Expose Your English

_________________________________________ 5. Friska is looking for a gift for her father‟s birthday. (nice) _________________________________________ 6. My uncle has a big dog. (black) _________________________________________ 7. We are having lunch in a big restaurant. (new) _________________________________________ 8. My sister is a beautiful girl. (tall) _________________________________________ 9. It‟s a big dictionary. (heavy) ________________________________________ 10. He is a brave policeman. (young) _________________________________________ E. ADVERB Adverb (kata keterangan) adalah kata atau kelompok kata yang digunakan untuk memodifikasi atau menerangkan kata kerja(verb), kata sifat (adjective), dan kata keterangan lainnya (other adverbs) kecuali kata benda (noun) dan kata ganti (pronoun). Kata keterangan (adverb) terdiri dari beberapa macam, yaitu; 1. Adverb of Manner ( kata keterangan keadaan/sifat) Adverb of manner adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan bagaimana caranya suatu pekerjaan atau suatu peristiwa terjadi. Kata keterangan ini digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan “how” (bagaimana caranya). 41

Adverb of manner bisa dibentuk dari kata sifat (adjective) yang diberi akhiran –ly; Adjective Adverb Meaning (arti) Correct correctly dengan benar Easy easily dengan gampang Happy happily dengan bahagia Lucky luckily dengan beruntung Kind kindly dengan ramah Beautiful beautifully dengan cantik Fluent fluently dengan lancar Proud proudly dengan bangga Ada beberapa kata sifat (adjective) yang tidak di beri penambahan apapun dan memiliki bentuk yang sama dengan kata keterangan (adverb). Adjective Adverb Meaning (arti) Near near dekat Far far jauh Deep deep dalam Late late terlambat Hard hard giat, keras Fast fast cepat 2. Adverb of Time (kata keterangan waktu) Adverb of time adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menerangkan kapan terjadinya suatu pekerjaan atau peristiwa. Kata keterangan ini digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan how often (seberapa sering), 42

how long (seberapa lama), when (kapan), dan what time (pada jam berapa)? Yang termasuk dalam kata keterangan ini yaitu; Today hari ini now sekarang Tonight malam ini yesterday kemarin Sunday hari minggu tomorrow besok Everyday setiap hari last week minggu kemarin Ever pernah never tidak pernah Usually biasanya yet masih Still masih seldom jarang Soon segera often sering Always selalu sometimes kadang-kadang Contoh  We will go home soon. Kami akan segera pulang. 3. Adverb of Place (kata keterangan tempat) Adverb of place adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menunjukan posisi, lokasi atau tempat terjadinya peristiwa. Kata keterangan ini digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan where (dimana). Yang termasuk kata keterangan ini, yaitu; here di sini hereby dengan ini there di sana anywhere dimanapun about kira-kira in back di belakang near di dekat in front of di depan abroad di luar negeri 43

Contoh  Alisya is reading a newspaper in the library. Alisya sedang membaca majalah di perpustakaan. 4. Adverb of Degree (kata keterangan tingkat) Adverb of degree adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan tingkatan (derajat) suatu peristiwa. Kata keterangan ini digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan; how much(seberapa banyak). Yang termasuk kata keterangan ini adalah; too terlalu very sangat enough cukup equally sama much banyak quite sangat partly sebagian only hanya rather agak extremely sangat almost hampir nearly hampir hardly hampir tidak. Contoh • I almost have done my homework. Saya hampir menyelesaikan PR saya. • She looks quite tired Dia terlihat sangat lelah. 5. Adverb of direction (kata keterangan arah) Adverb of direction adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menunjuk arah, ketempat mana atau dari tempat mana suatu peristiwa terjadi. Kata keterangan ini 44

digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan where (dimana). Yang termasuk dalam kata keterangan ini adalah ; there di sana here di sini around disekitar forwards kedepan backwards ke belakang above di atas in di dalam Below di bawah down di bawah Thence kemudian forth seterusnya whence dari mana in here di (dalam) sini Contoh • I will read this story first and thence do my task. Saya akan membaca cerita ini dulu dan kemudian mengerjakan tugas saya. • Please move forwards! Mohon maju kedepan! 6. Adverb of Frequency (kata keterangan tingkat) Adverb of frequency adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan seberapa sering suatu peristiwa terjadi. Kata keterangan ini digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan how often (seberapa sering). Yang termasuk kata keterangan ini adalah; Always selalu usually biasanya Sometimes kadang-kadang often sering Seldom jarang rarely jarang Ever pernah Never tidakpernah 45

Contoh • Sometimes I go to Campus by motorbike. Kadang2 saya pergi ke kampus menggunakan sepeda motor. • She seldom comes to the class. Dia jarang datang ke kelas. 7. Adverb of quantity (kata keterangan kuantitas) Adverb of quantity adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan berapa kali pekerjaan dilakukan atau suatu peristiwa terjadi. Adverb of quantity digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan how many times(berapa kali). Yang termasuk dalam kata keterangan ini adalah; Once sekali Twice dua kali Three times tiga kali ...... time .... Kali Half setengah Little sedikit One fold satu kali lipat Two fold dua kali lipat Contoh • They have watched this movie once. Mereka telah menonton film ini sekali. • We pay our debt three fold. Kami membayar hutang tiga kali lipat. 46

8. Adverb of probability (kata keterangan kemungkinan) Adverb of probability adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan atau menyatakan kemungkinan. Yang termasuk dalam kata keterangan ini adalah; Perhap mungkin Maybe barangkali Possibly mungkin Contoh • Maybe I will travel around the world next month. 9. Adverb of Negation ( kata keterangan penolakan) Adverb of negation adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan penolakan. Yang termasuk dalam adverb of negation adalah; No tidak Not tidak Nowise bagaimanapun tidak Nay tidak setuju Never tidak pernah Contoh • Will you buy or not (buy)? Apakah kamu membeli atau tidak? 10. Interrogative adverb (kata keterangan penanya) Interrogative adverb adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk membuat pertanyaan. Yang termasuk dalam interrogative adverb adalah; When kapan 47

where di mana how bagaimana why mengapa how many berapa banyak how often seberapa sering Contoh • How often do you read a book? Seberapa sering kamu membaca buku? • Where have you been? Kamu dari mana? 11. Reading Change in the Family Changes in the Family, Changes in our society in recent years have weakened family life. First of all, today's mothers spend much less time with their children. A generation ago, most houses got by on Dad's paycheck, and Mom stayed home. Now many mothers work, and their children attend an after school program, stay with a neighbor, or go home to an empty house. Another change is that families no longer eat together. In the past, Mom would be home and fix a full dinner -rice, pot roast, chicken curry, and vegetables, with homemade cake or pie to top it off. Dinner today is more likely to be takeout food or HP dinners eaten at home, or fast food eaten out, with different members of the family eating at different times. Finally, Handphone has taken the place of family conversation and togetherness. Back when there were meals together, family 48

members would have a chance to eat together, talk with each other, and share event of the day in a leisurely manner. But now families are more likely to be looking at the handphone than talking to one another. Many family members even have several handphones on each of them, which people use in their rooms. Clearly, modern life is a challenge to family life.  Reading Comprehension 1. How does family member spend their time now? 2. What thing has taken the family togetherness? 3. How do people spend their valuable time a generation ago? 4. What should a mom do in the past? 5. How do the modern life change the family life? 12. Exercises 1.5  Circle the correct form of adverb in parentheses 1. We can speak English (fluent/fluently). 2. To get a good score, she must study (hard/hardly) 3. Angga had an accident because he was driving too (fast/fastly). 4. They danced (beautiful/beautifully) at the party last night. 5. Anita paints (good/well). 6. We go to grandmather‟s house (one/once) in a month. 7. (absolute/ absolutely) I agree with you. 8. Naufal steps on the chair (careful/carefully) 49

9. Mr. Mubaidillah walks (quick/quickly). 10. They will drive (safe/safely)  Rewrite these sentences using an adverb instead of an adjective. Example: My mother is a good cook. My mother cooks well. 1. My father is a careful driver. _______________________ 2. I am a quick learner. _________________ 3. Tito is a hard worker in this office. ___________________________ 4. She is a dangerous kicker. _____________________ 5. He is a slow runner. ________________ F. PREPOSITION Preposition (kata depan) adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menunjukan hubungan subtantive (kata atau rangkaian kata yang berfungsi sebagai noun) dengan kata lainnya dalam sebuah kalimat. Berikut adalah daftar kata depan (preposition) yang sering digunakan; 1. Prepositions yang berasal dari satu suku kata: About tentang above di atas Across seberang after setelah Against dibalik, melawan along sepanjang 50

among antara around sekitar at pada Before sebelum behind dibelakang Below di bawah beneath di bawah Beside di samping between di antara Beyond di luar by dengan, oleh. Concerning mengenai despite sekalipun Although sekalipun down ke bawah During selama For untuk from sejak, dari Contoh • They come around ten o'clock this noon. Mereka datang sekitar pukul 10 malam ini • Please put these books into my bag. Tolong letakkan buku-buku ini di dalam tas saya. 2. Preposition yang berasal dari dua suku kata; According to menurut Along with bersama sama dengan Care about peduli terhadap Instead of sebagai pengganti Next to sebelah Outside of di luar Inside of di dalam Away from jauh dari Together with bersama dengan Up to hingga, sampai Because of karena 51

Contoh • Put these shoes away from my bedroom. Letakkan sepatu ini jauh dari kamarku. • He can't go to the downtown because of rain. Dia tidak bisa pergi pusat Kota karena hujan. 3. Preposition yang berasal dari tiga suku kata; As well as juga By means of dengan memakai In front of di depan In spite of meskipun On top of di atas With respect of berkenaan dengan In point of tentang In view of mengingat In course of dalam proses By reason of karena Contoh • In view of her examining tomorrow, she should study hard tonight. Mengingat ujiannya besok, dia harus belajar dengan giat malam ini. • I can't see the singer, there is a man stands in front of me. Saya tidak bisa melihat penyanyi itu, ada seorang laki-laki berdiri di depanku. 52

4. Reading Motivating Students One of the most difficult aspects of becoming a teacher is learning how to motivate your students. It is also one of the most important. students who are not motivated will not learn effectively. They won't retain information, they won't participate and some of them may even become disruptive. A student may be unmotivated for a variety of reasons: They may feel that they have no interest in the subject, find the teacher's methods unengaging or be distracted by external forces. It may even come to light that a student who appeared unmotivated actually has difficulty learning and is need of special attention. While motivating students can be a difficult task, the rewards are more than worth it. Motivated students are more excited to learn and participate. Simply put: Teaching a class full of motivated students is enjoyable for teacher and student alike. Some students are self-motivated, with a natural love of learning. But even with the students who do not have this natural drive, a great teacher can make learning fun and inspire them to reach their full potential. Here are five effective ways to get your students excited about learning: 1. Encourage Students, 2. get them involved, 3. offer incentives, 4. get creative, and 5. draw connection to real life. 53

 Reading Comprehension 1. Why is motivating students become important? 2. What are the factors that make students unmotivated? 3. What are the five methods to get the students‟ attention? 4. Why do the teacher should create a fun learning class? 5. How do the teachers inspire their students? 5. Exercises 1.6 Fill in the blanks with the prepositions given in the box. at in through until out behind between since after because of next to I came to her house through the window. 1. Atqa stayed …… home last night. 2. They will play ……… their home work. 3. My parents have lived here ……… 1999. 4. This conversation is …… of topic. 5. Her room is ……… my teacher‟s room. 6. We can‟t she them, because they sit …… us. 7. Febby is late at school today ……… the traffic accident. 8. Anna is on holiday …… next month. 9. Please come to my house ……… 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. 10. My mother always gets up ……… the early morning. 54

G. CONJUNCTION Conjunction (kata hubung) adalah kata atau rangkaian kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan kata dengan kata, dan kalimat dengan kalimat. Kata hubung dapat di bagi menjadi dua macam; 1. Coordinating Conjunction ( kata hubung koordinatif) Coordinating conjunction adalah kata hubung yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua kalimat yang setara atau kata-kata yang mempunyai tingkatan yang sama atau sederajat. Yang termasuk kata hubung yaitu; and dan also juga both…and… dan and also dan juga as well as dan juga besides disamping itu furthermore lebih-lebih lagi moreover lebih-lebih lagi else kalau tidak neither bukan neither...nor bukan…ataupun less…than dan lain sebagainya. Contoh  Lativa was both crying and laughing at the same time. Lativa menangis dan tertawa pada saat yang sama.  Mother neither in the livingroom nor in the bedroom. Ibu tidak berada di ruang keluarga atau kamar tidur.  Neva was busy because of her assignments. Neva sibuk karena tugas-tugasnya.  She is not only smart, but also diligent. Dia bukan hanya pintar tetapi juga rajin. 55

2. Subordinating Conjunction (kata hubung kordinatif) Subordinating Conjunction adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua kata atau dua kalimat yang tidak setara. Satu kalimat berfungsi sebaga anak kalimat (dependent clause) dan satu kalimat lagi berfungsi sebagai induk kalimat (independent clause). Pada umumnya jenis kata hubung ini berasal dari kata depan (preposition). Yang termasuk kata hubung ini adalah; as karena because karena since karena whereas sedangkan wherefore oleh sebab itu however akan (tetapi) rather…than lebih baik…dari than daripada though meskipun provided asalkan although meskipun eventhough meskipun nevertheless meskipun if kalau unless kecuali as if seakan-akan until sampai still/till sejak dan lain sebagainya. contoh  My father works hard eventhough he is tired. Ayahku bekerja keras meskipun dia lelah.  Rizkia tells as if she knows all the information about it. Rizkia bercerita seakan-akan dia tau semua informasi tentang itu  She is sad, so she cries loudly. Dia bersedih, oleh sebab itu dia menangis dengan nyaring.  Windi will go travelling unless she has enough money. 56

Windi akan pergi jalan-jalan kecuali dia punya cukup uang.  Since his leg was broken, Zaki can‟t go to school. Sejak kakinya patah, Zaki tidak bisa pergi sekolah. 3. Reading The Black Stone of Mecca like You've Never Seen Before \"It's significant because in a sense this is unprecedented,\" Afifi al-Akiti, a fellow in Islamic studies at the University of Oxford, who wasn't involved in the project, told CNN. \"One sees that it's not actually black, for example... As I understand it, it's the first time there is a magnified digital photo of the stone and one can see the stone up close and personal.\" \"In the Muslim tradition, this is considered to be a holy relic, but reason plays a major role in the Muslim tradition... So while it is unprecedented to see a picture of the stone, I think Muslims are down to Earth and science plays a major role in the religion,\" he added. Mecca is considered the spiritual center of Islam because it was where the Prophet Mohammed is said to have received his first revelations in the early 7th century. The stone is framed in pure silver at the southeast corner of the Kaaba (Ka'bah), the cube-shaped building constructed by Abraham and his son Ishmael, according to the Quran. During the Hajj, Islam's most important annual pilgrimage, devotees walk counter-clockwise around the black monolith. 57

While the Hajj typically features large crowds crammed around Islam's holiest shrine, much fewer attended in 2020 over fears of Covid-19. Pilgrims usually touch, kiss, or wave at al-Hajar al- Aswad when walking past. \"The stone originally was apparently white, not black. It's thought mankind touching the stone and seeking forgiveness from God is the reason the stone is black, reflecting the sins of humanity, according to Muslim sources,\" said al-Akiti. Muslim tradition dictates that the stone dates back to the prophet Adam, the primordial man, said al-Akiti. In another account, it is believed the angel Gabriel gave the stone to Abraham while he was building the Kaaba, according to Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Scientists point out that the stone might be a meteorite, al-Akiti said, and that the latter theory may have originated after it fell from the sky. People kiss the stone today because Omar, the second Muslim caliph, told followers that he had seen the Prophet Mohammed do so himself, said al-Akiti. (Source: CNN.com)  Reading Comprehension  True – False 1. ………… The stone originally is black. 2. ………… The reason the stone is black, reflecting the sins of humanity. 58

3. ………… Mecca was where the Prophet Mohammed is said to have received his first revelations. 4. ………… People kiss the stone, because Omar, the second Muslim caliph had done so himself. 5. ………… Pilgrims usually touch, kiss, or wave at the black stone.  “WH” Questions 1. Why Mecca became spiritual center of Islam? 2. What have the pilgrims done to the al-Hajar al- Aswad during the hajj? 3. What have the people kissed? 4. When did the Prophet Mohammed receive his first revelations? 5. Who has given the stone to Abraham? 4. Exercises 1.7  Fill in the blank with a correct use of conjunctions in the box below. unless since if but as soon as that neither … nor while eventough before 1. The fire fighters will come ……… possible. 2. We studied in this university ……… 2017. 3. I feel very hot today……… it‟s a cloudy day, what‟s wrong with me? 59

4. Fadya …… studies English …….. Mathematics. 5. Sinta will travel to Mecca ……… she has the money and chance. 6. Tita and Rama brush their teeth ……… they take a bath. 7. I cook this cake ……… you go. 8. They went to school ……… the rain was down heavily. 9. My brother worked hard all day long ……… he can enjoy his holiday this weekend. 10. She‟ll tell the truth to us ……… she knows the fact. H. INTERJECTION 1. Definition Interjection adalah salah satu jenis kata yang terdiri dari kata seru spontan yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan perasaan atau pikiran yang muncul tiba- tiba. Kata ini dapat berdiri sendiri sebaga ungkapan perasaan seperti sapaan, perasaan gembira, sedih, marah, heran, kesakitan, perhatian, celaan, semangat, ejekan, terkejut, dan lain sebagainya. Dan kata seru biasanya selalu diakhiri dengan tanda seru (!). Contoh o Sapaan Hi! Hai! Hallo! Halo! o Perasaan gembira; Hurray! Hore! 60

Bravo! Bagus! Huzza! Bagus! Ha ha! Ha ha! o Perasaan sedih atau kecewa; Ah! Oh! Alas! Aduh! Sayang! Alack! Aduh! Sayang! o Perasaan marah atau kesal; Hush! Diam! Dammit! Persetan! Oh damn! Oh sial! Dumb you! Sialan kamu! Ssst! Diam! Deunce! Kurang ajar! Hist! Diamlah! Bosh! Omong kosong! Stuff! Omong kosong! o Sanjungan/ semangat; Bravo! Bagus! Well! Bagus! Well done! Baik sekali! Excellent! Bagus sekali! o Perasaan kagum; Wow! Waw! O Lord! Masya Allah! My Goodness! Masya Allah! 61

What a pretty view! Alangkah bagusnya pemandangan ini! o Celaan dan ejekan (cibiran); Fie! Fie! Cih! Cis! Tush! Cih! Pish! Cih! Pshaw! Cih! For shame! Tak tahu malu! o Perasaan heran/terkejut; God heavens! Masya Allah! God Lord! Astaga! Oh dear! Astaga Oh my! Astaga! Thank God! Alhamdulillah! Sukurlah! God gracious! Ya Allah! For heaven‟s shake! Ya Allah! o Kesakitan; Aah! Ouch! Aduch! Oh dear me! Astaga! Contoh dalam kalimat:  Aha! I know where you went yesterday. Aha! Saya tahu kemana kamu pergi kemaren. Selanjutnya ada banyak ucapan atau kata lainnya yang mengandung kata seru yang menyatakan berbagai perasaan, contohnya; 62

My God! Ya Tuhan! God willing! Insya Allah! God heavens! Masya Allah! God Lord! Astaga! Good gracious, no! Ya Allah! Tidak! Quickly! Cepat! Fire! Api! / Tembak! Case fire! Hentikan tembakan! Look! Lihatlah! Look out! Lihatlah! Watch out! Awas! Come out! Keluarlah! Get out! Keluarlah! Come on! Ayolah! Let‟s go! Ayo pergi! Welcome! Selamat datang! Go away Enyahlah! For good shake! Demi tuhan! Have a good time! Bersenang-senanglah! Poor thing! Kasihan! Shocking! Sungguh mengejutkan! Amazing! Sunggguh menakjubkan! Disgusting! Sungguh menjijikkan! How strange! Sungguh aneh! How wonderful! Sungguh menakjubkan! What an idea! Sungguh ide yang bagus! Stop it! Hentikan! Worse luck! Sialan! 63

Go to hell! Persetan! To hell with it! Persetan! What a shame! Sungguh memalukan! Nonsense! Omong kosong! No way! Tidak bisa! Mustahil! Thank goodness! Sukurlah! No fear! Jangan takut! Be brave jangan gentar! Be careful! Berhati-hatilah! Here goes Beginilah! Farewell! Selamat tinggal! Good Bye! Selamat tinggal! 2. Exercise 1.8 Fill in the blanks with appropriate interjections. 1. _________ We've won the game . 2. _________ you are hurting me! 3. _________ What a lovely color ! 4. _________I can hear that something is approaching . 5. ________ What a devious lie . 6. ________ We can never leave you and go . 7. ________The doctor is on the visit to see the patients. 8. ________ now I can understand his feelings . 9. ________ the bowl slipped from my hand and broke . 10. ________the bee just stung me . 64

I. ARTICLE Article (kata sandang) adalah kata yang yang diletakkan di depan kata benda yang digunakan sebagai kata penunjuk. Dalam bahasa Inggris kata sandang terbagi menjadi dua macam; 1. Indefinite Article Indefinite article adalah kata sandang tak tentu yang menunjukkan kata benda tunggal (yang dapat dihitung) dalam pernyataan umum secara tak tentu dengan menggunakan kata “a” atau “an”. Kata sandang “a” atau “an” mempunyai arti “satu” yang digunakan dalam sebuah pernyataan umum atau untuk memperkenalkan sebuah subyek yang belum dijelaskan sebelumnya (tak tentu).  a football is round. (Sebuah bola kaki itu bundar). Pernyataan umum- artinya semua bola kaki itu bundar.  Mother bought an eggplant. ( ibu membeli sebuah terong) (kita tidak tau terong yang mana yang dimaksud karena pembicara tidak menjelaskan terong tertentu). Kata sandang “an” diletakkan sebelum kata benda yang berawalan huruf vokal dan digunakan juga pada bunyi pertama sesudah kata sandang yang berawalan dengan huruf vokal (vowel sound). 65

an a, e, i, u, o Contoh  There is an elephant in the national park. Ada seekor gajah di taman nasional.  An iron is made of steel. sebuah setrika terbuat dari besi. Kata-kata berikut diawali dengan huruf mati tetapi berbunyi hidup (vowel sound) karena huruf awalnya tidak dibacakan maka harus selalu diawali dengan “an” Hour an hour satu jam Honor an honor sebuah kehormatan Heir an heir seorang ahli waris Honest an honest girl seorang gadis yang jujur. Contoh  Fadya is an honest girl Fadya adalah seorang gadis yang jujur.  I have waited for him since an hour ago. Saya telah menunggunya sejak satu jam yang lalu. Sementara kata sandang “a” digunakan untuk menunjukkan kata benda tunggal yang diletakkan di awal kata benda atau kata sifat yang berawalan huruf dan bunyi mati (consonant). a b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y , and z. contoh  My father is a teacher. Ayahku adalah seorang guru.  He drank a cup of coffee yesterday 66

Dia minum secangkir kopi kemarin.  We saw a long snake at the zoo. Kami melihat seekor ular yang panjang di kebun binatang. Selanjutnya kata sandang “a” digunakan juga pada kata benda yang berawalan huruf hidup tetapi berbunyi mati (consonant sound). a uniform se-buah seragam a university se-buah universitas a european se-orang bangsa eropa a eucalyptus se-batang pohon kayu putih contoh  My brother buys a uniform for his new school. Adikku membeli sebuah seragam untuk sekolah barunya.  I study at a university in my hometown. Saya kuliah di sebuah universitas di kotaku. 2. Definite Article Definite article adalah kata sandang tertentu yang diletakkan di depan kata benda yang di gunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang sudah kita ketahui keberadaan atau sesuatu yang sudah diketahui secara umum.  The ball is round. Bola itu bulat. the ball sudah di ketahui secara umum bahwa bola itu bulat. 67

 I saw a cat in the park last night. The cat‟s fur is so soft. saya melihat seekor kucing (kucing yang mana saja) ditaman kemarin malam. Bulu kucing itu (merujuk pada kucing yang sudah dijelaskan sebelumnya, yang sudah diketahui oleh pembicara dan pendengar) sangat lembut. Catatan: Untuk lebih memahami kapan the digunakan di depan kata benda dan mana yang tidak, maka terjemahkan kalimatnya ke bahasa Indonesia, jika kata bendanya menggunakan kata itu, tersebut, si, sang dan yang, maka bahasa inggris kata bendanya di tambahkan the didepannya.  The girl who sits behind you is my friend. Anak perempuan yang duduk dibelakangmu adalah temanku. (kita sudah tau secara jelas bahwa yang dimaksud adalah anak perempuan yang duduk diatas kursi) Use THE with Gunakan THE Oceans, rivers, seas, The red sea gulfs, plural lake. The atlantic ocean (Samudera, sungai, laut, The Persian gulf teluk, danau kembar) The great lake Mountains The rocky mountains. (pegunungan) Earth, moon, star, sun. The earth (bumi, bulan, bintang, The moon matahari) The star 68

The sun Colleges, universities The University of (perguruan, universitas) Indonesia The college of art and sciences School, if the phrase The school of pharmacists begins with school; etc. The school of law (sekolah, jika kata- katanya dimulai dengan sekolah) Ordinal number before The first chapter noun The second world war (no urut yang ada sebelum kata benda) Wars (except world war) The world war II (perang, kecuali perang The Korean war dunia tanpa menyebutkan keberapa) Countries with more The United States than one word. The United Kingdom (Negara yang namanya The People Republic of lebih dari satu suku China kata) Historical document The constitution (dokumen bersejarah) The constitution of 1945 Ethnic group The Indian (kelompok etnis) The Indonesian 69

Don‟t use The Jangan gunakan THE Singular lake Lake Toba (danau tunggal) Lake Singkarak Mounts Mount Kerinci (gunung) Mount Padang Mount Krakatau Planet: constellations Venus (planet; tata surya) Mars Earth School, colleges, Santa Fe Community universities when the College phrase begins with a Ferdi Ferry School proper noun. Batang Hari University (sekolah, perguruan, Gajah Mada University universitas kalau rangkaian katanya diawali dengan nama khusus) Cardinal number after Chapter one nouns Page ten (angka biasa setelah kata benda) Countries with one word Indonesia (Negara dengan satu Malaysia kata) Japan Korea Continents Asia (benua) Africa 70

States America (Negara bagian) Europe Sports Ohio (olah raga) California Basketball Abstract noun Football (kata benda tak nyata) Gymnastic Happiness General areas of Poverty subject matters Freedom (mata pelajaran secara Mathematics umum) Economics Holidays Biology (libur/hari-hari besar) Sociology Idul fitri Christmas Imlek 3. Reading Jambi Jambi is another province settled in Sumatra Island, which properly located on the east coast of central Sumatra. The capital of this province is Jambi city. Geographically, Jambi is located between 0o 45′ – 2o 45′ Northern Latitude 71

and between 101o 10′ – 104o 55′ East Longitude. This province is bordered by North side: Riau province, South side: Bengkulu province, West Side: West Sumatra, and East side: Berhala Strait At early begin, before Indonesia colonized by the Dutch colonial Jambi was a part of well-established of Srivijayan Kingdom. Srivijayan kingdom was an ancient Malay kingdom in Sumatra. It gained its influence some time in 7th century but rather overshadowed by the large neighbor kingdom that time, namely Sriwijaya. Melayu then became a subject of Sriwijaya and then Sriwijaya fell, Majapahit took over this kingdom. Then Minangkabau people of West Sumatra claimed this area after the fall of Majapahit. In 17th century, the Dutch East India Company created an alliance with Sultan Muhammed Nakhruddin. The Dutch then monopolized pepper trade in this area. Later on 1901, Dutch East India Company moved its place to Palembang in South Sumatra and Jambi was free of its influences then. The people in Jambi is dominated by the ethnic of Malay with the group of Kerinci and Minangkabau. The economic site from this province is mostly come from Jambi city as the capital of this province. The busy spot from Jambi city is on Batang Hari river as an oil and rubber-producer center. Mount and Lake Kerinci is commonly visited by the tourist while they passing by to Jambi. The existance of flora and fauna in Jambi, makes this city own their particular of national park as a reservation for those habitats, and others 72

tourism destination are Kerinci Seblat National Park, Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park, and Barbak National Park. (source; Unja.ac.id)  Reading Comprehension  True or False 1. ________The people in Jambi is dominated by the ethnic of Kerinci Minangkabau. 2. ________ at the Indonesia colonialized by the dutch, Jambi was a part of well-established of Srivijayan Kingdom. 3. ________ When Sriwijaya fell, Majapahit took over this kingdom. 4. ________ Jambi province at north side bordered by Bengkulu province. 5. ________ Jambi was free of Dutch East India Company on 1901.  WH questions 1. What are the locations visited by the tourists when they passing by to Jambi? 2. Where is Jambi Province? 3. What ethnic which dominated Jambi Province? 4. When was the the Dutch then monopolized pepper trade in Jambi? 5. What are the national parks in Jambi that can be as tourism destinations? 73

4. Exercises 1.9  Supply the articles (a, an, the) if they are necessary. 1. _____ book on _____ is my book. 2. Please give me _____ glass of water. 3. Friska went to _____ campus yesterday. 4. _____ Lake Kerinci is _____ biggest lake in Jambi. 5. My brothers like _____ football and _____ basketball. 6. This is not _____ easy job to do. 7. While I was in _____ Palembang, I saw _____ eagle at _____ zoo. 8. She doesn‟t like to live at _____ big house. 9. Karmila spent _____ hour to finish her homework. 10. He studies at _____ University of Jambi. 11. Can you turn on _____ light, please? 12. Rauda is looking for _____ job. 13. Have you got ____ car? 14. I cleaned ____ car yesterday. 15. Ms. Deswita sat down on _____ chair nearest the door. 74

LESSON 2 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AGREEMENT A. Positive Agreement Positive Agreement atau dikenal juga Affirmative agreement adalah kalimat positif yang digunakan Ketika seseorang melakukan sesuatu dan kemudian menambahkan bahwa ada orang lain juga melakukan hal yang sama, maka kita menggunakan kata so dan too untuk menghindari pengulangan kata atau kalimat yang tidak diperlukan. a. Ketika hanya ada “to be” pada klausa utama (main clause), maka tenses yang sama dari “to be” digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause). b. Gunakanlah kata sambung and yang diikuti dengan pernyataan sederhana menggunakan so atau too. Contoh My mother is beautiful. Lila is beautiful  My mother is beautiful, and Lila is too.  My mother is beautiful, and so is Lila Pola kalimat pertama Jika verb “be” digunakan dalam kalimat utama, maka tenses yang sama dari verb “be” juga digunakan pada pernyataan sederhana yang mengikutinya. 75

affirmative statement (to be) + and + subject + to be + too . atau affirmative statement (to be) + and + so + to be + subject. Contoh 1. Ahza is a smart student. Adiba is a smart student  Ahza is a smart student, and Adiba is too.  Ahza is a smart student, and so is Adiba. 2. I am happy. Junida is happy.  I am happy, and Junida is too.  I am happy, and so is Junida. Pola kalimat kedua Jika dalam kalimat utama terdapat sebuah gabungan verb (auxiliary + verb), contoh will go, should do, has done, have written, etc., maka auxiliary yang ada pada main verb digunakan dalam pernyataan sederhana, dan subject dan verb harus sesuai. Affirmative statement +and+subject + auxiliary only+ too Atau Affirmative statement +a nd + so + auxiliary only + subject Contoh: 1. They will work in the lab tomorrow. You will work in the lab tomorrow. 76

 They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.  They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you. 2. She should see dentist. I should see dentist.  She should see dentist, and I should too.  She should see dentist, and so should I. Pola kalimat ketiga Jika pada kalimat utama hanya terdapat verb (bukan “be”) tanpa ada auxiliary, maka auxiliary do, does, atau did akan digunakan pada pernyataan sederhana. Subject dan Verb harus sesuai dan Tense harus sama dengan kalimat utama. Affirmative statement+ and + subject + do,does,or did + too atau Affirmative statement + and + so + do, does, or did + subject Contoh: 1. Mecca goes to campus. Medina goes to campus  Mecca goes to campus, and Medina does too.  Mecca goes to campus, and so does Medina. 2. We studied English last Saturday. Nina studied English last Saturday.  We studied English last Saturday, and Nina did too.  We studied English last Saturday, and so did Nina. 77

3. Monica speaks English. We speak English.  Monica speaks English, and we do too.  Monica speaks English, and so do we. B. Negative Agreement Fungsi either dan neither dalam sebuah kalimat hampir sama seperti so dan too dalam kalimat affirmative, namun either dan neither digunakan untuk kalimat negative (yang bearti tidak). Aturan yang sama berlaku seperti kalimat afirmatif. Negative statement + and + subject + negative auxiliary / be + either atau Negative statement + and + neither + positive auxiliary / be + subject Contoh 1. She wasn‟t at school lastweek. I wasn’t at school last week.  She wasn‟t at school lastweek, and neither was I.  She wasn‟t at school last week. And I wasn’t either. 2. I don‟t understand Maths. Riri doesn‟t understand maths.  I don‟t understand Maths. And neither does Riri. 78

 I don‟t understand Maths, and Riri doesn’t either. 3. I didn‟t go to the library. My friends didn‟t go to library.  I didn‟t go to library, and neither did my friends.  I didn‟t go to library, and my friends didn’t either. C. Exercises 2.1  Fill the blanks with the correct form of either or neither. 1. We don‟t plan to attend the music concert, and ______ does she. 2. Mira doesn‟t like watching movie, and I don‟t _______. 3. Joko can‟t speak English, and his family can‟t _______. 4. I didn‟t meet new lecturer, and ________ did my friends. 5. Mima can‟t type well, and her sister can‟t _________.  In the following sentences, supply the correct form of the missing verb. 1. She didn‟t pay the rent and you _______ either. 2. Their bus is arriving at two o‟clock, and so ______ mine. 3. Lili likes to swim in the river, and we ______ too. 79

4. She doesn‟t watch horror film, and neither ______ we. 5. I should go to the airport, and so ______ my brother. 6. We have lived in Bungo for 3 years, and they ______ too. 7. My mother and father will leave at noon, and so ______ too. 8. We can‟t study at the library, and they _______ either. 9. I haven‟t seen Chiko for years, and neither _______ Boby. 10. Your class hasn‟t begun yet, and neither _______ mine. 80

LESSON III TENSES Tenses merupakan bentuk bentuk waktu dalam bahasa Inggris yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kapan suatu peristiwa atau kejadian terjadi. Melalui perubahan kata kerjanya dalam kalimat maka kita dapat mengetahui kapan suatu peristiwa atau kejadian terjadi. Menurut kamus The American Heritage “Tenses adalah satu bentuk penyesuaian kata kerja yang berkaitan dengan waktu (lampau, sekarang, yang akan datang) dan kesinambungan atau penyelesaian perbuatan atau keadaan (belum, sedang, atau sudah sempurna/selesai)”. A. Simple Present Tense Simple present tense digunakan untuk menjelaskan peristiwa atau kejadian yang terjadi pada waktu sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana, atau suatu perbuatan yang dilakukan secara berulang-ulang, atau kebiasaan sehari-hari, dan juga digunakan untuk menjelaskan kebenaran yang bersifat umum (general truth) dan tidak ada kaitan dengan waktu. Dalam bentuk waktu simple present tense ini, kalimat dapat berupa verbal atau nominal. 1. Formula a. Kalimat verbal adalah kalimat yang didalamnya mengandung kata kerja (verb). 81

Formula (rumus) I/you/they/we + Verb + O He/she/it + V (s/es) + O Contoh  She studies at Math every Monday.  Tsaqib reads his favorite book.  You go to campus everyday  They take bath three times a day Untuk kalimat negative dalam Simple Present Tense bentuk verbal; I/you/they/we + do not (Don‟t) + verb He/she/it + does not (doesn‟t) + verb Contoh  I don’t speak Chinese. (Saya tidak berbicara bahasa cina)  They don’t live in Bungo. (Mereka tidak tinggal di Bungo)  She doesn‟t know about the thruth. (dia tidak tau kebenarannya)  He doesn’t come from Tebo. (Dia tidak berasal dari Tebo) Untuk kalimat interrogative dalam Simple Present Tense bentuk verbal; 82

Do + I/you/they/we + verb? Does + he/she/it + verb? Contoh  Do you enjoy your English class?  Do we go to school by motorbike?  Do they want a cake?  Does he feel good today?  Does she understand about the rules? b. Kalimat nominal adalah kalimat yang didalamnya tidak mengandung kata kerja (verb) tetapi menggunakan kata kerja bantu (to be). Formula I + am + complement You/they/we + are + complement He/she/it + is + complement Contoh  I am happy.  We are the sudents of IAI Yasni Bungo  He is a smart boy.  It is a nice cat. Untuk kalimat negative pada kalimat nominal hanya menambahkan not setelah to be (am, is, are) seperti berikut;  I am not happy. Saya tidak bahagia.  You are not lazy. Kamu tidak malas. 83

 He is not an army. Dia (lk) bukan seorang tentara.  She is not afraid. Dia (pr) tidak takut. Sementara untuk membuat kalimat Tanya (interrogative) pada kalimat nominal : to be (am, are, is) berada di awal kalimat;  Am I happy? Apakah saya bahagia?  Are they bored? Apakah mereka bosan?  Are you late? Apakah kamu telat?  Is he your father? Apakah dia (lk) ayahmu? 2. Time signal Time signal (penunjuk waktu) biasanya diletakkan di awal atau akhir kalimat yang sering digunakan dalam simple present tense ini adalah; Every day setiap hari Every Friday setiap jum‟at Every week setiap minggu Every / each setiap In the morning di pagi hari Once a week seminggu sekali Always selalu Often sering Seldom jarang 84

Never tidak pernah Sometimes kadang-kadang Now sekarang, dan seterusnya. Jadi Simple Present Tense dalam sebuah kalimat di gunakan untuk;  Menyatakan suatu kebenaran umum (general truth) yang telah diketahui oleh semua orang dan tidak dapat di bantah. o The sun rises from the east. Matahari terbit dari sebelah timur. o The ball is round. Bola itu bulat o The grass is green Rumput itu hijau  Menyatakan perbuatan atau kejadian yang biasa dilakukan dan telah menjadi kebiasaan. o Atina goes to campus everyday. Atina pergi ke kampus setiap hari. o We always go to bed at eight o‟clock. Kami selalu tidur jam delapan malam Question Words + Auxiliary Verb + S + V +O? Contoh  Where do you live? Dimana kamu tinggal?  When does the groceries store open? Kapan toko kelontong buka? 85

 What does she write? Apa yang dia tulis?  Why do they go home early? Mengapa mereka pulang cepat?  How does he do it? Bagaimana cara dia melakukannya? 3. Reading Me and my story My name is Adiba. I am a nurse and I work at Elizabet's Hospital. I look after sick children at night. I start to work at 10 p.m. and finish early 6 o'clock in the morning. I go to work by bus but I come home in the morning by taxi because I am tired. I have 20 children in my section. I look at the children many times during the night. Sometimes I sit and talk to a child. The children sleep most of the time. At 6 o'clock the day the nurse arrives and wakes the children up. She gives them breakfast at 7 o'clock. I go home and go to bed at 8 o'clock. I usually feel very tired. 4. Excercises 3.1  Check your understanding. 1. I ……… always the window at night because it is cold. a. close b. closes 2. The food in Yogyakarta is expensive. It ……… a lot to live there. 86

a. cost b. costs 3. His job ………. great because he meets a lot of people. a. are b. is 4. My bike is not broken and it ……… to be fixed again. a. does not need b. is not need 5. They ……… cake in the afternoon. a. do not eat b. are not eat 6. Does the earth ……… round the sun? a.go b. goes 7. Do you always ……… dishes everyday? a. wash b. washes 8. ……… Javanese? a. do b. are 9. ……… that a pity? a. is b. are 10. We ……… watch tv at night. a. do not b. are not 87

B. Present Continuous Tense Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menerangkan dan menunjukan suatu peristiwa, kejadian atau perbuatan yang dilakukan pada saat berbicara atau sedang berlansung sekarang. 1. Formula I + am + Verb(ing) You/they/we + are + Verb(ing) He/she/it + is + Verb(ing) Contoh  I am cooking a delicious cake right now Saya sedang memasak kue yang enak sekarang ini.  They are studying English in the class. Mereka sedang belajar bahasa Inggris di kelas.  He is sitting on the bench in the park. Dia (lk) sedang duduk dibangku ditaman.  Perlu diketahui bahwa ada beberapa kata kerja (verb) yang tidak menggunakan akhiran –ing walaupun peristiwanya sedang berlansung sekarang, diantaranya yaitu: believe, dislike, forget, let, like, hear, know, remember, refuse, realize, prefer, owe, own, understand, want, need, dan sebagainya.  Apabila kata kerja dasar (infinitive) berakhir dengan huruf mati yang didahului huruf hidup, maka huruf akhir digandakan dan ditambah dengan –ing. Infinitive Present Participle Meaning Cut cutting sedang memotong 88

Dig digging sedang menggali Jog jogging sedang berlari pelan  Apabila kata kerja dasar (infinitive) berakhiran dengan huruf –l setelah dua huruf hidup maka dapat ditambahkan –ing saja. Infinitive Present Participle Meaning Boil boiling sedang mendidih Sail sailing sedang berlayar Seal sealing sedang menyegel  Apabila kata kerja dasar (infinitive) berakhiran –l setelah satu huruf hidup, maka gandakan huruf –l itu dan diberi tambahan –ing; Infinitive Present Participle Meaning Expel expelling sedang membuang Control controlling sedang mengawasi Travel travelling sedang bepergian  Apabila bentuk kata kerja dasarnya (infinitive) berakhiran –e setelah huruf mati, maka huruf –e harus dihilangkan dan ditambahkan dengan –ing; Infinitive Present Participle Meaning Come coming sedang datang Change changing sedang mengubah Shine shining sedang bersinar  Apabila bentuk kata kerja dasarnya (infinitive) berakhiran huruf –ie maka huruf –ie dihapus lalu diganti –y dan ditambah –ing; 89

Infinitive Present Participle Meaning Die dying sedang sekarat Lie lying sedang berbaring Tie tying sedang mengikat Untuk membentuk kalimat negative pada Present Continuous Tense hanya dengan menambahkan „not‟ di belakang to be (am, are, is) seperti contoh berikut;  She isn’t shopping at the shopping centre. Dia (pr) tidak sedang berbelanja dipusat perbelanjaan.  The sun is not shinning today. Matahari sedang tidak bersinar hari ini. Sementara untuk membentuk kalimat tanya (interrogative) dari tense ini adalah dengan meletakkan to be (am, are, is) berada diawal kalimat;  Are you playing basket ball? Apakah kamu sedang bermain bola basket?  Is he working at the bank? Apakah dia (lk) sedang bekerja di Bank? 2. Time Signal Penunjuk waktu (time signal) yang sering digunakan dalam kalimat Present Continuous Tense diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut; Right now saat ini Now sekarang Today hari ini Tonight malam ini 90