Unarmed Security Guard

INTRODUCTION TO SECURITY 1RISKS, HAZARDS/ DISASTERS AND EMERGENCIES 4SECURITY ORGANZATIONS 7PRIVATE SECURITY SECTOR 10LEGAL PROVISIONS 11BASIC PARAMETERS 20PEOPLE, PROPERTY AND PREMISES 26GUARDING, OBSERVATION AND PATROLLING 32SECURITY AND SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT 37PERSONS, VEHICLES, MATERIAL AND DOCUMENTS 45ACCESS CONTROL OPERATION AND EQUIPMENT 50SCREENING & SEARCH 60ESSENTIALS OF PARKING CONTROL 67ESSENTIAL ASPECTS OF SECURITY ESCORT 74HEALTH & FITNESS 80FIRE SAFETY AND FIRE FIGHTING 88MEDICAL EMERGENCY 103COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DOMAINS 112BEHAVIOURAL STANDARDS & ROLE AND DUTIES OF A SCURITY GUARD 118



INTRODUCTION TO SECURITYIntroductionWhenever there is a development of social elements, there is also equal and parallel develop-ment of anti-social elements. The only remedy is to remain one up. This makes it clear thatsecurity and protection will always be a major concern of everyone at every time.WHAT IS SECURITY?Security is defined as, ‘The state of being or feeling secure’. ‘The safety and protection of astate, organization or property’.The security guard, which comprises more than 90% workforce plays an important role inproviding community security. A well-trained security guard should be synonymous with eachof the eight alphabets of word “Security’, which signifies important characteristics, and consti-tutes like a security umbrella.IMPORTANCE OF SECURITYThe rising crimes, communal riots, social disturbances and acts of terrorism have posed a se-rious challenge to social community security. The Armed Forces and various Police Organiza-tions are fully stretched in their primarily role and are unable to face his challenge. This hugevoid has to be filled in by the PSS, for which its personnel should be well-trained.The mere presence of a security guard at a premise is a major deterrence for any illegal, in-appropriate and unlawful activity. It is important for a security guard to understand the differ-ence between the Private Security and Police functions:a) Private security functions mean preventing the culprit from committing crimes like theft,trespass etc.,b) Police functions mean to catch the culprit after he has committed the crime/ offence and then take legal action against the culprit to bring him to justice.What is a Security System?Every system consists of persons, equipment or infrastructure and processes to run it. Thesame holds good for private security, wherein it takes the shape of an “Integrated SecuritySystem”.An “Integrated Security System” of any Organization is designed by experts in the field as perground requirements. The major constituent’s parts of any security system are given below.a) Principal Employer (Organization).b) Service Provider (Security Agency)c) Security Guard (Trained Guard) 1

d) Security Infrastructure (Building and Equipment).e) Written Security policies, procedures and instructions.Principal Employer (PE): Any organization, be it the government or private, w hicheither owns or manages the business and its functions, and has its Security system in placeto protect its business and other interests by hiring the services of a service provider (SP) forthe provision of Security guards at his premises on contract basis.The PE is responsible for creating Security infrastructure, laying down relevant Security poli-cies and procedures and selecting a competent service provider delivering Security services.Service Provider (SP): An SP could be an individual or a private Security agencywhich provides Security services to the Principal Employers at their premises, though the de-livery of work executed by the Security guards. The SP is responsible for training, discipline,conduct and efficiency of the security guards and other staff deployed.Security Guard: Any citizen of I ndia, duly verified, trained and engaged by the SP toperform Security duties at the premises of the principal employer is a Security guard. Afterthe prescribed training as per PSARA, the guard becomes competent to be called as a TrainedGuard (TG). H e is the main link of the Security system, being the actual man onground, who notices an responds to risks and threats first.The Triangle of Security InterdependenceThe above three entities i.e., the PE, SP and the TG form a triangle with three equal sidesmaking it a triangle of Security interdependence, due to two way flow of information betweenPE, SP and the TG, as shown with the help of arrows.The TG plays an important role in the system, hence shown at the apex of the triangle of Se-curity interdependence. This triangle will always be strong and robust, if the TG performs hisduties as trained. A diagrammatic depiction of the “Triangle of Interdependence” is given be-low:-Security InfrastructureEvery Organization/ industry generally has the following Security Infrastructure to be mannedand operated by deploying Security guards:-a) Perimeter / Security wall designed as per specifications.b) Security gatesc) Access control systemd) Intruder detection systeme) Surveillance systemf) Biometric system 2

g) Communication systemh) Patrol vans and motorcycles.i) Fire-fighting systemj) Security control roomk) Non-Lethal protective arms, like sticks/ batons etc.Written Security Procedures & Policiesa) These are generally known as ‘Standard Operating Procedures’ (SOP) which are writteninstructions and policies laying down the duties and responsibilities of Security personnel,concerned with the Security matters and operations of the organization.b) The SOPs also include instructions to take necessary actions during various Security-related situations, occurring in the premises of the organization.Man behind the MachineIf the Security guard is well-trained and motivated, it will become extremely difficult for anoffender to breach the Security system of an organization and it will always remain safe andsecure.In other words, if the Security guard is well-trained and competent, the Security infrastruc-ture is functional and the security procedures and policies are strictly followed, the Security ofan organization is ensured. 3

RISKS, HAZARDS/ DISASTERS AND EMERGENCIESIntroductionA Security guard is required to identify and respond to the risks and threats, which an organi-zation may face, while he is on duty as part of the Security set-up deployed at the premises.There is thus a need for a Security guard to be trained and prepared so that he can under-stand such risks and threats, and respond to mitigate the same, on their occurrence.RISKS AND THREATSRisk: I t means a situation that involves being exposed to danger, w hich can resultin loss or damage to life or property or both.Threats:Threat means an expression of an intention to inflict an act of crime, injury, or punishment. Itis also regarded as a possible danger or harm to life or property.Types of Risks and ThreatsSome of the risks and treats which a Security guard may face during the course of his dutyare as under:- a) Unauthorized and unlawful entry into premises. b) Theft, pilferage, burglary and robbery. c) Loitering and littering in the premises d) Labour unrest, strikes and crowd formation e) Accidents f) Medical emergencies g) Fire Incidents h) Natural and manmade hazards i) Aggressive and drunken behaviour j) Assault and violence k) Kidnapping l) Suicide, attempt to murder and murder. m) Eve-teasing and sexual harassment & assaultHAZARD/ DISASTER AND EMERGENCIESA hazard is a dangerous situation that presents a level of threat to life, heal, property, or en-vironment. Hazards are mostly dormant or potential. However, once a hazard becomes ac-tive, it can lead to a situation of emergency. 4

Types of HazardsHazards are mainly of five types; physical, chemical biological, psychological and radiationhazards.Disaster: It is an occurrence causing widespread destruction and distress causing suddenloss of life and property and damage to environment.Types of Disasters: Disasters are of two types:- Natural disasters: These are caused by the forces of nature, such as earthquake, flood, drought, landslide, volcanic eruption, cyclone, tsunami, etc. Manmade disasters: These are caused by human activity or interference; such as war; blasts, acts of terrorism, accidents, chemical/ gas/ oil leaks, environmental dam- age, etc.Definition of EmergencyAn emergency is a situation or an occurrence happen-ing suddenly and unexpectedly that demands immediate response and assistance to minimiseloss of life and property.ORGANIZATIONS DEALING WITH HAZARDS/ DISASTER AND EMERGENCIESThe PoliceThe Police is an organization who is constitutionally empowered by the State to enforce lawand order, protect property, and control civil disorder. Their powers include lawful use offorce.Police Station: A P olice station or station houseis a building from where local police officers and staffoperate and discharge their legitimate duties. The Po-lice station generally houses offices and accommoda-tion for its personnel and a parking lot for vehicles.The station house is also designed to have adequate accommodation for locker rooms, tem-porary holding cells and interview/ interrogation rooms.The senior most officers is called as Station House Officer (SHO) of the rank of Inspector of 5

Police.For maintaining law & order and quick reaction in cities and towns, police has Police controlroom (PCR), where any person can inform the Police about a crime or incident. The vehicleused by Police to reach a place of incident is called a PCR van.Fire Department: I t is responsible for the provision of fire protection in a city andalso take appropriate action during natural calamities.A fire station is a building including open area de-signed to accommodate fire fighting equipment suchas fire engines, personal protective equipment, firehoses, cranes and other specialized equipment. Thefire station has a control room, which is mannedround the clock. It is here that all calls from publicregarding fire accidents are received and acted upon.Ambulance ServicesIt is a medium-sized vehicle especially designed and equipped for careful transportation ofsick and injured persons to the hospital. When required, it is also designed to provide ‘out-of-hospital’ medical care to the patients.The word is often associated with emergency Ambulances seen on the roads, which form partof the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) providing emergency care to those with acute medi-cal problems.The EMS are provided by government, hospitals and private operators. These provide out-of-hospital emergency medical care and attention to the patients, while transporting them to atrauma/ emergency wing of a hospital. Government run EMS have a common telephone num-ber, whereas privately-owned ambulances have different telephone numbers. 6

SECURITY ORGANZATIONSIntroductionNational Security means defending a nation from both external and internal Security threats.It is the duty of the Government and the Security organizations to protect the nation’s free-dom and its borders from enemy countries, terrorists, criminals and other groups who want todestabilize the nation.INDIAN ARMED FORCESIndian Armed Forces defend India primarily against the external Security threats. They arealso called in to deal with internal Security threats and natural or manmade disasters of seri-ous nature. Armed forces function under Ministry of Defenceand comprise of the following organizations:- Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air ForceThe president of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indi-an Armed Forces. Armed forces have commissioned officers and.personnel below officer rank (PBOR) serving in the organizationINDIAN ARMYThe Indian Army is about 12, 00,000 strong force, that defends nation’s land borders and is-land territories and has fought wars in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999 against Pakistan and in1962 against China. Army is also fighting the terrorists in the States of Jammu and Kashmir(J&K), Assam, Manipur and Nagaland.Army uses rifles, machine guns, mortars, cannons, tanks, heli-copters etc., for its operations.Highest rank in the army is of Field Marshal. An army soldier isknown as “Jawan”. The army is led by chief of Army Staff, whois a General. Only two former Chiefs of Army Staff, Late Gen-eral KM Cariappa and Late General SHFJ Manekshaw have heldthe rank of Field Marshal till now.INDIAN NAVYThe Indian Navy is about 60,000 strong organization. It defends the nation’s coastline andisland territories. Navy has fought wars in 1965 and 1971 against Pakistan.Navy uses aircraft carriers, ships, submarines, aircrafts, cannons, missiles and helicopters forits operations. Highest rank in the navy is Admiral of the Flee. A navy soldier is known as“Sailor”. The navy is led by Chief of Naval Staff, who is an Admiral. No one in Indian navy has.been promoted to the rank of Admiral of the Fleet till now 7

INDIAN AIR FORCEThe Indian Air Force is about 157,000 strong force. It defends the nation’s skies and islandterritories. The Air Force has fought wars in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999 against Pakistanand in 1962 against China.The Air Force uses various types of aircrafts, helicopters, bombs and missiles for its opera-tions. Highest rank in the Air Force is Marshal of the Air Force. An Air Force soldier is knownas “Airman”. The Air Force is led by chief of Air Staff, who is an Air Chief Marshal. FormerChief of Air Staff Arjan Singh is the only Marshal of the Air Force so far.CENTRAL ARMED POLICE FORCESThe Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) are organized to deal with internal Security threatsand function under Ministry of Home Affairs. Some CAPF organizations also help Indian Armyin defending the nation’s borders. The CAPF comprise the following organizations:- Assam Rifles (AR) Central Reserve Police force (CRPF) Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) Border Security force (BSF) Shashastra Seema Bal (SSB) Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Railway Protection Force (RPF) National Security Guard (NSG)Assam Rifles (AR)Assam Rifles is known as “Friends of the North East People”, raised in the year 1835, is theoldest Para Military Force in the Country. Its Headquarters is at Shillong. The Assam Rifles iscompletely deployed in the North East. Its role is to maintain internal security in the NorthEast and guard the Indo-Myanmar border.Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)The CRPS is the largest Police Force amongst the CAPF. It Was Founded in 1939. It is about2,50,000 strong organization. Its main role is to assist central and state governments inmaintaining law and order, whenever required.Indo- TIBETAN Border Police (ITBP)The ITBP was founded after Sino-India war of 1962. It is about 80,000 strong force, which isdeployed along Sino-India border from Karakoram Pass in Ladakh ( Jammu and Kashmir) toJechap La in Arunachal Pradesh. ITBP’s main role is to guard borders.Border Security Force (BSF)The BSF was raised in 1965. It has a strength of about 2,40,000 personnel. The BSF is meant 8

for securing borders. It is also deployed in naxal- affected areas,J&K and in the north-eastern states to fight militancy and terror-ism.Shashastra Seema Bal (SSB)The SSB was raised in 1963 after Sino-India war of 1962. Its cur-rent strength is about 40,000 personnel. The SSB is deployed alongthe Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan borders to check illegal activitiesand gather intelligence.Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) The CISF was founded in 1969 for guarding the Public Sector Un-dertaking (PSU). It has grown with the time and has over 1,15,000personnel on its strength today. The CISF specializes in industrialsecurity and is deployed in the PSUs, sensitive installations, metrorails and airports.Railway Protection Force (RPF)The RPF was founded in 1957 and has about 75,000 personnel on its strength. RPF’s mainrole is to protect Indian railway’s property and life of the passen-gers.National Security Guard (NSG)National Security Guard (NSG) was raised in the year 1984 as aspecialized force for counter-terrorism and anti-hijacking operations. The NSG is a Force spe-cially equipped and trained to deal with specific situations and is therefore, to be used only inexceptional situations. NSG personnel are popularly called as Black Cat Commandos.CIVIL POLICE AND OTHERSIn India the responsibility of maintaining law and order is of the respective States. State po-lice organizations are organized as under:- Civil Police – to maintain law and order, arrest criminals and investigate the crimes, etc. Traffic Police – to maintain traffic and deal with traffic violations. Armed Constabulary – to assist civil police in maintaining law and order. Special Task Forces – specially organized force to fight terrorists and criminal.Besides civil Police, there are voluntary organizations like Home Guards and Civil Defence inthe states, which assist civil police in maintaining law and order and helping administrationduring war and disasters. 9

PRIVATE SECURITY SECTORIntroductionA citizen gets protection from the State and its police. However, there is a limit to which aState can raise the strength of its Armed Forces and Police Services. In the present day sce-nario, these forces are stretched to their limits due to various external and internal disturb-ances.PRIVATE SECURITY ORGANIZATIONCivil society looks up to the PSS, which has a standing force of almost 70,00,000 securitypersonnel for providing the security. There are approximately 15,000 of Private SecurityAgencies (PSAs), who have private Security personnel on their rolls. In 2005, Private SecurityAgency (Regulation) Act 2005 (PSARA – 2005) was passed to regulate the functioning of thePSAs.ROLE OF PRIVATE SECURITY SECTORThe role of the PSS is to provide guarding services to society, commerce and industry andassist law enforcement agencies in response to the risks and threats challenging the society,commerce and the industry in their day to day working and operations.Who is a Security guard?In reality, Security persons are Security providers! In general, the word ‘Guard’ means:-a) To watch or protectb) A person who keeps a watch, or guards a place.Private Security GuardA Security guard is usually a privately employed person who is paid to protect property and/or people. He acts as a deterrent to criminal and anti-social elements when deployed to pro-tect against the activities such as trespass, theft, vandalism, etc. A Security guard is requiredto wear a uniform. His main task is to protect life and property, by being physically present;maintaining vigil against illegal and anti-social activities; carrying out patrolling; observingarea of responsibility through various equipment for the signs of crime, disorder, hazards andemergencies. A Security guard should detect a problem and report the same to the supervisoror emergency services, well in time. 10

LEGAL PROVISIONSIntroductionEvery citizen of India is bound by the country’s laws and rules. It is, thus important that eve-ry person is conversant with basic laws and rules of the land since ignorance is no excuse toseek pardon, on violation of the same.The private Security personnel are also expected to enforce laws and rules in their area ofresponsibility. They also have to assist the police in various situations. Consequently, a secu-rity guard should have basic knowledge of laws concerning PSS and his service conditions.OFFENCESIn India, there are two types of offences, i.e. Cognizable offence and Non-cognizable offence.a) Cognizable offences are those for which a police officer can arrest a person without a war-rant.b) Non- Cognizable offences are those for which a police officer needs a warrant to arrest aperson.BASIC LAWSHuman RightsAfter World War II, to stop atrocities and cruelty onhuman beings; a declaration on Human Rights wasadopted by United Nations General Assembly in 1948.Main points from the declaration are as under:-a) All human beings are born free and equalb) Everyone is equal before the lawc) Everyone is entitled to equal protection of the lawd) No one will be subjected to any discrimination, such as caste, gender, language religion,birth or any other statuse) Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security.f) No one shall be subjected to torture or inhuman treatment or punishment.g) No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detentionh) Everyone has the right to equal pay for equal work 11

INDIAN PENAL CODE, 1860The Indian Penal Code (IPC) defines acts which are offences and lays down punishments forsuch offences.Important Provisions from the IPCLaw Relating to Uniform: No one is permitted to wear a uniform which resembles the uni-forms worn by personnel from the Army, Navy, Air Force, Police and Para Military forces. (IPCSections 140 & 171)Right of Private Defence: Every citizen has right of private defence, i.e. to defend:-a) His or her own body, or of any other person, from a threat or harm.b) His or her own property, or of any other person, against theft, robbery and criminal tres-pass.Exercising the right of private defence can sometimes lead to death of the attacker; conse-quent to fear of near-certain death of the attacker; consequent to fear of near-certain deathor serious injury from the assault; attempt to rape; attempt to kidnap or confinement; rob-bery; setting a property on fire; house-break, etc.While exercising the right of private defence, one should be very careful time permitting, helpfrom others or the police should be sought. More harm than necessary should not be inflictedon the attacker. For example, ‘A’ is carrying his gun and ‘B’ armed with a lathi comes to at-tack him. In executing right to defence, it is preferable for ‘A’ to either warn him, fire in theair or fire on his leg, before deciding to shoot ‘B’ dead. (IPC Section 96-103)CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973The code of Criminal procedure (CrPC) explains the procedures for investigation of crime andtrail of the case in the court.Provisions from the CrPCAid to Magistrate and Police: Every citizen is required to assist a magistrate or po-lice in banning a wanted culprit and preventing damage to governmental property. (CrPC Sec-tion 37)Public to inform About Certain Offences: Every citizen is expected to inform the po-lice of any criminal intention or crime that comes to his knowledge. (CrPC Section 39)Arrest by Private Person: Any citizen can arrest a person or take action for arrest by 12

police, who is a proclaimed offender, or has committed a cognizable offence. Person so ar-rested will be handed over to a police officer, or in the police station. (CrPC section 43)This is an important provision for security guards, who may have to arrest a person who hascommitted a crime. It is important that the arrested person should not be detained for longand handed over to police immediately.Complaint and First Information Report: For reporting any cognizable offence to po-lice, lodging of a complaint (written or oral) by the aggrieved person is necessary. Police, onthe basis of complaint and preliminary investigation will lodge an First Information Report(FIR) and give a copy to the complainant. FIR should be lodged by the aggrieved person only.A security guard can only assist people in lodging of the complaint and FIRNormally, an FIR is lodged in the police station under whose jurisdiction the incident or crimehas happened. There is also a provision of lodging a ‘Zero FIR’, wherein a FIR can be lodgedin any police station in the country regarding the incident.Public to inform About Certain Offences: Every citizen is expected to inform the po-lice of any criminal intention or crime that comes to his knowledge. (CrPC Section 39)Arrest by Private Person: Any citizen can arrest a person or take action for arrest bypolice, who is a proclaimed offender, or has committed a cognizable offence. Person so ar-rested will be handed over to a police officer, or in the police station. (CrPC section 43)This is an important provision for security guards, who may have to arrest a person who hascommitted a crime. It is important that the arrested person should not be detained for longand handed over to police immediately.Complaint and First Information Report: For reporting any cognizable offence to po-lice, lodging of a complaint (written or oral) by the aggrieved person is necessary. Police, onthe basis of complaint and preliminary investigation will lodge an First Information Report(FIR) and give a copy to the complainant. FIR should be lodged by the aggrieved person only.A security guard can only assist people in lodging of the complaint and FIRNormally, an FIR is lodged in the police station under whose jurisdiction the incident or crimehas happened. There is also a provision of lodging a ‘Zero FIR’, wherein a FIR can be lodgedin any police station in the country regarding the incident.Summons: A security personnel may receive summons from the court w ith regardsto some case in which he/she may have been a complainant or witness. Such summonsshould be accepted and the concerned person should appear before the court on the appoint-ed date and time.THE ARMS ACT, 1959Important Provisions of the Act 13

License for Acquisition and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition: I n I ndia, it isillegal to acquire and possess a firearm and ammunition without having a valid licence for it.,(Arms Act Section3)Grant of License: Any citizen desirous of obtaining a firearm licence w ill apply to theLicensing Authority on a prescribed format subject to meeting the criteria. (Arms Act Section13)A firearm and ammunition can only be carried within the geographical limit as mentioned inthe license.Renewal of License: A firearm license w ill have to be renew ed from time to time,failing which possession of firearm and ammunition will be considered illegal. On expiry of li-cense, the firearm and ammunition will be deposited in the nearest police station. (Arms ActSection 15 & 21)Any police officer can demand the production of license from a person who is carrying a fire-arm or ammunition. (Arms Act Section 24)THE EXPLOSIVES ACT, 1884In India, manufacture, possession, sale and transportation of explosives without licence is il-legal. Only licensed vendors can handle explosives that are permitted to be used for civilianpurpose, such as fireworks and in mining and construction sectors.THE EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCE ACT, 1908The Explosive Substance Act deals with persons who are involved in planning, preparationand execution of explosion or bomb blasts. Any person who causes an explosion by usingknown or improvised explosives with an intention to endanger life and property will be suita-bly dealt by law.THE PSARA – 2005Important Provision of the ActEligibility to be a Private Security Guard: Any person w ho is desirous of serving as aprivate Security guard should:-a) Be a citizen of Indiab) Be between 18-65 years of agec) Have a good character and antecedents.d) Not have been convicted by a court of dismissed from Armed Forces’ servicee) Have been trained in security duties successfully.f) Meet physical standards criteriaPhoto Identity Card: All private Security guards w ill be issued w ith a photo identitycard by the private Security agency employing them. 14

Disclosure of Information: A private Security guard w ill:-a) Not disclose business information of his employer to any unauthorized personb) Help the police in the investigationsc) Report any illegal activities that come to his notice during the duty to superiors.Disclosure of Information: A private Security guard w ill:-a) Not disclose business information of his employer to any unauthorized personb) Help the police in the investigationsc) Report any illegal activities that come to his notice dur-ing the duty to superiors.Unauthorized use of Uniforms: P rivate Security per-sonnel will not use such uniforms and accoutrements thatresemble the uniforms of Armed Forces, Police forces orpara-military forces.PROVISIONS OF PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCIES CEN-TRAL MODEL RULES – 2006Important Provisions of the RulesVerification of Character and Antecedent: Character and antecedent of all SecurityGuards and supervisors will be verified from police before their appointment.Security Training: All Security guards and supervisors w ill undergo a 20 -day Securitytraining totaling 160 hours on prescribed subjects as per NOSPhysical Fitness: All Security guards should meet the criteria of physical fitness asgiven below:-a) Height – men 160cms and women 150cmsb) Eye sight – far sight vision 6/6 and near sight vision 0.6/0.6c) Good hearingd) Free from Knock-knees and flat foote) Should be able to run one km in six minutesf) Should have good overall healthg) Should not have any contagious diseaseMedical Examination: A Security guard w ill undergo yearly medical examination.Uniform and Accoutrements: A Security guard w ill w ear a uniform w ith the follow -ing accoutrement:-a) Photo identity cardb) Arm badgec) Chest Badged) Lanyard and whistle 15

e) Beltf) Shoes with lacesg) Cap and badgeh) Notebook and a penTHE EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUNDS AND MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS ACT-1952Employee Provident Fund is also called EPF is a major method of savings in India for nearly allpersonnel working in Government, Public and Private Sector including the PSS.Important Provisions of the ActContributions: Under the EP F Scheme, both the employee and employer contributeequally to the EPF at the rate of 12% of the basic wages, dearness allowance and retainingallowance, if any, payable to the employee per month.Benefits: The EP F scheme benefits its members in the follow ing situations:a) Retirementb) Medical Carec) Housingd) Family obligations such as marriagee) Education of Childrenf) Financing of Insurance policese) Education of Childrenf) Financing of Insurance policesWithdrawal From EPF: After completion of minimum six month of service an em-ployee can withdraw from the EPF by filing a ‘Withdrawal Form’. Conditions for withdrawal fordifferent stages of service is as under:-a) On retirement from service after attaining the age of 55 yearsb) On retirement on account of permanent and total incapacity to work due to bodily or men-tal infirmityc) Immediately before migrating from Indiad) On termination of serviceNote: The EP F operation has been made online. An employee can see the details ofhis/her contribution and savings on the internet.THE EMPLOYEES’ PENSION SCHEME-1995The Central Government on 16 November 1995 introduced the Employees’ Pension Scheme,1995.Important Provisions of the SchemeContributions: Under the EP F Scheme, both the employee and employer contributeequally to the EPF at the rate of 12% of the basic wages, dearness allowance and retaining 16

allowance, if any, payable to the employee per month.Benefits: The EP F scheme benefits its members in the follow ing situations:-a) Retirementb) Medical careWithdrawal From EPF: After completion of minimum six month of service an em-ployee can withdraw from the EPF by filing a ‘Withdrawal Form’. Conditions for withdrawal fordifferent stages of service is as under:-a) On retirement from service after attaining the age of 55 yearsb) On retirement on account of permanent and total incapacity to work due to bodily or men-tal infirmityc) Immediately before migrating from Indiad) On termination of serviceTHE EMPLOYEES’ PENSION SCHEME-1995 The Central Government on 16 November 1995 introduced the Employees’ Pension Scheme,1995.Important Provisions of the SchemeContributions: For the pension scheme the employer contributes equivalent to8.33% of the employee’s salary or Rs.541, whichever is less.Entitlement and Benefits: The follow ing entitlements and benefits are covered un-der this scheme:-a) A member shall be entitled to:- i) Superannuation pension, if he has rendered eligible service of 10 years or more and retires on attaining the age of 58 years; ii) Early pension, if he has rendered eligible service of 10 years or more and retires, or otherwise ceases to be in the employment before attaining the age of 58 years.b) On permanent and total disablement during the service, a member shall be entitled to: i) A pension under the scheme; ii) Pension to the family in case of death of the member; iii) While in service, provided that at least one month’s contribution has been paid into the Employees’ Pension Fund, or iv) After the date of exit but before attaining the age of 58, from the employment.c) Monthly children pension:- i) If there are any surviving children of the deceased member, falling within a defini- tion of family, they shall be entitled to a monthly children pension in addition to the monthly widow/widower pension 17

THE EMPLOYEES STATE INSURANCE ACT-1948The Government of India has introduced a scheme of health insurance for all workers andmade it an Act on 19th April 1948 to provide certain health and treatment benefits to the em-ployees in case of sickness, maternity and employment injury.Important Provisions of the ActEmployees in commercial, service and industrial sectors drawing wages up to Rs. 15,000 permonth are entitled to health insurance cover under the ESI Act.Contributions: The share of contribution of the employee and the employer for ESIis 1.75% and 4.75% respectively, of the gross salary of the employee.Benefits: The follow ing benefits are entitled to the members under the scheme:-a) Medical: Insured employees and their dependants are entitled to full medical care from dayone of taking up employment in any establishment covered under the ESI Act 1948.b) Sickness: Cash allowance is paid to the insured employees to compensate for the loss ofwages in the event of sickness. It is admissible for 91 days in a year and the cash allowanceis equal to 50% of the wages.c) Maternity: For women employees in the even of confinement due to child birth or miscar-riage full wages for 12 weeks are paid.d) Disability: In case of temporary disability due to employment injury an employee is paid70% of his wages. In case of permanent disability, the benefit is decided by a medical boarde) Dependents of Deceased: Dependents are given family pension in the event of death of themember, which is about 70% of the wages.f) Other benefits are:- i) Rehabilitation allowance ii) Free supply of physical aids iii) Rajiv Gandhi Shramik Kalyan Yojana iv) Old age medical care v) Confinement expenses vi) Funeral Expenses (For details refer provisions of the Act)THE MINIMUM WAGES ACT-1948The Minimum Wages Act, 1948 is a legislation enacted by the Parliament of India for statuto-ry fixing of minimum wages to be paid to skilled and unskilled labourers in the country. Underthe law, wages rates in various employments differ across the states, sectors, skills, regionsand occupations. 18

The salary of a worker is calculated based on minimum wage rate applicable in a particularState by adding dearness allowance to it.The minimum wage rates are revised by the respective stage governments periodically, andthe DA is generally revised every six months.THE MINIMUM WAGES (CENTRAL) RULES – 1950 Important Provisions: The follow ing provisions have been made under the rules:- Weekly day of rest: An employee w ho has w orked for a continuous period of six days under the same employer is entitled to a day of rest every week, which could be Sunday or any other day of the week as fixed by the employer.b) Number of hours of work a normal working day will be: i) Eight hours ii) The working day shall be so arranged that inclusive of the intervals of rest, if any, shall not spread over more than 12 hours on any day. Extra wages for overtime:- i) When a worker works in an employment for more than eight hours on any day or for more than 48 hours in any week, he shall be entitled to overtime work calculated and recorded separately. ii) A register of overtime shall be maintained by every employer in which overtime of an employee will be recorded. 19

BASIC PARAMETERSIntroductionTo effectively safeguard life and property in premises, physical security measures such aswalls, gates, towers, lights, etc. are carefully designed and developed. However, their effec-tiveness is in their proper manning and adequate usage. It is important for a security guardto be conversant with these parameters strengthening the security system from time to time.SECURITY SYSTEMTo ensure protection to life, property and information in any organization – private or govern-ment set-up, it is important that a sound security system is put in place, which will deny ac-cess to unauthorized persons – anti – social elements, intruders, burglars, etc. from enteringpremises.Effective controls and monitoring for safety and security are exercised by deploying efficientphysical security supported by security equipment in the premises forming different layersand systems as under:-a) Peripheral security System; the security system deployed and installed to cover the ap-proaches to a premises, such as boundary wall, wire fencing, gates, watch tower, securitylights, etc. form part of peripheral security system. Security and surveillance equipment; to strengthen above mentioned physical security components, security and surveillance equipment such as sensors, alarms, CCTV camera are installed for early warning, monitoring and recording of the threats & risks to life and property. Access control system and equipment: to check unauthorized persons, vehicles and materials from entering or leaving the premises, a security system of checking identity of persons and authorization for vehicle and material movement is installed. Screen and search equipment; for searching persons, baggage and vehicles for prohibited and unauthorized items and materials. Sensors and alarms; for threats and risks regarding safety and security of life and property are installed in a premises to get early warning of an accident or inci- dent. Communication system: for passing on information regarding security situationby guards to all stakeholders, a communication system is needed.Security personnel are the human element of an integrated security system. They carry outsecurity operations, operate security system and respond to security situations. 20

It is, therefore, important to learn about such security systems inuse to ensure security of people, premises and information.LAYOUT AND DESCRIPTION OF PREMISESThe layout and description of premises are shown with the help ofsketches and pictures of various industrial, factory, residential and co-operative housing soci-ety complexes as under better understanding and knowledge:PHYSICAL SECURITY – PERIPHERALSPeripheral security infrastructure relates to security walls, wire fencing, gates, watch towers,guard cabin, security lights etc. These form part of an integrated security system addingstrength to overall security of any industry, corporate, residential and other premises.Some of the physical security peripherals are given below:-Security WallA security wall is constructed along the perimeter of premises for providing security and pro-tection. It is normally 7 to 10 ft high and in some cases also has 3 to 4 or more a barbedstrand or concertina wire on top supported by angle irons.In small area it is possible to construct a wall but to cover large areas normally a wire fencingis erected.Walls and fencing protect a premises from intrusion and trespass and help in access control.Premises such as defence establishments, airports, power plants, refineries, oil depots, jails,agriculture farms, etc. are protected by security wall or wire fence. Depending upon the levelof security threat in an area, some security walls have concertina coils on top. 21

Security wall with angle irons on top:A security wall with concertina coils fixed on horn-type angle irons:Perimeter fence along the boundary of a premisesBARBED WIRE FENCINGThis fencing consists of barbed wires fixed on angle irons embedded in the ground or on topof a security wall. This combination works as an additional and effective security measure. 22

CONCERETINA WIRE FENCINGConcertina wire is a type of barbed wire or a razor wire.That is formed in large coils which can be expanded like aspring, if required. These coils are used to erect a widefence which is difficult to cross by humans or animals. Bor-der areas prone to infiltration by terrorists have got suchconcertina wire fence. Concertina wire is also used on top ofa security wall or wire fence to improve its security potential. High security premises normallyhave this combination to stop intruders from jumping over the wall or Concertina coil fixed ontop of wire fence:WALL WITH GLASS COPING Broken glass pieces are fixed with cement on top of a boundary wall so that intruders or animals cannot jump over it. This arrangement provides good security measures for homes and small premises against trespass.SECURITY GATESA gate is a hinged or sliding barrier made in a wall open inat a designated location for access control purposes. Gatesare normally manned by security guards or kept locked.Swing GateA swing gate is most common type of gate found in the premises. It is designed to be operat-ed manually or mechanically. Swing gates normally require a levelled site across the drive-way.WATCH TOWERA watch tower acts as an elevated platform for observingacross the boundary wall or fence to watch a large area forany intruder or security breach. 23

Wicket gateA wicket gate is a smaller gate built into a larger securitygate or in a wall for personnel to access the premiseswithout opening of the main gate.Sliding gate Sliding gates are mostly mechanical and are a practi- cal means of access control. The entire gate slides on wheels on the track laid across the driveway. These are especially designed for large areas and complexes requiring special security and traffic controls. In case of power brake down, operation of sliding gates is either performed through a back-up battery unit installed inside the motor casing or manually.Cantilever GateCantilever gats are fixed at one end and open and close like sliding gate. These operate with-out wheels or track across the driveway as in the case of sliding gate.These are beneficial where there is a large volume of heavy vehicular traffic in premises. Can-tilever gates require less space than swing gates and are easier to operate. These can be op-erated manually, mechanically and as a fully automated gate.SECURITY CABINA security cabin is located at the gate and serves asworkplace for security guards. It is from here a se-curity guard performs access control tasks. A cabinhas communication facilities for reporting about anysecurity breach. 24

LIGHTING SYSTEMLight plays an important role in the security of thepremises at night. Normally, the premises have lightsalong the boundary wall and fence to keep intrudersaway. Lighting is also required inside the premises tohelp security guards in observing the area and activi-ties better.ELECTRIFIED FENCEElectrification of a wire fence is a strong security measure to keep intruders away. Electriccurrent is passed through the fence which gives electric shock to the intruder attempting tocross the fence. High security areas are provided with electric fence. Indo-Pak border fencehas been electrified by India to prevent infiltration of terrorists.HIGH MAST LIGHTING SYSTEMThis system is 30-40 mtrs. In height and has high intensity bulbs to illuminate large areassuch as depots, yards, warehouses, stadiums, road intersections etc for working and ensuringsecurity at night. 25

PEOPLE, PROPERTY AND PREMISESIntroductionIndustrial, commercial and residential premises receive a large number of visitors and have avariety of property to protect. A security guard should therefore be familiar with the types ofvisitors and the process of visitor management.CATEGORY OF PEOPLE AT ENTRY/EXITThe category and the number of persons/ visitors accessing the gate/ access point may in-clude top management, staff, residents, workers, passengers, tourists, patients & attendants,casual workers/ labourers, visitors, contractors, vendors etc.GATE CONTROL AND DOCUMENTATIONA security gate is the most important location of the security set-up of any establishment. Itis from here that most of the security-related tasks are carried out. Security office/ room ismostly located at the gate and is also called as gate office. It is from here the security officer/supervisor functions and carries out the following tasks:-a) Checking and frisking of persons.b) Checking and search of vehiclec) Checking movement of materiald) Record keeping and documentationThe security gate of any organization is appropriately designed and co-located at the entrygate in such a manner that it provides good observation on all the activities happening at thegate. Security personnel present at the gate also control the activities as and when required.Functioning of Security GateThe security gate generally has additional facilities and provisions for other security-relatedtasks and functioning as undera) Change Room; it is meant for security staff to change in to security uniform. A changeroom also has lockers for security staff.b) Duty Room; it is meant for security staff and duty officer to be present round theclock when required. This room also functions as a reporting centre for other security staff.c) Waiting Area: for visitors to wait till the person concerned is ready to receive them.d) Key Box; there are two types of keys to any lock – the original and duplicate key, whichare kept in original Key Box and Duplicate Key Box respectively.Keys for daily function are drawn from the original key box and returned after the job. Theduplicate key box is always kept locked and sealed. 26

Gate office has the facility for safe-keeping of the keys. The keys are issued by security of-ficer or supervisor to the authorized appointments and an entry is made in the key register.Same process is followed for depositing the keys.In case a key is lost, the loss is reported to security officer or supervisor. To open the officeor premises the duplicate key is drawn from duplicate key box. Loss of key is a serious securi-ty matter and it should be immediately reported.Documentation and records at the Gate OfficeIn order to ensure that an efficient security system is in place, the following registers and rec-ords are maintained at the gate office of any organization. The formats of the registers mayvary from organization to organization.Proper maintenance and upkeep of the documents and registers is one of the important du-ties of a security guard. The following registers and documents are maintained in an organi-zation:- a) Handing over/ taking over register b) Duty book c) Attendance registers d) Officers in/Out register e) Staff in/Out register f) Visitors’ register g) Casual/ contract labour in/Out reg- ister h) Incoming material register i) Outgoing material register j) Returnable material in/out register k) Vehicle in/Out register l) Mobile register m) Police patrolling register n) Incident register o) Miscellaneous registers, which may be specific to an organization.In addition to the above, follo0wing files/ documents are also maintained at the gate office,which may have to be handled by security supervisor/ security officer:- a) Authority letters file b) Photo pass file c) Materials gate pass file d) Battery charging log book (if maintained)Communication NetworkThe gate office is always well connected and networked. Most of the communication and mon-itoring activities are carried out from here. A gate office is like a communication centre for an 27

organization. The following activities normally take place here:-a) Receiving of visitors, vehicles and materialsb) Checking of authorizationc) Guidance and escort to visitors and vehiclesd) Maintenance of recordse) Receipt of couriers, letters, parcels, etcf) Issue of security instructions and monitoringg) In case of an emergency, activation of alarm system and communication with manage-ment, police, fire brigade and ambulance.The gate office is virtually a security and communication hub for any organization.SECURITY SITUATION What, if there is a fire alarm and you want to take out an important key from the key box for opening an emergency store room! The key of the key box is with the supervisor who is away on some other duty. What will you do in this situation? Discuss the situation with your batch mates….VISITOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMAt the entry gate of any government, commercial, industrial and residential complex, a num-ber of personnel, vehicles and material move in and out from the premises.The persons moving in and out from the gate include officers, staff, workers, etc who belongto the organization and are regulated as per the SOPHowever, there is one category of people called ‘visitors’, who do not belong to the organiza-tion but form an important part of it. In the overall interest of the organization, visitors haveto be managed efficiently and with due courtesy. A security guard plays a major role in han-dling and managing of visitors to a premises.Who is a Visitor?Visitor is a person, who visits a client’s premises with a purpose to attend a meeting, confer-ence, business deal, inspection, interview, etc.It is, therefore important for a security guard to understand the nature and type of visitorscoming to the premises where they are deployed to perform security duties.Category of Visitors; they can be categorized as under:- 28

a) Prescheduled Visitors; these visitors who arrive with prior appointment fall in this catego-ry; the appointment is sought by the visitors themselves, or fixed by the organization before-hand.It is easier to manage such visitors, since necessary documentation and visitors’ pass is pre-pared in advance and the person is designated to escort them to the concerned official.b) Unscheduled Visitors; all other visitors coming without appointment is termed as unsched-uled visitors. In their case, all formalities and documentation is done after their arrival. It isimportant to take the consent of the concerned official, to whom the visitor wishes to meet,before preparing the visitors’ pass.What is a visitor Management System?Visitor management system for any organization is very important and sensitive activity,which includes reception of visitors, checking and recording identity and other particulars ofthe visitor in the visitor’s register, or through electronic means. This also includes detecting,and managing any equipment, electronic gadgetry or store item, etc accompanying the visitoras per the laid down policy of the organization.An effective visitor management system in any organization compliments a fool proof physicalsecurity measures in place and helps in preventing any security breach, such as unauthorizedentry, trespass, intrusion etcA visitor management system has some in-built advantages as under:-a) It gives ware about of a visitor inside the premises. Such information is useful during in-quiry / investigation.b) The information can be used as evidence, if required, in case of a reported security beach.c) Helps in evacuation during an emergencyd) Visitor’s records is available for any data collation or analysise) Movement of a visitor to unauthorized places or meeting with unauthorized person can becheckedf) The visitor’s convenience is ensuredTypes of visitors’ Management SystemThere are mainly two types of visitors’ management system:-a) Traditional or manual method also referred to as the ‘Pen and Paper’ visitor managementsystem.b) Electronic visitors’ management system, which is primarily ‘computer-based system’.Traditional or Manual Method; in the traditional or manual method, all necessary in-formation regarding a visitor is recorded in a separately maintained register called the Visitor 29

register.Electronic Visitor Management SystemElectronic visitor management system, incorporates the use of a computer network, hardwareand custom made software to record and simultaneously process necessary information withregard to a visitor.An electronic visitors’ management system over rides most of the drawbacks of a manual‘Pen and Paper’ visitor management system and makes the w hole system automated,secure and efficient. It can generate photo ID cards and store the record for future use when-ever required.Importance of visitor Monitoring & ManagementThe system gains importance due to many reasons; some of these are as given below:a) The security set-up in an organization has little or no knowledge about most of the visitorsunless the visitors are very regular.b) Visitor monitoring is vital in highly protected and sensitive areas.Escorting a visitorA visitor in sensitive or highly protected establish-ments is mostly escorted. While understanding thisduty, a security guard must ensure the following:-a) Be familiar with the route to be taken to the con-cerned office.b) Lead the visitor or the delegationc) If a delegation to be escorted is large in size, thenmore than one escort should accompany the delegation, so that no member loses the way orbranches off to other location.d) Ensure the visitors are escorted right up to the concerned officiale) The visitors or delegation will be escorted out of the premises after the meeting or visit ina similar manner.HANDLING OF UNUSUAL AND DIFFICULT VISITORSA Security Guard, will face a number of situations wherein tact and total professional abilitieswill have to be exhibited in handling unusual and difficult visitors to the premise. This will en-able the situation to get diffused in time, before taking a serious turn.Difficult visitor; A visitor w ho behave erratic, sounds unreasonable, highly demand- 30

ing and becomes argumentative. This abnormality could be due to personal, physical or someexternal influence working on him’ and can happen at any stage during his visit to the prem-ise; at the gate, visitor’s parking lot, reception, or during his move to the destination insidethe premise.Handling by the Security Guarda) Identification of such individualsb) If the visitor appears reasonable and genuine, help him to resolve the issue and if needbe, escort him to the concerned person.c) If the visitor is found unreasonable – be polite, but firm in explaining why he cannot havehis way.d) If the visitor still remains adamant, - inform the supervisor. If required make the visitorspeak to the supervisor on phone, or else, request supervisor for his personal intervention.e) in the meantime, remain with the visitor and inform him that he will be attended soon by asuperior, extend courtesies like a glass of water, offering a seat etc., till arrival of supervisor.Thereafter, follow the directions of the superior. 31

GUARDING, OBSERVATION AND PATROLLINGIntroductionThe effectiveness of security operations lies in their meticulous execution and correct report-ing. It is important for a guard to learn the methods and techniques of various security opera-tions involving guarding, observation and monitoring etc., for efficient discharge of his duties.SECUIRTY BREACHA security breach is primarily a security lapse due to neglect or violation of security instruc-tions and Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). Some common examples of security breachare unauthorized entry, trespass, theft, pilferage and any other criminal activity within thesecured premises.A security breach is a matter of serious concern for any organization, since it poses a threatto life and property.It is therefore important for a security guard to be vigilant and alert during duty hours to pre-vent any security breach.A security breach should be immediately reported upon to the security supervisor using avail-able means of communication. A security guard must respond to a security breach by exercis-ing full control to prevent any violation.INCIDENT REPORTINGIncident is an event which is not part of the standard operation, which causes, or may causedisruption in the functioning or business. A security breach can lead to a security incident in-volving loss of life or property.Categories of Security IncidentSecurity incidents can be categorized as under:-a) Security incidentb) Safety incident 32

Security Incident i) Against Premises; trespass, unauthorized entry, breaking into house, etc. ii) Against Property; pilferage, theft, robbery, arson, vandalism, shoplifting, etc., iii) Against Lie; assault, injury, attempt to murder, murder, suicide etc., iv) Against public order; loitering, littering, eve -teasing, crowd formation, ag- gressive & abusive behaviour, etcSafety incident i) Due to: accidents and mishaps. ii) Due to: failure and breakages of appliances and equipment.Examples of Safety IncidentElectric Shock: I t occurs w hen human or animal body comes in direct contract w ithany unprotected electric source. It leads to electrocution. If a security guard notices anyloose wire or sparking in the premises, he should report the matter to the maintenance staffimmediately.Incident reporting: reporting about the incident by a security guard follow s follow -ing procedure:-a) Reporting immediately to seniors and emergency services by using available means ofcommunication.b) Raising of alarm if it is serious like fire incidentc) Making entry in the incident register and submitting a details incident report as per organ-ization’s format.Incident Reporting FormEvery establishment may have different formats for incident reporting, however, a commonform for the purpose is give underSecurity guard and Investigation ProcessA security guard, who was present at the location and time of incident, should assist his su-periors in the preparation of detailed incident report. A guard should be ensure the following:a) Make personal notes about the incident, such as location, time, and cause (if known) etc.,and assist the security supervisor with this informationb) Preserve evidence which may be useful during the investigationc) Provide the names of witnesses, if knownd) Narrate the sequence of events to the investigators. 33

Incident ManagerAn incident manager is a person who is detailed for dealing with safety aspect and emergen-cies of premises. Incident manager coordinates all the efforts regarding the management ofan incident, such as rescue, first aid, evacuation of people fire fighting, etc.,ASSUMING CHARGE OF DESIGNATED POSTFor continuity of security operations, a guard post should be manned round the clock. As se-curity guards need to be relieved after eight hours of duty a fresh guard assumes the chargesof a guard post. Taking over the charge of a guard post is important and both outgoing andincoming security guards should carefully hand over and take over the duties. A securityguard taking over the duties should do the following:-a) Report at least 15 minutes before timeb) Check duty roster and sign in the attendance registerc) Check incident register for any security breach that may have happened.d) Check patrolling registere) Check any other register/ document of the guard postf) Check handing over/ taking over register for any remarks by the security supervisor andsign before assuming charge.g) Report to the supervisor after assuming the charge of the postOBSERVING ACTIVITES IN THE AREA Observing Activities in the area of responsibility by day or night; there are a number of activ-ities, both legal and illegal, that could take place in premises such as visit by people, move-ment of vehicles & material and attempts to commit crime, for which a security guard shouldremain vigilant in his area of responsibility.Every organization has Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) to ensure fool proof security intheir premises by placing an integrated security system comprising the security personnel,infrastructure and technology.Observation is a skill that a security guard must possess. It involves observing, noticing andrecording activities taking place in premises without the knowledge of stakeholders or crimi-nals during any time of the day or night.A security guard is therefore required to be always observant and vigilant when deployed atthe following guard post/ areas:-a) Gate Control; to remain alert in observing people for their unusual behaviour i) Observe people for unusual behaviour ii) Check identity documents iii) Check Vehicles, material and documents 34

iv) Search people, vehicles and material as required b) When posted inside, keep a close watch on visitors permitted inside the premises. c) Observe the area along the perimeter from watch tower for any suspicious actives d) While on patrol, observe area as per the task e) Report any unusual activity to seniors immediately.PATROLLINGWith more reliance on private security services, a trend has emerged to supplement basicpolice patrol with that of Private security agencies (PSSAs) and security guards in many are-as.It is therefore, important that a security guard learns and practices the art of patrollingWhat is a Patrol?A patrol is a trained security guard or a team of trained security guards especially tasked tokeep a watch over a defined large area by regularly walking or driving around or through it.What is Patrolling?Patrolling is an act of moving in and around a large area by a team of security guards, eitheron foot or on vehicles for the purpose of observation, inspection or ensuring the security ofsome installed assets.Purpose of PatrollingThe basic purpose of patrolling is to address the following security aspects:- a) Detect, prevent and deter intrusion, trespass, theft, vandalism and other crimes b) Detect and prevent fire safety and health hazards c) Investigate upon the causes of various alarms as directed by the central alarm panel or supervisor d) Test and inspect the physical security systems installed in the area e) Observe and report unusual events f) Respond to emergencies g) Observe and report violations h) Check and report for any breaches/ gaps in the security of the premises i) Assist plant employees or management to maintain a secured environment.Types of patrolsa) Foot PatrolIt is the most common method of patrolling. It is employed for a small area, or where it isnot possible to use vehicles or mount electronic surveillance. Essential elements of a foot pa-trol are: i) Internal patrol – these are conducted within the facility/ premises/ building ii) Security/ fire patrol – these are dispatched to inspect sensors & alarms and causes of other security breaches.b) Mobile PatrolMobile patrols use transport such as bicycles, motorcycles, four-wheelers and even animalslike horses. These cover a large area or a number of locations such as mines, refineries, pipelines, airports, sea ports, yards, power plants, etc 35

Major Principles of Patrollinga) Always vary the routeb) Always vary the timec) Always be properly equipped with torches, communi-cation equipment, weapons etc.,d) Always be in communication with the supervisor/ su-perior/ controlReadiness for PatrolFollowing are essential activates to ensure readiness for a patrolling task:-a) Familiarize with the organizations premises in detailsb) Take briefing about the electrical controls and fitmentsc) Know the functioning of gates, doors and windowsd) Know about emergency equipment and their operation.e) Know the location and operation of fire alarms, extinguishers and other emergency equip-mentf) Know to operate the communication equipment issued.g) Know the location and operation of water shut offvalvesh) Know about hazardous, inflammable material andchemical if stored in the premisesPreparing for Patrola) Read previous reports and logs before preparing forpatrolb) Inspect equipment, clothing and vehicle required for patrolling.c) Check flashlight to be taken for patrollingd) Carry pen and note book and incident reporting forme) Carry personal protection equipment as per instructions.f) Check for keys, whistle, radio or cell phone etcg) Carry adequate fuel, ration, battery and other administrative storeReporting Procedure and RecordingThe private security is not police. They have limited powers and under no circumstances theyshould exceed their authority.To obviate this difficulty, they must resort to put everything in writing when entrusted withthe task of patrolling or surveillance of area and have encountered a criminal activity duringpatrollingSimilarly, any observation made pertaining to the probability of any mishap or incident due toleakage, breakage, breach, missing component, loose electrical wiring, etc. must also be in-corporated in the patrol report.It may be noted that such a document may prove to be vital legal evidence at a later date. 36

SECURITY AND SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENTIntroductionIn the modern day scenario of all round development, intense use of technology has beenmade to ensure fool proof security & safety measures at any premises. This has made thepresent security systems and methods more efficient and highly successful, incorporatingeffective use of technology based security and surveillance equipment.SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENTClosed Circuit Television Video CamerasIn short these are called as CCTV cameras. These are best suited for mounting surveillancein areas which are difficult to physically observe and monitor. These are installed in placessuch as banks & ATMs, airports, malls, traffic junctions, other installations, etc.In industrial units, CCTV cameras are extensively used to observe the premises from a cen-tral control room.From CCTV cameras the footage of past events can be retrieved. Such footage is importantin catching the criminals. A more advance form of CCTV, utilizing Digital Video Recorders9DVRs) provides recording for longer duration with an improved quality and performanceoptions and other features. 37

Dome type CCTV camera:Wall mounted CCTV camera:CCTV surveillance cameras mounted on a mast:Dome type CCTV cameras: 38

Internet Protocol (IP) CamerasIP surveillance cameras and are digital video cameras commonly used for surveillance, whichcan send and receive signals and date through a computer network and the internet.There are two kinds of IP cameras:-Centralized IP Cameras, these do not have recording facility, thus require a centralNetwork video Recorder (NVR) to handle the recording, video and alarm management sys-tem.Decentralized IP cameras, these cameras have in -builtrecording facility hence, do not require a NVR and therefore,record directly to digital storage media, such as hard diskdrives or storage area network.Advantages of IP surveillance cameras are many; wherein acamera can be moved around anywhere on an IP network and the activities captured by cam-era can be viewed on internet.Spy CamerasA spy camera is a hidden and miniature device used for spy-ing or surveillance of public places. This camera is a still orvideo type camera.The camera can be hidden in any small object such as, radio, cigarette lighter, clock or similardevice or one that is built into a visible object such as a brief-case, ladies locket, ball point pen, etc. the camera lens isseen as a tiny dot merged with the visible object.These cameras are used by detectives for spying and stingoperations.OBSERVATION EQUIPMENTObservation is an act of observing and recording activities. Observation from naked eye thatexplores environment every second we are awake is always better and accurate. However,human eye has its limitations of viewing objects clearly at longer distance.Observation equipment such as binoculars, telescopes, magnifying glass, zoom cameras, etc.is the best Observation aid available to overcome that limitation. 39

A security guard can view objects at long distancefrom a watch tower by using a pair of binoculars. Atnight if required, night vision binoculars are effec-tive Observation equipment observing area atnight.SMART CARDYou must have seen people using ATM card, credit card, metro card, attendance card, etc. asmart card is made of plastic material, having embedded integrated circuits in it. The card is small and portable. In security field, smart cards play an important role as these are used for identification, authentication,. Author- ized entry, etc. smart cards provide strong security for an organization as these are difficult to compromise.Applications of Smart Cards in SecurityThere are numerous applications of smart cards in security fielda) High-end security identificationb) Access-controlc) Attendance recordingd) Payment at the parkinge) Entry and exit recordingSENSORS AND ALARMSThey both work together to make a very effective early warning system for preventive andprotective security actions by the security guards, other persons, or through automaticmeans.Sensor: in simple w ords is a device that w orks because of the presence of light, in-crease/ decrease of temperature, pressure, movement or moisture, etc and due to this itgives signals/ current to alarm to start.Alarm; is a device that gives a sound or vibrations to indicate the occurrence ofsome undesirable event.Examples of some sensors and alarms are given below:- 40

Clock Alarm used in a clock for alarm to w ake up early in the morning. Siren sirens are used for giving general w arning to people about an accident or disaster, so that they can leave the premises as per evacuation plan of the or- ganization. Burglar/ Intruder alarm; it is a device that makes sound or emits light w hen a person or animal has entered a secured premises. it can be installed at the fence, boundary wall, gates, strong room, etc. Smoke Sensor; a device that gives sound due to any smoke, like when a cigarette is lighted its smoke will start the alarm. Fire Sensor; it is a sensor w hich can detect fire and send signals to alarm unit. Some sensors can also react to fire like sensor-cum-sprinkler shown here.Surveillance alarm; it is a RADAR ( Radio Detectionand Ranging) based surveillance alarm which gives direction and distance of a person or per-sons crossing a premises by giving radio signals.In any premises you would find a number of sensors and alarms installed as part of the earlywarning system. Sensors and alarms are connected to a control room, for security personnelto know about the incident in time.EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONCommunication is defined as a process of conveying messages and sharing information be-tween two living beings using various modes and media which could be verbal, non-verbaland written.Effective communication takes place when a message is conveyed and the person receiving ithas understood it properly. Communicating in an effective manner is a skill. By learning com-munication skills, a security guard can express him better and connect with managers, em-ployees, visitors and co-workers at work place.Modes of Communication; it includes oral and w ritten communication 41

Oral communication is most common form which includes use of words as medium of communication. A security guard needs to learn the oral communication skills for the following purposes:- i) To handle security related complaints ii) Respond to queries from visitors. iii) Extend gratitude at all levels. iv) Extend assistance v) Greet visitors Written communication is a skill to communicate in writing in the following manner:- i) Write legibly ii) Write clearly iii) Include essential details iv) Use approved formatsNon-Verbal communication; in our daily life w e express happiness, displeasure, dif-ficulty through non-verbal communication. This includes body language, facial expressionsand posture. A security guard in order to express him should used minimum of non-verbalcommunication. There are two important aspects about non-verbal communication given asunder:-a) Static Features:- i) Distance; one must maintain a distance of minimum one foot while communicating with another person. ii) Posture; for a Security Guard, there are two postures which are essential. Attention and Stand-at-ease, which must be adopted while on duty. iii) Gestures with Hands: a Security Guard must avoid touching another person when communication, lest it is taken otherwise.b) Dynamic Features:- i) A Security guard must train to look straight into the eyes of another person when communicating; however it should always be done pleasantly. ii) While talking, keep hands on the side and avoid making gestures like pointing a fin- ger or making a clenched fist. iii) A smiling face when communicating is always helpful and a good body language. A Security guard must cultivate this as a habit to make a cheerful face when communi- cating. Must avoid raising eyebrows and NEVER YAWN when communicating with an- other person. 42

Telephonic Communication; the following should be ensured for an effective telephonic conversation:- Receive the telephone immediately after second ring Say ‘Hello’ and greet the caller by wishing Good Morning/ Good Afternoon/ good Evening, as per the time of the day. Identify yourself by stating name and appointment Say, “May I know who is speaking?” Ask the caller “May I know to whom you want to speak to?” In case the person to whom caller wants to speak to is unavailable, you may say, “May I take a message?” or “May I take your name and contact number” If required to wait, ask the caller to hold on, while you take required information. Before placing a caller on hold, ask him permission. For example, “Could you please hold the line, while I call the person you want to speak to”? Do not make the caller wait for more than two minutes. It is better to return a call than to keep the caller on hold for too long At the end of the waiting period, express your gratitude for the caller’s patience to hold on Remember, to return the call if promised to caller Keep your conversation to the point Speak in a pleasant tone End the conversation with courtesy Do not interrupt the caller while he/ she is talking When hanging up the phone, remember the caller hangs up firstCOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENTCommunication set-up is the nervous system of an organization. There are various communi-cation equipment that a security guard can used to communicate while discharging his/ herduties at the premises. Communication equipment that aregenerally used in the PSS are as under:-Telephone: - telephone is a communication devicefor transmitting speech over a long distance.Intercom or Door Phone: an intercom is internal,stand-alone communication system for buildings,offices, residential societies and premises, in which outside calls can also be plugged in. Intercom has components like master station which work as an exchange, handset and headset etc. for two-way communi- cation. 43

Walkie-talkie; w alkie-talkie is a portable ra-dio communication system. It is battery operat-ed. Walkie-talkie are extensively used by po-lice, private security and medical services. Touse walkie-talkie set needs a licence from thegovernment.Public Address (PA) system; the P A system is use for public announcement duringpeace, disaster and emergency. It is a communication tool for addressing large number ofpeople and visitors to a premises.The PA system is meant for issuing security instructions and messages of general interest.You must have seen PA system being used at the railway stations announcing the arrival anddeparture of trains.Types of PA systema) Fixed PA system; It is a part of a large network of announcement system connected tospeakers in multiple locations, with many microphones located at different places, such as,control room.b) Mobile PA system; these are also called as megaphone. I t is compact and porta-ble. It is held in hand and carried around while in use. For crowd control and dealing with lawand order situatio9ns outdoors mobile PA systems are very handy.Main parts of a PA system Microphone Amplifier Speakers Operator consoleOperating a Megaphone Hold the megaphone by the grip and keep it close to your mouth in such a manner that its speaker is facing the crowd Press the PTT button and speak when you want to ad- dress the crowd or gathering Adjust the volume accordingly 44

PERSONS, VEHICLES, MATERIAL AND DOCUMENTSIntroductionThe requirement of access control to any premises depends upon following security factors:- To keep unauthorized persons away from the premises To keep risks and threats away from the premises To check losses To maintain order and discipline in the movement or persons, vehicles and material in/out from the premisesThe need to identify and verify persons, vehicles and material before accessing a premises ofan organization is very important. A security guard plays a significant role in the process ofaccess control.PEOPLE, VEHICLES AND MATERIALCategory of people – The following category of people visit a premises:- Own staff – management, staff and workers Outsourced manpower from service providers Vendors – persons/ agencies supplying manpower and services Visitors – customers, officials/ inspectors, clientsCategory of Vehicles: The following category of Vehicles visit a premises:- Light Vehicles – two-wheelers, three-wheelers, cars, etc., Medium Vehicles – light commercial Vehicles of all types Heavy Vehicles – trucks, tankers, buses, etc., Specialist Vehicles – loaders, cranes, milk van, garbage truck, fire engine, ambulance, etcThe above Vehicles may be owned by the employees, visitors, companies, vendors, serviceproviders and government officialsCategory of Material: the follow ing category of M aterial may come in and go outfrom the premises:- Raw Material Finished goods Personal effects of staff and employees Stores brought in by vendors Scrap and garbage 45

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION & AUTHORIZATION DOCUMENTSIdentification and authorization documents should accompany every individual or consign-ment of stores for smooth access or departure from premises. Verification process at the ac-cess control point is done by using any of the following methods. Manual check – verification of an ID card or gate pass by security guard Biometric check and access of personnel, vehicle and material Manual and technical check and access of personnel, vehicle and materialTypes of ID cards and PermissionsIt is important for a security guard to understand the various identification/ authorizationdocuments used for accessing/ exiting premises.The types of identification/ authorization documents are as under:- Employee photo identity card Employee Temporary Identity Card Visitors Pass (with/ without photo) Vendor’s Pass Contractor’s Pass (with/ without photo) Contractor’s workers pass Casual labourers temporary pass Employee vehicle gate pass/ sticker Vendor/ contractor vehicle gate pass/ stickerThe design, periodicity and issuing authority of such identification/ authorization documentswill depend upon the policy of organization.A security guard’s job is to understand the process instructions and identification/ authoriza-tion documents in use in an organization.Points to remember while checking identification/ authorization documents Check and match the photograph of the card holder Check for any marks for alternation/ forging Check and verify name of the organization mentioned on the card Check the validity / expiry date on the card Check if the card bears signature of the issuing authority Check if the card carries any serial number Check for the stamp of the issuing office/ organization Check for any logo on the card 46