Expose Your English

At this moment pada saat ini At present pada saat ini This afternoon siang ini This night malam ini Soon segera Still masih 3. Short dialogue “On the telephone” Atqa: Hello, can I speak to Ahza. Ahza: This is Ahza, who is speaking? Atqa: Hi, this is Atqa. Ahza: Hi Atqa. What are you doing? Atqa: Oh, I'm just watching TV. What are you doing? Ahza: Well, I'm cooking dinner. Atqa: What are you cooking? Ahza: I'm frying some potatoes, boiling some carrots and grilling a satay. 4. Excercises 3.2  Fill the blanks with a correct form of Present Continuous Tense. Examples: She...is washing... (wash) dishes in the kitchen. 1. ……… (they go) to the party? 2. Don't disturb him, he ……… (listen) seriously to the lecture. 91

3. I am at the office now but I ……… (do)nothing important. 4. I don't understand what you ………(talk) about. 5. Nobody answer the phone. Probably everybody ……… (sleep). 6. Don't worry, they ……… (come) soon 7. Do you know who ……… (that sing) girl? 8. She ……… (look) for us? 9. 09. Can you guess what they ……… (think) about? 10. If you say \"that barking dog\" you mean a dog which ……… (bark). C. Present Perfect Tense Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa, kejadian atau perbuatan yang terjadi dimasa lampau dan masih berlaku sekarang atau masih ada ada hubungan dengan masa sekarang, namun waktu terjadinya tidak jelas diketahui. 1. Formula I/You/They/We + have + Past Participle (Verb3) He/she/it + has + Past Participle (Verb3) Contoh  I have waited for Friska since this morning. Saya telah menunggu Friska sejak tadi pagi.  She has came to the class for an hour ago. Dia (pr) telah datang ke kelas selama satu jam yang lalu. 92

 We have travelled to Kerinci Mount three times. Kami telah berjalan-jalan ke Gunung Kerinci tiga kali.  He has gone. Dia (lk) telah pergi. Untuk kalimat negative pada Present Perfect adalah dengan menambahkan Not setelah have/has sebagai berikut;  I haven’t finished my homework yet. Saya belum menyelesaikan pekerjaan rumah (PR) saya.  You haven’t seen a ghost. Kamu belum pernah melihat hantu.  We haven’t slept yet. Kami belum tidur.  She hasn’t eaten her meal. Dia (pr) belum makan makanannya. Untuk membentuk kalimat tanya (interrogative) dalam present perfect tense adalah dengan menempatkan have/has berada diawal kalimat;  Have they enjoyed the holiday?  Have we visited Lake Kerinci?  Have you drunk the tea?  Has he done his job?  Has he heard a romantic song? 2 . Time Signal Petunjuk waktu (time signal) yang sering digunakan dalam bentuk tense ini adalah; 93

Already sudah/sudah selesai Ever/never pernah/tidak pernah Just baru saja Once/twice sekali/dua kali Three times tiga kali Several times beberapa kali Many times berkali-kali Since sejak So far sampai kini Not…yet belum Ago yang lalu For selama For a week selama satu minggu Lately akhir-akhir ini Recently baru-baru ini This month bulan ini This year tahun ini, dan seterusnya. 3. Short Dialogue Practice the dialogue below: Naufal : Have you ever been to Central Java? Neva : Central Java? No, I have never been there. Have you? Naufal : Yes. In fact I have just came back from there. I am doing some consultancy work there and I have spent at least six weeks there in the last year. 94

Neva : That sounds fabulous. Have you gone up to the top of the Borobudur Temple? Naufal: No, I have not yet. I have just had to work so hard. Though I have had dinner at Ayam Bakar Primasa and seen a live music show. 4. Excercises 3.3  Change the sentences below into Present perfect tense. 1. Adib/not/miss/ the bus 2. They/not/plant / a tree 3. Vanessa / catch/the ball 4. We/sell/our old car 5. The train/leave / the station 6. We/reach/our goal 7. Our team/lose / the match 8. She/underline / the word 9. They/not/discover / the treasure 10. Abid/not/talk / about the problem D. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Present perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatak suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang sudah terjadi dimasa lampau dan masih berlansung sampai sekarang. 1. Formula I/You/They/We + Have been + Verb(ing) + Complement He/She/It Has been + Verb(ing) + Complement 95

Contoh  I have been working in this office since last year. Saya telah sedang bekerja di kantor ini sejak tahun lalu.  You have been studying in this university for over three years. Kamu telah belajar di universitas ini selama lebih tiga tahun.  He has been touring since last week. Dia (lk) telah bertamasya sejak minggu kemarin. 2. Time Signal Penunjuk waktu (time signal) yang biasa ditemui dalam kalimat Present Perfect Continuous Tense adalah; For… selama For about… selama kira-kira… For hours selama berjam-jam Since sejak Long lamanya The whole day sepanjang hari All the day sepanjang hari For over… selama lebih… A long day sepanjang hari… All night sepanjang malam, dan seterusnya. 96

3. Reading Are Buses As Easy To Use As Cars? When the weather is cold, it's not very much fun to wait for a bus. These people have been standing on the corner for fifteen minutes. They have been watching the traffic, looking for the bus, and hoping it will come soon. They have been talking about the bus and complaining about the weather. Most of them feel cold. One smart man has been drinking coffee to stay warm. Traveling on buses decreases pollution, but people often would rather drive their cars. Many people are not used to the bus schedules, and they don't like to wait. On the other hand, many people have been taking the bus everyday for many years, they're used to it. They say the bus has been coming on time everyday, and they have never been late to work. In addition, they haven't needed a parking place in all that time. Buses are very convenient when you are used to them. (Adapted from \"Changing Times, Changing Tenses)  Reading Comprehension  True – False 1. _____It is very much fun to wait for a bus when the weather is cold. 2. _____They have been talking about their friends. 3. _____Many people are not used to the bus schedules. 4. _____They use the bus because the bus has been coming on time everyday. 97

5. _____ When they use the bus, they haven't needed a parking place in all that time  “WH” Questions. 1. Who has been standing on the corner for fifteen minutes? 2. What have they been watching? 3. What have they been complaining? 4. Why has one man been drinking coffee? 5. How is the weather when it is not very fun to wait for a bus? 6. How long have many people been taking the bus everyday? 7. Who has never been late to work? 8. Where have the people been standing for fifteen minutes? 4. Exercises 3.4 Change the verb in brackets into Present Perfect Continuous Tense! 1. The cat (sit) in front of the fire for two hours. 2. I know you (talk) about grammar for the last half an hour, but I'm afraid I (not listen to). 3. Yes! she (stand) here in the rain for half an hour. 4. Nobody has come to see us since we (live) in our new house. 5. What you (do) while I was out? 98

6. We (sit) here writing our homework, but the work has not been quite finished yet. 7. Lunch is not quite ready yet, although I (cook) all the morning. 8. They are tired because they (work) in the garden since nine o'clock. 9. Look! That light (to be on) all night. 10. ……… you ……… (wait) along time for me? E. Simple Past Tense Simple Past Tense digunakan untuk menerangkan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang sudah terjadi atau dilakukan diwaktu lampau yang jelas waktunya, dan juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang sudah dilakukan dan telah selesai di waktu sama di masa lampau. 1. Formula Dalam bentuk waktu Simple past tense ini, kalimat dapat berupa kalimat verbal atau kalimat nominal. a. Kalimat verbal Formula; I/You/They/We/He/She/It + Past Tense (Verb 2) Contoh  I studied at Islamic Senior High School 1 Muara Bungo two years ago. Saya sekolah di MA 1 Muara Bungo dua tahun yang lalu. 99

 My father worked at a fire station last year.  He didn‟t eat breakfast this morning. Dia (lk) tidak sarapan pagi ini.  We didn‟t send a letter last week. Kami tidak mengirim sepucuk surat kemarin.  You didn‟t give a present for Tina. Kamu tidak memberikan kado untuk Tina.  He drank a lot of coffee last night. Dia (lk) minum banyak kopi malam kemarin.  Juna did her homework. Juna mengerjakan pekerjaan rumahnya (PR) Untuk kalimat negative; Untuk membentuk kalimat tanya (Interrogative)pada tense ini hanya dengan meletakkan kata kerja bantu did diawal kalimat;  Did she come to your birthday party? Apakah dia(pr) datang ke pesta ulang tahun mu?  Did they leave the class at three o‟clock? Apakah mereka meninggalkan kelas jam 3?  Did your team win the football match yesterday? Apakah tim mu memenangkan pertandingan sepak bola kemarin? b. Kalimat nominal Formula; You/They/We/ + were + Complement I/He/She/It +was + complement 100

Contoh  When I was kid, I could climb a tree. Ketika masih kecil, saya bisa memanjat pohon.  They were here last Friday. Mereka berada di sini jum‟at kemarin. Untuk kalimat negative hanya menambahkan NOT setelah to be: Contoh  She wasn’t at campus yesterday. Dia tidak berada di kampus kemarin  They weren’t hungry. Mereka tidak lapar.  I wasn’t late at English class. Saya tidak terlambat di kelas bahasa Inggris. Untuk kalimat tanya (interrogative) to be was, were berada diawal kalimat; Contoh  Was it cold today? Apakah cuaca dingin hari ini?  Were your answers correct? Apakah jawabanmu betul semua?  Was he tired after worked hard? Apakah dia (lk) lelah setelah bekerja keras? 2. Time Signal Tanda waktu (time signal) yang sering digunakan dalam Tense ini adalah; Just now baru saja 101

Last night malam kemarin Last week minggu kemarin Last month bulan kemarin Last year tahun kemarin Last Monday hari senin kemarin Yesterday kemarin An hour ago satu jam yang lalu A few minutes ago beberapa menit yang lalu A few months ago beberapa bulan yang lalu In 2010 di tahun 2010 dan seterusnya. 3. Reading The Family who sailed around the world Engineer Jeff Dent, 46, and wife Alison 44, always love sailing. They first met a sailing club and their dream was to sail around the world. So, when Jeff became unemployed in January 1999, they decided to make their dream come true. Alison left her job as a teacher and they bought an eight-metre sailing boat, the Charlotte Rose. They wanted to sail from Britain to South Africa, then to Australia, across the south Pacific to Argentina, and back to Britain across the Atlantic. They weren’t the first people to make this journey, but this time there was one big difference – Jeff and Alison took their there children with them: ten-years-old Oliver, Charlotte who was seven, and three-years-old Daniel. 102

Yesterday after two years and 48.000 kilometres, they arrived back in Britain. To their surprise, hundreds of friends and journlists were there to meet them. So how was it? “it was very difficult,” said Alison. “but it was also the best two years of my life.” The children also loved it. “we saw things that most people never see.”said Oliver. “one morning we got up and there were three whales near the boat … that was fantastic!” There was one question everyone wanted to ask. Did they argue a lot? Jeff answered. “Of course we argued sometimes, but we were a great team. It was an amazing journey.”  Reading Comprehension 1. What was alison‟s job? 2. What was Jeff‟s sailing boat name? 3. How old was Charlotte on her first sailing? 4. How long was their journey? 5. Why do their friends and journalist feel surprise? 4. Exercises 3.5  Put the verb in the brackets in the past simple. When I was young I lived in Scotland, in a village near the sea. Life (1) was (be)very different then. It was the 1930s, so there wasn‟t any TV, but my family (2)____ (have)a radio, and we (3)____(listen) to it every evening, my parents (4)____(have - negative) a car, so I (5)……. (go) to school by bicycle - six milesevery day! But I (6)_____ (study 103

– negative) very hard, and (7)_____ (leave) school when I was fourteen. There (8)_____ (be – negative) any cinemas near our village, so every Saturday I (9)….(meet) my friends on the beach and we (10)_____(play)football all day When I was fifteen my parents (11)_____ (sell) our house and the family (12)_____ (move) to England. I never went back to my village, but I can still hear the sea in my head. F. Past Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense menerangkan suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau pada saat peristiwa lain terjadi atau perbuatan lain dilakukan (bersamaan dengan peristiwa lain). 1. Formula; You/They/We/ + were +Verb (ing) I/He/She/It +was + Verb (ing) Contoh  I was reading a book when you called me. Saya sedang membaca buku ketika kamu memanggilku.  We were waiting for the bus when she came. Kami sedang menunggu bus ketika dia (pr) datang.  He was cleaning at that time. Dia (lk) sedang bersih-bersih pada waktu itu. 104

Untuk kalimat negative pada Past Continuous Tense hanya dengan menambahkan NOT di belakang be (was/were), seperti contoh berikut;  You weren‟t sleeping when I read a newspaper yesterday. Kamu tidak sedang tidur ketika saya membaca Koran kemarin.  Mother wasn’t buying fruits when I met her at the market. Ibu tidak sedang membeli buah ketika bertemu dia di pasar.  They weren’t travelling around the world. Mereka tidak sedang jalan-jalan keliling dunia. Sementara untuk kalimat tanya (interrogative) pada Tense ini hanya dengan meletakkan to be (was/were) berada di awal kalimat;  Were they eating dinner at the restaurant last night? Apakah mereka sedang makan malam di restoran malam kemarin? 2. Time Signal Tanda waktu (time signal) yang sering dipergunakan dalam bentuk tenses ini adalah: - all day yesterday : sepanjang hari kemarin - the whole... yesterday : kemarin lusa - when : ketika 105

- as : sewaktu - while : selagi - the whole day last week : sepanjang hari minggu lalu. 3. Reading A STRANGE EXPERIENCE Last month I was on holiday in Ireland with my mum and dad. One day, we were driving through a small village. It was time for lunch, so we stopped at a restaurant . It was a large, old builiding. We looked through the window. There were lots of people in the restaurant. They were eating , drinking and chatting. A musician was playing the violin. But there was something strange about the people . They weren't wearing normal, modern clothes. They were wearing hats, jackets and dresses from another century. We couldn't understand it. But we were hungry, so we opened the door. When we went into the restaurant, everything was different. The people were wearing normal clothes. The musician wasn't there- the music was on CD. It was a very strange experience! - Daniel-. (Source: xiscoenglish.blogspot.com)  Reading Comprehension 1. Who was Daniel on holiday with ? 2. Why did they stopa at a restaurant ? 106

3. What were the people in the restaurant doing ? 4. What instrument was the musician playing ? 5. What was strange about their clothes? 4. Exercise 3.6 and  Change these sentences into negative interrogative form of present continuous tense. 1. Ms. Novi Riani was teaching English. 2. The dog was barking at Rian all the time. 3. The girls were sitting on the grass. 4. He was making noise at midnight. 5. They were sitting at the table. 6. It was getting dark at 7. 7. I was talking to Tim the other day. 8. They were working from 5 to 6. 9. I was driving to work. 10. He was talking on the telephone. G. Past Perfect Tense Past perfect tense digunakan untuk menjelaskan satu atau dua peristiwa atau kejadian yang sudah selesai dilakukan pada waktu lampau, dan untuk menegaskan peristiwa mana yang lebih dulu terjadi. Jenis kalimat ini mirip dengan present perfect tense, tetapi tidak ada hubungannya dengan masa sekarang. 1. Formula: I/ You /They/ We/ He/ She/It + had + Past Participle (V3) 107

Contoh  When I came to the class, the lecturer had already gone. Ketika saya sampai ke kelas, dosen telah pergi.  My brother took a bath after he had visited the the zoo Adikku mandi setelah dari berkunjung ke kebun binatang.  The movie had begun before we arrived at the teathre. Film telah dimulai sebelum kami sampai di bioskop. Kalimat negative (negative) dalam past perfect; hanya menambahkan NOT setelah had:  She had not talked to me.  I had not studied English.  He had not gone to school by school bus.  They had not slept. Sementara untuk kalimat tanya (interrogative) Had berada di awal kalimat; Had I met you before? Had you eaten breakfast? Had he cleaned the room? Had they taked about us? Had we finished this job? Had she closed the door? 108

2. Time Signal Tanda waktu (time signal) yang sering digunakan dalam tenses ini adalah sebagai berikut; Before sebelum After setelah When ketika Until sampai/hingga Just baru saja As soon as secepatnya. 3. Reading When I had arrived home my husband asked me how my day had gone. I told him I had been very busy all day. This will give you an idea of my day. By eight o'clock, I had already entered the office. By nine o'clock, I had already read all my e-mail. By ten o'clock, I had already answered all my telephone calls. By eleven o'clock, I had already had my office meeting. By twelve o'clock, I had already missed my break. By one o'clock, I had already missed my lunch hour, as I had had to meet my boss. By two o'clock, I had already spoken and met with our sales representatives. By three o'clock, I had already missed my second break. By four o'clock, I had written four reports. By five o'clock, I had done all my work and was ready to go home, as I had finished everything I had to do. By six o'clock, I had entered the heavy traffic. By seven o'clock I had arrived home. By seven o five I had had 109

enough. The good part to this story is that by seven ten, my husband had mode me a wonderful supper, with candles and all. 4. Exercise 3.7 Multiple Choice 1. I was sure that I _______ her before. a. had saw b. seen c. had seen 2. I needed to know what ______ to my dog. a. has happened b. had happened c. happened 3. The film_______ by the time we got to the cinema. a. had start b. had started c. has started 4. Julia left the restaurant after she _____ eating. a. had finished b. has finished c. finished 5. I went to bed after I ______ off the television a. switched b. has switched c. had switched 110

H. Past Perfect Continuous Tense Past perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu peristiwa telah terjadi dan masih terus berlansung sampai peristiwa lain juga terjadi pada waktu lampau. 1. Formula I/you/they/he/she/it + had been + verb + ing Contoh  It had been raining, the trees were wet. Hari telah hujan, pohon-pohon pun basah.  I had been writing the horror story. Saya telah sedang menulis cerita horror.  My mother had been eating when I came home. Ibu saya sudah mulai makan ketika saya pulang kerumah. Untuk kalimat negative dalam tense ini adalah dengan menambahkan NOT setelah had sebagai berikut;  I had not been smoking.  He had not been talking to you.  They had not been sleeping.  We had not been parking there.  You had not been boiling the water for two hours. Sementara untuk kalimat tanya (interrogative) dalam past perfect continuous adalah dengan menempatkan had diawal ]kalimat seperti berikut; 111

 Had I been cooking?  Had you been studying before you played?  Had he been swimming?  Had they been travelling?  Had it been raining? 2. Time Signal Tanda waktu (time signal) yang sering dipakai untuk tense ini adalah; For selama When ketika Since sejak Before sebelum After sesudah Catatan:  Past continuous tense dan past perfect continuous tense memiliki perbedaan yang cukup jelas, perbedaannya adalah pada past perfect continuous tense menandakan bahwa peristiwa kedua terlambat terjadi sementara pada past continuous tense tidak.  Tenses ini jarang digunakan dalam conversation maka sebagai penggantinya adalah digunakan simple past tense. 112

3. Reading LUCKILY, I HAD BEEN WEARING MY SEATBELT The snowstorm in our city last week was not a large one, but it caused many accidents.The snow started to come down in the late afternoon. I saw it through the window ofthe office building where I work as a secretary. It had been snowing for an hour when I started to drive home. The cars had been driving slowly because of the dangerous roads. It was slippery snow that froze when it hit the roads. Earlier, the snow had been melting, but by evening it was staying on the roads. Police cars had been checking the traffic regularly. I had been driving for twenty minutes when the accidents happened. My heater had not been working, and the snow had been freezing on my window. So, I couldn't see well. I had been stopping to clean my window every few minutes. I had just started the car again when my tires started to slip. The car slipped onto the side of the road. When it hit the hill, it turned over and stopped. I felt and looked to see if I was hurt, but I wasn't. I had been driving quite slowly, and luckily I had been wearing my seatbelt. It was very quiet, with just the sounds of music and falling snow; I had been playing the radio. Soon the police came to help me, and I was able to reach home in another hour. (Adapted from Changing Times, Changing Tenses, pages 113-114, Patricia Wilcox Peterson 113

 Reading Comprehension  True – False 1. _____The police cars had been checking the traffic regularly. 2. _____The writer had been driving half an hour when the accident happened. 3. _____The writer could see the snow that had been freezing on her window. 4. _____The writer was hurt in the car accident. 5. _____The writer had been wearing her seatbelt when the accident happened  “WH” Questions 1. When did she start to drive home? 2. Why was the traffic so slow? 3. How did we know that it had been warmer earlier in the day? 4. What job had the police been doing? 5. How long had she been driving when she had the accident? 4. Excercises 3.8  Complete these sentences with the Past Perfect Continuous Tense form of the verb given in brackets! (live) 1. Fadya ……… here since she was born. (look) 2. I......... at this picture for five minutes, but I can't see you in it. (lie) 3. Abiyu ……… there for three hours. (write) 4. My sister ………letters all the morning. 114

(talk) 5. I know that you .........about grammar for the last half an hour.  Change these sentences into past perfect tense. 1. He had read the newspaper. 2. They had fought each other. 3. We had done the exercise. 4. You had played tennis. 5. She had studied for her exams. I. Simple Future Tense Tense ini digunakan untuk menjelaskan suatu hal atau peristiwa yang diharapkan atau dinyatakan terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang. 1. Formula; I, You, They, We, He, She, It + shall/will + Infinitive Contoh  We will have final examination next week. Kami akan ujian akhir minggu depan.  The movie will start at 09.00 a.m Film akan mulai jam 09.00 pagi.  Rian will have an interview on Monday. Rian akan ada wawancara pada hari senin. Kalimat negatif dalam Simple Future Tense di bentuk dengan menambahkan Not di belakang kata bantu shall/will atau setelah objek:  Ovit will not (won’t) borrow a novel. 115

 I will not (won’t) check the room.  We will not (won’t) cheat on exam.  Isti will not (won’t) invite me to that event.  You will not (won’t) dance tomorrow. Kalimat tanya dalam Simple Future Tense disusun dengan memindahkan kata bantu shall/will ke depan subyek;  Will you come to my party?  Will she join us soon?  Will they catch those birds?  Will you draw a nice view?  Will we feed the fish? 2. Time Signal Tanda waktu (time signal) yang sering digunakan dalam Tense ini adalah; Tonight malam ini Tomorrow besok Soon segera Later nanti Next week pekan depan Next month bulan depan Next year tahun depan Next time lain kali This weekend akhir pekan ini Before sebelum After sesudah 116

Catatan: Kata bantu shall and will dapat digantikan dengan To be + Going to. Tetapi dalam pengertian dan penggunaannya ada sedikit perbedaan, shall/ will digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang sudah pasti akan dilakukan pada waktu yang akan datang (certainty) atau janji (promise). Sementara Be + going to digunakan untuk merupakan masih berupa niat (intention).  I will visit my grandmother this weekend. Saya akan mengunjungi nenek akhir pekan ini. (kemungkinan yang pasti)  I’m going to visit my grandmother this weekend. Saya akan mengunjungi nenek mungkin akhir pekan ini. (merupakan niat/intention) Attention!!! Shall banyak digunakan dalam British English sedangkan will lebih banyak dipakai didalam American English. 3. Reading What are you going to do after university? When I finish university I want to do lots of things! I am going to travel around Indonesia to spend some time in Java Island. I want to improve my English and I think I will improve if I spend a few months living in a small town that known as “Kampung Inggris” in Pare, Kediri. Then I am going to practice piano every day because I won’t have to study every day. It is going to be so great! I am going to go 117

to the beach every morning and swim in the sea. I am going to spend a lot of money there but I think I will be okay. When I come back from Java Island I will get a job in my area here in Muara Bungo. I would like to work for a big company and I will make a lot of money. I am going to rent a big house and have big parties with all my friends. We are going to have so much fun. I am going to miss my family when I go to Java Island so I am going to invite my parents to my new house for dinner every weekend. It is going to be so cool!. (Rafiqa)  Reading Comprehension 1. What will rafiqa do after her graduation? 2. Where is she going to improve her English? 3. Where is she going to swim every morning? 4. What will she do everyday? 5. What is she going to do after her come from Java island? 4. Exercises 3.9  Changes these sentences into simple Future 1. they/call / us 2. she / remember / us 3. you/be/in Australia 4. 1/buy/bread 5. you/see/ the house 6. Gareth / empty / the bin 7. my friends/ help / me 8. we / lose / the game. 118

J. Future Continuous Tense Future Progressive Tense ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu tindakan atau peristiwa akan terjadi pada suatu waktu tertentu di masa datang. 1. Formula I/you/they/we/he/she/it+ Shall/will + be + Verb + ing Contoh  I shall be learning English. Saya akan sedang belajar bahasa Inggris.  When you come to my house she will be working at the office. Ketika kamu datang ke rumah saya dia (pr) akan sedang bekerja di kantor.  We will be taking bath in the general bath room. Kami akan sedang mandi di kamar mandi umum.  She will be speaking English here. Dia (pr) akan sedang bicara bahasa Inggris di sini. Kalimat negatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan not setelah will sehingga susunannya menjadi will not be diikuti verb-ing. Meskipun dalam konteks kalimat negative, verb bentuk-ing tetap digunakan karena ini merupakan penanda adanya proses yang ditekankan.  They will not be living in the Tebo next month.  I will not be reading newspaper tomorrow morning  We will not be attending the concert at 7 P.M 119

 My mother will not be making breakfast at 6 o'clock tomorrow Untuk membuat kalimat tanya Anda bisa memindahkan will kedepan kalimat sehingga susunannya menjadi will + subject + be verb-ing + O. Sama seperti pada kalimat negative, di sini verb - ing tetap dipakai sebagai penanda jenis continuous.  Will they be living in the Tebo next month?  Will I be reading newspaper tomorrow morning?  Will we be attending the concert at 7 p.m?  Will My mother be making breakfast at 6 o'clock tomorrow? 2. Time Signal Tanda waktu (time signal) yang sering dipergunakan dalam bentuk tense ini adalah: - Tomorrow : besok - While : sementara - When : ketika - If : jikalau - at this time tomorrow : pada saat ini besok - at the same time next week: pada waktu yang sama minggu depan - by this time tomorrow : pada waktu seperti sekarang besok. 120

3. Reading I have a dream I have a dream that one day this nation will be announcing its faith: \"All men are created equal.\" I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be sitting down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be a place of freedom and justice I have a dream that my four little children will be living one day in a nation where nobody will judge them by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today! This is our hope, and this is the faith. With this faith one day, we will create a stone of hope from the mountain of despair. With this faith, we will transform the jangling disagreement of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be working together struggling together, standing up for freedom together. We know that we will be free one day. -Martin Luther King Jr- 4. Exercises 3.10  Complete the sentences below and change into future continuous tense. 121

1. At midnight we (sleep) _____. 2. This time next week we (sit) _____ at the beach 3. At nine I (watch) ______ the news. 4. Tonight we (cram up)______ for our English test. 5. They (dance) ______ all night. 6. He (not/play) ______ all afternoon. 7. I (not/work) ______ all day. 8. (eat / you) ______ at six? 9. (drive/she) ______ to London? 10. (fight/they) ______ again? K. Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang akan sudah dikerjakan pada waktu lampau dan akan segera selesai pada waktu yang akan datang. 1. Formula I/you/they/we/he/she/it + Shall/will + Past Participle (V3) Contoh  Athirah will have done her home work. Athirah akan sudah mengerjakan pekerjaan rumahnya.  I shall have written the letter. Saya akan sudah selesai menulis surat.  He will have tought the student. Dia (Ik) akan sudah mengajar pelajaran itu. 122

 The manager shall have completed the report next week. Manejer akan sudah melengkapi laporan itu minggu depan  They will have been here at noon tomorrow. Mereka sudah akan ada disini pada tengah hari esok.  He shall have prepared the report by next month. Dia akan sudah melengkapi laporan itu bulan depan.  Fikri will have been enganged by next year. Fikri akan sudah bertunangan tahun depan. Kalimat negatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan not setelah will seperti dapat dilihat pada pola. Sedangkan setelah have kalimat negative tetap diikuti oleh past participle. Contoh  She will not have published the article by next month.  You will not have got the car by next January.  Halim will not have done his work by tomorrow morning.  My parent will not have came to my house by next week. Kalimat tanya dalam future perfect dibuat dengan meletakkan will di depan kalimat seperti terlihat pada pola. Past participle juga tetap digunakan dalam kalimat ini yaitu setelah have. 123

Contoh  Will Athirah have done her home work?  Will she have published the article by next month?  Will Halim have done his work by tomorrow morning?  Will my parent have came to my house by next week? 2. Time Signal Tanda waktu (time signal) yang sering dipergunakan dalam bentuk tense ini adalah: - by next... : menjelang... depan - by next week : menjelang minggu depan - by Sunday : menjelang hari minggu - by tomorrow : menjelang besok - by next month : menjelang bulan depan - in a week : dalam waktu satu minggu - in two days : dalam dua hari - in... : dalam waktu - until : hingga - when : ketika - after : sesudah - before : sebelum 3. Reading What is going to have happened? Brett is in the army. Tomorrow, he will leave home to join his troopsoverseas for 18 months. He will have trained 124

for 8 months by the time heleaves. He will have worked very hard by the time he comes home. By the time he returns, he is going to have been gone for 18 months. His wife will have worried about him all that time. They will have written many letters by the time he comes home. She will be happy when he safely returns. 4. Exercise 3.11 Change the verbs below into the correct forms of future perfect tense. 1. I ……… from university by May. (graduate) 2. Patrick ……… in Hongkong for 20 years by the next month. (live) 3. The train ……… by now. (leave) 4. Before they come, we ……… this house. (clean up) 5. Medina ……… the whole cake, by the time the birthday party starts. (eat) 6. By the next year, I ………. Mrs. Mona for 8 years. (know) 7. They ……… from Cambridge by December 2022. (graduate) 8. My uncle ……… by the end of the year. (retire) 9. ……… you ……… a new processor by the end of this week? (buy) 10. I read 40 pages a day. If I keep up the pace, I ……… book by Tuesday. (read) 125

L. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense, dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang akan terjadi pada waktu yang akan berlangsung selama beberapa waktu, dan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang akan terjadi pada waktu yang dilakukan sudah lampau dan diteruskan pada masa yang akan datang di masa yang akan datang. 1. Formula I/ You/ They/ We/ He/ She/ It+ Shall/will+ have been Present Participle (Ving) Contoh  I shall have been living in Jambi for two years by next year. Saya akan sudah sedang tinggal di Jambi selama dua tahun menjelang tahun depan.  Fitria will have been visiting her family for week by the end of this year. Rita akan sudah sedang mengunjungi familinya selama seminggu menjelang akhir tahun ini.  I shall have been sitting here. Saya akan sudah sedang duduk di sini.  She will have been seeing her darling. Dia (pr) akan sudah sedang melihat kekasihnya.  I shall have been eating the rice. Saya akan sudah sedang makan nasi. 126

Kalimat negative dapat dibentuk dengan menambahkan not diantara verb bantu will dan have seperti terlihat pada pola. Kemudian verb utamanya tetap memakai verb-ing untuk menjelaskan bahwa ini adalah tentang proses atau durasi. Contoh  The children will not have been watching television when I come.  Febby will not have been sleeping for an hour by the time Lativa arrives.  They will not have been playing badminton for 50 minutes when breakfast is ready.  She will not have been enjoying the music when my parents ask us to go shopping. Kalimat tanya disusun dengan memindahkan will ke depan kalimat seperti tertera pada pola di atas. Verb utamanya tetap memakai verb-ing seperti pada kalimat negative dengan alasanyang sama pula. Contoh  Will the children have been watching television when I come?  Will Febby have been sleeping for an hour by the time Lativa arrives?  Will they have been playing badminton for 50 minutes when breakfast is ready?  Will she have been enjoying the music when my parents ask us to go shopping? 127

2. Time signal Tanda waktu (time signal) yang sering dipergunakan dalam bentuk tense ini adalah: - for ..... next..... : selama ..... depan - for two weeks by next month :selama dua minggu menjelang bulan depan : menjelang akhir ... - by the end of … - by the end of this week : menjelang akhir minggu ini. - by the end of 1991 : menjelang akhir tahun 1991 - at this time tomorrow : pada jam ini besok 3. Reading TOO LITTLE, TOO LATE This morning at five o‟clock, the Green Mountain restaurant caught on fire. Nobody noticed the fire until six o‟clock, when the house next door started to burn. Firefighters came from all over the area. They began to fight the fire at seven o‟clock. Now it‟s eight o‟clock, and the fire is still going strong. The firefighters are working hard, but they haven‟t brought the blaze under control yet. Every few minutes they call for more help. Fire Chief Brown says that in another hour they will have put out the fire in the house. At that time, the house will have been burning for three hours. Half the house will be gone. Chief Brown is afraid that the fire in the restaurant may go on until ten o‟clock. Before it is out, the restaurant will 128

have been blazing for five hours. Every few minutes, part of the building falls in. Firefighters will have been fighting the fire in the restaurant for three hours. They will have been pumping water out of Green Mountain Lake to put out the fire. They will have been holding their hoses on the fire the whole time. However, thefire will have been burning too long. By the time the fire is under control, nothing will remain of the restaurant. The firefighters will have been working with all their strength, but it will have been too little and too late. (Adapted from Changing Times, Changing Tenses)  Reading Comprehension  True – false 1. _____ The Green Mountain Lake caught on fire at five o‟clock. 2. _____ People noticed the fire after the house next door started to burn. 3. _____ The firefighters began to fight the fire at seven o‟clock. 4. _____The firefighters work hard, so they have brought the blaze under control. 5. _____ The house will have been burning for five hours when Chief Brown says that in another hour they put out the fire. 6. _____Every few minutes, part of the house falls in. 7. _____They will have been holding their hoses on the fire, but the fire will have been burning too long. 129

8. _____The firefighters work hard to control the fire, but it‟s too late.  “WH” Questions 1. What caught on fire at five o‟clock in the morning? 2. Who noticed the fire before six o‟clock? 3. Where did the firefighters come from? 4. When did they begin to fight the fire? 5. How are the firefighters working? 6. How many times do they call for help? 7. What is Chief Brown afraid of? 8. How long will the restaurant have been blazing before it‟s out? 9. Who will have been holding the hoses on the fire? 10. Why will nothing remain of the restaurant even they work hard with all their strength? 4. Exercises 3.12 Change the verb in brackets into the correct form of Future Perfect Continuoun Tense! 1. They ……… for over an hour by the time Fina arrives. (talk) 2. I ……… in Surabaya that long. (live) 3. How long ……you …….. when you graduate? (study) 4. Cici ……… until you open the window. (sweat) 5. This year the tree ……… for three years. (grow) 130

LESSON IV PASSIVE VOICE A. The Meaning of Active and Passive Voice Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan. Kalimat pasif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Subjeknya adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan. Pola passive voice adalah pola yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan “sesuatu terjadi pada subjek”. Dalam hal ini, subjek kalimat menjadi korban tindakan dari objek. Ciri utama Passive voice adalah “to be + Verb 3” Contoh:  Susi types this letter yesterday. Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin  They killed a moused Mereka membunuh seekor tikus Kedua kalimat diatas merupaka kalimat aktif (Active Voice), karena subyeknya dari masing masing kalimat secara aktif melakukan perbuatan, yaitu : types (mengetik) dan killed (membunuh). Sedangkan Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah kalimat yang subyeknya dikenai suatu tindkan atau pekerjaan dan secara tata bahasa Inggris diawali oleh kata depan (preposition) by yang artinya oleh. 131

 This letter is typed by Susi. Surat itu telah diketik oleh Susi  A mouse is killed by them Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh mereka Kedua contoh kalimat diatas merupakan contoh dari kalimat pasif (Passive Voice), karena subyeknya dari masing masing kalimat dikenai tindakan atau pekerjaan secara aktif melakukan perbuatan, yaitu: typed (diketik) dan killed (dibunuh). Kalimat pasif dalam Bahasa Inggris biasanya dipakai dalam hal sebai berikut: a. Bila pelaku dari kegiatan dianggap tidak perlu dalam pembicaraan. Contoh:  H. Hanafie Hospital is founded in 1980 RS H. Hanafie dibangun pada tahun 1980. b. Bila pembicaraan ingin menekankan obyek dari kegiatan, bukan pelaku dari kegiatan. Contoh:  The book is given to me by his friend Buku itu diberikan kepada saya oleh temannya  The boy is taught by his teacher Anak laki laki itu diajar oleh gurunya. c. Bila pembicaraan ingin mengungkapkan sesuatu secara obyektif atau netral, Contoh:  It is said that a state examination will be held again. 132

Dikatakan bahwa ujian Negara akan dielenggarakan lagi. d. Bila pembicaraan ingin menerangkan suatu keadaan. Contoh:  The child is drowned in the river Anak kecil itu tenggelam dalam sungai  The cat is fallen into the well Kucing itu terjebur kedalam sumur e. Apabila kita membicarakan suatu lukisan, tulisan, buku, lagu atau sesuatu yang terkenal. Contoh:  “kemesraan” is sung by iwan fals “kemesraan” dinyanyikan oleh Iwan fals  “karmila” is written by marga T “karmila” ditulis oleh marga T Catatan : a. Kata kerja intransitif(intransitive verbs). Yakni kata kerja yang tidak perlu memerlukan obyek, tidak digunakan dlam bentuk kalimat pasif kecuali kalau kata kerja itu menggunakan Cognate Object (obyek yang sama asalnya, sifatnya atau artinya) dalam bentuk kalimat aktif: Contoh:  Aktif : he sings a fine song. Dia (lk) menyanyikan sebuah nyanyian yang merdu Pasif : a fine song is sung by him Sebuah nyanyian merdu dinyanyikan oleh nya 133

 Aktif : we walked a long way Kami berjalan jalan jauh Pasif : a long way was walked by us Sebuah jalan jauh dilalui oleh kami b. Apabila terdapat dua obyek dalam kalimat aktif, maka ketika diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, masih ada sebuah obyek yang tetap dipertahankan. Obyek ini dinamakan Retained Object (obyek yang tetap dipertahankan dalam kalimat pasif). Kedua obyek tersebut bias berupa: 1. Obyek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif. Contoh : Aktif : we give him a prize. Kita memberinya sebuah hadiah Pasif : a prize is given him by us Sebuah hadiah diberikan kepada nya oleh kita 2. Obyek langsung dari kata kerja aktif. Contoh : Aktif : we give him a prize . Kita memberiny sebuah hadiah Pasif : he is given prize by us Dia (lk) diberi sebuah hadiah oleh kita c. Kata kata kerja transitif kadang kadang dipakai dalam arti pasif tanpa diubah kedalam bentuk pasif, yaitu; 1. Kata-kata kerja dengan pelengkap (complement)/ Contoh :  Sugar tastes sweet (=sugar is sweet when it is tasted) Gula manis rasanya (=gula manis bila dirasakan) 134

 The horse doesn‟t sell Kuda itu tidak laku (tidak terjual) 2. Kata-kata kerja tanpa pelengkap (complement) Contoh :  The book is printing (=the book is being printed) Buku itu sedang dicetak  The house is finishing (=the house is being finished) Rumah itu dalam keadaan sedang diselesaikan  The house is bulding (=the house is being built) Rumah itu dalam keadaan sedang dibangun B. The ways to Make Passive Voice from Active Voice Untuk membuat kalimat pasif (Passive Voice) dari kalimat aktif (Active Voice), maka ada beberapa cara atau langkah yang perlu diperhatikan, yaitu: 1) Kalimat aktif yang diubah harus memiliki Obyek. Dalam hal ini kata kerja yang digunakan adalah kata krja transitif(transitive verbs), yaitu kata kerja yang memerlukan obyek. 2) Subyek dalam kalimat aktif diubah menjadi obyek pada kalimat pasif, dan sebaliknya Obyek dalam kalimat aktif dirubah menjadi Subyek dalam kalimat pasif. 3) Kata krja kalimat pasif harus berbentuk Past Participle ( kata kerja bentuk ke tiga) atau V-3 yang didahului oleh To be (is, am, are, was, were, being, been) yang diikuti oleh by (oleh). 135

Formula Subject + Verb + Object Aktif : Pasif: Object + to be + Verb 3 + (by) +Subject 1. Simple Present Tense Passive Active Voice S + am,is,are + V3 + by + O S +VVo1ic(es/es) + O Contoh  Aktif : Anna buys an English book. Anna membeli sebuah buku bahasa Inggris Pasif : An English book is bought by Anna Sebuah buku bahasa inggris dibeli oleh Anna ( - ) Subject + am,is,are + not + Verb 3 + by + object  Aktif : Anna doesn‟t buy an English book. Anna tidk membeli sebuah buku bahasa Inggris Pasif : An English book isn‟t bought by Anna Sebuah buku bahasa Inggris tidak dibeli oleh Anna ( ? ) Am, is, are + Subject + Verb 3 + by + object  Aktif : Does Anna buy an English book? Apakah Anna membeli sebuah buku bahasa Inggris? 136

Pasif : Is an English book bought by Anna? Apakah sebuah buku bahasa Inggris dibeli oleh Anna? 2. Present Continuous Tense Active Voice Passive Voice S + to be + V –3in.g + O S + Am,is,are+ being + V3 + by + O Contoh  Aktif : Wati is cleaning the room. Wati sedang membersihkan ruangan  Pasif : The room is being cleaned by Wati Ruangan sedang dibersihkan oleh Wati. ( - ) Subject + am,is,are + being + not + Verb 3 + by + object  Aktif : Wati isn‟t cleaning the room. Wati sedang tidak membersihkan ruangan Pasif : The room is not being cleaned by Wati Ruangan sedang tidak dibersihkan oleh Wati. ( ? ) Am,is,are + Subject + being + Verb 3 + by + object  Aktif : Is Wati cleaning the room? Pasif : is the room being cleaned by Wati? 4. Present Perfect Tense Passive Voice Active Voice S + has/have + been + V3 + by + O S + has/have a+.V3 + O 137

Contoh  Aktif : They have made the progress every month. Mereka telah membuat kemajuan setiap bulan. Pasif : A progress has been made by them every month. Sebuah kemajuan telah dibuat oleh mereka setiap bulan. ( - ) Subject + have/has +been not + Verb 3 + by + object  Aktif : They have not made the progress every month. Pasif : The progress has not been made by them every month. ( ? ) Have/has + Subject + been + Verb 3 + by + object  Aktif : Have they made progress every month? Pasif : Has progress been made by them every month? b. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Active Voice Passive Voice S + have/hasa+. been + S + have/has + been + being + V 3 + by + O V-ing + O Contoh  Aktif : We have been learning English since 8 a.m. Kami telah dan masih sedang belajar bahasa Inggris sejak pukul 8 pagi. 138

Pasif : English has been being learned by us since 8 a.m Bahasa inggris telah dan masih dipelajari oleh kami sejak pukul 8 pagi. (-) Subject + have/has + not + been + being + V 3 + by + object  Aktif : We have not been learning English since 8 A.M. Pasif : English has not been being learned by us since 8. A.M (?) Have/has + Subject + been + being + V 3 + by + object ?  Aktif : Have we been learning English since 8 A.M? Pasif : Has English been being learning by us since 8 A.M? 5. Simple Past Tense Passive Voice Active Voice S + V 2a+. O S + was/were + V 3 + by + O Contoh  Aktif : they allowed you to park here Mereka mengizinkan kamu untuk parker disini. Pasif : you were allowed to park here by them. Kamu diizinkan parker disini oleh mereka. ( - ) Subject + was, were + not + verb 3 + object + by  Aktif : They did not allow you to park here. 139

Pasif : You were not allowed to park here by them. ( ? ) Was, were + Subject + verb 3 + object + by  Aktif : Did they allow you to park here? Pasif : Were you allowed to park here by them? 6. Past Continuous Tense Active Voice Passive Voice S + was/were + V - S + was/were + being +V 3 ing + O + by + O Contoh  Aktif : he was teaching me at 10 o‟clock yesterday Dia sedang mengajar saya jam 10 kemarin. Pasif : I was being taught by him at 10 o‟clock yesterday. Saya sedang diajari olehnya jam 10 kemarin. ( - ) Subject + was, were + not being + verb 3 + object + by  Aktif : He was not teaching me at 10 o‟clock yesterday. Pasif : I was not being taught by him at 10 o‟clock yesterday. ( ? ) Was, were + Subject + being+ verb 3 + object + by  Aktif : Was he teaching me at 10 o‟clock yesterday? Pasif : Was I being taught by him at 10 o‟clock yesterday? 140