SachMoi.Net_Than-Nguoi-va-Dat-Viet

["Th\u00e1nh th\u1ea5t Nam Vang ng\u00e0y 22-5-1937 c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 cao c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00fap \u00edch cho s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng cao l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f2n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1o. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e0y d\u1ea1n L\u00ea V\u0103n Trung khuynh lo\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai s\u00e1ng Ng\u00f4 V\u0103n Chi\u00eau m\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0a \u0110\u1ea1o qua nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 sau \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng T\u1eafc bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Hi\u1ec7p Thi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o To\u00e0 th\u00e1nh T\u00e2y Ninh, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng y\u1ebfu \u0111i v\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 li gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh qua t\u1eadn th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cT\u1ea7n\u201d \u2013 Nam Vang. V\u1ecb th\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0110\u1ea1o. Ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y hai th\u00e1ng sau ng\u00e0y m\u1edf m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf G\u00f2 K\u00e9n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. T\u1ed5ng, l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 \u0111i theo c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u1eddi k\u00ec ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 ba\u201d g\u1ed3m th\u00e2u 3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169 k\u0129 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng (\u0111\u1ea5ng Kit\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi c\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh), nh\u01b0ng n\u00e9t b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n v\u1eabn n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt. Khi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u1edf G\u00f2 K\u00e9n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 Long Th\u00e0nh (T\u00e2y Ninh) th\u00e1ng 7- 1927 ki\u1ebfm n\u01a1i an to\u00e0n th\u00ec v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh hay c\u1ed1 \u00fd, s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u1edf m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1ecf r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o m\u1eadt th\u00e1m ng\u00e0y 2-6-1927 cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mi\u00ean qu\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00e1i t\u1eed S\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1t Ta: Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00e1i t\u1eed c\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a, m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng Khmer c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 cai tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng x\u1ee9 s\u1edf. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, d\u00f9 Ho\u00e0ng gia Mi\u00ean v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf To\u00e0 th\u00e1nh t\u1ea1m, v\u00f5 trang \u0111ao ki\u1ebfm, ng\u00f3ng ch\u1edd \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u2013 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 Minh ch\u00faa, Minh v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1ed1t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t H\u00e1n!(40) V\u00e0 l\u1ebd d\u0129 nhi\u00ean y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady t\u1eebng l\u00fac. Vua Mi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1m th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh k\u00e9o nhau \u0111i T\u00e2y Ninh xem m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee9u tinh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Khmer trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t tr\u00f4ng ch\u1eebng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi \u0111ang tom g\u00f3p nh\u1eefng chi, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef \u201cminh\u201d t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u201cC\u1ed1 qu\u1ea3n\u201d Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n h\u1ecd. N\u0103m 1926, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean m\u1eddi \u00f4ng d\u1ef1 bu\u1ed5i x\u00e2y c\u01a1 - l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Minh L\u00ed, anh ta khoe l\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fac s\u1eafp thi T\u00fa t\u00e0i I ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e1m vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Cognacq. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea5u gi\u1ebfm t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ghi tr\u00ean danh thi\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng ch\u1eef \u201cr\u00e9volutionnaire annamite\u201d, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4ng linh, chi\u00eau h\u1ed3n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e0n! M\u1eadt th\u00e1m c\u0169ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u00f3 \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi d\u00e2n, n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ea3n Hi\u1ec7p Thi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0i Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng T\u1eafc, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i g\u00e2y ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3, n\u1ebfu b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang s\u00f4i s\u1ee5c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1m l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ngang t\u1ea7m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00fac h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i kh\u00fam n\u00fam \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean b\u00e0n \u201cs\u1ebfp\u201d. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1edd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 bi\u1ebft l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang. Ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i sao Cao \u0110\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Nam K\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng khai sinh n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1edfi c\u01a1 s\u1edf qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng khu\u00f4n n\u1eafn theo s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. Nam K\u00ec l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh cho x\u1ee9 B\u1eafc K\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ham b\u01a1 s\u1eefa T\u00e2y. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Cambodge th\u1ea5y Cao \u0110\u00e0i c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Mi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cao \u0110\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cc\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p\u201d, hay \u201cd\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Nam K\u00ec\u201d m\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Mi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u1ec5 khai \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Cao \u0110\u00e0i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a 28","l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 247 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0a ra ng\u00e0y 7-10-1926, g\u1edfi cho Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nam K\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \/ ph\u00e1p l\u00ed ti\u1ebfp theo, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n v\u1ed1n th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i g\u00f3p ch\u1ebft trong tr\u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o s\u1ebd g\u00e2y r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i cho h\u1ecd \u2013 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 Trung, B\u1eafc h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0m ngay, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nam tri\u1ec1u cao th\u1ea5p h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc. Qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh Cao \u0110\u00e0i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u00e0o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, v\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u1edd b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi M\u1eabu qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u201ch\u01b0\u01a1ng xa\u201d (exotisme) khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f2 m\u00f2 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, nh\u00ecn \u0110\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng con m\u1eaft khoan dung (c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u1edfi m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd?), n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia F. Challaye, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tham d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi... B\u00e1o ch\u00ed t\u00ecm tin h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch mu\u1ed1n t\u1ecf ra l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, c\u00e1c v\u0103n s\u0129 \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gia cao ng\u1ea1o ngay trong th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i... t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201ctuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n\u201d \u1ea5y, Cao \u0110\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, t\u1eeb tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u0103n minh \u00c2u T\u00e2y, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng Cao \u0110\u00e0i l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0103n \u0111\u00f2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 ng\u00f3n \u0111\u00f2n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tru\u00e2n chuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngay trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u0169ng mang \u00fd th\u1ee9c si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n ngo\u1ea1i lai c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat h\u1ecd, vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh cao sang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn th\u00eam tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng. Trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec ngo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c, s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n do kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb che l\u1ea5p b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 do tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c g\u1ee3i n\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ra \u0111i l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e2y ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ec3 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c \u2013 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng v\u1eabn g\u00e2y n\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u1edbi Cao \u0110\u00e0i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ed3i c\u00f2n trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi h\u1ecd hay v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, v\u1eabn coi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p (c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i chung, mang nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u00e0nh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o th\u1eddi h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n phe ph\u00eda nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tranh ch\u1ea5p th\u00ec th\u1ea5y d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c chen v\u00e0o, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng h\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n \u2013 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u01a1n c\u1ee7a l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, chia x\u1ebb b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng chung \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Gnhi ch\u00fa: (35) S\u01a1n Nam, Mi\u1ec1n Nam..., ttr. 64 \u2013 65, ch\u00fa s\u1ed1 1, l\u1ea5y t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Bao La C\u01b0 S\u0129 trong V\u0103n ho\u00e1 nguy\u1ec7t san, s\u1ed1 53, nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1eeb G. Coulet, Les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s..., ttr. 18 \u2013 19. Di c\u1ea3o tri\u1ebft l\u00ed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0 k\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Duy D\u00e2n, L\u00ed \u0110\u00f4ng A, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 cho th\u1ea5y khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (th\u1ea7n b\u00ed) n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u00f2n tin r\u1eb1ng l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a ch\u1ebft, c\u00f2n n\u00e1u m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1edd d\u1ecbp t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c di c\u1ea3o, ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o (nh\u01b0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd) m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong d\u00f2ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc ti\u00ean tri, b\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eeb nam ch\u00ed b\u1eafc, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady ta l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf kh\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi di t\u1ea3n, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean l\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1m dung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n to r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c.","Kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0ng l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Kh\u00e1ng Chi\u1ebfn Ho\u00e0ng C\u01a1 Minh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ebft \u0111i. \u201c\u00d4ng\u201d \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u00e0\u201d nh\u01b0 Thanh H\u1ea3i V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u01b0, th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. T\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t M\u0129 l\u00e0 First Amendment khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 Vi Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i l\u00e0m vua, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed l\u00f2n tr\u00f4n, th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 qu\u00e1 li\u1ec1n h\u1ea1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m th\u1ea7n t\u1eed m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ee5t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, treo c\u1edd, l\u1ea1y h\u00ecnh, qu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea3o ph\u1ed1 Bolsa \u2013 qu\u1eadn Cam h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1999. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e1u m\u00ecnh k\u0129 h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng D\u1ecbch l\u00ed c\u1ee7a L\u00ed \u0110\u00f4ng A hay Vi\u1ec7t nho c\u1ee7a Kim \u0110\u1ecbnh, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc V\u0103n khoa S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u0169 \u2013 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng h\u00f9a theo cho c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 Ba, b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp s\u1ef1 khinh mi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, cho c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9! V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3n vua t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, xem Ng\u00f4n V\u0129nh, B\u00ean kia C\u1ed5ng Tr\u1eddi (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1985), s\u00e1ch ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ho\u00e1 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e8o [Hm\u00f4ng] \u1edf M\u00e8o V\u1ea1c, \u0110\u1ed3ng V\u0103n c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1959-60 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3n \u201cvua M\u00e8o\u201d \u1edf b\u00ean kia bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd vua M\u00e8o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1edd m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u01a1n (m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eadn t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3), d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng h\u01a1n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169 k\u0129, ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i sau 1975, an \u1ee7i t\u00ean ngu\u1ef5 th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf \u0111ang \u201cch\u00e9m tre \u0111\u1eb5n g\u1ed7 tr\u00ean ng\u00e0n\u201d: \u201cR\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c anh ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n b\u1ea5m n\u00fat l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ngay\u201d. (36) J.E. Kemlin, \u201cL\u2019Alliance chez les Reungao\u201d, BEFEO XVII(1917), tr. 58. (37) Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o, S\u1ea5m gi\u1ea3ng... ttr. 235 \u2013 237. (38) L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o Cao \u0110\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u2013 Gabriel Gobron \/ S\u01b0 huynh Gago, ghi trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m in sau khi ch\u1ebft: Histoire et philosophie du Caodaisme - Bouddhisme r\u00e9nov\u00e9, Spiritualisme vietnamien, Religion nouvelle en Eurasie, Paris 1949. \u00d4ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Cao \u0110\u00e0i \u0111i d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, th\u1ea7n linh h\u1ecdc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Cao \u0110\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n trong F. Challaye, Petite histoire des grandes religions, Paris 1949. V\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u0103m 1933 c\u1ee7a La Laurette, Thanh tra ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Nam K\u00ec v\u00e0 Vilmont, Tham bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec9nh T\u00e2y Ninh. (Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y.) L\u1eddi d\u00e8 b\u1ec9u ch\u00ea bai th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0o Trinh Nh\u1ea5t, C\u00e1i \u00e1n Cao \u0110\u00e0i, Saigon 1929; L. Chochod, Occultisme et magie en Extr\u00eame Orient, Inde \u2013 Indochine \u2013 Chine, Paris 1949. \u00d4ng n\u00e0y chia x\u1ebb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a L. Marty trong Contributions \u00e0 l\u2019histoire des mouvements politiques de l\u2019Indochine francaise, c\u00f3 gi\u1ecdng coi th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Cao \u0110\u00e0i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1o c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n lu\u00e2n l\u00ed cao (k\u00eau g\u1ecdi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, b\u00e1c \u00e1i, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i) n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh tin theo. Cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u00f4ng k\u00edch gay g\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf Nam K\u00ec m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1o sau 1945, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u1edf xa nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u201ct\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8-1945. (39) L\u00ea V\u0103n Ph\u00e1t, La vie intime..., ttr. 46-48, k\u1ec3 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e0n th\u1ec9nh ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p tham d\u1ef1 \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c, H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u201clong m\u1ea1ch T\u00e0 L\u01a1n ch\u1ea1y qua\u201d. G. Gobron (s\u0111d, Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c) ch\u00e9p ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Ng\u00f4 V\u0103n Chi\u00eau theo La Revue du Caodaisme s\u1ed1 22, 3-1933. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3. C\u1eadu b\u00e9 s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4 nu\u00f4i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb l\u00fac 12 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 theo b\u1eadc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, qua trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u0129 Tho v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c. D\u1ef1a theo n\u0103m sinh (t\u1ea1m cho l\u00e0 khai sinh th\u1eadt: 28-2-1878) v\u00e0 x\u00e9t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eeb l\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 gi\u1ea5u con, b\u1eaft con t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc thay, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y sau leo \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1ee7, \u0110\u1ed1c Ph\u1ee7 S\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ta cho r\u1eb1ng khi b\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1o n\u00f3i","\u201cc\u1eadu b\u00e9... bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn xin ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec9nh M\u0129 Tho cho h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng\u201d t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1i may m\u1eafn trong ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu. Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y c\u1eadu b\u00e9 bi\u1ebft truy\u1ec7n T\u00e0u t\u1eeb l\u00fac nh\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ph\u00eda \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f2n s\u00e1ch c\u1eadu th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u201cMinh Th\u00e1nh Kinh\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3n Quan \u0111\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n cho. C\u0169ng theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01a0n tr\u00ean b\u1ea3o l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1o m\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i c\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1902 \u1edf Th\u1ee7 D\u1ea7u M\u1ed9t. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1edbm n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf th\u1eddi gian nung n\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc mong \u0111\u1ed5i thay \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. (40) L\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u..., ttr. 133-134. c. Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u00ean t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Cao \u0110\u00e0i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n t\u00ean \u201cPh\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n\u201d (Bouddhisme r\u00e9nov\u00e9 \u2013 F. Challaye) kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Nam K\u00ec, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Nam K\u00ec. Th\u1ef1c ra, nh\u1eefng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m gi\u1eefa hai cu\u1ed9c Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn, c\u0169ng g\u00e2y th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh cho Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i chung tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed3i sinh Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf m\u1edbi: c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o... Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng b\u1edfi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Nam K\u00ec, t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u2013 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o h\u1ed3i sinh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, mang danh x\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, k\u00e8m theo t\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn: Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u00f9ng Hu\u1ef3nh Ph\u00fa S\u1ed5 (1920 \u2013 1947). C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Cao \u0110\u00e0i, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong phong tr\u00e0o, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby trong v\u00f9ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00edt \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed r\u00e0nh r\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec v\u1eabn \u1edf trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u1eadt m\u00f9 m\u1edd. Ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i k\u00edn tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1945 c\u1ee7a B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 T\u1ee9 \u00c2n Hi\u1ebfu Ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 sau 1945 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5m k\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng (nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u00edt v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kia). \u0110\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi th\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u1ec5 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng mu\u1ed1n gi\u00e0nh t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 phe m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tinh th\u1ea7n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y. T\u1eadp h\u1ecdp S\u1ea5m gi\u1ea3ng thi v\u0103n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Hu\u1ef3nh Gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 do Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n (1966) mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1 r\u00e0nh r\u1ebd, gi\u00fap ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n b\u00ean trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7, th\u00eam nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng do t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ghi l\u1ea1i(41) s\u1ebd l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u1ea3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u1ea5y sinh n\u0103m 1920, con th\u1ee9 ba trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7, h\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1eadu xong b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc r\u1ed3i ngh\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u1ed1m \u0111au qu\u1eb7t qu\u1eb9o (s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t, di tinh). S\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed huy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c, k\u00ec b\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o ta, \u0111\u1ea1o Mi\u00ean, c\u1ee7a b\u00f9a ch\u00fa, g\u1ed3ng ng\u00e3i... th\u00ec c\u1eadu T\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng b\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3 d\u1eaft l\u00ean Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n cho \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y Xom \/ \u0111\u1ea1o Xom n\u00fai Tr\u00e0 S\u01b0 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, hay nh\u1edd c\u1eady m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 g\u1ed3ng ng\u00e3i Th\u1ed5, Xi\u00eam t\u1eebng l\u00ean n\u00fai T\u00e0 L\u01a1n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng 6 n\u0103m b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n, hai l\u1ea7n \u0111i T\u00e0 L\u01a1n, c\u00f3 ai hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n g\u00ec trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean d\u00f9 sao v\u1eabn l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u1ea5y? M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i T\u00e0 L\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u00ednh m\u1eabn c\u1ea3m, \u0111i \u0111i v\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 trong tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1n","c\u00f9ng, sao kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n? \u201c\u01a0n tr\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh tr\u00fat ve cho s\u1ea1ch v\u1eady\u201d, l\u1eddi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o 20 tu\u1ed5i (ta) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eafng b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n. H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i S\u1ea5m gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 th\u01a1 c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1939-1940, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng \u1ea5y thu nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 t\u1eeb r\u1eebng n\u00fai, x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng chung quanh. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i x\u1eed th\u1ebf, l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n T\u00e0u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 nhu c\u1ea7u tinh th\u1ea7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng: Phong th\u1ea7n, H\u00e1n S\u1edf tranh h\u00f9ng, Chinh \u0110\u00f4ng, Nh\u1ea1c Phi, T\u00e2y du... C\u00f2n Ki\u1ec1u, L\u1ee5c V\u00e2n Ti\u00ean th\u00ec h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean s\u00e1ch, s\u00e2u l\u1eafm l\u00e0 th\u00eam ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Gia T\u0129nh tri\u1ec1u Minh. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Kh\u00f9ng \u0110i\u00ean th\u00ec th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00f4ng ngh\u00eanh d\u1ec5 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp thu Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ebf X\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n Khuy\u1ebfn xa x\u00f4i trong kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m \u201cnghe n\u00f3i\u201d. Trong gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh \u0111i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o, khung c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd ra l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u201cL\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u\u201d Nam K\u00ec tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed3. Cho n\u00ean d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc\u201d th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i trong h\u01a1n 300 c\u00e2u th\u01a1 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n l\u1ee5c b\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 tuy\u1ec7t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eebng l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 Long Hoa, R\u1ed3ng M\u00e2y, M\u00e2y R\u1ed3ng... Trong v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u00c2u ho\u00e1, m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi b\u00e0i b\u00e1c theo ki\u1ec3u d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng: M\u1ea5y anh th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c Lang Sa, C\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed5 m\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n... bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u00fd th\u1ee9c co c\u1ee5m nh\u1ea5t \u2013 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7u l\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f2n x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 sau n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 b\u1ecbt k\u00edn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf ra v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec k\u1ebb chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 t\u00ean x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i chung quanh \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi l\u1edbp qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tin theo, ph\u1ee7 v\u00e2y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n \u0111ang k\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb. Cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0111\u1eadm nh\u1ea5t), T\u1ee9 \u00c2n, \u0111\u1ea1o L\u00e0nh, Minh ho\u00e0ng (nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o T\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9ng x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi), Minh v\u01b0\u01a1ng, Long Hoa, h\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n... \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1eadt, c\u00f3 t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho b\u1ebf t\u1eafc r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n x\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh phi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u00e0y 18-5 K\u1ec9 m\u00e3o (4-7-1939) \u2013 sau n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y m\u1edf m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cLinh Kh\u1ee9u S\u01a1n th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng\u201d(42) theo c\u00e1ch b\u00e1n con cho Ph\u1eadt c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ma thu\u1eadt. Th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e2n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m t\u01b0, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean v\u1eabn l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u1ea5y, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c l\u1ec5 long tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh tho\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a thi\u00eang li\u00eang. V\u00ec th\u1ebf sau \u0111\u00f3, \u201c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n\u201d n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n x\u01b0a, \u201cn\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2u tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ea5y\u201d cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tin theo, tin \u1edf nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i tr\u00fang v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00ed do ngo\u1ea1i lai, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u2013 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i, v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c phi bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u00f2n g\u00e2y th\u1eafc m\u1eafc. S\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t x\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft d\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 Hu\u1ef3nh Ph\u00fa S\u1ed5 v\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn y b\u00e1t t\u1eeb B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp \u201c\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d do t\u00ednh thi\u00eang li\u00eang chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 qua x\u00e1c ph\u00e0m l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Tr\u00f9m, \u0110\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n S\u01b0, S\u01b0 V\u00e3i B\u00e1n Khoai \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u00f9ng (cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 l\u1eddi x\u01b0ng l\u00e3o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh t\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eafp t\u1edbi, gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ee3i h\u1ed9i Long Hoa \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecfi m\u00f2n, nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 gi\u00e0 80 tu\u1ed5i th\u1eafc m\u1eafc h\u1ecfi Th\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt kh\u00f4ng. Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1, l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed9ng binh, ki\u1ec3m tra thanh ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh to\u00e0n c\u00f5i Nam K\u00ec. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i Gi\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 2, th\u1ee9 4 c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng ra \u0111\u1eddi sau cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2u x\u00e9 Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc, Ba Lan, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfn tranh qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh t\u1eadn th\u1ebf, h\u1ebft th\u1eddi h\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n, ch\u1edd l\u00fac x\u1eed ph\u00e2n: Nam Vi\u1ec7t v\u00f4 v\u01b0\u01a1ng, tai \u00e1ch th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c. ... Ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n t\u00ecm b\u00e1t nh\u00e3 tho\u00e0n, Sau m\u1edbi kh\u1ecfi h\u00f9m tha s\u1ea5u b\u1eaft.","Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, theo \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o, l\u00fac n\u00e0y, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi h\u1ed3i x\u1eed ph\u00e2n: H\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n nay \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft r\u1ed3i, ... H\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n s\u1eafc l\u1ecbnh khai k\u00ec Long Hoa. Chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e0ng v\u00e0o s\u00e2u, c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o d\u1eef d\u1ed9i: Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5, quy c\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t kim, \u0110\u1ed5 m\u00e1u tu\u00f4n r\u01a1i, R\u1ed3ng M\u00e2y h\u1ed9i y\u1ebfn. C\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t, cu\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed3ng g\u00e0o th\u00e9t do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i lo s\u1ee3. Nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng theo th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, r\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 \u2013 l\u00e0m t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0 Bazin \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u201cquy y\u201d! \u2013 h\u1ecd \u0111em b\u1ee9ng \u201c\u00f4ng T\u01b0\u201d ra kh\u1ecfi l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m. V\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Kh\u00f9ng \u0110i\u00ean, khi g\u1eb7p bi\u1ebfn n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra mang \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean nh\u00e0 qu\u00ea l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1eb7p c\u00f2 b\u00f3t: B\u00e0i th\u01a1 t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 b\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i, cu\u1ed1ng qu\u00fdt, c\u00f3 l\u1eddi than v\u00e3n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u1ed1i che \u0111\u1eady. L\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 v\u1edbi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3, v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed h\u01b0 h\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m theo m\u1ed9t toan t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 \u1ea9n ch\u00fat ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n duy l\u00ed \u2013 nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c \u0111i. Th\u1eddi gian h\u1ea1 b\u00e1n ni\u00ean 1940 qua n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u 1941 \u1edf nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0111i\u00ean) Ch\u1ee3 Qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho \u0110\u1ea1o m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 sau. Trung t\u00e2m Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n v\u1edbi b\u00f9a ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 xa \u00f4ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m S\u00e0i G\u00f2n d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea7n linh nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1ecbp suy ngh\u0129, \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t \u00edt t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi x\u01b0ng Kh\u00f9ng, \u0110i\u00ean, \u00f4ng l\u00e3o \u0110\u01b0a \u0110\u00f2, l\u00e3o B\u00e1n Khoai... m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u201cS\u00e3i Kh\u00f3\u201d, \u201cT\u0103ng S\u0129\u201d, c\u1ee7a \u201cC\u01b0 S\u0129 Canh \u0110i\u1ec1n\u201d, c\u1ee7a \u201cV\u00f4 Danh C\u01b0 s\u0129\u201d vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i Khuy\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch Th\u00edch Ca, gi\u00e1o l\u00ed nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eeb th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p sang t\u0103ng s\u0129 ch\u1ecbu n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, \u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7y b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1ecb xua \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp, \u0111\u1ea1o-m\u1edbi c\u00f3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi y\u00ean b\u00ecnh trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb li\u1ec1n l\u1ea1c \u2013 c\u0169ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, b\u01b0\u1edbc thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u00edn l\u00ed khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn xa trong t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 sau ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1ecbp ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a ra Trong khung c\u1ea3nh bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 t\u00edn \u1edf ngay tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf, hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ef1 v\u1edbi k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng: C\u1ed5 t\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng khinh ch\u00ea, Cho t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u00f9i thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 trong tu\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 qua nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng bi\u1ebfn trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u01b0u th\u1ebf cho m\u00ecnh.(43) H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed9c tranh chi\u1ebfm l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n danh k\u1ebb th\u1eeba k\u1ebf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf \u2013 m\u00e0 d\u00f9 c\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ea5t Nam K\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea7n linh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i trong hai t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi v\u1eeba t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 trong hai t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi kia m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.","Kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00e0i G\u00f2n trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec 1946 \u2013 1949. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 c\u00f4ng khai, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do (th\u1eadt m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn!) trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba theo tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eadn tay nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, d\u00f9 l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i mang th\u00eam t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn. \u1ede n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf m\u1ecdi t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c \u2013 \u201cb\u00ean kia\u201d, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ee7 \u0103n \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n \u201ccao xa\u201d trong khi tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t, tinh th\u1ea7n tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3i tr\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1eb5n m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u1eb7ng tay \u2013 b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi \u2013 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u1ea5t nh\u1eafc nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng (\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1945 \u2013 46). \u1ede S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u00e1c n\u0103m n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt khi b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201ctrang b\u1eb1ng\u201d, \u201cph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1ng tro t\u00e0n\u201d (Mai V\u0103n B\u1ed9). Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang m\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng h\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n \u2013 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u01a1n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u gi\u00fap h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh ti\u00eau th\u1ed5 theo l\u1eddi l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u2013 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u00f4ng Mai V\u0103n B\u1ed9 \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 mai sau s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, \u201cx\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u01a1n\u201d (H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh). Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ch\u00e9m gi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t sau th\u00e1ng 8-1945, r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec h\u1ed9i Long Hoa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu g\u1ecdi chung m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u. H\u1ed3 H\u1eefu T\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ed1tk\u00edt-r\u01b0\u1ee1i v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1ecb ch\u00ea l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u201cs\u1ea3n\u201d(g) (Mai V\u0103n B\u1ed9), nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong d\u00f2ng n\u00f3i s\u1ea3ng chung th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd (lan ra t\u1eadn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y), v\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e0ng l\u00fac v\u1ec1 sau, ch\u1ea5t mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1960, 70. \u00d4ng Phan V\u0103n H\u00f9m tr\u1ed1tk\u00edt, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1945 ch\u1ecbu l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh cho \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n X\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o, \u00f4ng S\u01b0 th\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ec7 tam, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt,(44) t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 chia x\u1ebb m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c chung trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, l\u00fac s\u1ed1ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ea7m ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng trong \u0111\u1ed5i thay t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u0103n ho\u00e1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, ch\u1ed1i t\u1eeb, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf ta, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u2013 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec xua \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2013 c\u1ee9 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb ru\u1ed3ng r\u1eaby, ch\u00ea bai, khinh gh\u00e9t. C\u1ea1o r\u0103ng tr\u1eafng \u2013 \u201cnh\u01b0 r\u0103ng ch\u00f3\u201d \u2013 u\u1ed1n t\u00f3c l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a me T\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n t\u00e2y, cao b\u1ed3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a me M\u0129, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u201cm\u1ea5t g\u1ed1c\u201d... l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u00f4 k\u1ec7ch nh\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0, th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn qua s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, qua d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby x\u1ea5u xa, nh\u01a1 nh\u1edbp theo c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u2013 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi c\u00e1i cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 h\u00e0o quang \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1. Ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng truy b\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u ho\u1eb7c v\u1edbi th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00ed tr\u00ed t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb b\u00ean l\u1ec1, n\u00ean v\u1eeba th\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed5i thay, v\u1eeba b\u1ecb h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u201cphong ki\u1ebfn\u201d, gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p, \u0111\u00e1ng khinh mi\u1ec7t, r\u1ed3i ng\u00e0y nay, d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u0103ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi qua loa, gi\u1edbi t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 l\u00fac b\u1ecb coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i \u00e1c, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed9i \u00e1c, trong l\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u00ea ti\u1ec1n c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kinh doanh, trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u00f4ng k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u0169 c\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u2013 m\u00e0 m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u00ean c\u1ee9 r\u1ee5t r\u00e8","nh\u00ecn tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00f3 sau, hay l\u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111en nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u1ecd, thay th\u1ebf h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng x\u1eed trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng l\u00e0ng, \u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7, \u00f4ng quan c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. Ch\u00fa th\u00edch: (41) \u00d4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea7u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u00e1o C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, in l\u1ea1i trong N\u0103m cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o (1972), ttr. 42 \u2013 44. (42) Nguy\u00ean V\u0103n H\u1ea7u, N\u0103m cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i..., tr. 44. Ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 Linh Th\u1ee9u S\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh t\u00f4ng. (43) Ph\u1ea7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u trong S\u1ea5m gi\u1ea3ng... sau th\u00e1ng 3-1945 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ea5y. (44) Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea5n, Ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u1ec7m..., ttr. 451 \u2013 453.","CH\u01af\u01a0NG XI:S\u1ee8C N\u1eb6NG C\u1ee6A TH\u1ea6N LINH H\u1ebeT \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C PHONG C\u1ea4P K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb 1945, khi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n l\u00e2u nay ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n danh ngh\u0129a g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1eefa. Danh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u v\u00ec tuy th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u00e0y g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00fat d\u01b0 \u00e2m khi\u1ebfn ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n tuy suy gi\u1ea3m \u2013 t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1edd s\u1eafc l\u1ebb t\u1ebb, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u1ea1c lo\u00e0i m\u00e0 v\u1eabn mang t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ee7 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u00e1m v\u00edu l\u1ea5y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf sau khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1o chung th\u00ec c\u1ea3 t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi tan r\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n: C\u00e1c \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. D\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5i thay tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, d\u00f9 b\u1edfi l\u00ed do ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh c\u0169 m\u1ea5t l\u00ed do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 tr\u00fa s\u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb v\u1ea1 l\u00e2y. C\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u1ea1 kh\u00e1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chan ho\u00e0 gi\u1eefa t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 linh, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p c\u00e1i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf c\u00e1i kia, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n linh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i, mang t\u00ednh th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n. Nh\u00ecn tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n linh c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. Th\u1ea7n m\u1ea5t thi\u00eang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX: T\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f3 \u201cT\u00e2y\u201d, th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong Nha kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m m\u01b0a n\u1eefa,(1) c\u00f2n c\u00e1c \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n Khmer, c\u00f3 \u00f4ng s\u1ee3 xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i di t\u1ea3n kh\u1ecfi n\u01a1i \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb cho d\u00e2n c\u00fang b\u00e1i.(2) V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i thay d\u1eef d\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 m\u00e0 binh l\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u2013 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 co r\u00fat, \u1ea9n n\u00e1u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd d\u1ecbp xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi th\u1ebf, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i dai d\u1eb3ng, l\u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u1ecbu \u00e9p m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u00e0 v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n, trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5i thay, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch quy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, duy tr\u00ec th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00fd th\u1ee9c hay trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c, c\u1ea3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i ph\u00f3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tha ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00f4ng mu\u1ed9i, l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, kh\u00f4ng v\u0103n minh. Tr\u00ean m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua, d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh qua nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1u v\u00e0 m\u1ef1c c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ebfu h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi phe ph\u00eda \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu th\u00ec c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7n minh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd d\u00e0nh ch\u1ed7 cho nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n x\u01b0a c\u0169 lu\u1ed3n v\u00e0o, c\u00f3 khi n\u00fap d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00f3ng khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb m\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, n\u00f3i thay cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7t ph\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec7n minh cho m\u1ed9t tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169. V\u00e0 n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, b\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, l\u00e0m m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi. \u00d4ng th\u1ea7n Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng, \u00f4ng H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a cho c\u00e1c \u00f4ng b\u00e0 tinh ma g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb xo\u00e1 v\u1ebft t\u00edch, l\u00f4i k\u00e9o th\u00eam b\u00e0 con th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c c\u0169 mai ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd d\u1ecbp xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00f4 b\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 \u201cl\u1eabn l\u1ed9n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d theo c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tri\u1ebft l\u00ed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt th\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 ph\u00eda nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm l\u1ea5p trong ti\u1ebfng bom \u0111\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, hay l\u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi th\u1ebf h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e0n, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edfng khu\u00f4n h\u1ed9i... H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng. M\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00fac t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u.","H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p 8 thanh ni\u00ean (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 H\u1ed3 T\u00f9ng M\u1eadu, L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng Phong) v\u00e0o C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0110o\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1925, \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh sau n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0110\u1ec7 Tam Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. Nguy\u1ec7n trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 hi sinh cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3, n\u1ebfu n\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e1nh th\u00ec xin ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 con g\u00e0 n\u00e0y. N\u00f3i r\u1ed3i c\u1ea7m dao ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t c\u1ed5 con g\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.\u201d(3) G. Coulet m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y th\u00ec h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em d\u1eabn chung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Ngh\u0129a Ho\u00e0 1916 \u1edf M\u0129 Tho trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng! R\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9ng li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 sau gi\u00fap ta hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng g\u00ec mi\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u00ean trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay m\u1eb7t Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n trong bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 th\u1ec1 b\u1ed3i \u1ea5y. Sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u1ea9n danh \u2013 m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft \u2013 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n Gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m (1949) thu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng qua m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m t\u1ec9nh d\u1eady th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5i thay, t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p huy ho\u00e0ng. C\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ebd ra mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u1eadt m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n \u1ea3o thu h\u00fat, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i g\u1ee3i n\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec xa x\u00f4i, xa x\u01b0a, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n v\u1eeba tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quen m\u00e0 l\u1ea1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc cung \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1edbi khen l\u00e0 v\u0103n phong \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c\u201d, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u201cl\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u1edbi\u201d.(4) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1-ngo\u00e0i-m\u01a1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, ch\u1eadp ch\u1eddn b\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u1ea3nh hoang t\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf huy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c, tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn song song m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng v\u1edbi t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp h\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n \u2013 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u01a1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u01b0u t\u00fa \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn h\u1ed9i Long Hoa m\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i qua g\u1ea7n 20 n\u0103m sau n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc quy\u1ec1n uy, n\u00e2ng cao m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, bi\u1ebfn huy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, g\u1eafng l\u00e0m theo l\u1eddi l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5: \u201cTh\u1eafng gi\u1eb7c M\u0129, ta s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay\u201d. V\u1edbi c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i h\u1eb9n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec d\u01b0 \u00e2m t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb nay \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu lu\u1ed3n v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e0 x\u1ed1c t\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ed3i \u0111i trong tay m\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u00f4m nay nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u201ch\u1ed9i k\u00edn\u201d x\u01b0a, th\u01b0\u1eddng hay nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp m\u00e0 l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean \u2013 c\u00f3 khi c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh qu\u00ean \u2013 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ma thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5u v\u00edu tin t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean x\u01b0a kia. C\u00f3 khi kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea3ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng linh thi\u00eang th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, x\u1ea5u xa \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc chen v\u00e0o trong phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ngay trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i k\u00edn c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n linh thi\u00eang, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f3i quen, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3. V\u1eabn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa x\u01b0a v\u00e0 nay, c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebft mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eddi quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi. Trong l\u1ec5 gia nh\u1eadp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh l\u00fac c\u0169 n\u1eefa, t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u2013 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1edd m\u1ecbt \u2013 \u0111\u1ea7y x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng hoang mang, trong khi t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u1ea5y mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh tan s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng, h\u1ee5t h\u1eabng kia v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u0169ng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c theo th\u00f3i quen c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 1925 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u00e1 b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3i v\u1ec1 sau d\u00f9 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi. \u201cL\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 ch\u00ednh t\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7p... t\u00ecnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec7 huynh g\u1eafn b\u00f3 h\u01a1n anh em ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt...\u201d(5) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh (l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng) c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i k\u00edn mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i chung m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c rao gi\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, qua m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n x\u01b0a c\u0169 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1eabn d\u1eb1ng dai nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n H\u00f3c M\u00f4n c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1959 \u2013 60 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u00ec \u201c\u0110\u1ea3ng","xu\u1ed1ng l\u1ecbnh...\u201d, ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb b\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i h\u1ee3p tan, r\u1ed3i theo (th\u1edd) Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh, gia nh\u1eadp T\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t t\u00e2m l\u00ed t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra nh\u1eefng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u0169, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1ea5u. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch gia t\u1ed1c, th\u00ec ranh gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh t\u00e0, b\u1ea1n th\u00f9 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ec n\u00edu c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat theo \u0111\u1ed5i thay v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh, tuy r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hai m\u1eb7t v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u2013 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u2013 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi gay g\u1eaft, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 h\u01a1n, mang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c quay qu\u1eaft h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y. Trong kho\u1ea3ng 1955 \u2013 75, Mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn s\u00e1t sao v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt cao \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ebfn r\u0169, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, khi\u1ebfn g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng mang danh ngh\u0129a, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ngay \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9. Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc tuy c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n l\u1edbn lao d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 c\u1ea3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, do s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i d\u1eaft d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng \u2013 \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c, do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o mang t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, b\u1eaft r\u1ec5 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1945 n\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, g\u1ee3i n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng \u1edf t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u00ed tr\u00ed bi\u1ec7n bi\u1ec7t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Mi\u1ec1n Nam, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u01a1n \u0111ang th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, ti\u1ec3u t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 con ch\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, hay trong t\u00e2m t\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a giai c\u1ea5p \u2013 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u qua m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi phu xe t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa bom \u0111\u1ea1n t\u1ebft M\u1eadu th\u00e2n (1968): \u201cR\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ai gi\u00e0u ai ngh\u00e8o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1p x\u00edch l\u00f4...\u201d T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c quan ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0ng \u2013 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi), c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n chan ho\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ea5p) khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 \u0111a t\u1ea1p, qu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1ee5 Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n giai ph\u1ea9m 1955-56, x\u00e9t ri\u00eang y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc). Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc theo m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (Vi\u1ec7t) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a c\u00f4ng khai nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea5u t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0o t\u00e2m t\u01b0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n (mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp nho s\u0129 m\u1edbi, thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian), n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi \u2013 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. M\u1eabu h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 sau 1975 s\u1ebd lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng g\u1eb7p kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vang \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 n\u0103m \u1ea5y. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0m cho t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n lan c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng chia x\u1ebb chung l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u201cm\u00f4i r\u0103ng\u201d gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec g\u00e2y n\u00ean phong tr\u00e0o perestroika d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft(6) \u2013 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ironie de l\u2019histoire nh\u01b0 F. Engels n\u00f3i. Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 tuy b\u1ecb ch\u1eadn l\u1ea1i qua quan ni\u1ec7m \u201cth\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb ch\u00e8n \u00e9p l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng d\u1eady qua s\u1ef1 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc, \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 Hu\u1ef3nh Ph\u00fa S\u1ed5 l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch b\u00e0 gi\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn ch\u1edd h\u1ed9i Long Hoa, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n n\u1eafn t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng Long Hoa v\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1edd qua \u201cth\u1eddi k\u00ec qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9\u201d kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb9n ng\u00e0y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Cho n\u00ean, c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f3, hay nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111ang s\u1edd s\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c \u201cph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n","t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh v\u1ebd ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 qua s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh, uy th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tuy \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u00f2n v\u1eb9t nhi\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c quy t\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi si\u00eau linh v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lu\u1ed3n qua ng\u00f5 ng\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eadt b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn s\u0103n l\u00f9ng ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y ranh gi\u1edbi ta \u2013 \u0111\u1ecbch. H\u00e3y l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 thu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u201cthu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3i t\u1edbi t\u00ednh h\u00e0n, \u00f4n, nhi\u1ec7t...(7) g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c ta, thu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng, k\u00e9o theo vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed1c ta mang t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf g\u00f2 \u00e9p theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng, n\u00ean c\u00f3 ng\u1ea7m \u00fd m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00e0i b\u00e1c \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 b\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i x\u01b0a: Thu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p phong th\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n th\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 kim ch\u00e2m gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb \u2013 sang m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u00ec l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t inox, ti\u1ec1m ti\u1ec7m th\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kim g\u00fat \u2013 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 cho khoa ch\u00e2m c\u1ee9u, \u00e1n ma... n\u1ea5p b\u00f3ng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u00e1c \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng tr\u00ean ti vi, v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a y gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1eabn t\u00ednh nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111ua \u0111\u00f2i. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ki\u1ec3u m\u1ed5 \u00f3c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf m\u1eaft t\u1ec9nh b\u01a1. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 kinh m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y m\u00f9 m\u1edd, \u00e1ng ch\u1eebng trong m\u1ea5y cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 khi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qua th\u1eddi m\u1edbi, l\u00e0m sao kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn qua quan ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1i \u201cth\u1ea7n\u201d b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m \u0111i theo huy\u1ec7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u00e1t v\u1edbi gi\u1edd kh\u1eafc can chi, khi\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i xoay tr\u00f2n trong c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng l\u1ee5c th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n x\u01b0a c\u0169, trong m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi linh thi\u00eang ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e9o nhau v\u1ec1? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta qu\u00ean c\u1ea3 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y \u00e1n ma tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh coi vi\u1ec7c ni\u1ec7m kinh, ch\u1eafp tay x\u00e1 x\u00e1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt n\u1eafn b\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00f3 \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u201c\u1ee9ng\u201d l\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u01b0a d\u00e1m x\u01b0ng danh nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ec9 tai nhau t\u1edbi nh\u1edd c\u1eady \u2013 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi r\u1ee7i ro b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f3 khi tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1eefu tr\u00e1ch h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb k\u00e9o l\u00f9i, n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n ho\u00e1 trong suy ngh\u0129, l\u00ed lu\u1eadn, b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1edfi ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c th\u00fac b\u00e1ch, khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n d\u00f9 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tay. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n y vi\u1ec7n \u1edf Phan Thi\u1ebft, h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4n v\u00f5 Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n Th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n, hay \u201cv\u00f5 b\u00f9a N\u0103m \u00d4ng\u201d\u2013 d\u01b0 \u00e2m c\u1ee7a Quy\u1ec1n Ph\u1ec9 \/ Ngh\u0129a Ho\u00e0 \u0110o\u00e0n \u2013 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn l\u00e9n l\u00fat n\u0103m x\u01b0a, nay \u0111em ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, v\u00e0 thu n\u1ea1p t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3, theo b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 k\u0129 s\u01b0 t\u1eebng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, nay m\u00ea man trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi l\u1eddi \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c \u00f4ng\u201d d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o. T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch chung trong s\u1ef1 v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh qua th\u1eddi gian, qua th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin m\u1eebng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t T\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mong di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb, l\u1ea1i chui lu\u1ed3n v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng, b\u00e0 th\u00e1nh. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c Nam \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u h\u1ed3n cho m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 linh m\u1ee5c hi\u1ec3n th\u00e1nh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t c\u1ea7u c\u00fang xin cho \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00fang s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean su\u00f4n s\u1ebb. Th\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f4m nay v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, mu\u1ed1n mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i suy t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 thi\u00eang li\u00eang trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u2013 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 ho\u00e3n ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng \u201cl\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c\u201d c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u2013 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn th\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u0169. Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 cao t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t-th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n c\u00e1i t\u1eeb \u201cth\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh\u201d, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh. Th\u00f4n qu\u00ea Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 th\u1edd trang tr\u1ecdng Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh trong nh\u00e0, c\u00f2n \u1edf Mi\u1ec1n Nam th\u00ec sau ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 1975, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mang c\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi ng\u00fat tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1i, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd t\u1eeb tranh \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f3i. V\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0ng \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi. \u00d4ng th\u1ea7n Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng l\u1edbn v\u1ee5t l\u00ean tr\u00ean tivi, trong trang s\u00e1ch d\u00e0nh cho nhi \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ed3i c\u1ea3 trong gi\u00e1o","tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng xu\u00ea xoa d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3, l\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc v\u01b0\u1ee3t-th\u01b0\u1eddng che l\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng x\u01b0a kia, v\u00e0 ng\u0103n tr\u1edf l\u00ed tr\u00ed r\u1ee5t r\u00e8 \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5m k\u1ecb \u1ea5y. C\u00e1c \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n m\u1ea5t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng li\u00eau may m\u1eafn tuy r\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh d\u1ea1ng-c\u0169 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb b\u00e0i b\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb g\u00e1n cho l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e0n d\u01b0\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. M\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu n\u1ebfu chi t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi gian: V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u 1\/4 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX, d\u00e2n B\u1ebfn Tre v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tin \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o D\u1eeba v\u1eeba \u1edf trong khu qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac nh\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng an, v\u1eeba \u0111i ng\u1edd ng\u1edd ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ee3, y nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng Ph\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n (quan M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00e2y giao canh gi\u1eef c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00f2m tr\u00e8m h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m.(8) C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i l\u1ec5, \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ed5 t\u00edch tuy kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u0169(9) \u2013 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ea3 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u00edt ra l\u00e0 ch\u00fat v\u00e0ng ph\u1ea1n h\u00e0m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u1ed3n ma b\u00e1o th\u00f9 \u2013 c\u00e1i m\u1edb ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi \u1ea5y, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00edu k\u00e9o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n. V\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c c\u00fang b\u00e1i, nghi l\u1ec5 ho\u1eb7c \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y lo l\u1eafng cho nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eef ch\u00ecm trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p d\u1ecbp th\u00ec tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady. C\u00e1c d\u1ecbp \u0111\u00f3, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, l\u1ea1i do nh\u1eefng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m tay ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nho s\u0129 m\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh x\u01b0a kia, nay \u0111i theo v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chao \u0111\u1ea3o khi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00e0ng m\u1ecbt m\u1edd, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n c\u0169 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n d\u1eaft d\u1eabn t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. V\u00e0 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady kh\u00e1 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi (1986), ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, \u1edf Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc theo ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 kh\u00e1 hi\u1ebfm hoi, mu\u1ed9n m\u00e0ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u201cti\u00eau c\u1ef1c\u201d c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. Bia B\u00e0, \u201cm\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh linh thi\u00eang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng xe m\u00e1y, xe \u0111\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o...\u201d R\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3, kho\u1ea3ng 1980 \u2013 82, \u1edf T\u1eeb Li\u00eam l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u01b0a ch\u1ed3ng nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Quan Anh, ph\u00e1n ti\u1ec1n, h\u1eadu v\u1eadn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00fang l\u1ec5 \u201cng\u00e0y n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f4ng ngh\u00ecn ngh\u1ecbt... ng\u1ed3i la li\u1ec7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1i s\u00e2n ph\u01a1i... v\u00e0 ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00eam t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3.\u201d L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi V\u0169 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ec1, \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u1ecb \u0110i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n chuy\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u00f9a H\u00e0, \u201cm\u1ed9t ph\u1ebf t\u00edch hoang t\u00e0n nh\u01b0 tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.\u201d V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n \u1edf g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y g\u1ea1o Qu\u1ed1c T\u1eed Gi\u00e1m, c\u00e1c b\u00e0n th\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y tr\u00ean s\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng... Xa h\u01a1n, \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n S\u00f2ng, \u0111\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Tr\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ed3ng, g\u1ecdi v\u00ed, xi\u00ean l\u00ecnh.(10) Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 tr\u00ean Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc sau nh\u1eefng n\u0103m d\u1eb1n n\u00e9n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec di\u1ec5n ra trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 v\u00eda, r\u1eb1m, m\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t, T\u1ebft... \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n B\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ninh, B\u00e0 Ch\u00faa X\u1ee9 n\u00fai Sam, dinh C\u00f4 H\u00e0m T\u00e2n, mi\u1ebfu \u00d4ng T\u1ec1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n... G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 g\u00ec g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, g\u1ecdi t\u00ean l\u00e0 du l\u1ecbch n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, theo t\u1eeb ng\u1eef th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00ec mang l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c cho \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7n cho nhu c\u1ea7u chi thu theo ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n, cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ngang ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi b\u1ecb k\u1ec1m th\u00fac nay tung ho\u00e0nh theo s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n th\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1eeba b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, g\u1ecdi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c vui ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00ecn \u1edf m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p cho h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u0103ng hoa c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u2013 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u00ean \u00e1i \u2013 l\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u201cb\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb,.. sinh vi\u00ean, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n\u201d, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c rao gi\u1ea3ng, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean quy t\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i n\u00e0y. G\u1ecdi c\u00e1c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi si\u00eau linh \u2013 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u01b0 duy con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi xu\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t nhu c\u1ea7u kia. V\u00e0 do th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n linh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed5i thay th\u1ea7n linh \u2013 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi trang, th\u1eddi trang ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng hu\u1ef7 h\u1ed9i l\u1ec5 m\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1\u201d h\u1ed9i l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3","mong t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu: \u201cm\u00ea t\u00edn\u201d, \u201cd\u1ecb \u0111oan\u201d, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh \u201ccu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang\u201d cho \u201cn\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u1edbi trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n\u201d nh\u01b0, theo l\u1eddi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng, theo ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4,(11) t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi quan ni\u1ec7m Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y vang v\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chia l\u00eca 1979 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fat ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf th\u00e0nh l\u1eddi. S\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ean \u2013 \u00edt c\u00f3 hi v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, tuy \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u2013 gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u00ec ta l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e8m m\u1edbi, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c \u201ch\u01b0ng\u201d, \u201cb\u00e1i\u201d t\u1eebng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3... \u01af\u1edbc m\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed5i-m\u1edbi th\u1ea7n linh kia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng khi th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y nay l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u201cs\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00f9i \u0111\u00f4la n\u1ed3ng n\u1eb7c. N\u00f3i theo t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u1edbi th\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed5i thay t\u1eebng th\u1ea7n linh m\u1ed9t hay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n linh, \u0111\u1ed5i thay nghi th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5ng th\u1edd... c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a L\u00ed, Tr\u1ea7n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hu\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2m t\u1eeb, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n g\u1ed1c \u0103n tr\u1ed9m v\u00e0o ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n linh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u0103n ho\u00e1, c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a kinh s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u00f9a ch\u00fa ho\u00e1 d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o... Ch\u00fa th\u00edch (1) L. Cadi\u00e8re, \u201cCroyances et superstitions...\u201d BEFEO I(1901), tr. 205. (2) E. Por\u00e9e-Masp\u00e9ro. Etudes sur les rites... t. I (1962), tr. XI. (3) \u0110\u1eb7ng Ho\u00e0, Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ban \u0111\u1ea7u (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1986), tr. 42. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh. (4) Vi\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p (1945 \u2013 1954) (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1986), ttr. 121 \u2013 122. (5) S\u01a1n Nam, Mi\u1ec1n Nam..., s\u0111d, tr. 88. Th\u1ef1c ra nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn theo l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1eb1m b\u00ean l\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. (6) Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 d\u00e8 b\u1ec9u ch\u00ea bai nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 phe x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Mi\u1ec1n Nam, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a hai kh\u1ed1i k\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbch nhau, \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eebng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a phe v\u1eeba chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3 h\u1edfi c\u00f3 b\u1ed1c cao c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u00e0n r\u1ee5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh t\u1eeb ph\u00eda tr\u1eddi t\u00e2y qua, m\u00e0 \u1edf ngay c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n k\u00ec c\u1ef1u chuy\u1ec3n qua nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1edf r\u1ed9 trong v\u00f9ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 co r\u00fat \u2013 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u2013 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 mang ti\u1ebfng d\u1ecb d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201cph\u00e1i t\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n\u201d ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 m\u00e1cx\u00edt \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n, theo l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Khoa (\u201cTh\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch\u201d. Th\u00f4ng tin UNESCO, s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 1987, ttr. 24 \u2013 26) g\u1ee3i ta nh\u1edb l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u \u201c\u0110\u00f3i (\u0111\u1ec3) cho s\u1ea1ch, r\u00e1ch (\u0111\u1ec3) cho th\u01a1m.\u201d Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n v\u00e0 Gabraith n\u00e0y nghe nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i xoa d\u1ecbu l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u. (7) Xem tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch d\u00e0y: \u0110\u1ed7 T\u1ea5t L\u1ee3i, C\u00e2y thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 v\u1ecb thu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u00fa ba 1977). (8) Le Courrier de Saigon, s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 20-2-1870, m\u1ee5c Tin \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1, trong b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o Lu\u1eadn \u00e1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. (9) Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e0nh,\u201dH\u00e3y b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d, b\u00e1o Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 48, ng\u00e0y 145-","1987,tr.9. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u0103m 1988 b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 danh v\u1ecdng ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 n\u00e0y. (10) Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e0nh, \u201cC\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1edd c\u00fang\u201d, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 44, ng\u00e0y 15-2-1987, ttr. 12 \u2013 13. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169 m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 b\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng nu\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc th\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n uy x\u01b0a. (11) Thu Linh \u2013 \u0110\u1eb7ng V\u0103n Lung, L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1984), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V \u2013 VI. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u: S\u00e0i G\u00f2n1986\u2013T\u1ebft M\u1eadu th\u00ecn 1988, th\u00e1ng 9-1988","Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o \u201cV\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00ean b\u1ea3ng s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o tham kh\u1ea3o sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u2013 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7.\u201d L\u1eddi b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa tr\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00fang cho \u201cB\u1ea3n m\u1edbi\u201d 1999 n\u00e0y. I. S\u00c1CH 1. Aymonier, E., Les Tchams et leurs religions, b\u1ea3n tr\u00edch ri\u00eang t\u1eeb Journal asiatique 1891. 2. Berket Smith, Histoire de la civilisation, Paris 1955. 3. B\u1ed9 H\u1ecdc Nam tri\u1ec1u, Qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u ch\u00e1nh bi\u00ean to\u00e1t y\u1ebfu, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Hu\u1ebf 1925, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n 1971. 4. B\u00f9i Xu\u00e2n \u0110\u00ednh, L\u1ec7 l\u00e0ng ph\u00e9p n\u01b0\u1edbc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1985. 5. Cabaton, A., Nouvelles recherches sur les Chams, Paris 1901. 6. Caillois, R., L\u2019Homme et le sacr\u00e9, Paris 1950. 7. Cao T\u1ef1 Thanh \u2013 \u0110o\u00e0n L\u00ea Giang, T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00f4ng, TP. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh 1984. 8. Challaye, F., Petite histoire des grandes religions, Paris 1949. 9. Chochod, L., Occultisme et magie en Extr\u00eame-Orient, Inde \u2013 Indochine \u2013 Chine, Paris 1949. 10. Coulet, G., Cultes et religions de l\u2019Indochine annamite, Saigon, kh\u00f4ng n\u0103m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. 11. Coulet, G., Les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s secr\u00e8tes en terre d\u2019Annam, Saigon 1927. 12. Cuisinier. J., La danse sacr\u00e9e en Indochine et en Indon\u00e9sie, Paris 1951. 13. D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n An, \u00d4 Ch\u00e2u c\u1eadn l\u1ee5c (d\u1ecbch), S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1961. 14. \u0110\u1ea1i Nam \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1ec7 (Nguy\u1ec5n S\u0129 Gi\u00e1c d\u1ecbch), S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1962. 15. \u0110\u1ea1i Nam nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ed (\u0110NNTC) (d\u1ecbch), S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. 16. \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean (d\u1ecbch), H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u00e1ch Ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean ch\u1eef H\u00e1n t\u1eeb trong Vi\u1ec7n Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n ch\u1ea1y ra ngo\u00e0i sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 1975. 17. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00ed to\u00e0n th\u01b0 (d\u1ecbch) H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1966... (4 t\u1eadp). 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Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o, S\u1ea5m gi\u1ea3ng thi v\u0103n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Hu\u1ef3nh Gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1966. 26. Gobron, G., Histoire et philosophie du Caodaisme, Bouddhisme r\u00e9nov\u00e9 \u2013 Spiritualisme annamite \u2013 Religion nouvelle de l\u2019Asie, Paris 1949. 27. Groslier, B.P., Indochine \u2013 Carrefour des arts, Paris 1961. 28. H\u00e0 V\u0103n Ph\u00f9ng \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n Duy T\u00ec, Di ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc G\u00f2 Mun, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1982. 29. Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n Chinh \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc B\u00edch, Di ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1982. 30. Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n H\u00e3n, L\u00ed Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n 1966. 31. H\u1ed3 Nguy\u00ean Tr\u1eebng, Nam \u00f4ng m\u1ed9ng l\u1ee5c, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch trong Th\u01a1 v\u0103n L\u00ed Tr\u1ea7n, III, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1978. 32. 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