: Ma Ph\u1eadt trong l\u00f2ng, l\u1ef1a ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e2u, ... D\u1ed1c l\u00f2ng ni\u1ec7m ch\u1eef t\u1eeb bi, L\u1ea5y dao tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u1eaft \u0111i cho r\u1ed3i. (Gi\u00e1c m\u00ea [n\u00f3i l\u00e0] c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y) n\u00ean \u00f4ng cho thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd t\u1ea5m tr\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u: C\u00f3 l\u00f2ng, b\u1ee9c tr\u1ea7n c\u0169ng linh; Ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u1ed1t c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0m chi. (S\u00e1m gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c C\u1ed1 Qu\u1ea3n) M\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh, ta g\u1eb7p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7t, tr\u00ean kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, tr\u00ean kh\u0103n ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 trong trang th\u1edd gia \u0111\u00ecnh, tr\u00ean x\u00e1c c\u00e1 voi, xa h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Civa\/Rudra, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean nhu\u1ed1m m\u00e0u th\u1ea7n linh t\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i kho\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf \u2013 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c, m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u. (R\u1ed3i khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u00f9ng \u1edf Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i c\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1eeba k\u1ebf th\u00ec l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf kh\u00e1c: m\u00e0u d\u00e0\/\u0111\u00e0, tuy c\u00f3 khi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd l\u1eafm.) T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt - l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3n ph\u1ea7n l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u2013 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t khung c\u1ea3nh sinh ho\u1ea1t ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 ng\u01a1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u d\u00e2n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 h\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb bi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o L\u00e0nh.(14) Nh\u01b0ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o l\u00ed cao c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean v\u0103n hoa \u201cB\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d \u2013 m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a (tr\u00ean, t\u1eeb?) n\u00fai b\u00e1u \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m m\u00f9i thi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u00eam \u00e2m vang huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.(15) \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 G. Coulet ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, rao gi\u1ea3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 trong th\u00e2n x\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t: Lo\u00e0i c\u1ea7m th\u00fa c\u00f2n hay bi\u1ebft \u1ed5, Hu\u1ed1ng chi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ee1 b\u1ecf t\u1ee9 \u00e2n. (Gi\u00e1c m\u00ea [n\u00f3i l\u00e0] c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y) Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 rao gi\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ee9 \u00e2n nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 sau ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u, (16) nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u h\u1ee3p l\u00ed l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 \u00e2n nh\u01b0 suy di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt (?): \u00e2n ph\u1ee5 m\u1eabu, \u00e2n qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00e2n tam b\u1ea3o, \u00e2n ch\u00fang sanh, th\u00ec n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c rao gi\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u01b0u gi\u1eef m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf Nam K\u00ec v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Qu\u1ea3n c\u01a1 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp c\u0103n c\u1ee9 khai hoang c\u1ee7a B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf L\u00e1ng Linh (sau v\u00f9ng Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n, theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o.) Qu\u1ea3n c\u01a1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 khai hoang, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 uy th\u1ebf binh l\u1ef1c, l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 n\u1ec3 tr\u1ecdng, c\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, n\u00ean \u00f4ng ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm truy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i B\u1eedu S\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean k\u1ebb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u1edf Th\u1edbi S\u01a1n. Theo c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1edf Th\u1edbi S\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 s\u0129 thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd, chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7, nh\u1eefng \u201c\u00f4ng l\u00e0ng.\u201d(17)","\u00d4ng B\u00f9i V\u0103n Th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng Th\u1edbi S\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u00f4ng T\u0103ng ch\u1ee7 (danh x\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01b0 s\u0129), n\u1ed5i danh h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c c\u1ecdp, s\u1ea5u, \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai hoang. Em \u00f4ng, \u00f4ng B\u00f9i V\u0103n T\u00e2y \/ \u0110\u00ecnh T\u00e2y (1803 \u2013 1888) n\u1ed5i danh v\u1ec1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1eaft l\u1ec3 v\u1edbi mi\u1ec3ng s\u00e0nh, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u00e0 m\u1ee5. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Xuy\u1ebfn \/ \u0110\u00ecnh Xuy\u1ebfn (1833 \u2013 1914) ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh \u0111i\u00ean, t\u00e0, nh\u1eadn con n\u00edt kh\u00f3 nu\u00f4i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Th\u1eafng \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u1eafng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u1ee3 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u00f4 l\u1ed7, c\u1ea3 hai nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 gia nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0o quang c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o, c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7y. Ta l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ea7m tay c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7y: \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Xuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn B\u00e0 R\u1ecba thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5t mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o L\u1eadp \/ Ph\u1ea1m Th\u00e1i Chung x\u00e2y ch\u00f9a B\u1ed3ng Lai, x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 B\u1ed3ng Lai La H\u1ed3ng ti\u00ean sinh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o S\u0129 \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi: \u00f4ng Ph\u1eadt Tr\u00f9m. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i qua \u00f4ng S\u0129 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u00e8n g\u1ed1c Mi\u00ean n\u00e0y bi\u1ebft ph\u00e1t \u201cl\u00f2ng ph\u00e1i\u201d (ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn) B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u1eadu th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y. Nh\u00ecn \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Th\u1edbi S\u01a1n, ta th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m L\u00e1ng Linh \u201ctr\u00ed th\u1ee9c\u201d h\u01a1n \u2013 c\u0169ng v\u00ec c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd h\u01a1n \u2013 n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u0103n th\u01a1 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n g\u00ecn gi\u1eef cho m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1o xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh, Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Nhu, thay cha gi\u1eef m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed t\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00f4ng ghi l\u1ea1i l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y, chi ti\u1ebft ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n c\u01a1, trong S\u00e1m gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c C\u1ed1 Qu\u1ea3n (2-7-1909). M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c t\u00ean Ba Th\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn 9 quy\u1ec3n Gi\u1ea3ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xa r\u1eddi kinh k\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n, th\u00e2u nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ee5c th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m chung quanh \u2013 nh\u1edd v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u2013 m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u1edf trong c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 qua c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00f3 khi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1ee3n danh uy, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u201ch\u1eadu th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y\u201d, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o h\u1ebft v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh. \u00d4ng s\u01b0 Minh Huy\u00ean khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u201cS\u00e3i (qu\u00ea) m\u00f9a l\u1edf d\u1edf t\u00e8m hem\u201d, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ecf b\u00e0y trong Gi\u00e1c m\u00ea th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u1eefng ch\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi r\u0103n \u0111e: S\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng toan d\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e0o gi\u1ebfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0110\u1ebfn c\u01a1n ngh\u00e8o kh\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e2u? Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o d\u1ed1i nhau... v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i hi v\u1ecdng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c: B\u1eedu S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi, tay kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 v\u1ec1... T\u1edbi c\u1eeda Thi\u1ec1n th\u1eddi th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng... Qua \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00f4n ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eafng cay th\u00ec ni\u1ec1m hi v\u1ecdng tr\u1edf n\u00ean to l\u1edbn m\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c h\u01a1n: H\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n nay \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn d\u1eddi, T\u00e2y qua s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n thay \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u b\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng, Mai sau g\u1eb7p th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi ho\u00e0. (S\u00e1m gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c C\u1ed1 Qu\u1ea3n) M\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay th\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c, n\u00ean ta kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 C\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u201cchuy\u1ec3n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y\u201d: \u00f4ng Ng\u00f4 L\u1ee3i\/H\u1eefu (1830 \u2013 1890). \u00d4ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh b\u1eb1ng b\u00f9a ph\u00e9p, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111i thi\u1ebfp v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1o T\u1ee9 \u00c2n Hi\u1ebfu Ngh\u0129a v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1878, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n S\u01b0, t\u00f4n danh d\u00e0nh cho Ph\u1eadt. \u00d4ng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n ng\u00e0y t\u1eadn th\u1ebf b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5 n\u1ee9t \u0111\u00f4i n\u00fai C\u1ea5m, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u1edd \u0111\u00f3n h\u1ed9i Long Hoa \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n x\u1eed k\u1ebb l\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1c. Ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a \u1edf n\u00fai T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1edd Quan C\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 kinh \u0110\u00e0o vi\u00ean Minh th\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Quan C\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean trong","m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh k\u1ebft ngh\u0129a \u0110\u00e0o vi\u00ean (ch\u1eef \u201cngh\u0129a\u201d trong danh x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1o) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u00ednh thi\u00eang li\u00eang truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng cho t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea3o ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, khi\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1885 ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a ch\u00ednh b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng c\u00e1n Tr\u1ea7n B\u00e1 L\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean: Th\u1ea7y v\u00e3i Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ed1n s\u1ea1ch.(18) Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb n\u01a1i l\u1eddi t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch xu ph\u1ee5 th\u1eddi th\u1ebf, quy\u1ec1n uy n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 trong th\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a hai trung t\u00e2m S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u2013 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Nam K\u00ec. Tuy nhi\u00ean d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c, ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng c\u00f2n mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n ta t\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u00e9t sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed5i thay lan truy\u1ec1n theo v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n uy cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp kh\u1eafp Nam K\u00ec n\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p \u2013 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 trong t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ngay tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 sinh ho\u1ea1t \u00c2u ho\u00e1, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u01a1i phe ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 an to\u00e0n cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mang c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn v\u0103n ho\u00e1, n\u00ean v\u00f9ng Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c T\u00e0 L\u01a1n (Bokor \u2013 Kampuchia) \u2013 xa h\u01a1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf h\u01a1n \u2013 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00e1nh T\u00e2y: \u00dd ni\u1ec7m \u201cn\u00fai b\u00e1u mang h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi th\u00e2n x\u00e1c h\u1ecd. S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u2013 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean h\u1ebft c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n uy binh l\u1ef1c l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt, \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u1edbi m\u00e0 Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n c\u1ed1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i qua s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1n n\u1ea5p bi \u0111\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi si\u00eau linh. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u00ean phe ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp g\u00e2y x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 trong bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 Phan X\u00edch Long. Binh l\u1ef1c \u0111em quy\u1ec1n uy cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u00e2y n\u00ean r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Charles, trong kho\u00e1 h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ng\u00e0y 13-11-1916 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1n 1908 \u20131916 l\u00e0 do vi\u1ec7c \u201cb\u1eaft l\u00ednh\u201d g\u00e2y n\u00ean.(19) C\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c binh d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi theo l\u1ed1i b\u1eaft th\u0103m, trong th\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh trong qu\u00e2n v\u1ee5, l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n t\u00e2m l\u00ed l\u1edbn n\u01a1i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u00eam nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft l\u00ednh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 g\u00e2y kinh ho\u00e0ng kh\u1eafp x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed1n l\u00ednh tuy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n. Phan Ph\u00e1t Sanh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng (T\u00e2n An) mang \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 \u0110\u00f4ng du, tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t (1908 \u2013 1910) qua Xi\u00eam theo ng\u1ea3 Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c, H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, Kampot, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2u th\u00e1i th\u00eam \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t m\u1edb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u00f9a ch\u00fa tr\u1ecb t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh t\u0103ng th\u00eam quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, anh h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 v\u1ed1n mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng (C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ec3), l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i ra h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p H\u00e0m Nghi theo s\u1ef1 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t v\u00ec v\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1eddi. R\u1ed3i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, \u201cHo\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Phan X\u00edch Long\u201d tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Thu\u1eadn Ki\u1ec1u (Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn, 9-1912), thay th\u1ebf v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt-s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi ch\u1ebft (2-1912) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n th\u1edd c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u201cc\u00e1n b\u1ed9\u201d c\u0169ng t\u1eebng tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n, Cao Mi\u00ean k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 600 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ec9nh T\u00e2n An, Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn k\u00e9o v\u1ec1 xem Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh T\u00e2y (28-3-1913). S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1 n\u1ebfp suy t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i thay \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a b\u00e1m v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng. C\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Phan Ph\u00e1t Sanh \/ Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n L\u1ea1c \/ Phan X\u00edch Long v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Tr\u00ed ph\u00e1 Kh\u00e1m l\u1edbn c\u1ee9u Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf (3 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 15-2-1916) l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i th\u1ebf r\u1eebng n\u00fai \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft gia qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 sau. C\u00e2y c\u1edd c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ph\u00e1 Kh\u00e1m l\u1edbn n\u0103m 1916, c\u1ea5p ng\u00e0y 25-12 \u1ea4t m\u00e3o (29-1-1916), c\u00f3h\u00e0ng \u201cth\u00e1nh minh v\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1eadt\u201d gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1eef \u201cB\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n kh\u00e1c: \u201cthi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n \u2013","ti\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p\u201d. G. Coulet ghi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 M\u00e3 V\u0103n nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f3 \u1ea9n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i.(20) Coulet cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng B\u1ea3y Do \/ Cao V\u0103n Long (1855 \u2013 1926), Ch\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o Nam C\u1ef1c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean n\u00fai C\u1ea5m. \u00d4ng B\u1ea3y Do c\u1ea5t \u201cch\u00f9a\u201d tr\u00ean n\u00fai C\u1ea5m (kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng 1902), th\u1edd Th\u1ed5 th\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u, cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Ch\u00f9a c\u00f3 danh x\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Nam C\u00e1c T\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4ng (c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng khi \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y nay vi\u1ebft b\u00fat k\u00ed v\u1ec1 Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean t\u1eebng theo phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng du.(21) Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, tuy b\u1ecb che l\u1ea5p b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi, B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 ai mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y (\u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed hay \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng) th\u00ec c\u1ee9 ngh\u0129 ra m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 t\u1ee9 tuy\u1ec7t c\u00f3 4 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong b\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, ta g\u1eb7p ch\u1eef Minh s\u01b0 v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 k\u1ebb d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t), nh\u01b0ng t\u00ean ch\u00f9a Minh S\u01b0 \u0111i theo v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ga S\u00e0i G\u00f2n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9. V\u00e0 nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a Minh S\u01b0 \u1edf Ti\u1ec1n Giang hi\u1ec7n nay (tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975), th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 (r\u00e2u t\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, c\u00f3 b\u1ed3 \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc kinh \u2013 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kinh qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef) s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d4ng L\u00e3o, ta ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o D\u1ecdt, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y, gi\u1eef ch\u00f9a, v\u00ec gi\u00e0 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1eeb L\u00e3o. D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u r\u00f5 l\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5y nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch xa \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 ch\u1eef \u201cminh\u201d (Minh L\u00ed) l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Cao \u0110\u00e0i, v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc r\u1ed3i th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Minh S\u01b0 gia nh\u1eadp c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi... Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng danh x\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1edb s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t phi tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf \u2013 v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh cao \u0111\u1eb9p, cho n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean hay c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1i l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3. G. Coulet th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i k\u00edn l\u00e0ng, trong bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 gia nh\u1eadp (cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1915), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn sinh (ng\u1ef1a, ch\u00f3, heo b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9t), h\u1ecfi: \u201cAnh \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u?\u201d cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean m\u1edbi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:\u201dT\u00f4i \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 [qu\u00e2n] tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 cho ch\u00faa, \u0111\u1ec1n \u01a1n cha m\u1eb9, tr\u1ea3 o\u00e1n tr\u1ea3 h\u1eadn cho anh em.\u201d(21) C\u00f2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u201ctuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n\u201d th\u00ec th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y n\u01a1i n\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ec qu\u00e1i rao gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 h\u1ed9i Long Hoa c\u00f3 khi kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c g\u00e2y x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng, mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho h\u1ecd, t\u1eeb c\u00e1i t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 mi\u1ebfng \u0103n mi\u1ebfng u\u1ed1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn danh v\u1ecdng gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fa th\u00edch: (7) S\u01a1n Nam, Mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX \u2013 Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c Minh t\u00e2n (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1971), ttr. 68 \u2013 69, tr\u00edch m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i T\u1ee9 \u00c2n Hi\u1ebfu Ngh\u0129a. (8) G. Coulet, Cultes et religions de l\u2019Indochine annamite (Saigon, kh\u00f4ng n\u0103m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n), tr.106. V\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y, ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o, \u0111\u00e1ng d\u00e8 ch\u1eebng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 chuy\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi th\u00e2m \u00fd ch\u1ee9ng minh h\u1ecd l\u00e0 k\u1ebb n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, thu nh\u1eb7t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m.. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eadp trung l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng Kim v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0o H\u01b0ng, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y T\u00e2y An (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, in l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, 1954); r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c chen v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c: Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea7u, \u0110\u1ee9c C\u1ed1 Qu\u1ea3n hay l\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a B\u1ea3y Th\u01b0a (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1956); Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea7u, N\u1eeda th\u00e1ng trong v\u00f9ng Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1971); V\u01b0\u01a1ng Kim, B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1966). C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u00edch nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i Gi\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf ph\u1ea7n Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c, hay \u0111\u0103ng to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, cho ta bi\u1ebft h\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y. B\u00e0i x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ghi ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u201cS\u00e1m gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c C\u1ed1 Qu\u1ea3n\u201d trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y... v\u1edbi \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi so\u1ea1n l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00f4ng, h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con Qu\u1ea3n c\u01a1 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh, ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng ghi l\u00e0 15-5 K\u1ec9 d\u1eadu, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 2-7- 909. C\u0169ng \u1edf Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3","\u201cGi\u1ea3ng x\u01b0a v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y\u201d c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Danh m\u00e0 hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n \u201cGi\u1ea3ng T\u00f2ng S\u01a1n\u201d (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e0i, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u2013 T\u00f2ng S\u01a1n l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y), b\u1ecb ch\u00ea l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ho\u00e1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng trong \u201cGi\u1ea3ng x\u01b0a...\u201d c\u00f3 c\u00e2u cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y ti\u00ean tri: \u201cNg\u00e0y sau t\u00e0u ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u00e2y\u201d, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9. C\u1ee9 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba cho ph\u00e9p Nam K\u00ec h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0a sang, nh\u01b0ng Nam K\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u0129 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1t Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I. (\u0110\u1ed7 H\u1eefu V\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1edfi v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e0u li\u1ec7ng tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Mekong th\u00e1ng 6-1914). V\u00e0 trong \u201cGi\u1ea3ng x\u01b0a\u201d tuy c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc chuy\u1ec7n bu\u1ed3n m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ecdng c\u0103m th\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 h\u1eb3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 20 v\u00ec ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 1929 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea5y n\u0103m sau. (9) Qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u..., tr. 286. Nam K\u00ec phong t\u1ee5c nh\u01a1n v\u1eadt di\u1ec5n ca\u201d (1906) d\u1eabn trong Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Thanh Xu\u00e2n \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n Khu\u00ea \u2013 Tr\u1ea7n Khu\u00ea, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u2013 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh qua th\u01a1 v\u0103n (TP. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh 1987), tr. 403. (13) G. Coulet, Les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s secr\u00e8tes... ttr. 120 \u2013 132 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, ttr. 135 \u2013 136, 151, 154 v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i k\u00edn \u0110\u1ed3ng B\u00e0o \u00c1i Ch\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00f3 t\u1edd truy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 H\u00f9ng (ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 Hu\u1ef3nh) V\u0103n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh. G. Coulet d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u201cBouddha de la maison\u201d th\u00ec thu\u1eadn l\u00ed cho gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi c\u01b0 s\u0129 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u0103n ph\u00e1p H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t: Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e0 th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt\u201d c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 T\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e0 th\u1edd\u201d (t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean). (14) \u00d4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea7u (\u0110\u1ee9c C\u1ed1 Qu\u1ea3n...tr. 83) cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o L\u00e0nh l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7m t\u1eeb t\u00ean (Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n) Th\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf v\u00f9ng B\u1ea3y Th\u01b0a \u2013 L\u00e1ng Linh 1872-73. Th\u1ef1c ra, tuy G. Coulet c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t sai kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch r\u00f5 l\u00e0 \u201creligion du Bien\u201d. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh 22- 8-1873 c\u1ea5m \u201cLa secte dite \u0110\u1ea1o L\u00e0nh\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u1edbn ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m qu\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1ea9n hoang \u1edf L\u00e1ng Linh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb g\u1ed1c h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 hi\u1ec3u ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t danh x\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 g\u00ec. (15) Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Anh trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i g\u1edfi cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i (\u201cFrom Indra to Maitreya: Buddhist Influence in Vietnamese Political Thought\u201d tham d\u1ef1 cu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u00c2u-Nh\u1eadt l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i Religious Diffusion and Cultural Exchange in Southeast Asia [14th \u2013 19th Century] \u1edf Hamburg, 7 \u2013 9 th\u00e1ng 9 1998) l\u1eddi ch\u00fa s\u1ed1 50, cho bi\u1ebft: t\u00ean B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi s\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea1ng Tr\u00ecnh ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 b\u1eadc Thi\u00ean t\u1eed xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n n\u00fai b\u00e1u hay m\u1ed9t con s\u00f4ng trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng C\u1eedu Long. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi s\u1ea5m \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1ec9nh Khi\u00eam kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, theo t\u00ean g\u1ecdi s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng Nam B\u1ed9. (16) G. Coulet, s\u0111d, tr.125 ghi ch\u00fa T\u1ee9 \u00e2n l\u00e0: \u00e2n Tr\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt, \u00e2n qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00e2n cha m\u1eb9, \u00e2n s\u01b0 ph\u1ee5; Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea7u, \u0110\u1ee9c C\u1ed1 Qu\u1ea3n... ttr. 39 \u2013 41 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e2n t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean cha m\u1eb9, \u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00e2n tam b\u1ea3o, \u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o. Ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o, c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y nay. (17)Chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201cchuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp\u201d x\u00e1c th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Kim, \u0110\u00e0o H\u01b0ng, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn. (18) Nguy\u1ec5n Li\u00eang Phong, do S\u01a1n Nam tr\u00edch l\u1ea1i trong Mi\u1ec1n Nam... ttr. 71 \u2013 72 Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u (l\u00fac n\u00e0y qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9) ghi th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 L\u1ee3i l\u00e0 1829 \u2013 1909. B\u00e0 Thanh T\u00e2m Langlet (\u201cSituation de guerre et de paix dans le Sud du Vietnam actuel au XIXe si\u00e8cle\u201d trong Guerre et paix en Asie du Sud-Est, Nguy\u00ean The Anh et Alain Forest, eds., Paris 1998) ghi c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1831 \u2013 1890 [trang 283] v\u00e0 1830 \u2013 1890 [trang 286]), c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh \u201ctu\u1ed5i t\u00e2y, tu\u1ed5i ta\u201d quen thu\u1ed9c. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ea1m gi\u1eef c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1830 \u2013 1890 theo s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. C\u0169ng trong b\u00e0i tr\u00ean, b\u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Hai (v\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u), ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u Giac Linh (Gi\u00e1c Linh?), s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1849; Ng\u00f4 L\u1ee3i t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Nam Thi\u00eap (c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u","Vi\u1ec7t \u2013 trang 283.) Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u0103m ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ef3nh Ph\u00fa S\u1ed5 1945 l\u00e0 sai. (19) Revue indochinoise, t\u1eadp XXVI\/11-12, b\u1ed9 m\u1edbi, th\u00e1ng 11-12\/1916, tr. 437. (20) G. Coulet, s\u0111d, h\u00ecnh 71, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 M\u00e3 V\u0103ng, cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00ed danh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Cao V\u0103n Long, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn ch\u1eef tr\u00ean l\u00e1 c\u1edd, ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 M\u00e3 V\u1ea5n, c\u0169ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 M\u00e3 M\u00f4n; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft \u1ea9n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef m\u00f4n (ph\u00e1i). N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc M\u00e3 m\u00f4n (ph\u00e1i), ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c chi c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 M\u00e3 Si\u00eau H\u01b0ng. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Coulet mu\u1ed1n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Cao V\u0103n Long kh\u00f4ng (ttr. 162 \u2013 165) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. (21) N\u0103m ch\u1ebft, t\u00f4n hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea7u, N\u1eeda th\u00e1ng..., ttr. 164- 165. T\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 B\u1ea3y Do (Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Do). G. Coulet ghi l\u00e0 B\u1ea3y D\u1ecf v\u1edbi n\u0103m sinh theo h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 l\u00ed l\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y (ttr. 93 \u2013 103, 338 \u2013 339.) III. NH\u1eeeNG D\u00d2NG TI\u00caN TRI T\u1ea2N M\u1ea0N: C\u00c1C \u00d4NG \u0110\u1ea0O Trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a G. Coulet, tuy c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng li\u1ec7u (h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p), ta c\u0169ng mong m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn danh x\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t b\u1eadn t\u00e2m truy b\u1ee9c: c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u00ean. \u0110\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y nguy h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t an ninh, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1ecb truy b\u1ee9c, tuy r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cv\u00f4 h\u1ea1i\u201d m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin theo, bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi th\u00ec bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u1eeb \u201c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng theo s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea5t c\u00e1i ch\u00f2i l\u1ee3p l\u00e1 (c\u00e1i \u201cc\u1ed1c\u201d) ng\u1ed3i ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Sau khi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean x\u00e2y l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n c\u0169 h\u01b0 n\u00e1t th\u00e0nh (ch\u00f9a) T\u00e2y An c\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 (kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00f9a T\u00e2y An tr\u00ean n\u00fai Sam \u2013 Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c). Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea1o: \u0111\u1ea1o Xuy\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ea1o L\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ea1o S\u0129... C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ai g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh \u2013 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y \u2013 v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Nhu, con \u00f4ng, l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c t\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c C\u1ed1 Qu\u1ea3n, C\u1eadu Hai Nhu ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd l\u00e0m h\u1ecd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i danh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1i \u1edf Th\u1edbi S\u01a1n m\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt r\u1ea3i ra c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Nam K\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y T\u00e2y An: \u0110\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n S\u01b0, \u00f4ng S\u01b0 V\u00e3i B\u00e1n Khoai (+1902?), th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt Tr\u00f9m (+1875) c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u00e8n. V\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o: \u0111\u1ea1o X\u1ebfn (Sinh), \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u00f9ng \u0110i\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u ghi nh\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i \u1edf v\u00e0o v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng. C\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vai tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft d\u00e2n ch\u00fang m\u00e0 \u201c\u00f4ng Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m tr\u00f9m\u201d T\u00e0 Paul c\u00f2n gi\u1eef t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u00e8n trong khi \u00f4ng Ng\u00f4 L\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n S\u01b0, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mi\u00ean, \u00f4ng sau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t nho s\u0129 tuy r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt Tr\u00f9m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ri\u00eang, thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 phe m\u00ecnh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o S\u0129 v\u00e0 con \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Th\u1eafng, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh l\u1edbn th\u00ec t\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u01b0 \u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u0169. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, lang thang m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh hay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u1ecf. Ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c t\u00f4n ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh, hay b\u00ean l\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n ph\u00e1i \u1ea5y tuy h\u00e0nh tung v\u00e0 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft rao gi\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n ph\u00e1i \u1ea5y. C\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 pha tr\u1ed9n, c\u00f2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng khi t\u0103ng s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ed1t. M\u1ed9t","\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o tuy c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed k\u00ec qu\u00e1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng bao tr\u00f9m h\u01a1n h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u2013 hay c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Cho n\u00ean tuy m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u0111em l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho b\u00f9a ph\u00e9p ki\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch d\u1ea7n b\u00f9a ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb d\u1eabn d\u1ee5. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi c\u1ea3 hai nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ma thu\u1eadt \u2013 c\u00f2n uy t\u00edn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 cao hay th\u1ea5p th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng \u0110o\u00e0n Minh Huy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp c\u00f3 t\u00ean, h\u1edbi t\u00f3c b\u00f4m b\u00ea c\u1eaft ngang \u00f3t... c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n n\u00fai Sam n\u0103m 1933,(23) c\u00e1ch nhau g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o. T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch tu h\u00e0nh ri\u00eang r\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ng Ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh hay \u1ea9n n\u00e1u ch\u1edd th\u1eddi \u2013 ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean d\u1ec5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o, ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1ed1t m\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u00e0 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o. Nh\u00ecn chung th\u00ec m\u1ed7i \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i c\u00e1ch sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh. \u00d4ng T\u00e0 (t\u00e0) Paul xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf n\u00fai T\u00e0 L\u01a1n, ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng b\u00f9a ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o l\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm ba t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Nam K\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u0103m (1868), b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111\u00e0y C\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3o ch\u0103n heo, l\u00fac v\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u nh\u01b0ng ai c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f9 ng\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c): C\u1ea5p cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n s\u00e1p \u0111em v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1t ng\u1eedi. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 danh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u00e8n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 l\u1ea5y s\u00e1p m\u1eadt ong ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t \u1edf v\u00f9ng T\u00e0 L\u01a1n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc.(24) \u00d4ng S\u01b0 V\u00e3i B\u00e1n Khoai \u2013 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y mang danh x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u2013 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng kinh V\u0129nh T\u1ebf v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng g\u00e2y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i-c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 l\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1ee5 tu ni\u1ec7m trong t\u1eadp S\u00e1m gi\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea1o D\u1eeba (l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t Minh M\u1ea1ng t\u00e1i sanh n\u1eefa) thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean n\u00fai C\u1ea5m (ph\u00e1i H\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0), ch\u1ec9 u\u1ed1ng to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eeba v\u00e0 c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i danh v\u00ec c\u00e1i c\u1ed1c c\u1ea5t tr\u00ean c\u00e2y d\u1eeba. Ba Qu\u1ed1c (1925? \u2013 1939), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00e1nh S\u1eaft (cha \u0111\u1ebb nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Ch\u0103ng C\u00e0 Mum), t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 qu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea3o \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ebf c\u1edd g\u00e2y kinh khi\u1ebfp, n\u1ed5i danh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o T\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ec c\u1ea5t am ng\u1ed3i su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 suy t\u01b0\u1edfng. (25) \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00fai N\u1ee9a (B\u00e0 R\u1ecba), v\u1edbi t\u00ean \u1edf s\u1ed5 b\u1ed9-\u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 L\u00ea V\u0103n N\u0103m, c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y \u0111i c\u00e0o s\u00f2 b\u1eaft sam n\u00ean mang danh l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o (\u1edf) Tr\u1ea7n. \u00d4ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh b\u1eb1ng b\u00f4ng l\u00e0i c\u00fang Ph\u1eadt (h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y x\u01b0a kia) n\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o L\u00e0i. \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c \u00f4ng\u201d c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn, theo l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng, l\u00e0m ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u201cch\u00f9a\u201d: \u201cr\u00e2u t\u00f3c b\u00f9m t\u00f9m, ng\u1ed3i sau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00e0n nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e8n bong b\u00f3ng cho v\u1ecb ti\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y h\u00fat m\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1i c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed3i lim dim, l\u00e0m thinh l\u00e0m th\u1ebf c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y.\u201d C\u00f2n \u00f4ng ngu\u01a1n so\u00e1i Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc \u0110i\u1ec1n \u1edf Ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u1ec7m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0103n c\u01a1m m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0103n r\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eadu b\u1eafp, \u0111\u1eadu r\u1ed3ng, b\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5m v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng.(26) Xa h\u01a1n, \u1edf t\u1eadn ph\u00eda Nam Vang, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o N\u1ed5i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3n l\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i x\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn n\u1ed5i n\u1eeda ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngang b\u1ee5ng. T\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 theo l\u1eddi \u00f4ng, m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0a, tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edd \u0103n, qu\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u1edd trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ch\u00e1y t\u00e0n c\u00e2y nhang.(27) C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1eadp d\u1ecb, k\u00ec qu\u00e1i ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o th\u00ec gi\u00e1o l\u00ed gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eebng n\u1ea5y. Th\u1ef1c ra, \u00fd th\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed do th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c quan ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft l\u00ed (r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t hay \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u2013 n\u1ebfu ta g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n x\u1ea5u l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c ri\u00eang t\u01b0: Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang cho m\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cho n\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 c\u00f2n trong tr\u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, ho\u1eb7c m\u1edbi manh nha v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. C\u00f2n qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang th\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean c\u00f3 khi nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi danh x\u01b0ng \u1ea5y hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Cao L\u00e3nh kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1912.(28) \u00d4ng n\u00e0y lang thang t\u1eeb l\u00e0ng n\u1ecd sang l\u00e0ng kia, l\u01b0\u1ee3m r\u00e1c r\u1ebfn b\u1ecf v\u00e0o bao \u0111\u1ec7m mang sau l\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh quen thu\u1ed9c \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ng\u00e0y nay (1988) \u2013 v\u1edbi b\u1ecdc ni l\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng l\u00e0m thinh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 khu\u1ea5y ai, ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00f3 ch\u1ee3, trong ch\u00f9a mi\u1ec5u, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u00ean nh\u00e0. Nh\u00e0 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh ng\u1eb7t th\u00ec \u00f4ng t\u1edbi, nh\u00ecn m\u1eb7t r\u1ed3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y, ho\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1eddi xo\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1ea1i cho thu\u1ed1c. Thu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1edb c\u00f9i th\u01a1m (d\u1ee9a), v\u1ecf m\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u n\u1eb1m s\u1eb5n trong bao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a cho gia ch\u1ee7 s\u1eafc cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n u\u1ed1ng. Ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y, tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c","s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi hay c\u1ea3 tin c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1ecfi. C\u00f2n th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec \u00f4ng b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y. R\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea7u \u00f4ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eeda n\u0103m, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n k\u00ec, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd d\u1ecdn s\u1eb5n trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00ecm t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 h\u01a1n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u00f9ng \u0110i\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 khi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o; h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 khi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n th\u1eadt, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 mang \u00fd th\u1ee9c chung b\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng. \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c \u00f4ng\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o L\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u201cch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ch\u1eef nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u201d. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i t\u00ecnh thi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tin \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u00e2m thu\u00fd cao xa. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 \u201cl\u1ea9y\u201d ca dao t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef: Chim bay v\u1ec1 n\u00fai t\u1ed1i r\u1ed3i, Ch\u1ecb em lo li\u1ec7u l\u1ea5y n\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u c\u01a1m. l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1edf l\u00faa \u00f9n \u00f9n v\u1ec1 n\u00fai N\u1ee9a trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 3 thi\u00ean (ba tr\u0103m) gi\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau l\u00e0 U\u1ef7 vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia T\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 cu\u1ed9c Nam B\u1ed9 n\u0103m 1945, c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u201cc\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh\u201d m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o b\u00e1m v\u00e0o l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec1 h\u00e0 g\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u00f4ng Ng\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng, \u00f4ng Minh V\u01b0\u01a1ng... V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o tr\u1ea7m m\u1eb7c, nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c \u0111i t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ea7y xao xuy\u1ebfn \u00e2u lo, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, tuy c\u00f3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hi v\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u1ebd ra v\u1eabn c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng ch\u1edbi v\u1edbi, ng\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m l\u00ed t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf d\u1ecdn ch\u1ed7 cho s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cao hay th\u1ea5p, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt, \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u00f4i n\u1ea3y n\u1edf ph\u1ed3n t\u1ea1p l\u00e0m h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 phong tr\u00e0o n\u00ean m\u1edbi th\u00eam danh x\u01b0ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfm nh\u1ebd: \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ea3y, \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1ea3y. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng b\u1edfi t\u00e2m l\u00ed chung \u1ea5y b\u00e0ng b\u1eb7c trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang m\u1edbi d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o, cho d\u00f9 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh tung qu\u00e1i g\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng v\u1eady. B\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi rao gi\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u1eabn l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m thu h\u00fat s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o ti\u00ean tri \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3i m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, hay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y T\u00e2y An ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc ti\u00ean tri qua b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 xa \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u g\u1ea7n \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft t\u0103ng s\u0129 bao tr\u00f9m h\u01a1n h\u1ebft. L\u00ed thuy\u1ebft ti\u00ean tri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 d\u01b0 \u00e2m hay ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eddi l\u01b0u l\u1ea1c, c\u00f2n v\u00e0i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec1n d\u00f9 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y tu \u1edf n\u00fai Sam. Sau n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o c\u00f3 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh h\u01a1n \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u00f9ng \u0110i\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn may m\u1eafn (?) s\u1ebd l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n cho gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i rao gi\u1ea3ng chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ngu\u01a1n (nguy\u00ean) suy t\u00e0n \u2013 h\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n; m\u1ed9t ngu\u01a1n kh\u00e1c s\u1eafp m\u1edf \u2013 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u01a1n \u2013 \u0111\u00f3n ch\u00e0o nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a g\u1eaft gao \u1edf h\u1ed9i Long Hoa ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh \u1edf ngu\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n h\u1ed1i th\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u1edf h\u1ed9i Long Hoa th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ebd ra m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y t\u1eadn th\u1ebf h\u00e3i h\u00f9ng: T\u1eed \u0111\u00e2u v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 h\u1eb1ng h\u00e0, \u0110\u1ed9c tr\u00f9ng \u00e1c th\u00fa \u0111\u1ec1u ra h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1edbi n\u01a1i, Ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec gi\u1eb7c tr\u1eddi ra h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. (S\u00e1m gi\u1ea3ng [n\u00f3i l\u00e0] c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Tr\u00f9m) V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o r\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi: B\u1ea5y l\u00e2u d\u1ea1y ch\u1eb3ng nghe l\u1eddi,","\u0110\u1ec3 cho \u00e1c th\u00fa tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng \u0103n. \u0110o\u00e1i nh\u00ecn l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y t\u1ee9 gi\u0103ng, Tr\u00ean non d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng binh ch\u1eb1n k\u00e9o ra. Lao xao k\u1ebb kh\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi la, Cong l\u01b0ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y bi\u1ebft ra ng\u1ea3 n\u00e0o? (S\u00e1m gi\u1ea3ng [n\u00f3i l\u00e0] c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 V\u00e3i B\u00e1n Khoai) C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i Gi\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm xem n\u1ed7i ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n \u1ea5y b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00f3. B\u00e0i S\u00e1m gi\u1ea3ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Tr\u00f9m ghi \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng T\u00e0 Paul, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eddi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo v\u00f2ng xoay v\u1ea7n m\u00e0 d\u00e2n Khmer \u1edf ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf Nam K\u00ec c\u00f2n k\u1ec3 cho nhau nghe: C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n T\u00e9voda t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng, b\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n v\u1edbi 7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi tha h\u1ed3 thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 m\u01b0a l\u1ee5t, gi\u00f3 b\u00e3o, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ed3i sinh v\u1edbi c\u00e2y c\u1ecf n\u1ea3y ch\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2m l\u1ed9c, v\u1edbi l\u00faa m\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u01a1m ngay tr\u00ean ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng...(29) Th\u1eddi h\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i trong l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng S\u01b0 V\u00e3i B\u00e1n Khoai, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Mi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng theo Ph\u1eadt Tr\u00f9m, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i khai th\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi d\u1eef d\u1ed9i n\u00f3i tr\u00ean trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 sau, theo c\u00e1ch g\u00e1n cho ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u00f9ng \u0110i\u00ean \u1edf Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y T\u1eadn th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ti\u00ean tri C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc, tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 d\u00f2 t\u00ecm \u1edf kinh s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u01a1i b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, nh\u01b0ng ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed1i c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o trong truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadm m\u00e0u s\u1eafc B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7: Ngh\u0129 x\u01b0a h\u1ed3i thu\u1edf tri\u1ec1u Minh, B\u1eaft cha ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh nh\u01a1n d\u00e2n. (S\u00e1m gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c C\u1ed1 Qu\u1ea3n) \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea1o N\u1ed5i \u1edf Nam Vang b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3\u201d c\u00f3 s\u1ea5m n\u1ed5 ba ti\u1ebfng, t\u1ed1i tr\u1eddi t\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t, g\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e1y, ch\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee7a, s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3n, r\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u t\u00ean l\u00e0 T\u00e0u B\u00e0 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Nam Vang, m\u0169i th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 l\u00e1i n\u1eb1m t\u1eadn V\u0129nh Long! Ai ch\u1ecbu nghe theo \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec mang ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m c\u00fang (cho Ph\u1eadt \u2013 qua \u00f4ng) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean t\u00e0u tho\u00e1t n\u1ea1n, c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec b\u1ecb th\u00fa d\u1eef \u0103n th\u1ecbt. Con thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e1t nh\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o D\u1eeba tr\u1ee5 h\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u1ed3n Ph\u1ee5ng (M\u0129 Tho) v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1960, 70 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy c\u00f3 n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi con s\u00f4ng B\u1ebfn H\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i h\u00f4 h\u00e0o ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n k\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y t\u1eadn th\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft lan truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng cargo-cult n\u01a1i c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00e2u \u00dac: S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh mang l\u1ea1i ph\u1ed3n vinh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7, ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng. L\u00ed thuy\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7y s\u00f4ng r\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y th\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 con c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh con \u201cng\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u201d \u0111e do\u1ea1 \u0103n th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 ph\u00fac trong ng\u00e0y t\u1eadn th\u1ebf! Truy\u1ec7n T\u00e0u l\u1ea1i cung c\u1ea5p y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi cho phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tu luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o. \u201cNguy\u00ean so\u00e1i\u201d Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc \u0110i\u1ec1n \u1edf Ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u1ec7m t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c Cao \u0110\u00e0i t\u00e1ch ra, x\u00e2y \u201cC\u1eedu Tr\u00f9ng \u0110\u00e0i\u201d, \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u00eam xo\u00e3 t\u00f3c l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 t\u1ebf sao, t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Nha c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Chu V\u00f5 V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y ra m\u1eb7t \u0111\u0103ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00fai N\u1ee9a c\u0169ng nh\u1edb lo\u00e1ng tho\u00e1ng truy\u1ec7n Phong th\u1ea7n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 coi nh\u1eefng l\u00fac m\u00ecnh r\u1eddi n\u00fai l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh \u201c(Ph\u1eadt) xu\u1ea5t K\u00ec S\u01a1n\u201d, c\u00f2n ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh th\u00ec \u01b0a th\u00edch Chinh \u0110\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u00e0i tr\u00ed c\u1ea3nh \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1eef\u201d \u0111\u1ecdc truy\u1ec7n Ti\u1ebft Nh\u01a1n Qu\u00fd trong ch\u00f9a, \u1edf cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u0103n tr\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t c\u00e2y hai b\u00ean ki\u1ec3u Ma Thi\u00ean L\u00e3nh... C\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u1eadn ra l\u00ed do bao qu\u00e1t nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y t\u1eadn th\u1ebf, c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i","Long Hoa, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc mong thay th\u1ebf mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 suy s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00ea th\u1ea3m, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 do t\u00e2m l\u00ed b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng hay b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p so v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1. L\u1ea1i th\u00eam c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e8 \u00e9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 co r\u00fat c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u0103ng th\u00eam ni\u1ec1m tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 do ch\u00eanh m\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebb ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea5y m\u1ef1c, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u00e1u x\u01b0\u01a1ng. Gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp hay tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i thay do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, do th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, s\u1eefng s\u1edd m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eeb v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9. Th\u1eddi m\u1edbi, thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 \u201cv\u1eadt g\u00ec c\u0169ng th\u00e2u\u201d (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i v\u00e8 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c)... l\u00e0m c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e0o kinh. \u0111\u1eafp l\u1ed9 th\u1eb3ng b\u0103ng, t\u00e0u ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u00e2y, ghe \u0111i kh\u1ecfi ch\u00e8o... (Gi\u1ea3ng x\u01b0a v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y). Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n. S\u1ef1 hoang mang nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111em l\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u00e2n so s\u00e1nh, th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u201cm\u1ea5t\u201d trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt c\u00e1i \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111e do\u1ea1 h\u1ecd. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111em \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 h\u01a1n, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t an \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i sung t\u00fac c\u00e0ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lo b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 lo s\u1ee3 \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n trong th\u1ebf th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ea li\u1ec7t \u2013 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi to r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u1edd c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u00e2n ch\u00fang khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang c\u00e0ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp h\u01a1n. \u1ede Ninh Th\u1ea1nh L\u1ee3i, n\u01a1i n\u0103m 1927 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 da tr\u1eafng c\u00f3 s\u00fang \u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 da v\u00e0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng th\u00eam s\u1ee9c, (30) \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1933, n\u0103m b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111u\u1ed1i s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c g\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eady, n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ea1o \u00d4ng N\u00fai b\u1ea3o d\u1ecdn m\u00ecnh ch\u1edd h\u1ed9i Long Hoa. Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u01a1i d\u1eady, c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 b\u1ecb l\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i) \u2013 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh bu\u00f4ng tr\u00f4i cho l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ed quy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi: M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111e do\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1t m\u1ecdi s\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng, d\u1ecdn kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng cho l\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1ee5, h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00f4 ch\u1eebng h\u1ea1n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 g\u00e2y men say \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111u \u0111\u01b0a gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, gi\u1eefa th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1eefa tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f5i si\u00eau linh, hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eafng th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o T\u01b0\u1edfng (Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c) ng\u1ed3i l\u01a1 m\u01a1 t\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng Quan \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd, g\u1edfi gi\u1ea5y cho Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00f2i trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e1nh Hitler, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec1n ch\u00e9m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ebf c\u1edd xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh T\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng b\u00f9a ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 g\u01b0\u01a1m gi\u00e1o. \u1ede n\u1ea5c th\u1ee9 hai, \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc \u0110i\u1ec1n th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Cao \u0110\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, li\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ea1o ri\u00eang, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i \u0111i xa v\u00e0o m\u1ed9ng huy\u1ec5n, nh\u01b0 c\u01a1n gi\u1eadt trong gi\u1ea5c m\u00ea, b\u00e8n \u201cxu\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n\u201d \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm To\u00e0 th\u00e1nh T\u00e2y Ninh. (31) C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng gian tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u00e8 b\u1ec9u, ch\u00ea bai, hay \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0 ho\u00e3n h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 L\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy c\u00f3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201cl\u01b0u manh\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c \u201cl\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c\u201d \u1edf Phnom Penh \u0111\u00e3 nghe theo l\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o N\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i thu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec7n \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u g\u00ec l\u00e0 nghi ho\u1eb7c. \u00d4ng l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ec7 tam v\u00f9ng Ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi phe m\u00ecnh, l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u201ckhoa h\u1ecdc\u201d \u00f4ng \u0111ang theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o quen bi\u1ebft theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn k\u1ebb c\u1ea3, tuy ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp ph\u1ea3i ra tay tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed nh\u01b0 sau 1945. \u00d4ng nh\u1ea1o b\u00e1ng b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 \u0111em ba thi\u00ean l\u00faa g\u1edfi \u0110\u1ee9c \u00f4ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 tay \u201cgi\u1ef1t kho b\u1ea1c (nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc)\u201d, leo l\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n \u201ckh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0103n c\u1eafp c\u1ee7a ai\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y, khi\u1ebfn","cho b\u00e0 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn: \u201dM\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n x\u00e0i th\u00ec xin tao cho, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea1m t\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c \u00f4ng.\u201d(32) V\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ma Thi\u00ean L\u00e3nh n\u0103m x\u01b0a, \u0111\u1ebfn 1971 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1ecbnh to\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i d\u00e0i 50m, r\u1ed9ng 16m, c\u1ed9t xi m\u0103ng c\u1ed1t s\u1eaft cao 5m do ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 (?) con ch\u00e1u \u00f4ng v\u1ebd ki\u1ec3u.(33) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau 75 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di t\u1ea3n trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 do \u2013 bu\u00f4ng lung, khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t d\u00f9 c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng phong ba c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng v\u1eeba dung ch\u1ee9a v\u1eeba hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n m\u00e0 n\u1ed7i b\u00f4n ba kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea1o D\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 ng\u1ea1ch c\u00e1n s\u1ef1, n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong k\u0129 s\u01b0 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u2013 \u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n k\u0129 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 ng\u1eadp ch\u00ecm trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat r\u01a1i r\u1edbt duy l\u00ed n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn \u1edf nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Tr\u1ea7n n\u0103m x\u01b0a, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 cao c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft trong m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n \u1ea9n n\u00e1u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y c\u0169, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi s\u1ef1 si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n trong c\u01a1n m\u00ea cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01b0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n khi kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o Hu\u1ef3nh Long,(34) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, k\u1ebb \u0111em ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Cao \u0110\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ra Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o Hu\u1ef3nh \u0110\u1ea1o (C\u00e0 Mau). M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1ea5y qua nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1eadt, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng hu\u00eanh hoang hay dua n\u1ecbnh v\u00ec th\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00e2n x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i. Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, c\u00f3 \u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u00edt t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3, v\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u00ec tai ti\u1ebfng, v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng va ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn an ninh, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o \u2013 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi \u2013 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c ra, n\u00ean bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed5i ngh\u1ec1, hay l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng t\u0103m ti\u1ebfng trong am c\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a qua kh\u1ecfi t\u00ean \u201c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d, kh\u1ecfi t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 danh x\u01b0ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u201cgi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7\u201d. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00fai N\u1ee9a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 h\u1eadu c\u1ee9 Ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u1ec7m l\u00e0m \u0103n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng n\u00fai t\u1ea1o v\u1ebb huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed thu h\u00fat ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u2013 Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn; \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o D\u1eeba n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, 70 v\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho \u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, can gi\u00e1n \u201cho\u00e0 c\u1ea3 l\u00e0ng\u201d d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i dung d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00f4ng, l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi, h\u1ee3p l\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh bom \u0111\u1ea1n tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e1t nh\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed trong c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c... Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n quy t\u1ee5 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ee7 x\u01b0ng danh l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf Nam K\u00ec ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u00edt hay nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111em l\u1ea1i, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh mang t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u2013 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n, n\u01a1i c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00edu k\u00e9o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. (B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 V\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng) Click this bar to view the full image. Ghi ch\u00fa: (23) L\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u..., tr. 144. (24) V\u01b0\u01a1ng Kim \u2013 \u0110\u00e0o H\u01b0ng, s\u0111d, ttr. 118 \u2013 123; Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea7u, N\u1eeda th\u00e1ng..., tr.127. (25) Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea7u, N\u1eeda th\u00e1ng..., tr. 76 \u2013 77.","(26) Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea5n, Ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u1ec7m..., s\u0111d, ttr.304 \u2013 314. (27) L\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u..., tr. 143. (28)L\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u..., ttr. 145 \u2013 146. (29) Guy Por\u00e9e - E. Masp\u00e9ro, Moeurs et coutumes des Khmers (Paris 1938), ttr. 189 \u2013 193; Hu\u1ef3nh Ng\u1ecdc Tr\u1ea3ng, Truy\u1ec7n d\u00e2n gian Khmer Nam B\u1ed9, t\u1eadp I (C\u1eedu Long 1987), ttr. 19 \u2013 24. (30) Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (ngh\u00e8o) b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp ru\u1ed9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7, ti\u00ean ch\u1ec9 trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201c\u0111\u1ea7u g\u00e0 \u0111\u00edt v\u1ecbt\u201d (Trung Hoa + Mi\u00ean) thu\u1ed9c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi lai th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u1eafm ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Nam K\u00ec (\u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, n\u00f3i theo l\u1ed1i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd). (31) G. Gobron, Histoire et philosophie du Caodaisme (Paris 1949), tr. 132, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cle g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n \u0110i\u1ec1n\u201d. (32) Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea5n, s\u0111d, tr. 308. (33) S\u01a1n Nam, Mi\u1ec1n Nam..., ch\u00fa trang 75, l\u1ea5y \u1edf nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o \u0110u\u1ed1c nh\u00e0 Nam ng\u00e0y 22-7-1971. (34) Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea5n, s\u0111d, tr. 296, 306. IV. S\u1ef0 H\u1ed8I T\u1ee4 C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C D\u00d2NG TI\u00caN TRI: C\u00c1C GI\u00c1O PH\u00c1I a.Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 C\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ea3y\u201d n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n ti\u00ean tri kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf Nam K\u00ec, \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, tuy r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh \u1edf Nam K\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e2u h\u1ebft. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c messie h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111ang \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf Nam K\u00ec, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc K\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e1c vua M\u00e1n, th\u1ea7n T\u1ea3n Vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c sinh. Th\u00e1ng 10-1914, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e1n [Dao] Y\u00ean B\u00e1y \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 L\u1ee5c An Ch\u00e2u, Tr\u1ea1i H\u00fat, vua M\u00e1n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Nhi Keo, Qu\u1ef7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u1edbi s\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7, b\u00f9a \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea1n cho t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i chinh ph\u1ee5c Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea5t. Th\u00e1ng 1, 10-1915 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n D\u1eadu n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng \u201cth\u1ea7n T\u1ea3n Vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c sinh\u201d, b\u1eaft li\u00ean l\u1ea1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u1edbi L\u00ed V\u0103n Quy\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb1ng v\u00e2n, s\u00e1i \u0111\u1eadu th\u00e0nh binh, v\u00e0 L\u00ed V\u0103n Th\u1ea3o, qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.(35) C\u1ea3 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y nguy\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c chung quanh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn. N\u0103m 1927, J. E. Kremlin(36) k\u1ec3 ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda mi\u1ec1n Trung l\u00ean, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e0o t\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y xu\u1ed1ng, theo \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u201cg\u1ea1t g\u1eabm\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tin h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng ti\u00ean tri. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e0o n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 k\u1ebb n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1870 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf H\u1ea1 L\u00e0o, tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Brao, s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai, l\u0103n \u0111\u00e1 xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, s\u1edf d\u0129 y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c v\u00ec trong sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u01a1ngao \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1edd \u0111\u00f3n ia, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n thi\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 ho\u00e1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e0ng. C\u00e1i kh\u00e1c \u1edf v\u00f9ng trung ch\u00e2u, l\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1edd \u0111\u00f3n b\u1eadc ti\u00ean tri \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edfi kh\u1ed1i Minh d\u00e2n l\u01b0u vong v\u00e0 l\u1edbp b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n Khmer nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, nh\u00ecn \u1edf m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c th\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i Long Hoa, \u00edt hay nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eabn h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t bi quan, \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c mong \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u01a1n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3y gi\u1ee5a tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ecm ng\u1eadp. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng T\u00e2y, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng H\u1ed3ng L\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thua thi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 minh ch\u00faa, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m thua s\u00fat tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3nh \u00c2u ho\u00e1 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1p x\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o Xo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u00f9ng Hu\u1ef3nh Ph\u00fa S\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1940, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi t\u1eeb hai l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u","thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t b\u00ean t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u00eda d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u00ean kia, ph\u00eda ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u01a1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i, n\u00ean ch\u00ea bai k\u1ebb \u201cnh\u1ed3i s\u1ecd nh\u01a1n sanh\u201d m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh (nh\u01a1n sanh)\u201d: \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c bao nhi\u00eau d\u00e1m g\u1ecdi th\u1ea7n, Bia danh m\u00f4 ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eeba d\u00e2n. Tr\u1eddi \u00c2u t\u1ea5n ho\u00e1 nh\u1edd khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea5t \u00c1 suy \u0111\u1ed3i t\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfng th\u00e2n. C\u00f2n \u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng quen v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00e0 \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi theo s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u01b0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u2013 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ed9 ra t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ec9nh, g\u1ea1t ph\u0103ng s\u1ef1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1c: \u0110\u00e2u m\u00e0ng b\u00e1 t\u00e1nh g\u1ecdi danh th\u1ea7n, T\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c huy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. B\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng cha ta \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3c, Noi theo t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7ng g\u00ecn th\u00e2n.(37) S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u00f9ng, c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i thay l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu ch\u1ec9 trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Nam K\u00ec (xem sau). S\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1ed9 ra trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 kia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c gh\u00ecm gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1o trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed x\u1ee9 Nam K\u00ec nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i theo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1eadp n\u00ean d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u01b0u th\u1ebf ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd tan v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t, c\u00f9ng chung c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp T\u1ee9 \u00c2n Hi\u1ebfu Ngh\u0129a, Minh S\u01b0... g\u1ed1c v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y, ch\u1eb1m ru\u1ed9ng mon men l\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, tr\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00f4i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u1edb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c trong v\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, r\u1ed3i ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u thu nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u201ck\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp c\u0169. Do tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf co r\u00fat quay l\u01b0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u00c2u ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp kia m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o- m\u1edbi, qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, ra kh\u1ecfi x\u1ee9 Nam K\u00ec, chen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, x\u1ee9 s\u1edf, c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng vang qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. b. \u0110\u1ea1o Cao \u0110\u00e0i, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean, h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y.(38) Ta ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn xem c\u00e1i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t \u2013 Nam K\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp th\u1ebf n\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u00f4i. H\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, quan ni\u1ec7m ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nghi l\u1ec5 ban s\u01a1 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea1o Minh L\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1926, l\u00e0 n\u0103m x\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1o. D\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng sau n\u00e0y (1935), H\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng T\u1eafc c\u1ed1 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb Minh L\u00ed sang Cao \u0110\u00e0i (\u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u), ta v\u1eabn bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ti\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng t\u01b0 ch\u1ee9c, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t c\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Minh L\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u00f4ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng L\u00ea V\u0103n Trung \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0n x\u00e2y-c\u01a1 nghe l\u1eddi th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o t\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng t\u1eeb bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tham gia giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t \u1edf t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9: \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1c ph\u1ee7 s\u1ee9, ph\u1ee7, huy\u1ec7n, b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7... C\u00e1i sinh l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o h\u01a1n Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1ea7n linh v\u00e2y quanh c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f5i-tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. Tuy c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ea7n b\u00ed lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a: D\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i b\u00e0n xoay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u201cph\u00e1p s\u01b0\u201d T\u00e2y gh\u00e9 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u1ecdn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n linh qua c\u00e1i gi\u1ecf \u2013 \u0110\u1ea1i ng\u1ecdc c\u01a1. Ngay \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho Cao \u0110\u00e0i, tuy s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e9p th\u00f4i mi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ed1t (qua b\u00e0n h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u0103ng) c\u0169ng mang c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a: Minh L\u00ed. Ch\u1eef minh b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c x\u01b0a: Minh L\u00ed, Minh S\u01b0, Minh T\u00e2n, Minh Thi\u1ec7n, Minh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. \u1ede c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xa h\u01a1n, ta g\u1eb7p Minh","Ch\u01a1n L\u00ed (M\u0129 Tho), Minh Ch\u01a1n \u0110\u1ea1o (B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau), Minh Chi\u00eau \u0110\u00e0n (C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1). Ch\u00ednh ch\u1eef minh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ta hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Cao \u0110\u00e0i trong qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang khi l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft Tam gi\u00e1o h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ma thu\u1eadt th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, l\u1ea1i \u0111em cho \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y H\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng T\u1eafc h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1\u201d. Qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i mang ch\u1eef Minh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 nhau v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, v\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t ra \u0111\u1eddi \u2013 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n, c\u00f9ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i \u1ea5y. Trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp \u0111i th\u0103m c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a Minh S\u01b0 v\u00f9ng M\u0129 Tho (tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975) nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3c, qu\u1ef3 tr\u00ean b\u1ed3 \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc kinh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh cao ni\u00ean \u2013 \u00f4ng L\u00e3o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cc\u00f5ng\u201d v\u1ec1 Th\u00e1nh th\u1ea5t T\u00e2y Ninh \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi. V\u00e0 nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ec5 tr\u1eafng tinh \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Phan X\u00edch Long \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n x\u1ee9 Phan Thi\u1ebft khi\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m Li\u00ean Th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed3n \u0111i b\u00e1o T\u00e2y (1913) \u2013 c\u0169ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1eafng \u1ea5y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed mang tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ph\u00e1 Kh\u00e1m l\u1edbn c\u1ee9u \u201cvua\u201d ba n\u0103m sau. D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eadt r\u00f5. B\u1edfi s\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi ch\u00f9a Minh S\u01b0, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nam K\u00ec, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh Cao \u0110\u00e0i \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u2013 m\u1edbi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i khai \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y 14, 15, 16 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e2m l\u1ecbch n\u0103m 1926 \u1edf ch\u00f9a T\u1eeb L\u00e2m (G\u00f2 K\u00e9n \u2013 T\u00e2y Ninh). T\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1m th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3: h\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 n\u01a1i t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u dao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u1ee9. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Cao \u0110\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i b\u1eadc minh ch\u00faa \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf ri\u1ec5u th\u01b0\u1eddng hay qu\u00ean khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ed5 l\u1ed1n\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang c\u00e1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em n\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u00fa Qu\u1ed1c xa x\u00f4i, trong v\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed T\u00e0 L\u01a1n (Bokor \u2013 Kampuchia), l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 Ng\u00f4 V\u0103n Chi\u00eau (1878 \u2013 1932). B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb 1919, qua ph\u00e9p c\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sinh ho\u1ea1t tinh th\u1ea7n n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1eafng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Cao \u0110\u00e0i. Ni\u1ec1m tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c g\u1ed1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngoi l\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u1eadc thang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cao nh\u1edd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u, gia th\u1ebf g\u1ed1c \u0110\u00e0ng C\u1ef1u th\u00ec quay l\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi, n\u1eeda v\u00ec ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng, n\u1eeda run s\u1ee3 v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai tho\u00e1t ngo\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng quen thu\u1ed9c.(39) \u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Cao \u0110\u00e0i c\u0169ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi h\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i Long Hoa, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ti\u00ean tri m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1eafc th\u00e1i l\u1ea1c quan h\u01a1n cho phong tr\u00e0o, so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u0111em gom c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ti\u00ean tri c\u0169 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111ang th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n uy cho lui v\u00e0o d\u0129 v\u00e3ng, h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng l\u00ean t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd l\u00f4i c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169 ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n kh\u00e9p k\u00edn x\u01b0a nh\u1edd v\u00e0o v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y qua m\u1edb s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, sinh ho\u1ea1t m\u1edbi \u2013 v\u1eeba t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecd thu nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecd th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn trong c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5. Theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng linh (spiritisme) mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, n\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi Cl. Flammarion, Descartes, Jeanne d\u2019Arc, Chateaubriand, v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean l\u00e0 Victor Hugo \/ Nguy\u1ec7t T\u00e2m Ch\u01a1n nh\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp c\u0169 th\u00ec m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00ean \u00f4ng L\u00ed Th\u00e1i B\u1ea1ch. S\u1ef1 b\u00f3 g\u1ecdn trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn J\u00e9sus trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o ngo\u1ea1i lai m\u00e0 qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng do m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc ti\u00ean tri s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp. Tuy c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i \u2013 (s\u01b0) Nguy\u1ec5n Kim Mu\u00f4n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng duy c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Soufisme H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng t\u00ean Mahomed trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed5ng ho\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, r\u00f5 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n trong ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vinh Thanh trong d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh"]