! Markahan 1 Sinaunang Panahon hanggang sa Pagtatag ng Kolonyang Modyul 4 Espanyol Gawain Pagtatag ng Kolonyang Espanyol at mga Patakarang Kolonyal 1. Pagtatag ng kolonya Oras 2. Kristiyanisasyon bilang paraan ng pananakop 3. Reducción: ang paglipat ng mga kinaroroonan 4. Tributo at polo bilang instrumento ng pananakop Sampu (10) MODYUL SA PAGKATUTOPangkalahatang Ideya Sa pagdating ng mga Espanyol noong ika-16 na siglo, nagsimula angmahigit tatlong dantaong proseso ng kolonisasyon ng Pilipinas. Pangunahinglayunin ng Espanya ang pagpapalaganap ng Kristiyanismo sa Pilipinas at angpagkuha ng mga yamang-likas. Bagamat may mga Pilipinong tumanggap sa mgaunang Espanyol sa Pilipinas, naging makasaysayan ang labanan nina Lapu-lapuat Magellan na makikita sa mga palatandaan sa Mactan, Cebu na itinayo bilangpagkilala sa kanila. Sa modyul na ito ay susuriin mo ang mga perspektibotungkol sa engkwentro ng dalawa. Upang sakupin ang Pilipinas, ginamit ng Espanya ang tatlong paraanbukod sa Kristiyanisasyon ng mga Pilipino. Ang mga paraang ito ay angreducción, tributo, at polo. Iba-iba ang naging tingin ng mga prayle, opisyal, atPilipino sa mga instrumentong ito, at susuriin mo ang posisyon at argumento ngbawat panig base sa mga ulat noong ika-16 na siglo. Sa pagpataw ng mga itoay binago ng mga Espanyol ang paniniwala, pamumuhay at hanapbuhay ng mgaPilipino na tinalakay sa mga naunang modyul.Gawain 1. Pagtatag ng Kolonya 1. Dumako tayo sa isla ng Mactan sa lalawigan ng Cebu, kung saannagtagpo sina Ferdinand Magellan ng Espanya at Lapu-lapu, pinuno ng Mactan.Sa layong 63.5 metro ay makikita ang dalawang panandang pangkasaysayangginawa ng Philippine Historical Institute, ang pambansang ahensiyangpangkasaysayan na ngayon ay tinatawag na Pambansang KomisyongPangkasaysayan ng Pilipinas (National Historical Commission of the Philippines). 2. Tingnang mabuti ang mga pananda. Pansinin na ang panandatungkol kay Magellan ay ginawa noong 1941, bago nakamit ang kasarinlan ng! 49
!Pilipinas, samantalang ang pananda kay Lapu-lapu ay ginawa noong 1958, nangnagsasarili na ang Pilipinas.FERDINAND MAGELLAN’S DEATH ON THIS SPOT FERDINAND MAGELLAN DIED ON APRIL 27, 1521, WOUNDED IN ANENCOUNTER WITH THE SOLDIERSOF LAPU-LAPU, CHIEF OF MACTAN ISLAND. ONE OF MAGELLAN’SSHIPS, THE VICTORIA, UNDER THE COMMAND OF JUAN SEBASTIAN ELCANO, SAILED FROM CEBU ONMAY 1, 1521, AND ANCHORED AT SAN LUCAR DE BARRAMEDA ON SEPTEMBER 6, 1522, THUS COMPLETING THE FIRST CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE EARTH.Lokasyon: Siyudad ng Lapu-Lapu,isla ng Mactan, CebuPetsa: 1941 LAPULAPU HERE, ON 27 APRIL 1521 LAPULAPU AND HIS MEN REPULSED THE SPANISH INVADERS, KILLING THEIR LEADER FERDINAND MAGELLAN. THUS LAPULAPU BECAME THE FIRST FILIPINO TO HAVE REPELLED EUROPEAN AGGRESSION. Lokasyon: Siyudad ng Lapu-Lapu, isla ng Mactan, Cebu Petsa: 1958! 50
! \" Glosari Aggression … pagsalakay Anchor … nakaangkla Circumnavigation … pag-ikot sa mundo Repel … lumaban Repulse … lumaban 2. Sumapi sa pangkat at suriin ang nilalaman ng mga palatandaan.Sagutin ang graphic organizer sa ibaba. Pagsusuri Palatandaan ni Palatandaan ni Magellan Lapu-lapu Nilalaman a. Paano namatay si Magellan? b. Paano ipinakilala si Lapu- lapu? c. Ano ang kahalagahang historikal ng tao na pinararangalan? Pagsasakonteksto a. Kailan ginawa ang mga palatandaan? b. Anong mahalagang kaganapan sa mga panahong ito ang maaaring nakaapekto sa nilalaman ng mga palatandaan? Pag-unawa Kaninong punto de bista ang ipinahihiwatig ng palatandaan? 3. Makikita sa dalawang palatandaan ang kahalagahan ng perspektiboo punto de bista sa interpretasyon ng mga pangyayari sa nakaraan. Ngunit anoba talaga ang nangyari? Basahin ang sipi mula kay Antonio Pigafetta (c. 1491-c.1534), isang manlalakbay at iskolar mula sa Venice, Italy, na sumama kay! 51
!Magellan mula sa pag-alis sa Espanya. Ang “First Voyage Around the World” niPigafetta ay ang primaryang pinagmulan ng impormasyon tungkol sa ekspedisyonni Magellan.! On Friday, April twenty-six [1521], Zula, a chief of the island of Matan [Mactan], sent one of his sons to present two goats to the captain-general [Magellan], and to say that he would send him all that he had promised, but that he had not been able to send it to him because of the other chief Cilapulapu, who refused to obey the king of Spain. He requested the captain to send him only one boatload of men on the next night, so that they might help him and fight against the other chief. The captain-general decided to go thither with three boatloads. We begged him repeatedly not to go, but he, like a good shepherd, refused to abandon his flock. At midnight, sixty men of us set out armed with corselets and helmets, together with … some of the chief men…. We reached Matan three hours before dawn. The captain did not wish to fight them, but sent a message to the natives … to the effect that if they would obey the king of Spain, recognize the Christian king as their sovereign, and pay us our tribute, he would be their friend; but that if they wished otherwise, they should wait to see how our lances wounded. They replied that if we had lances they had lances of bamboo and stakes hardened with fire. [They aked us] not to proceed to attack them at once, but to wait until morning, so that they might have more men. They said that in order to induce us to go in search of them; for they had dug certain pitholes between the houses in order that we might fall into them. When morning came forty-nine of us leaped into the water up to our thighs, and walked through water for more than two crossbow flights before we could reach the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the water. The other eleven men remained behind to guard the boats. When we reached land, those men had formed in three divisions to the number of more than one thousand five hundred persons. When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries, two divisions on our flanks and the other on our front. When the captain saw that, he formed us into two divisions, and thus did we begin to fight. Antonio Pigafetta, “First Voyage Around the World,” ca. 1525, sa Blair at Robertson, The Philippine Islands 33: 175, 177.! 52
! \" Glosari Corselet … baluti Exceed … sumobra Flank … dakong gilid ng hukbo Induce … hikayatin Lance … sibat Pithole … hukay Sovereign … hari Stake … tulos Thither … doon Tribute … buwis Voyage … paglalakbay 4. Alin sa dalawang palatandaan ang mas malapit (o mas malayo) sasalaysay ni Pigafetta? Bakit? 5. Iulat sa klase ang mga sagot. Tandaan ang sumusunod. ! Sa pag-aaral ng kasaysayan ay laging may punto de bista sa pangyayari. Ngunit anuman ang perspektibo, kailangang nakabase ito sa ebidensiya.! 53
! 6. Sa usapin ng pananakop ng Pilipinas, lalong hindi maiiwasan angpagkakaiba sa punto de bista dahil may dalawa o higit pang panig. Ang simbolong panig ng Espanya ay ang coat ng arms ng hari. Tingnan ang coat of armsni Haring Carlos I (1520-1530). Sa kaliwa: agila ni San Juan, na simbolo ng pagkalat ng Kristiyanismo Sa kanan: leon, na simbolo ng lakas Sa gitna: simbolo ng kahariang Castile sa Espanya; helmet; balabal na ginto at balahibo ng hayop; at simbolo ng Order of the Golden Fleece, isang grupo ng kabalyero (knight) Motto: Plus ultra, na tumutukoy sa lubos na kapangyarihan ng hari at ng Espanya 7. Kung may simbolo si Lapu-lapu ano kaya ito? Bilang grupo,gumawa ng simbolo at motto ni Lapu-lapu at ipaliwanag ang kahulugan nito.Ipaskil sa bulletin board.! 54
!Gawain 2. Kristiyanisasyon bilang Paraan ng Pananakop 1. Sumali sa grupo at basahin ang isa pang sipi mula kay Pigafettatungkol sa kumbersyon ni Rajah Humabon, kanyang mga hepe at kapwaCebuano.! On Sunday morning, April fourteen [1521], forty men of us went ashore, two of whom were completely armed and preceded the royal banner…. The captain [Magellan] and the king [Rajah Humabon] embraced…. The captain told the king through the interpreter that he thanked God for inspiring him to become a Christian; and that [now] he would more easily conquer his enemies than before. The king replied that he wished to become a Christian, but that some of his chiefs did not wish to obey, because they said they were as good men as he. Then our captain had all the chiefs of the king called, and told them that, unless they obeyed the king as their king, he would have them killed, and would give their possessions to the king. They replied that they would obey him…. The captain told them that that if they wished to become Christians as they had declared on the previous days, that they must burn all their idols and set up a cross in their place. They were to adore that cross daily with clasped hands, and every morning … they were to make the sign of the cross (which the captain showed them how to make); and they ought to come hourly, at least in the morning, to that cross, and adore it kneeling…. The captain led the king by the hand to the platform while speaking these good words in order to baptize him…. Five hundred men were baptized before mass…. xxx … Before that week had gone, all the persons of that island [Cebu], and some from the other islands, were baptized. We burned one hamlet which was located in a neighboring island, because it refused to obey the king [Humabon] or us. We set up the cross there for those people were heathen. Had they been Moros, we would have erected a column there as a token of greater hardness, for the Moros are much harder to convert than the heathen. xxx! 55
! There are many villages in that island [Cebu]…. All those villages rendered obedience to us, and gave us food and tribute…. That city which we burned was in that island and was called Bulaia. Antonio Pigafetta, “First Voyage Around the World,” ca. 1525, in Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands 33: 155, 157, 159, 161, 167.\" Glosari Clasp … hawakan nang mahigpit Hamlet … baryo Heathen … taong hindi nabinyagan (hindi Kristiyano); pagano Moros … mga Muslim Precede … mauna Render … ibigay 2. Suriin ang sipi at sagutin ang mga tanong sa ibaba.a. Anong mga paraan ang ginamit ng Espanya upang makontrol ang lokal na populasyon?b. Ano ang reaksyon ng mga Pilipino sa mga Espanyol?c. Ano ang tingin ng mga Kastila sa mga Pilipino sa usapin ng kumbersyon sa Kristiyanismo?! 56
! 3. Ipaliwanag sa klase ang mga sagot ng grupo.Gawain 3. Reducción: Ang Paglipat ng mga Kinaroroonan 1. Tingnan ang concept map sa ibaba tungkol sa mga instrumentongginamit ng Espanya sa pananakop ng Pilipinas. KristiyanisasyonPolo INSTRUMENTO NG Reducción PANANAKOP Tributo a. Kristiyanisasyon – Kumbersyon ng mga Pilipino sa Kristiyanismo na nagsimula sa pagbibinyag b. Reducción – Paglipat ng mga katutubong tirahan mula sa kalat-kalat at malalayong lugar tungo sa mga siksik na komunidad c. Tributo – Buwis na ibinayad ng Pilipinong sakop ng encomienda sa pamamagitan, kadalasan, ng produkto katulad ng bigas, manok, ginto. Ang encomendero ay ang namuno sa encomienda, o paghahati-hati ng mga Pilipinong nagbayad ng tributo; kinolekta ng encomendero ang tributo. d. Polo – Sapilitang pagsilbi o pagtrabaho sa iba-ibang proyekto ng gobyerno tulad ng pagkuha ng kahoy para sa mga sasakyang pandagat, paggawa ng mga sasakyang ito, pagtayo ng tulay, kalsada at iba pang imprastraktura! 57
! 2. Sumali sa grupo at basahin ang dalawang sipi ukol sa reducción.! Sipi #1. Mula sa ulat ni Obispo Domingo de Salazar, noong 1583 ... the Indians are thinly scattered, and are settled amid rivers and marshes where they are found with much difficulty. Hence it is very desirable that the encomenderos do as they are here commanded, and not wait for the religious or ecclesiastics, who can not do it with the same facility as can the encomenderos. Moreover, since the removal of the Indians from their former homes is a thing very odious to them, and they change their homes very unwillingly and with much hardship, it would be better that they be vexed with the encomendero than with the minister— who has to teach them, and through whom they have to learn love, and who in all things strives for their good. Domingo de Salazar, “Affairs in the Philippine Islands,” 1583, sa Blair and Robertson 5: 236. \" Glosari Amid … sa gitna Ecclesiastic … pari o prayleng Espanyol Facility … kadalian Indians (indio) … tawag ng mga Espanyol sa mga Pilipino Marsh … matubig na lugar Minister … prayleng Espanyol Odious … kasuklam-suklam Strive … magsumikap Vex … mainis! Sipi #2. Mula sa sinulat nina Luis de Jesus at Diego de Santa Theresa, mga paring Rekoleto, tungkol sa reducción, 1660-1666.! … For … [the proper administration of the converts] we must assume that the king assigns one missionary to each five hundred tributes or families. But our districts, especially those of the islands of Luzon, Calamianes [in Palawan], and Mindoro, although each does not exceed three hundred tributes; need each one or 58
! two religious in order that they may be looked after as is necessary for the preaching and for the [spiritual] food of the holy sacraments. This arises from the fact that each mission is extended over a distance of twenty of thirty leagues, without its being possible to make any other arrangement. For although the reduction into large settlements has been attempted, for the more suitable administration it has been impossible to attain that. On the contrary, whenever it has been attempted, Christianity has decreased. Luis de Jesus at Diego de Santa Theresa, O.S.A., “Recollect Missions, 1646-1660,” Blair and Robertson 36: 181. Glosari\" Convert … magbago ng relihiyon (halimbawa, maging Kristiyano) Decrease … mabawasan League … katumbas ng mga 5 kilometro On the contrary … sa kabilang banda Sacrament … sakramento ng Katolisismo 3. Sagutin ang tsart sa ibaba.a. Bakit ginawa ang reducción?b. Ano ang 59 reaksyon ng mga Pilipino?!
!c. Ano ang naging epekto sa mga Pilipino?d. Nakamit ba ang layunin ng reducción? Bakit o bakit hindi? 4. Ibahagi sa klase ang mga sagot ng grupo. Bumuo ngheneralisasyon tungkol sa reducción bilang instrumento ng pananakop.Gawain 4. Tributo at Polo bilang Instrumento ng Pananakop 1. Bukod sa reducción, hinati-hati ang mga Kristiyanong Pilipino samga encomienda upang magbayad ng tributo o buwis. Sa kasalukuyan, bakitnagbabayad ang mamamayan ng buwis? 2. Noong panahon ng Espanya sa Pilipinas, dalawa ang dahilan ngtributo: bilang pagkilala sa kapangyarihan ng Espanya at para sa mga itinuringng Espanya na serbisyo sa mga Pilipino—ang pagtuturo ng Kristiyanismo at angpagpapatupad ng hustisya. Basahin ang sipi ni Haring Carlos I hinggil sapagpataw ng tributo.! 60
!! Sipi #1. Mula sa dekreto ni Haring Carlos I ng Espanya hinggil sa pagpataw ng tributo, 26 Hunyo 1523 Because it is just and reasonable that the Indians who were pacified and reduced to our rule and vassalage, should serve us and pay tribute in recognition of our lordship and service, as our subjects and vassals do. They, however, have the custom to pay tribute to their native rulers and chiefs. We command that these Indians be persuaded for this reason to pay us tribute in moderate quantity of the fruits of the land, as in other times our laws provided. And it is our voluntary will that the Spaniards, wherever they are, collect these tributes in compliance with their duties and obligations, except in the capital towns and ports of war and in the encomiendas and towns which belong to the Royal Crown. Laws of the Indies, 1523, in Gregorio Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History (Philippines: National Bookstore, Inc., 1990) 2: 132. \" Glosari o Compliance … pagsunod sa batas kautusan Pacify … patahimikin, supilin Vassalage … pagkasakop 3. Sa sipi naman sa ibaba, ipinaliwanag ni Haring Felipe II ang mgatuntunin tungkol sa polo, o ang sapilitang pagtrabaho para sa proyekto nggobyerno.! Sipi #2. Mga tuntunin tungkol sa polo na inilabas ni Haring Felipe III ng Espanya noong 26 Mayo 1609 That the Indians in the repartimiento shall be lessened in number as the voluntary workers shall be introduced whether the latter be Indians or those of other nations. That they shall not be taken from distant districts, and from climates notably different from that of their own villages ....! 61
! That they shall be given in full wages that they earn for their work. And that they shall be paid personally each day, or at the end of the week, as they may choose. That the repartimientos be made at a time that does not embarrass or hinder the sowing and harvesting of land products, or other occasions and periods which the Indians have to attend to the profit and management of their property; for our intention is that they may not be deprived of it, and that they may be able to attend to everything. That, granting the poor arrangement and plan of the caracoas, and that when remanded to them many Indians generally perish, because of sailing without a deck, and exposed to the inclemencies of storms, we order that these crafts be improved and built in such a manner that the Indians may manage the oars without risks of health and life. I, THE KING Laws of the Indies, 1609, in Zaide 4: 21-23.\" Glosari Caracoa … isang uri ng sasakyang pandagat na gumagamit ng mga manggagaod Deprive … tanggalan Deck … lapag ng sasakyang pandagat Embarrass … pigilan Hinder … pigilan Inclemence … masungit o mabagsik na panahon Oar … sagwan Perish … mamatay Remand … utusan Repartimiento … proseso ng pagpili ng mga taong dapat manilbihan Sow … magtanim Wage … suweldo! 62
! 4. Ngunit taliwas sa mga tuntuning ito, nagkaroon ng mga abuso sapagpataw ng tributo at polo.! Sipi #3. Mula sa ulat ni Obispo Domingo Salazar, 1583, hinggil sa mga abuso sa pagpataw ng tributo at polo “... a great number of Indians went to the mines of Ylocos where they remained during the time when they ought to have sowed their grain.” “ ... the Spaniards employ the Indians, such as setting them to row in the galleys and fragatas dispatched by the governor and officials on various commissions, which they are never lacking. At times they go so far away that they are absent four or six months; and many of those who go die there....” “Others the Spaniards employ in cutting wood in the forests and conveying it to this city, and other Indians in other labors, so that they do not permit them to rest or to attend to their fields....” “Sometimes the entire quantity of his rice is taken from a poor Indian, without leaving him a grain to eat.” “They compel the Indians to work at tasks in the service of the Majesty, paying them but little, and that irregularly and late, and often none at all.” “Some they compel to pay in gold, even when they do not have it.... as there are vast differences in gold here, they always make the natives give the finest. The weight at which they receive the tribute is what he who collects it wishes, and he never selects the lightest. Others make them pay cloth or thread. But the evil is not here, but in the manner of collecting; for, if the chief does not give them as much gold as they demand, or does not pay for as many Indians as they say there are, they crucify the unfortunate chief....” “They collect tribute from children, old men and slaves, and many remain unmarried because of the tribute, while others kill their children.” Obispo Salazar, “Affairs in the Philippine Islands,” 1583, sa Blair at Robertson 5: 212, 219, 221, 223, 224.! 63
! \" Glosari Commission … gawain Compel … pilitin Convey … ipadala Dispatch … ipadala Vast … malaki 5. Malaki ang naging epekto ng tributo at polo. Basahin ang sipi saibaba. Sipi #4. Mula sa liham nina Obispo Domingo Salazar, Andres de! Cervantes at Franciso Morante kay Haring Felipe II noong 20 Hunyo 1582, ukol sa mga reklamo ng mga hepe ng Tondo at ibang lugar sa Maynila dulot ng tributo at polo Because of the many acts of oppression which they have suffered, many Indians have abandoned Tondo, Capaymisilo, and other villages near this city of Manila. They have gone to live in other provinces, which has occasioned much damage and loss to the chiefs. Out of the three hundred who were there, one hundred have gone away, and the said chiefs are obliged to pay tribute for those who flee and die, and for their slaves and little boys. If they do not pay these, they are placed in the stocks and flogged. Others are tied to posts and kept there until they pay. Moreover, they dig no gold, for the officials oblige them to pay the fifth. If they do not make a statement of their gold it is seized as forfeited even if it is old gold; and the gold is not returned to them until after payment of a heavy fine…. If the natives come to complain of their grievances to the alcaldes-mayores alone, they are imprisoned and thrown into the stocks, and are charged with prison-fees. Their afflictions and troubles are so many that they cannot be endured; and they wish to leave this island…. Obispo Domingo de Salazar, Andres de Cervantes at Franciso Morante, 1582, sa Blair at Robertson 5: 190-191. \" Glosari Abandon … iwanan Affliction … pagdurusa Alcalde-mayor … gobernador ng probinsya! 64
! \" Charge … multa o Damage … pinsala Endure … tiisin Flog … hagupitin ng latigo paluin bilang parusa Forfeit … kamkam Grievance … hinaing Oblige … pilitin Occasion … magbigay daan Oppression … pang-aapi Seize … samsamin Stock … preso 6. Sinagot ng gobyerno ang mga reklamo ng Simbahan. Basahin angsipi sa ibaba.! Sipi #5. Mula sa sagot nina Gobernador Heneral Guido de Lavezaris at mga opisyal at encomendero sa “Opinion” ni Padre Martin de Rada, mga 1570s. Sa kanyang “Opinion” inilahad ni Padre de Rada ang mga abuso ng mga encomendero at alcade- mayor. … we came to these districts by his Majesty’s order, and therefore we are here, obeying his royal mandate…. In regard to the tribute that has been raised, and the amount of tribute in gold that is collected from Los Ylocos and Los Camarines, … it is a matter clearly to be understood, that, for the support of those who live in this land, it is quite necessary that the natives assist with tribute as they do in the other part of the Indies. They are not considered friends, nor do they have any security, without first having paid the tribute—which is, in proportion to their condition and wealth, very little; and which they are willing to give gladly and without compulsion. In each island, district, and village, the natives give what they please, for in some places they give provisions, and in others wax, cloth, and other things which they obtain from their harvests. To them it is little, and almost nothing, because they have those things abundantly. If gold has been collected from the Ylocos and Camarines, it is because the land is very rich in mines, and because they have! 65
! great quantites of gold. As regards the excessive tribute which … is said to have been collected from the natives, to generalize from individual cases is to confuse the whole matter. We say this because a great part of the country is taxed differenty in different places, and the natives vary in wealth. In some parts they are rich, in others farmers, in others merchants, in others miners; and, again, in others they live by robbery and assault. To say, then, that the Indians are so wretched that they live on roots during part of the year, and in some places are accustomed to support themselves for a certain part of the year on sweet potatoes, sago bread, and other vegetables they find, is wrong. It is not so in all districts, but only in some of the Pintados [Visayan] Islands; nor is this through any lack of prosperity, but because they are vicious, and eat all sorts of food. They are so lazy that they will not go four leagues out of their villages to buy rice, but spend their time in drunkenness, idolatries, and feastings. … the natives are so rich, and have so many profits and sources of gain…. They have a great deal of cloth with which to clothe themselves; many silken fabrics worked with gold, greatly esteemed and of high value; many porcelains and fine earthenware jars; lances, daggers, bells, and vases; and many adornments for their persons, of which they make use. They also have great quantities of provisions, which they gather every year from their irrigated lands; palm wine, and wine of the nipa palm, which they collect ordinarily every day during the whole year and many other wines, made from rice or cane—to say nothing of the great profits they make from wax and gold, which are ordinarily produced in all the islands. There is a great deal of cotton, which they work and spin, and make into fine cloths; these are very valuable to the Indians in their trade. If some natives in some of the villages decamp in order to avoid paying the tribute, as is stated in the ‘Opinion’, it is not on account of any lack of means, but because the natives are spirited, and make it a point of honor to pay the tribute only when forced. They like to be compelled to do so. This is not the case with all of them, but only with some who, after debaucheries and guzzling of wine, come to the Spaniards, and say that they! 66
! have nothing wherewith to pay the tribute. Guido de Lavezaris, Martin de Goiti, Luis de Haya at iba, “Reply to Fray Rada’s Opinion,” c. 1574 sa Blair at Robertson 3: 265-270.\" Abundantly Glosari Accustom … masagana, marami … masanay Adornment … palamuti, dekorasyon Assault … atakihin, salakayin … Espanyol Castilian … pilitin Compel … pagpilit Compulsion … patalim Dagger … paglalasing Debauchery … Umalis sa lugar Decamp … palayok na gawa sa ceramic, Earthenware clay, bato Esteem … ginagalang Excessive … labis … lagukin Guzzle … tawag ng mga Kristiyano sa Idolatry paniniwala sa ibang diyos Indies … tawag ng mga Kastila sa Mandate Pilipinas (ang tawag sa Merchant Pilipino ay indio) … kautusan Obtain … mangangalakal Profit … makuha … tubo In proportion to … sang-ayon sa sukat o kalagayan Prosperity … kasaganaan Provision … anumang produkto o gamit … pera sa panahon ng Kastila Real … katahimikan Security … gawa sa seda … matigas ang ulo Silken … Marahas at matindi Spirited … sa ganitong paraan Vicious … api Wherewith Wretched! 67
! 7. Sumali sa inatasang grupong kumakatawan sa sumusunod. Grupo 1: Mga opisyal sa Pilipinas at mga encomendero Grupo 2: Obispo Salazar at mga prayleng Espanyol Grupo 3: Hari ng Espanya 8. Base sa mga binasang sipi, ilahad ang posisyon ng grupongkinakatawan tungkol sa tributo at polo. Ilista ang mga argumentong pabor sainyong posisyon at sagutin ang mga puntong taliwas sa tingin ng grupo.Maghanda para sa oral presentation ng mga argumento ng bawat panig. 9. Ang grupo naman ng hari ay makikinig at magtatala ng mgaargumento upang makabuo ng hatol matapos pakinggan ang dalawang panig.Ang magiging desisyon ay base sa mga dekreto ng hari. 10. Ang daloy ng oral presentation ay sumusunod. a. Grupo 1: Ilahad ang kahulugan at dahilan ng tributo at polo. b. Grupo 2: Ipaliwanag ang mga reklamo sa tributo at polo. c. Grupo 1: Sagutin ang mga reklamo ng Simbahan. d. Grupo 2: Ipagtanggol ang posisyon ng Simbahan. e. Grupo 3: Maghatol. 11. Talakayin ang hatol ng Grupo 3 at tingnan kung base ito sa mgasiniping dekreto ng hari.Kaugnayan sa Kasunod na Modyul Nabuo mo na ang lahat ng modyul para sa unang markahan ng AralingPanlipunan, na nag-umpisa sa sinaunang panahon at nagtapos sa pagtatag ngkolonyang Espanyol sa Pilipinas. Sa susunod na markahan ay susuriin mo angiba pang primaryang sanggunian tungkol sa paghubog ng kamalayang Pilipino,mula sa mga pag-aalsa laban sa iba’t ibang pamamaraang kolonyal hanggangsa rebolusyon para sa kalayaan.! 68
! Markahan 2 Pagsibol ng Kamalayang Pilipino Modyul 1 Pag-aalsa Laban sa Pang-aabuso Gawain 1. Pag-aalsa ni Tamblot, 1621-1622 2. Pag-aalsa ni Maniago, 1660 Oras 3. Mga pag-aalsang agraryo sa mga Tagalog na probinsya, 1745 Lima (5) MODYUL SA PAGKATUTOPangkalahatang Ideya Tinalakay sa nakaraang modyul ang mga instrumentong kolonyal ng mgaKastila sa Pilipinas. Ito ay ang Kristiyanisasyon, reducción, tributo at polo. Anoang naging reaksyon ng mga Pilipino sa mga patakarang ito? Makikita na daan-daang pag-aalsa ang naganap sa iba-bang lugar ng kolonya. Sa modyul na ito,tatlong pag-aalsa lamang ang susuriin: ang pag-aalsa ni Tamblot sa Bohol(1621-1622), Maniago sa Pampanga (1660), at ang mga agraryong pag-aalsa samga probinsya ng Luzon (1745). Ang magkakahiwalay na pag-aalsang ito ay isinalaysay ng mga pari atmatataas na opisyal na Kastila sa kanilang mga sinulat. Itong mga primaryangsanggunian ay nagbibigay liwanag tungkol sa hinaing ng mga Pilipino sa ilalimng Espanya at mahihinuha mula sa mga dokumentong ito ang epekto atkahalagahan ng mga pag-aalsa sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas.Gawain 1. Pag-aalsa ni Tamblot, 1621-1622 1. Isang tugon laban sa mga patakarang kolonyal na ipinairal ng mgaKastila ang pag-aalsa. Gaano kadalas o karami ang pag-aalsa laban sa Espanyabago ang rebolusyon ng 1896? Basahin ang puna ni Francisco Leandro deViana, isang piskal (abogado) sa Audiencia ng Maynila, sa kanyang “Memorial of1765.”! … it ought to be borne in mind that, from the first years of this conquest [1521] until the one in which we now are [1765], nearly! all the provinces have at various times rebelled and risen in arms; and not one of … [us] doubts that for this kind of offense the Indians ought to be punished by an increase of their tributes, that this may serve them as a warning and example; for they [thus] 69
! lost the right to be treated with the mildness which their first voluntary submission deserved. Francisco Leandro de Viana, “Memorial of 1765,” sa Blair at Robertson 48: 248. 2. Anong impormasyon ang makukuha at mahihinuha mo mula sasipi?Kadalasan o dami ngpag-aalsaImpormasyongnakuha at nahinuhamula sa sipi 3. Tatalakayin sa gawaing ito ang ilang pag-aalsa sa ika-17 at ika-18siglo. Upang suriin ang mga ito, gamitin ang balangkas sa ibaba. Konteksto. KabuuangKonteksto kalagayan ng panahon, lugar at komunidad, kasama ang kultura Aktor nito Aktor. Sino ang kumilos at ang kanyang personal na Pagkilos background, hangarin at interes Pagkilos. Mga ginawa ng historikal na aktor na nagbigay daan o nagdulot ng epekto o resultaSanhi Epekto Sanhi. Dahilan ng pagkilos Epekto. Resulta o kinahinatnan ng pagkilos! 70
! 4. Tandaan din na ang mga primaryang sanggunian ay sinulat ngmga prayle at opsiyal na Espanyol at kung gayon, ay may dalang sarilingpagtingin sa nangyari. Makikita ang mga pananaw na ito, halimbawa, sapaglalarawan ng sinaunang paniniwala ng mga Pilipino. Maging maingat sa mgapananaw na ito. 5. Sumali sa grupo at basahin ang salaysay tungkol sa pag-aalsa niTamblot sa Bohol, 1621-1622. Isaalang-alang ang balangkas sa pagsusuri ngmga sipi at tandaan na kailangang mahinuha ang sanhi mula sa sipi. Galing sa mga akda nina Pedro Murillo Velarde, Historia de la Provincia de Philipinas de la Compañia de Jesus (History of the Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus), 1749; at Casimiro Diaz, isang paring Agostino, sa kanyang aklat na Conquista de las Islas Filipinas (Conquest of the Philippine Islands), 1890 ! [KONTEKSTO] The majority of the ministers in the island of Bohol had gone to Zebu, to celebrate the feasts of the beatification [AKTOR] of St. Xavier; in their absence …. [t]he diwata,* or demon, appeared to some Indians in the woods … and commanded them to quit the gospel … and the Spanish vassalage, and take refuge in the hills; and to build him a chapel, where he would aid them and give them whatever they needed to pass their lives in happiness and abundance, without the encumbrance of paying tribute to the Spaniards or dues to the churches. Two or three Indians … became priests of this diwata [one of the priests was called Tamblot], in order to persuade the people to apostasy and rebellion.… four villages revolted; only Loboc (which is the chief village) and Baclayon remained firm in the faith, and in loyalty to the king.! 71
[SANHI]![PAGKILOS] … to take away the fear which they naturally fear toward the Spaniards, these [native] priests told them that, if they would attack the Spaniards, 1. the diwata would cause the mountains to rise against their foe; 2. the muskets of the latter would not go off, or else the bullets would rebound on those who fired them; 3. if any Indian should die, the demon would resuscitate him; 4. that the leaves of the trees would be converted into saranga (a large fish); 5. when they cut bejucos [cane or palm], these would distil wine instead of water; 6. from the banana leaves they would make fine linen; and, 7. in short, that all would be pleasure, enjoyment, and delight. Information of this reached Zebu, and immediately Don Juan de Alcarazo, alcalde-mayor of Zebu, went to quiet the island; he invited them to make peace, for which the rebels did not care. Their boldness increasing, they burned the four villages and their churches; they flung on the ground the rosaries and crosses, and pierced an image of the blessed Virgin eighteen times…. Thereupon the chief ordered troops from Zebu, fifty Spaniards and a thousand friendly Indians…; and on New Year’s day, 1622, he began a march to the mountains, where the insurgents were…. more than 1,500 rebel Indians attacked our vanguard…; but when our muskets were fired so many fell dead that the rebels began to retreat to a bamboo thicket. When we followed them a heavy rain fell, which encouraged the rebels, for they said that our muskets were then useless. But Heaven favored our cause…. The rebels fled into the mountains; and our men arrived at a village of more than a thousand houses, in the midst of which was the temple of their diwata. Our troops found there much food, various jewels of silver and gold, and many bells of the sort those people use—all of which was given to our Indians.… Captain Alcarazo… commanded that some of the rebels be hanged, and published a pardon to the rest; and he returned to Zebu, where the victory was celebrated.! 72
! [EPEKTO] This success had very important results, for it checked the revolt of other islands and other villages—who were expecting the favourable result which the demon had promised them, so that they could shake off the mild yoke of Christ, and with it their vassalage to the Spaniards. Many of them, now undeceived, accepted the pardon; but others, who were stubborn, fortified themselves at the summit of a rugged and lofty hill, difficult of access, and closed the road [to it] with brambles and thorns…. Six months later the same Don Juan Alcarazo returned, to dislodge those rebels with forty Spaniards and many Indians. After suffering great hardships in making the paths accessible, nearly all his men were hurt, by the time they reached the fort, by the many stones which the enemy hurled down from the summit; but our soldiers courageously climbed the ascent, firing their muskets, and killed many of the rebels, putting the rest to flight. Thus was dispersed that sedition, which was one of the most dangerous that had occurred in the islands—not only because the Boholanos were the most warlike and valiant of the Indians, but on account of the conspiracy spreading to many other tribes. Pedro Murillo Velarde, Historia de la Provincia de Philipinas de la Compañia de Jesus, 1749, at Casimiro Diaz, Conquista de las Islas Filipinas, 1890, sa “Insurrections by Filipinos in the Seventeenth Century,” Blair at Robertson 38: 87-91. \" Glosari Apostasy … pagtakwil sa paniniwala Ascent … pag-akyat Babaylan … paring babae o lalaki sa relihiyon ng mga sinaunang Pilipino Beatification … pagdeklara sa Katolisismo ng paggiging santo o santa Bramble … mababa, mayabong at matinik na halaman Check the revolt … pigilin ang pag-aalsa Conspiracy … sabwatan Delight … kasiyahan! 73
! \" Dislodge … tanggalin Disperse … itaboy Diwata … anito o ispiritu ng sinaunang panahon Dues … bayad Encumbrance … pasanin, abala Foe … kalaban Fortify … palakasin Hurl ibato Insurgent rebelde Lofty mataas Musket uri ng baril Pardon patawarin Pierce tusukin Quit the gospel iwanan ang pananampalataya Rebound bumalik Refuge kanlungan Resuscitate buhayin Rugged mabato, magaspang Sedition pag-aalsa Shake off the mild iwanan ang banayad na yoke of Christ iplwensiya ni Kristo Stubborn matigas ang ulo Summit tuktok Thereupon sa lugar at oras na iyon Thicket mababa’t mayabong na halaman Undeceived hindi naloloko Valiant matapang Vanguard tanod sa unahan ng hukbo 6. Gamitin ang tsart sa pagsusuri ng sipi. Ibahagi sa klase ang sagotng grupo. Sa talakayan ng klase, magtanong at o magbigay-puna upangmaunawaan nang husto ang binasang sipi.! 74
! Aktor Sanhi Pagkilos EpektoPagsusuri ng sipi Konteksto** Lugar, petsa, kalagayan 75!
!Gawain 2. Pag-aalsa ni Maniago, 1660 1. Iba namang uri ng pag-aalsa ang aaralin sa gawaing ito. Sumali saibang grupo at basahin ang salaysay ukol sa pag-aalsa ni Maniago saPampanga noong 1660. Pansinin na sa sipi ng unang gawain lang nakatukoyang bahagi tungkol sa aktor, sanhi, atbp. Dito at sa susunod na gawain, ikaw naang maghahanap ng konteksto, aktor atbp. sa sipi. Habang binabasa angsalaysay, isaalang-alang ang balangkas sa pagsusuri.! Mula kay Padre Diaz, Conquest of the Philippine Islands In the early days of October 1660, the loyal population of Pampanga made their first rebellious movements – the people being exasperated against the overseers of the wood-cutting who had been ill-treating them. Setting fire to the huts in which they lodged, they declared by the light of the fierce flames, their rash intention; as leader of their revolt appointed an Indian chief named Francisco Maniago, a native of the village of Mexico [Pampanga], who was master-of-camp for his Majesty…. the revolt was in one of the most warlike nations of these islands…. they presented themselves, armed in the village of Lubao under the command of the above-named Don Francisco Maniago…. Others gathered in a strong force in the village of Bacolor, closing the mouths of rivers with stakes, in order to hinder the commerce of that province with Manila; and they wrote letters to the provinces of Pangasinan and Ilocos, urging them to follow their example and throw off the heavy yoke of the Spaniards and to kill all the latter who might be in those provinces. … the chief promoters of the rebellion, finding the courage of their followers so weakened, began to search for paths for their own safety. They despatched our father Fray Andres de Salazar with a letter to [Governor-General] Don Sabiniano [Manrique de Lara], in which they alleged, as an excuse for the disturbance, the arrears of pay which were due them for their services, together with the loans of their commodities which had been taken to Manila for the support of the paid soldiers…. In view of this, the governor offered them 14,000 pesos, on account of what was due them, which amounted to more than 200,000 pesos. For this he sent his secretary… to authorize two other commanders… to! 76!
! establish peace and publish the general amnesty for the past…. When the writ of amnesty was drawn up, and the words were repeated to them in their own language…, in reading to them these words, “in the name of his Majesty I grant pardon, for the sake of avoiding all bloodshed,” he altered the sense of this sentence, telling them the very opposite…. and from this resulted fresh disturbances. Casimiro Diaz, sa Blair at Robertson 38: 143-145, 149-151.! Glosari Alter … baguhin Arrear … atraso sa bayad Allege … magpahayag daw Commerce … kalakalan Exasperate … manggalilt Fierce … malakas Lodge … tirahan Overseer … tagapamahala Rash intention … hindi pinag-isipan Stake … tulos Writ of amnesty … utos ng pagpapatawad Yoke … pananakop 2. Gumawa ng tsart katulad ng ginamit sa unang gawain at sagutinito. Ibahagi ang tsart sa klase at lumahok sa talakayan upang maunawaan angmga binasang sipi.! 77!
!Gawain 3. Mga Pag-aalsang Agraryo sa mga Tagalog naProbinsya, 1745 1. Noong 1745 sa Batangas, Cavite at ibang probinsyang Tagalog aynag-alsa ang taumbayan dahil sa problema sa pag-aari ng lupa at limitadongaccess sa ilog at ibang yamang-likas. Sumali sa grupo at basahin ang mgasalaysay tungkol sa mga pag-aalsang agraryo. Isaalang-alang muli ang balangkassa pagsusuri.! Sipi 1. Mula sa ulat ni Pedro Calderon Enriquez, awditor at piskal ng Audiencia, na nag-imbestiga ng mga kondisyon noong 1739 By commission of this royal Audiencia, I went to a village outside the walls of this capital, to take measures for the completion of a small bridge, which was being hindered by some dispute…. I proceeded to make inquiries regarding the lands and revenues belonging to the village; and I found that all the surrounding estates (on which the people of the village were working) belonged to a certain ecclesiastic, the Indians and mestizos paying him rent not only for these, but for the land occupied by their cabins, at the rate of three pesos a year for the married man, and one and one-half pesos for the widow or the unmarried man….” Pedro Calderon Enriquez, “Discurso iuridico, en que se defiende la real iurisdiccion, y se hace demonstracion de la injusticia, que contiene el contrato de arrendamiento de solares en estas islas,” sa Blair at Robertson 48: 141-142. ! Glosari Audiencia … Kataas-taasang hukuman ng kolonya Cabin … bahay Dispute … away Ecclesiastic … relihiyoso Estate … lupain Revenue … kita Take measure … gumawa ng hakbang! 78!
!! Sipi 2. Galing sa akda ni Juan de la Concepcion, Historia General de Philipinas (General History of the Philippines), 1788-1792 With the pretext that the fathers of the Society [of Jesus] had usurped from the cultivated lands, and the untilled lands on the hills, on which they kept enormous herds of horned cattle—for which reason, and because the Jesuits said that these were their own property, they would not allow the natives to supply themselves wood, rattans, and bamboos, unless they paid fixed prices—the Indians committed shocking acts of hostility on the ranches of Lian and Nasugbu, killing and plundering the tenants of those lands, with many other ravages. Nor did they respect the houses of the [Jesuit] fathers, but attacked and plundered them, and partly burned them, as well as many other buildings independent of these…. The contagion spread to the village of Taal, and more than sparks were discovered in other places, although efforts were made to conceal the fire. Juan de la Concepcion, Historia General de Philipinas, 1788-1792, sa “Events in Filipinas,” 1739-1762,” Blair at Robertson 48: 141. ! Glosari Conceal … itago Contagion … pagkahawa Enormous … malaki Herd … grupo ng hayop Hostility … kalupitan Plunder … pagnanakaw Pretext … pangangatwiran Ravage … paninira Usurp … mangamkam, mang-agaw! 79!
!! Sipi 3. Mula sa dekreto ni Haring Felipe V noong 7 Nobyembre 1751 ... Don Pedro Enriquez, an auditor of that same Audiencia, made a report... of what he has done... for the pacification of the villages of Taguig, Hagonoy, Parañaque, Bacoor, Cavite el Viejo, and other places… which lie near that capital, all of which revolted. A similar insurrection or revolt occurred in the province of Bulacan, and these... protested… against the injuries which the Indians received from the managers of the estates which are owned by the religious of St. Dominic and those of St. Augustine… – usurping the lands of the Indians, without leaving them the freedom of the rivers for their fishing, or allowing them to cut wood for their necessary use, or even to collect the wild fruits; nor did they allow the natives to pasture on the hills near their villages the carabaos which they used for agriculture. Accordingly [Don Pedro] determined to free them from these oppressions, and decided that they should not pay various unjust taxes which the managers exacted from them..... he demanded from the aforesaid religious orders the titles of ownership for the lands which they possessed; and, notwithstanding the resistance that they made to him, repeatedly refusing [to obey], he distributed to the villages the lands which the orders had usurped, and all which they held without legitimate cause he declared to be crown lands…. He also took other measures which seemed to him proper for the investigation of the fraudulent proceedings in the measurement of the lands in the estate of Biñan, which is owned by the religious of St. Dominic—fraud which was committed in the year 1743 by the court clerk of that Audiencia [of Manila] with notable fraud and trickery, in which participated the two surveyors (appointed through ignorance or evil intent), to the grave injury of the village of Silang. This had caused the disturbances, revolts, and losses which had been experienced in the above-mentioned villages…. I approve, and regard as just and proper, all that was performed by the aforesaid Don Pedro Calderon Enriquez…. Dated at San Lorenzo, on November 7, 1751 I THE KING Haring Felipe V, “Usurpation of Indian Lands by Friars,” 1751, sa Blair at Robertson 48: 27-31, 34.! 80!
! ! Glosari Aforesaid … nabanggit Crown land … lupain ng hari Exact … maningil Fraudulent … madaya Legitimate … legal Notwithstanding … bagama’t Pacification … panunupil 2. Gumawa ng tsart katulad ng tsart na ginamit sa Gawain 1 at 2 atsagutin ito. Ibahagi ang mga sagot sa klase.Kaugnayan sa Kasunod na Modyul Mahalaga ang mga pagtutol ng mga Pilipino sa iba’t ibang paraan ngpananakop, ngunit hindi pa nahuhubog ang kamalayang kumikilala sakahalagahan ng pagsasarili. Sa mga susunod na modyul, aaralin ang pagbuo ngkamalayang ito.! 81!
! Markahan 2 Pagsibol ng Kamalayang Pilipino Gregorio Modyul 2 Iba-Ibang Mukha ng Progreso Gawain 1. Ang ideya ng progreso sa kasalukuyan 2. Pagsuri sa mga ideya ng progreso sa siglo 19 Oras 3. Tatlong mukha ng progreso: Sinibaldo de Mas, Sancianco, at Juan Luna Pito (7) MODYUL SA PAGKATUTOPangkalahatang Ideya Nakita ninyo sa sinundang aralin na dahil sa mga patakarang pananakopay naglunsad ng mga pag-aalsa ang mga Pilipino sa iba-ibang isla. Bukod samga pangyayaring ito, mula sa ika-16 na siglo ay dumami at lumawak ang mgapagbabago sa ika-19 na siglo. Pinayagan, halimbawa, ng gobyernong Espanyolang mga Ingles at iba pang dayuhang mangangalakal na magtayo ng kumpanyaat industriya sa iba-ibang parte ng Pilipinas, matapos tumigil ang kalakalanggalleon noong 1815. Nadebelop ang mga produktong pang-eksport katulad ngasukal, abaka at tabako, at naitayo ang unang bangko, ang Banco Español-Filipino, noong 1851. Sa madaling salita, makikita sa kolonya ang mga tanda ngprogreso sa ika-19 na siglo, kasama ang tren at iba pang modernong pasilidad. Sa kontekstong ito ay umusbong ang iba-ibang pagtingin sa progreso atkung paano isusulong ang Pilipinas. Alalahanin na sa siglo 19, ang mgakolonyang Espanyol sa Latin Amerika ay halos nakalaya na, samantalang hawakpa ng Espanya ang kanyang mga kolonya sa Pilipinas, Puerto Rico at Cuba. Samodyul na ito tatlong perspektibo ang ilalahad: kay Sinibaldo de Mas, isangEspanyol na administrador; Gregorio Sancianco, isa sa mga unang Pilipinongnag-aral sa Espanya; at Juan Luna, Pilipinong pintor na hanggang ngayon aykinikilalang isa sa pinakamahusay sa bansa. Importanteng maunawaan ang mgaideya nila ukol sa progreso dahil nagbigay daan o nakaapekto ang mga ito samga layunin at kaisipan ng kilusang reporma na pinangunahan nina Jose Rizalat Marcelo H. del Pilar.! 82!
12 ! Gawain 1. Ang Ideya ng Progreso sa Kasalukuyan 1. Paano ba natin masasabing may progreso? Kapag may pagbabago bang naganap ay maituturing na itong progreso? Para kanino ang progreso? Upang masagot ang mga tanong na ito, sumali sa grupo at gumawa ng concept map tungkol sa ideya ng progreso. Isulat sa kaliwang bahagi ang mga tanda ng progreso at sa kanan, ang pakinabang ng mga ito. Magbigay ng tatlong halimbawa. 1. Grupo 1: Progreso sa bahay 2. Grupo 2: Progreso sa paaralan 3. Grupo 3: Progreso sa probinsya 4. Grupo 4: Progreso sa bansang Pilipinas 5. Grupo 5: Progreso sa mundo Tanda ng Progreso Pakinabang PROGRESO ! 83!
! 2. Ipakita at ipaliwanag sa klase ang ginawang concept map. Ipaskilito sa bulletin board. 3. Tingnan ang lahat ng concept map at lumahok sa talakayan ukolsa kahulugan ng progreso sa kasalukuyang panahon.Gawain 2. Pagsuri sa mga Ideya ng Progreso sa Siglo 19 1. Kung ganito ang pag-unawa sa konsepto ng progreso sakasalukuyan, tingnan ngayon ang mga perspektibo sa ika-19 na siglo. Sumali sagrupong inatasan ng guro. a. Grupo 1: Sinibaldo de Mas b. Grupo 2: Gregorio Sancianco c. Grupo 3: Juan Luna 2. Para sa Grupo 1, basahin ang sipi mula kay Sinibaldo de Mas,isang Espanyol na administrador sa Pilipinas na lumibot din sa ibang mgakolonya ng Espanya sa Latin Amerika, kung saan niya nakita ang mgapaghihimagsik laban sa Espanya. Sinulat niya ang Informe sobre el estado delas Filipinas en 1842 (Ulat tungkol sa Kalagayan ng Pilipinas noong 1842) sakontekstong ito at sa hangarin niyang manatili ang Pilipinas bilang kolonya,taliwas sa nangyari sa Latin Amerika.! ... [To] maintain or keep the Colony forever, i. e. never to consider its separation …: … it is necessary to keep … [Filipinos] in an intellectual and moral state that their numerical superiority be politically less than the … [Spaniards] just as in a balance a pile of hay weighs less than a bar of gold… [C]ircumscribe education to primary schools where the three “r’s” can be taught, with one school in every town as is the present practice and under the care of the curate. The colleges for men now extant in Manila should be closed… It is necessary too that in every town there should be a Spanish curate, it being preferable to leave it unattended spiritually rather than to relinquish it in the hands of the Filipino clergy… this colony in my concept should be maintained by religion. Based on this principle, nothing can promote faster its emancipation than to! 84!
! ordain native priests. Some observe that they are inept and vicious and consequently do not inspire respect and neither do they wield influence, nor are they feared…. There should be assigned clothes to distinguish Spaniards, which should not be used either by the natives or the mestizos; the best, it seems, for this purpose is a kerchief around the neck, an adornment rarely put on by the natives. They should not use any other clothing other than that which they themselves have selected: open shirt and a straw head gear. Only the chieftains may wear coats… In the colony, there should be no noble blood but the Spaniard’s. When a Filipino or mestizo meets a Spaniard, he should be obliged to stop (except in Manila) and greet him. If seated, he should stand when the Spaniard talks to him or passes in front. Whosoever should raise his hand against a Spaniard, even in defense of his life, should incur the penalty of going to the public works for the duration of his life… A Spaniard should not seat a Filipino or mestizo in his house, much less eat with him… [Filipinos] … should not be taught Spanish, but only to read and write their own. It is impossible to avoid circulating in the provinces papers and books which are inconvenient for them to read and experience has taught that those who know our language are almost always the headstrong of the towns and the ones who murmur, censure and go against the curate and the mayors. Sinibaldo de Mas, Report on the State of the Philippines in 1842: Interior Politics (Vol. III), manuskritong salin ni Prof. Pablo K. Botor, pp. 1, 10, 11, 31 at 36.! Glosari Censure … pintasan Circumscribe … limitahin Curate … pari o prayleng Espanyol na namumuno sa isang parokya; miyembro siya ng orden Emancipation … pagpapalaya Extant … namamalagi Headstrong … matigas ang ulo Incur … malapatan ng parusa Inept … walang kakayahan! 85!
! ! Ordain … proseso ng pagiging pari Sagutin ang tsart. Relinquish … ipagkatiwala, iwanan Tungkol sa a. Edukasyon Three r’s … pagbasa (reading), pagsulat (‘riting) at pagbilang (‘rithmetic) Vicious … mabagsik Wield influence … mamahala Mga Rekomendasyon Impormasyong Mahihinuha mula sa mga Rekomendasyon b. Pamamahala ng mga parokya o simbahan c. Pananamit ng mga Espanyol at Pilipino d. Pagtrato ng mga Pilipino at Espanyol sa isa’t isa e. Ano ang inaasahang epekto ng kanyang mga rekomendasyon? f. Ano ang pangkalahatang pananaw ni Sinibaldo de Mas tungkol sa progreso?! 86!
! 2. Para sa Grupo 2, basahin ang sipi galing sa akda ni GregorioSancianco, El Progreso de Filipinas (Ang Progreso sa Pilipinas), 1881. Mayamanang pamilya ni Sancianco at nakapag-aral siya sa Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas.Dahil sa kaguluhang dulot ng pag-aalsa sa Cavite at pagbitay kina PadreGomez, Burgos at Zamora noong 1872, minabuti ng pamilya ni Sancianco naipadala siya sa Espanya upang ipagpatuloy ang kanyang pag-aaral. Habangnandoon ay sumulat si Sancianco sa isang pahayagan sa Madrid. Ang kanyangAng Progreso sa Pilipinas ay ang unang seryosong akda ng isang Pilipinotungkol sa ekonomiyang kolonyal sa ilalim ng pamamahala ng Espanya.! It is a pity that the Madrid government has not given preferential attention to the material condition of the Philippines by stimulating the productive elements, removing all kinds of fetters, and facilitating the free circulation of their products. In a period of 50 years how highly developed would have been agriculture in those fertile lands watered everywhere by immense rivers, what country in the world would not have been supplied with its agricultural products! But, what can be expected of farmers without zeal for lack of stimulus and they deprive from their labor if they cannot sell their produce or if they have to carry them to the markets, spending five or six days on the road they themselves have to cut through forests and rivers, through regions still inhabited by fierce infidels, in order to sell at prices insufficient either to compensate them for their labor or for the risks they run? The distant towns of the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Isabela and others located in Central Luzon encounter these sad realities. Why would not their inhabitants be lazy? How could these towns become rich or their population increase? Thus, the majority of the people plant only tobacco, in spite of the worst conditions of the monopoly. As the government buys this product, the planters do not have to go to Manila to sell it. They also plant rice but just enough to supply their families. If they have any surplus grain, they take it to San Isidro or to Pangasinan where they are paid not more than three reales vellon for one arroba of rice, whereas at Manila the price is ten reales or two pesos and twenty-five cents an arroba. Gregorio G. Sancianco, El Progreso de Filipinas (Madrid, 1881), trans. by Encarnacion Alzona (Manila: National Historical Institute, 2000), pp. 30-31.! 87!
! ! Glosari Arroba … paraan ng pagsukat sa mga tuyong bagay tulad ng bigas na katumbas ngayon ay mga 11 kilo Compensate … bayaran Deprive … tanggalin, alisin Distant … malayo Fetter … hadlang, balakid Infidel … katutubong hindi yumakap sa Katolisismo Immense … malawak Preferential attention … espesyal o piling atensyon Reales vellon … uri ng salapi noong ika-19 na siglo sa Pilipinas; ang 20 reales vellon ay katumbas ng isang piso Risk … panganib Stimulus … panghikayat Surplus … sobra Zeal … matinding pagnanais Sagutin ang sumusunod. Tingin ni Gregorio Impormasyong nakuha at nahinuha Sancianco tungkol sa mula sa sangguniana. Mga balakid sa pagsulong ng agrikulturab. Epekto ng mga 88! balakid na ito sa kalagayan ng ekonomiya!
! Impormasyong nakuha at nahinuha mula sa sanggunian Tingin ni Gregorio Sancianco tungkol sac. Mga dapat gawin upang lutasin ang mga problema sa ekonomiyad. Ano ang pananaw ni Sancianco tungkol sa progreso?e. Ano ang inaasahang resulta sa ekonomiya ng Pilipinas at sa buhay ng mga Pilipino kapag naisagawa ang mga hakbang na sinabi ni Sancianco? 4. Para sa Grupo 3, suriin ang obrang nilikha ni Juan Luna, Pilipinongpintor at propagandista, na pinamagatang España y Filipinas (Espanya atPilipinas), 1886. Dahil sa maykaya ang kanyang pamilya, nagkaroon si Luna ngpagkakataong mag-aral sa Europa, kung saan mas lalo pang nahasa angkanyang angking galing sa pagpipinta. Sa Espanya, naging kasama niya sinaJose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez-Jaena at iba pa. Doon nilanakita ang ilang mga pagbabago tulad ng mga karapatang sinisugurado ngKonstitusyon, kalayaang magpahayag, edukasyon, at representasyon ng mgamamamayang Espanyol sa Cortes (parliyamento). Sa España y Filipinas makikitaang ideya ni Luna tungkol sa progreso.! 89!
!España y Filipinas Juan Luna 1886, oil on canvas Mula sa LopezMemorial Museum,Lungsod ng Pasig Obserbahan ang mga detalye ng obra at sagutin ang gabay sa ibaba.Sino sa inyongpalagay angkinakatawan ngbabae sa kaliwa atbabae sa kanan?Bakit?! 90!
!Bakit inaakay angbabaeng nasa kanan?Ano ang kahulugannito?Ano sa inyong tinginang itinuturo ngbabae sa kaliwa?Ano ang kahuluganng hagdan?Ano kaya ang ibigsabihin ng mgabulaklak sa hagdan?Paano makakamitang progreso sapunto de bista niLuna? 5. Ibahagi sa klase ang mga sagot ng grupo.! 91!
!Gawain 3. Tatlong Mukha ng Progreso: Sinibaldo de Mas,Gregorio Sancianco, at Juan Luna 1. Base sa pagsusuri ng grupo sa iniatas na primaryang sanggunian,sumulat (bilang grupo) ng isang talumpati tungkol sa ideya ng progreso ayon satao na inaral ninyo. a. Sa unang bahagi ng talumpati, ipakilala ang sarili (de Mas, Sancianco, o Luna). b. Sa mga kasunod na bahagi, ipaliwanag ang kahulugan ng progreso, ang mga balakid dito at rekomendasyon upang maisulong ang kolonya ng Pilipinas, ayon sa pananaw ni de Mas, Sancianco, o Luna. c. Isulat ang talumpati sa kaakit-akit na paraan, gamit ang mga batayang tuntunin ng epektibong komunikasyon. d. Siguraduhing tatagal ang talumpati nang 15 minuto. 2. Pumili ng isa sa bawat grupo na maghahayag ng talumpati sainteresante at nakakaengganyong paraan. Ang layunin ay kumbinsihin at sumang-ayon ang klase sa inyong pagtingin. 3. Matapos marinig ang lahat ng talumpati, bumoto kung sino angpinaka-nakahikayat sa iyo. Pakinggan ang resulta ng botohan. 4. Balikan ang konsepto ng progreso sa kasalukuyan na inilahad saunang gawain at talakayin ang pagkakatulad at pagkakaiba ng konseptong itosa mga ideya nina de Mas, Sancianco, at Luna sa ika-19 na siglo. Tandaan angsumusunod. \" Malaki ang papel ng historikal na konteksto at personal na background ng may-akda sa pagbuo ng kanyang pananaw. Dahil dito, iba-iba ang pananaw sa progreso.Kaugnayan sa Kasunod na Modyul Ang mga repormang hinangad nina Sancianco at Luna ay naging bahaging kilusang reporma ng mga Pilipino sa Espanya. Sa pamamagitan ng pagsulat,inihayag ng mga propagandista ang mga repormang makatutulong sa pagsulongng Pilipinas. Tatalakayin ang mga repormang ito sa susunod na modyul.! 92!
!Markahan 2 Pagsibol ng Kamalayang PilipinoModyul 3 Kilusang PropagandaGawain 1. Mga repormista at kanilang adhikain 2. Mga problema ng kolonya ayon sa propagandistaBilang ng oras 3. Sariling dyaryong pampropaganda Pito (7) MODYUL SA PAGKATUTOPangkalahatang Ideya Isa sa mga tagapaghubog ng kamalayang Pilipino sa siglo 19 ay angKilusang Propaganda. Marami sa mga kasapi nito ay mga kabataan at mag-aaral.Bunga ng kanilang edukasyon, naging mapanuri ang mga propagandista sa mgasuliranin ng bayan tulad ng maling pamamalakad ng mga Espanyol sa Pilipinasat ang pang-aabuso ng mga prayle. Dahil sa kanilang karanasan at kamulatan, naging aktibo ang mgaedukadong Pilipino sa kampanya tungo sa reporma at iba’t iba ang kanilangpamamaraan. May ilang nagbigay ng talumpati, may ilang gumamit ng sining-biswal, at ang karamihan ay idinaan sa panulat. Iba-iba man ang pamamaraan,nagkaisa sila sa pagpaparating ng totoong kalagayan ng Pilipinas at sa paghinging reporma. Sa Espanya umikot ang kampanya ng mga Pilipinong propagandistaat ang mga opisyal na Espanyol ang pangunahing pinag-ukulan ng panawagansa reporma. Sa modyul na ito, tatalakayin ang mga panulat ng mga repormista atkanilang adhikain, ang mga suliranin ng Pilipinas at ilang mungkahi paramabigyang solusyon ang mga ito.! 93!
!Gawain 1. Mga Repormista at ang kanilang Adhikain 1. Magbalik-aral sa nakaraang modyul tungkol sa tema ng progresosa ika-19 na siglo. Sa kanyang Ang Progreso ng Pilipinas (1881), hiningi niGregorio Sancianco mula sa pamahalaang Espanyol ang mga pagbabago saPilipinas na magbibigay daan sa kaunlaran ng kolonya. Isa si Sancianco sa mgaunang Pilipinong nag-aral at nanirahan sa Espanya. Ang iba pang mga Pilipinongmag-aaral sa Espanya noong ika-19 na siglo ay sumusunod. Jose Rizal Paaralan: Ateneo Municipal, Universidad de Santo Tomas, Universidad Central de Madrid Kurso: Medisina Marcelo H. del Pilar Paaralan: Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Universidad de Santo Tomas Kurso: Abogasya Mariano Ponce Paaralan: Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Universidad Central de Madrid Kurso: Medisina Juan Luna Paaralan: Ateneo Municipal, Academio de Dibujo y Pintura Kurso: Pagpipinta Antonio Luna Paaralan: Universidad de Santo Tomas, Universidad de Barcelona Kurso: Parmasya Graciano Lopez-Jaena Paaralan: Universidad de Valencia Kurso: Medisina! 94!
! 2. Ilustrado ang tawag sa mga edukadong Pilipino, na karamihan aynanggaling sa mga pamilyang may kaya. Ilan din sa kanila ay nag-aral at onanirahan sa Espanya tulad ng mga nasa itaas. 3. Sa pamamagitan ng edukasyon, nabuksan ang kanilang mundo saEuropa at mga bagong ideya, at nilayon ng mga ilustrado na magkaroon ngpagbabago sa Pilipinas. Kanilang isinagawa ang kampanya para sa reporma sapamamagitan ng pagsulat ng mga artikulo sa dyaryo, kung kaya tinawag naKilusang Propaganda ang kanilang kampanya. Hinarap nila ang kanilang mgapetisyon sa mga nanungkulan sa Espanya. Dahil mga edukado—bihasa sa wikangKastila, ang midyum ng pagtuturo sa paaralan—at nanirahan sa Espanya,kadalasan silang sumulat sa Kastila, maliban kay Marcelo del Pilar, na sumulatsa Tagalog bago siya lumipat sa Espanya (dahil hinahabol na siya ng gobyernosa Pilipinas). 4. Noong 1889 itinatag sa Barcelona (sa hilagang silangang Espanya)ang La Solidaridad (“Ang Pagkakaisa”), ang dyaryo ng kilusang reporma. Bagoito talakayin, ipaliwanag ang halaga o ang gamit ng dyaryo (lokal o pahayaganng paaralan) sa pang-araw-araw na buhay. Ibahagi ang iyong sagot sa klase.! 95!
! 5. Ganoon din ang papel ng dyaryong La Solidaridad sa komunidadng mga Pilipino sa Espanya at mga Espanyol na nakiisa sa mga repormistangPilipino. Basahin ang sumusunod na impormasyon. La Solidaridad • Opisyal na pahayagan ng Kilusang Propaganda. Lumabas ang unang isyu nito noong 15 Pebrero 1889. Naging punong-patnugot si Graciano Lopez-Jaena na sinundan ni Marcelo H. del Pilar. Naging kasamang patnugot si Mariano Ponce. • Naglalaman ang pahayagan ng mga hiling para sa reporma sa kolonya, ulat tungkol sa kondisyon at pangyayari sa Pilipinas, mga talumpati at kautusan na may kinalaman sa Pilipinas, at mga akda tungkol sa kasaysayan, kultura at wikang Pilipino. Kabilang sa mga sumulat sa pahayagan ay sina Jose Rizal, Isabelo de los Reyes, Jose Alejandrino, Ferdinand Blumentritt, at iba pa. • Nakasentro ang pahayagan sa Barcelona, Espanya. Maliban sa mga Pilipinong nakatira sa Europa, iniukol din ang pahayagan para sa mga opisyal ng pamahalaang Espanya. Bagaman mahigpit ang sensura sa Pilipinas, ang ilang kopya ng pahayagan ay nakapasok sa Maynila. Inilabas ang huling isyu noong Nobyembre 1895.! 96!
! 6. Basahin ang sipi mula sa isyu ng La Solidaridad noong 15 Abril1889 na nagpaliwanag ng layunin ng pahayagan at adhikain ng mga ilustradongrepormista.! The Aspirations of Filipinos His Excellency, the Minister of Colonies Your Excellency, The Spanish-Filipino Association in Madrid; the Solidaridad, an association of Filipinos living in Catalonia; La Solidaridad, a newspaper published in Barcelona, and various Spaniards whose signatures appear below, have the honor to submit to Your Excellency this petition. During the last few years, the culture of the Philippines has been developing in such a way that it is now equal to that of the other provinces of Spain. The time has come therefore to grant to that Spanish region [Philippines] the fundamental rights enjoyed by every Spaniard, such as: 1. Representation in the Cortes 2. Abolition of censorship 3. Speedy and final prohibition of the current practice… [of] deporting citizens In view thereof, the petitioners have the honor to request the Minister of Colonies to do everything possible so that there may be an immediate application in the Philippines of all laws which guarantee said rights. Barcelona, 25 April 1889 Miguel Morayta, Galicano Apacible, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Celso Mir Deas, Emilio Junoy, Damaso Ponce, Santiago Icasiano, Antonio Moreno, Ricardo Villanueva, Manuel Dodero, Antonio Bicamps, P. Ma. Jomapa, Pablo Rianzares, Graciano Lopez, A. Julla, Agustin Rexeres, etc. (more signatures follow)! 97!
! La Solidaridad, 25 Abril 1889, vol. 1, trans. by Guadalupe Fores-Ganzon (Lungsod Pasay: Fundacion Santiago, 1996): 1: 121. Glosari ! Catalonia … rehiyon sa hilagang silangan ng Espanya Cortes … Lehislatura ng pamahalaang Espanya Censorship … pagpuna at pagbawal sa pahayagan at ibang publikasyon Deport … itapon sa ibang lugar Minister of Colonies … Opisyal ng Espanya na nangangasiwa sa administrasyon ng mga kolonya; nakabase ito sa Espanya mismo Prohibition … pagbawal 7. Sumapi sa grupo. Bilugan o kulayan ang bahagi ng petisyongsumasagot sa tanong sa ibaba. Isulat kung aling tanong ang sinasagot ngbinilugan o kinulayan. a. Sino ang sinulatan ng liham-petisyon? b. Sino ang mga pumirma sa liham-petisyon? c. Ano ang mga nasyonalidad ng mga pumirma? d. Ano ang hiningi ng mga pumirma sa petisyon? e. Ano ang ginamit na batayan ng mga nagpetisyon para isulong ang kanilang hinihiling?! 98!
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