Expose Your English

Faktanya (the fact): We didn‟t know that you were there, so we didn‟t write you a letter. Kami tidak tahu bahwa kamu dulunya disana, jadi kami tidak menulis kepada kamu sepucuk surat.  She would have already come forward if she had spoken English. Dia (pr) akan sudah siap ke depan seandainya dia sudah berbicara bahasa Inggris. Faktanya (the fact): She didn‟t already come forward, so she did‟t speak English. Dia (pr) tidak siap ke depan jadi dia tidak berbicara bhasa Inggris. 3. Tipe III ini bisa digunakan dengan pola kalimat lain yaitu: Rumusnya : If …… were to have …… Contoh :  If were to have found the book, I would have given it to you. (if I had found the book …) Seandainya saya sudah menemukan buku itu, saya akan sudah memberikannya kepadamu.  They would have met the manager if they were to have come earlier. Merekan akan sudah bertemu menejer itu seandainya mereka sudah datang lebih awal. 191

Catatan : Kata If pada tipe III ini diterjemahkan dengan seandainya, andaikata, atau andaikan, karena menyatakan suatu keadaan yang tidak berada dalam realitas. Artinya keadaan itu sudah tidak dapat diubah lagi seperti apa yang dibayangkan atau diandaikan itu. Keadaan yang diandaikan itu tidak mungkin terjadi lagi. D. Reading PERFORMING THE FIFTH PILLAR OF ISLAM \"THE HAJ\" After the announcement of the opening of the registration for those who are going to make a pilgrimage to Mecca, people are talking about it. Hasan, Farid, Hamid, and Ghozali are talking about it during their dinner at the Restaurant \"Cairo\" in Jakarta. Hasan : Farid, where are you going tomorrow? Farid : I am going to the bank to know how much will remain of my deposit, if I draw Rp 50.000.000,00 from the bank. Hasan : What are you going to do with such amount of money? Farid : If I am sure I have enough money left, my wife and I will go on a pilgrimage to Mecca next year. Hasan : Oh, how lucky you are! I hope God will bless you with your good intention. If I were rich like you, I would do the same thing, but I am 192

Hamid not that lucky as you are. What about you Hamid? Ghozali : I am just a government employee. I don't Hasan have much money. If I had a lot of I would Ghozali: also go and register. I wonder about you Chozali. You have not gone on a pilgrimage, Hamid have you? : Not yet. : As a successful businessman you must be very rich, and are able to perform the Haj. : If I had had the opportunity I would have gone to Mecca two years ago, but the economic situation was not good three years ago. I have saved the amount needed but the cost to perform the Haj increased four times. Insya Allah, I will I go next year. I hope I can bring my wife with me as well. :Both of you are chosen by Ibrahim to perform the Haj. If you pray in Masjidil Haram in Mecca will you pray for us so that we also have the opportunity to perform the fifth pillar of Islam. Oh, I wish we could go together.  Reading Comprehension  \"WH\" Questions 1. Who will perform the Haj? 2. Why does Farid go to the bank? 193

3. What is Hamid's occupation so that he doesn't have much money? 4. How can Ghozali be so sure that next year he will be able to perform the Haj? 5. Where are they talking? E. Exercises 7.1  Multiple choice 1. If I study, I _______ pass the exam. a. Will be on b. Will be c. Would d. Will 2. If I _____ much money, I will buy some electronic devices. a. Have has b. Have had c. Have d. Has 3. John will ________ your house if he gets important information for you about the project. a. Go for b. Go to c. Goes d. Go 4. My mother would not go to my uncle's house if my uncle _______ my mother's call a. Had received b. Received 194

c. Receives d. Receive 5. If you did the test perfectly, you _________ a special gift from your parents. a. Get b. Got c. Will get d. Would get 6. Mr. Benny ______ not continue the lesson if the students of in the class were so noisy at the time a. Will b. Wills c. Would d. Would to 7. The football keeper would not pass away if he . . . hit other bodies players. a. Will b. Would c. Will not d. Would not 8. If I ______ you, I ________ give her a special gift in her birthday party. a. Were - would b. Were - will c. Am - would d. Am - will 9. If there ______ a will, there ________ be a way too a. Are - will 195

b. Are - would c. Is - would d. Is - will 10. Angel will move this table to another place if you ________ her house tomorrow. a. Comes to b. Come to c. Came to d. Came 196

LESSON VIII DERIVATIVES WORD Derivative words merupakan suatu kata baru yang merupakan kata turunan yang berasal dari akar kata (root words). Root words bisa berupa noun (kata benda), adjective (kata sifat) maupun verb (kata kerja). Proses pembentukan derivative words dilakukan dengan menambahkan affixes (imbuhan), seperti preffixes (awalan) maupun suffixes (akhiran) pada root words. Preffixes biasanya ditambahkan ke noun (kata benda) untuk membentuk kata baru dengan arti yang berbeda tanpa merubah kelas kata dari root words. Sedangkan suffixes biasanya ditambahkan pada kata kerja (verb) atau kata sifat (adjective) untuk membentuk kata baru dengan arti yang berbeda dengan ikut merubah kata dari root words. Kata baru yang dihasilkan dari proses derivation biasa kita kenal dengan istilah “kata bentukan” atau “kata turunan” atau dalam Bahasa Inggrisnya disebut “Derivative Word”. A. Noun derivation Merupakan proses pembentukan kata yang menghasilkan sebuah noun (kata benda). Kata dasar (stem/root/base) yang digunakan bisa berupa verb (kata kerja) atau dapat pula berupa adjective (kata sifat). Contoh: intimacy, constant, dan fishery. 197

Affix Root Derivative Meaning Mis- Carriage Miscarriage Keguguran -ness (Noun) -dom Kind (Adj) Kindness Kebaikan -ion Good (Adj) Goodness Kebaikan -er Happy (Adj) Happiness Kebahagiaan Free ( Adj) Freedom Kebebasan -ity Wise (Adj) Wisedom Kebijaksanaan Invade Invansion Serbuan -hood (verb) Discussion Berdiskusi -an Discuss (V) Write (Verb) Writer Penulis -cy Drive (Verb) Driver Sopir Record Recorder Alat perekam (Verb) Dense Density Kepadatan (Noun) Electricity Kelistrikan Electric Reality Kenyataan (Nouns) Real (Adj) Childhood Masa Anak- Child (Noun) Neighbourhood anak Neighbour Lingkungan Noun) Librarian Library Comedian Pustakawan (Noun) Pregnancy Pelawak Comedy Kehamilan (Noun) Pregnant 198

(Noun) Presidency Kepresidenan President (Noun) Actor Aktor -or Act (verb) Detector Alat deteksi Detect (Verb) Friendship Persahabatan -ship Friend Relationship Hubungan (Noun) Partnership Kemitraan Relation Leadership Kepemimpinan (Noun) Pianist Pemain Piano Partner Artist Artis (Noun) Leader Development Perkembangan (Noun) Management Manajemen -ist Piano Statement Pernyataan (Noun) Art (Noun) Promotion Promosi -ment Develop Composition Komposisi (Verb) Imagination Imajinasi Manage (Verb) State (Verb) -tion Promote (Verb) Compose (Verb) Imagine (Verb) 199

-ance Assist (Verb) Remember Assistance Bantuan (Verb) Rememberance Ingatan -ht/-th Grow (verb) Growth Pertumbuhan See (Verb) Sight Pandangan Fly (Verb) Flight Penerbangan -ry Deliver (Verb) Discover Delivery Pengiriman (Verb) Discovery Penemuan Dll,. Contoh  I have an imagination about my bright future. Saya memiliki imajinasi tentang masa depan saya yang cerah.  She is a worker at an international company. Dia (pr) adalah pekerja di sebuah perusahaan internasional.  Her pregnancy must be checked. Kehamilannya harus diperiksa. B. Adjective derivation Merupakan artinya proses pembentukan kata yang hasilnya berupa adjective (kata sifat). Root atau kata dasar yang bisa kita gunakan dalam adjective derivation bisa berupa verb (kata kerja), noun (kata benda) atau dapat pula berasal dari adjective juga. Contoh: silken, lifelike, dan fragile 200

Affix Root Derivative Meaning In- secure (adj) Insecure ketidak Im- nyamanan Un- Mortal Immortal Keabadian -able (Noun) -ent Happy Unhappy ketidak Able -ful Unable bahagiaan Read (Noun) -ing Reason Tidak dapat (Noun) -ish Diligence Readable Dapat dibaca (Noun) Confidence Reasonable Masuk akal (Noun) Beauty Diligent Rajin (Noun) Hope (Noun) Confident Percaya diri Sorrow (Noun) Beautiful Cantik Color (Noun) Hopeful Penuh Interest Sorrowful Harapan (Noun) Colorful Sedih Amaze Penuh warna (Verb) Yellow (adj) Interesting Menarik Child (Noun) Amazing Menarik Yellowish Kekuning- Childish kuningan Kekanak- 201

-ive Create (Verb) Creative kanakan -less Kreatif Care Careless Ceroboh -like (Noun/Verb) Tidak ada lagi -y bantuan -ous Help Helpless Seperti wanita (Noun/Verb) Seperti Pria Cerah Woman Womanlike Mendung (Noun) Bahaya Terus Man (Noun) Manlike Menerus Sun (Noun) Sunny Cloud (Noun) Cloudy Danger (Noun) Continue Dangerous (Verb) Continuous dll,. Contoh  Don't be careless! Jangan ceroboh!  It's sunny today Hari ini cerah.  She is beautiful, and her beauty has made her proud. Dia (pr) cantik, dan kecantikannya telah membuatnya bangga.  Crocodile is a dangerous animal. Buaya adalah hewan yang berbahaya. 202

 Mika is a creative teacher. Mika adalah guru yang kreatif.  It‟s an amazing view, I love it! Pemandangan yang sangat menakjubkan, saya menyukainya! C. Verb derivation Adalah proses derivation dengan hasil kata berupa sebuah verb (kata kerja). Kata dasar yang bisa kita ubah menjadi sebuah verb dapat berasal dari adjective atau noun. Contoh: widen dan flicker. Affix Root Derivative Meaning En- Membahayakan Danger (Noun) Endanger Memberanikan diri Dis- Memperbesar In- Courage (Noun) Encourage Melingkupi Mis- Tidak Suka Large (Adj) Enlarge Tidak Setuju Meningkat Close (Verb) Enclose Salah Paham Like (Verb) Dislike Salah Bawa Agree (Verb) Disagree Crease (Noun) Increase Understand Misunderstand (Verb) Carry (Verb) Miscarry Re- Retell Menceritakan Tell (Verb) kembali/ulang Mengecek Check (Verb) Recheck kembali/ulang -ate Active (Verb) Activate Mengaktifkan 203

-en Length (Noun) Lengthen Memperpanjang Wide (Adj) Widen Melebar Fast (Adj) Fasten Kencangkan Broad (Adj) Broaden Memperluas -ify Identity (Noun) Identify Mengenali Beauty (Noun) Beautify Mempercantik -ize Memory (Noun) Summary Memorize Mengingat Menyimpulkan (Noun) Summarize National (Noun) Nationalize Menasionalkan Contoh  You have to retell the whole story. Kamu harus menceritakan kembali keseluruhan ceritanya.  They misunderstand what I mean. Mereka salah paham apa yang saya maksud.  Please, take your seat and fasten your seat belt. silakan duduk dan kencangkan sabuk pengamanmu.  We will analyze the research together. Kami akan menganalisa penelitian ini bersama.  I want to enlarge my business. Saya ingin memperbesar bisnis saya. D. Adverb derivation Adverb derivation merupakan proses pembentukan kata dengan hasil kata bentukan berupa adverb (kata keterangan). 204

Kosakata dasar yang dapat kita jadikan sebuah adverb umumnya berasal dari adjective. Contoh: along, tightly, dan anywhere. Affix Root Derivative Meaning a- Way Away Jauh -ever Where Wherever Dimanapun -ly Careful Carefully Dengan hati- Slow Slowly hati Easy Easily Pelan-pelan Quick Quickly Mudah Angry Angrily Dengan cepat Dengan marah -ward Back Backward Kebelakang Out Outward Keluar -wise Like Likewise Juga Side Sidewise Kesamping dll, Contoh  My mom chops the banana carefully. Ibuku memotong pisang dengan hati-hati.  He shouted angrily. Dia (lk) berteriak dengan marah.  They go far away. Mereka pergi menjauh. 205

E. Reading Riba Riba is actually a loan using the issue which the borrower will probably get back to the lender a lot more than and much better compared to volume borrowed. Riba means Interest. Interest is not just a matter without buy, sell and trade. Islam acknowledges trade, buy and sell not just like a lawful occupation but additionally like a ethical responsibility. Islam gives an entire range of guidelines for trade. The explanation for these types of guidelines would be to identify exactly what halal incomes is. Basically, Islam provides motivated people to be able to earn their particular provision and also to give it to their households. The trouble would be that the incomes needs to be in accordance with the circumstances set up through the Sharia. Riba is forbidden in Islamic economic jurisprudence (fiqh) and considered as a major sin. Simply, unjust gains in trade or business, generally through exploitation. There are two types of riba discussed by Islamic jurists: an increase in capital without any services provided and speculation (Maisir), which is prohibited by the Qur'an, and commodity exchanges in unequal quantities, also prohibited in the Qur'an. The payment or receipt of interests are considered usury and unjust. Debt is also disapproved making investments in highly leveraged companies 206

unacceptable. Funds cannot pay fixed or guaranteed return on capital. Instead of borrowing and lending, Islamic finance relies on sharing the ownership of the assets and therefore risk and profit/loss. Riba on Practice Applying interest was acceptable under some circumstances. Currencies that were based on guarantees by a government to honor the stated value or based on other materials such as paper or base metals were allowed to have interest applied to them. When base metal currencies were first introduced in the Islamic world, the question of \"paying a debt in a higher number of units of this fiat money being riba\" was not relevant as the jurists only needed to be concerned with the real value of money (determined by weight only) rather than the numerical value. For example, it was acceptable for a loan of 1,000 gold dinars to be paid back as 1,050 dinars of equal aggregate weight (the value in terms of weight had to be same because all makes of coins did not carry exactly similar weight). F. Exercise 8.1  Multiple choice 1. Ahza dan Izza are twin, but they are…. a. Differs b. Differential c. Difference 207

d. Differently e. Different 2. My uncle... advised me to take English lessons. a. Strength b. Strong c. Strengthening d. Strongly e. Strengthened 3. If you want to... run your business, you must have the full support of the employees. a. Succeed b. Successful c. Success d. Successfully e. Succeeded 4. The victims of the earthquake showed their... to the local government officials for their help. a. Appreciate b. Appreciable c. Appreciation d. Appreciably e. Appreciative 5. Nowadays people prefer using small cars to big ones because they're more... a. Economically b. Economic c. Economize d. Economical 208

e. Economy 6. The hall has been... decorated for the opening ceremony. a. Beautiful b. Beautiful beauty c. Beautifully d. Beautify e. Beautified 7. As a good film..., he has greatly contributed to the development of Indonesian films. a. Critic b. Criticism c. Criticize d. Critical e. Critically 8. The company's new product was... advertised on TV. a. Nation b. National c. Nationally d. Nationalize e. Nationalization 9. If you use a word processor, you can easily... another paragraph to your composition. a. Add b. Added c. Addition d. Additive e. Additional 209

10. She is trying to lose weight by drinking beverages.. a. artificially sweetened b. Artificial sweets a. Artificially sweetening b. Sweetened by artificial sugar c. sweetened artificially 210

LESSON IX GERUND AND INFINITIVE Infinitives (kata kerja dasar) adalah kata yang belum mengalami perubahan bentuk, baik karena perubahan waktu (tenses) atau penambahan akhiran huruf –s/es/ies. Kata kerja ini dalam beberapa referensi sering disebut dengan bentuk kata kerja pertama yang disingkat dengan “V1” yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda. Misalnya: Soe (melihat); hear(mendengar); look(melihat); go(pergi); to smoke(merokok);, to read(membaca); to speak(berbicara);, etc. A. Infinitives Pada umumnya kata kerja dasar(infinitives) dibagi menjadi 2 (dua) golongan, yaitu: 1. Infinitives without To (kata kerja Infinitif tanpa to), yaitu kata kerja dasar yang tidak diawali oleh kata to. Kata kerja ini sering disebut dengan Bare Infinitive (kata kerja asli). Misalnya : See (melihat); hear(mendegar); look(melihat); go(pergi); smoke(merokok); read(membaca); speak(berbicara), etc. Berdasarkan struktur kalimat bahasa Inggris bahwa Bare Infinitives ini dapat digunakan: 211

a. Setelah kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verbs), kecuali to be (primary auxiliary), seperti: can/could(bisa), shall/should(akan), will/would(akan), may/might(boleh), etc. Contoh:  She can speak English. Dia (pr) bisa berbicara bahasa Inggris.  I will go to Jambi. Saya akan pergi ke Jambi. b. Setelah beberapa kelompok kata-kata tertentu, seperti: watch (menonton), see (melihat), hear (mendengar), observe (mengamati), feel (merasa), please (silahkan), listen (mendengar), etc. Contoh :  Please come here quickly. Silahkan kemari dengan cepat.  I saw them run acrross the road. Saya melihat mereka berlari menyebrang jalan raya itu. Pengecualian : Kalau kata kerja tertentu diatas (watch, see, hear, observe, feel, listen) dipakai dalam kalimat pasif, maka infinitive dengan to harus digunakan. Contoh :  He was seen to leave the building Dia (lk) terlihat meninggalkan gedung itu.  The building is felt to shoke Gedung itu terasa berguncang. 212

c. Didahului ole kata had better (lebih baik), had rather (lebih suka) dan would rather (lebih suka). Contoh :  You had better go to my house Kamu lebih baik pergi kerumahku  They would rather stay at home. Mereka lebih suka tinggal dirumah d. Diawali oleh kata need dan dare pada kalimat negative dan kalimat Tanya(interrogative sentence). Contoh :  I daren’t tell it Saya tidak berani mengatakannya.  They nedn’t stay here Mereka tidak perlu tinggal disini  Need I go to the party? Perlukah saya pergi ke pesta itu? e. Setelah kata kerja kausatif (causative verbs), seperti: have(menyuruh), get (menyuruh), make (menyuruh), let (memperbolehkan), want (menginginkan), help (membantu), etc. Contoh :  She lets me go Saya tidak berani mengatakannya  He helps my brother bring the goods. Dia (lk) membantu saudaraku membawa barang itu. 213

2. Infinitive with to yaitu kata kerja dasar yang diawali oleh kata to dan biasanya berfungsi sebagai kata benda atau kata kerja biasa yang diikuti oleh obyek. Kata kerja ini sering disebut dengan istilah “To Infinitives”. Misalnya : to see (melihat); to hear (mendengar); to look (melihat); to go (pergi); to smoke (merokok), to read (membaca), to speak (berbicara), etc. Dalam pemakaiannya, Infinitive with To (To Infinitive) berfungsi sebagai berikut: 1. Subject of Sentence (subyek kalimat) Contoh:  To swim is a good exercise. Berenang itu sebuah latihan yang baik.  To say is easy. Mengatakan itu mudah. 2. Subjective Complement (pelengkap subyek) To Infinitive sering digunakan bersamaan dengan To be, seperti: am, is, are, was, were untuk menyatakan suatu perintah, keinginan atau keharusan. Contoh:  I am to write a letter now. Saya ingin menulis sepucuk surat sekarang.  He is to go right now. Dia (lk) harus pergi sekrang. 3. Complement to Verb (pelengkap terhadap kata kerja)  I promise to see you in this office. Saya berjanji menemui kamu di kantor ini.  She appears to be a wise woman. 214

Dia (pr) kelihatannya menjadi seorang wanita yang bijak- sana. 4. Objective Complement (pelengkap obyek).  I ordered you to leave me. Saya menyuruh kamu meninggalkan saya.  He wants you to help her. Dia (Ik) menginginkan kamu membantu dia. 5. Object to Preposition (obyek terhadap kata depan). Contoh:  He is about to go to Bandung. Dia (Ik) baru saja mau pergi ke Bandung. 3. Reading TO LEARN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE It is sometimes difficult for a teacher to persuade a student to work hard enough to pass. Most foreign students who come to America want to succeed and they try to understand their assignments and do their work well. Unfortunately, many of them fail to realize their language handicap. They do not like to study language; they prefer to spend their time on other things. Consequently, they allow themselves to believe that they will learn by listening and they pretend to understand when they do not. They need to practice sentence patterns and their English teachers advise them to, but teachers cannot force students to practice. 215

No matter what field you are in you will not do your best until you know the language well. Decide right now to master the word forms and the sentence patterns. Do not hesitate to ask questions when you do not understand. Do not refuse to face the truth; give your self a chance to do your best. Ask your American or English friends to correct your mistakes and do not fail to benefit from their corrections. It is not easy to study a foreign language, but you can be very successful if you are determined to. As everyone knows that learning to speak a foreign language has much in common with learning to play a musical instrument. In each case, the final objective is that the student should be able to perform in public, making as few mistakes as possible. No one learning to play a musical instrument could possibly undertake to perform a difficult composition before he had mastered a large number of drills and exercises. The purpose behind these drills and exercises is that the student should ultimately be able to play with a minimum error. In the same way, careful and methodical oral training is necessary long before it is possible for a language student to join in a discussion of a topic of general interest. If a student is asked to take part in a discussion without adequate preparation, he is being encouraged to make mistakes. He will ultimately adopt bad speech habits, which may prove impossible to eradicate. (Quoted from \"Rapid Review of English Grammar” By Jean Praniaskas 216

B. Gerund Gerunds (kata kerja gerund) adalah bentuk kata kerja yang diberi tambahan huruf-ing dan berfungsi sebagai kata benda (nouns) atau membendakan kata kerja. Gerunds (kata kerja gerund) memiliki bentuk yang sama dengan Present Participle, dan keduanya merupakan bagian dari kata kerja. Perbedaannya: Gerunds merupakan sejenis kata benda, tetapi Present Participle adalah semacam kata sifat memiliki arti sedang. Oleh karena-nya, meskipun serupa atau sama dalam bentuknya, keduanya sangat berbeda dalam sifatnya. Contoh:  Speaking is my hobby. Berbicara adalah hobiku.  I don't like smoking. Saya tidak suka merokok. 1. The Functions of Gerunds Gerunds yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda (nouns), maka ia dapat digunakan sebagai berikut: 1. Subject of Sentence (subyek kalimat) Contoh:  Smoking is not good for health. Merokok tidak baik bagi kesehatan.  Reading is my hobby. Membaca adalah hobiku.  Sleeping is necessary to health. Tidur adalah perlu untuk kesehatan. 217

2. Subjective Complement (pelengkap subyek) Contoh:  His hobby is swimming. Kegemarannya adalah berenang.  My favourite sport is skitting. Olah raga kesenanganku adalah bermain sepatu es.  Your chief delight is riding. Kesenangan utama kamu adalah berkuda. 3. Objective Complement (pelengkap obyek) Contoh:  He enjoys hunting. Dia (Ik) senang berburu.  She likes shopping. Dia (pr) suka berbelanja. 4. Digunakan sebagai kata majemuk (compound nouns) atau modifier kata yang menentukan sifat) yang diletakkan di depan kata benda (nouns) untuk memberikan sifat yang mengandung arti alat atau tempat (sesuatu yang digunakan). Misal : 1) Swimming pool : kolam renang 2) Reading book : buku bacaan 3) Swimming suit : pakaian renang 4) Dinning table : meja makan 5) Shopping bag : tas belanja 6) Living room : ruang tamu 218

7) Waiting room : ruang tunggu Contoh  This swimming pool is very good. Kolam renang ini sangat bagus.  There is no a shopping bag. Tidak ada sebuah tas belanja.  Please put the glass on the dining table. Silakan letakkan gelas itu di atas meja makan. 5. Digunakan sebagai Head (kata atau kalimat yang berkedudukan sebagai yang dijelaskan). Misalnya: 1) Problem solving : pemecahan masalah 2) Negative thinking : pikiran yang negatif 3) General meeting : pertemuan umum 4) Stamp collecting : pengumpulan perangko Stamp collection : pengumpulan perangko 5) Test preparing : persiapan tes Test preparation : persiapan tes 6. Digunakan di belakang kata No... membentuk kalimat pendek yang menyatakan larangan atau peringatan. Dalam tulisan selalu ditandai dengan tanda seru (!) NO + GERUNDS Contoh:  No parking! Dilarang parkir!  No smoking! Dilarang merokok!  No yelling! 219

Dilarang berteriak!  No cheating! Dilarang mencontek! 7. Digunakan dibelakang Possessive Adjective atau Possesive Noun. Contoh:  Fentri‟s cooking is very delicious. Masakannya Fentri sangat enak.  His speaking is not relevant with the fact. Pembicaraannya tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan.  His coming makes me happy. Kedatangannya membuat saya senang. 2. Reading LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Learning to speak a foreign language requires mastering new sounds and sound combinations. Writing, on the other hand, is concerned with symbolizing those sounds. The student who wishes to learn to write must first learn to spell words in the traditional manner. That is not easy if the language he is learning is English because many of the sounds of English are represented by more than one symbol, and many of the symbols represent more than one sound. English spelling is not entirely without pattern, however. A student's becoming conscious of the sound symbol correlates, which do exist in the language is the first step toward his overcoming his spelling difficulties. Memorizing the spelling rules that apply to word-form 220

changes, and frequently referring to a dictionary are other recommended procedures. Besides learning new words, a student of speech must develop new habits of stress, rhythm, and intonation. In writing, these aspects of language are represented, to imited degree, by punctuation. A person's omitting a period or a question mark can be just as confusing to a reader as his using an inappropriate intonation pattern to a listener. The words that we choose for speaking are not always the same words that we choose for writing either. There are several vocabulary items in your lessons that are classified as colloquial. That means that they are generally used in conversation but not in writing. You should avoid using those words when you write reports or themes. Begin noticing the difference between the spoken and written expressions of the same ideas. There is still another way that speaking and writing differ. When we hear someone speaking, we see him smiling, or shaking his head, or pointing his finger. If we do not understand him, he notices us frowning or looking puzzled, and he stops talking. Then he tries explaining his ideas in another way. But when we write we do not see the reader, and when we read we do not see the writer. For this reason our writing must be more explicit than our speaking, and more precise. We must not risk being misunderstood. (Quoted from \"Rapid Review of English Grammar\"by Jean Praniaskas) 221

 Reading Comprehension  True – False 1. _______Mastering new sounds and sound combinations is required to learn to speak a foreign language. 2. _______Writing is concerned with mastering new sounds and sound combination. 3. _______What is concerned with symbolizing the sounds is called writing. 4. _______A student who wants to learn to speak a foreign language has to master new sounds and sound combinations. 5. _______A student who wishes to learn to write must first learn to spell words in the traditional manner. 6. _______A student who is learning English gets difficulty in mastering English soundsbecause many English sounds are represented by more than one symbol. 7. ________Many of the symbols represent more than one sound. 8. ________English spelling is entirely without a pattern. 9. ________A student who is learning English is not recommended to memorize the spelling rules. 10. ________A student who wishes to learn to speak must develop new habits of stress, rhythm, and intonation. 222

C. Exercises 9.1 Change and write the correct form (infinitive with or without to or gerund). 1. We managed ……… in time. (Arrive) 2. We asked her ……… her question. (arrive) 3. He insisted on ……. the bill. (Pay) 4. I used to ……… up early. (Get) 5. I am used to ……… up early. (get) 6. I would rather ……… at home. (stay) 7. I spent a lot of time ……… the essay. (write) 8. Why should they ……… this? (do) 9. I am looking forward to ……… from you soon. (hear) 10. You had better ………. the bus. ( take) 223

LESSON X QUESTION TAGS Question Tags (pertanyaan penegas) adalah suatu kata atau ungkapan yang digunakan oleh seseorang untuk memberikan pertanyaan dan meminta orang lain yang diajak bicara, setuju atau menyetujui dengan pendapatnya. Istilah lain yang sering dipakai dalam beberapa referensi adalah \"Tag Question, Attached, atau Question Phrases. Question Tags (pertanyaan penegas) ditambahkan pada akhir percakapan seseorang pembicara ketika dia ingin mencari kepastian atau persetujuan orang lain atas kata-katanya. Jadi, Question tags adalah: betulkah?; bukankah?; setujukah? Atau dalam bahasa Indonesia, Tags ini mirip dengan kata \"bukan\" dalam suatu kalimat, misalnya: - Kamu dari Jambi, bukan? - Bahasa Inggris itu penting, bukan? - Cuaca di Kerinci itu dingin, bukan? Sedangkan tujuan penggunaan Question Tags (pertanyaan penegas) dalam suatu pernyataan (Statement) adalah untuk meminta persetujuan pendengar dan meminta penegasan pendengar tentang sesuatu yang belum menyakinkan pembicara. Sedangkan bentuk Question Tags (pertanyaan penegas) selalu berlawanan dengan bentuk atau makna pernyataan (statement). 224

Contoh:  She can dance beautifully, can‟t she? Dia (pr) bisa menari dengan indah, bukan? Pada contoh kalimat di atas menjelaskan bahwa she can dance beautifully (dia bisa menari dengan indah) merupakan kalimat pernyataan (statement) yang diajukan, sedangkan isn't she? (bukan?) merupakan pertanyaan penegasnya (Question Tag). A. The Rules to Form Question Tags Ada beberapa aturan yang digunakan untuk membentuk Question Tags (pertanyaan penegas) dalam sebuah kalimat, yaitu: 1. Apabila pernyataannya (statement) berbentuk positif (+), maka pertanyaan penegasnya berbentuk negatif (-). Contoh:  We are studying English, aren't we?, Kita sedang belajar bahasa Inggris, bukan?  It is a nice weather, isn't it? Ini cuaca yang enak, bukan?  Izza can swim, isn‟t she?? Izza bisa berenang, bukan? 2. Apabila pernyataannya (statement) berbentuk negatif (- ), maka pertanyaan penegasnya (Question Tags) berbentuk positif (+). Contoh :  They aren‟t the students of IAI Yasni, aren‟t they? 225

Mereka bukan mahasiswa IAI Yasni, bukan?  She couldn‟t climb tree, could she? Dia (pr) tidak bisa memanjat pohon, bukan?  My father shall not (shan't) read news paper, shall he? Ayah saya tidak akan membaca koran, bukan? 3. Apabila dalam kalimat pernyataan menggunakan to be (am, Is, are,was, were), maka to be tersebut harus diulang dalam pertanyaan penegasnya (Question Tags) dengan bentuk yang berlawanan. Contoh:  He is a lecturer of IAI Yasni Bungo, isn't he? Dia (Ik) adalah seorang dosen dari IAI Yasni Bungo, bukan?  You aren't an English lecturer, are you? Kamu bukan seorang dosen bahasa Inggris, bukan? Pengecualian: Apabila dalam kalimat pernyataan positif (positive statement) terdapat to be \"am\" yang berpasangan dengan subyek \"I\" (I am), maka dalam pertanyaan penegas (Question Tag) \"to be\" tersebut harus diganti dengan \"are\". Contoh:  I am a smart student, aren't I? Saya seorang siswa yang pintar, bukan?  I am living in Muara Bungo, aren't I? Saya sedang tinggal di Muara Bungo, bukan? 226

Bukan:  I am a smart student, am not I? Saya seorang siswa yang pintar, bukan?  I am living in Muara Bungo, am not I? Saya sedang tinggal di Muara Bungo, bukan? Apabila dalam kalimat pernyataan negatif menggunakan subyek \"I am\", maka dalam pertanyaan penegasnya (Question Tag) tidak mengalami perubahan. Contoh:  I am not a smart student, aren't I? Saya bukan seorang siswa yang pintar, bukan?  I am not living in Muara Bungo, aren't I? Saya tidak sedang tinggal di Muara Bungo, bukan? 4. Apabila dalam kalimat pernyataan menggunakan kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verbs), seperti: can, will, shall, may, could, would, should, might, etc, selain \"to be\", maka kata kerja bantu tersebut harus diulang dalam pertanyaan penegasnya (Question Tag) dengan bentuk yang berlawanan. Contoh:  We should go to campus, shouldn‟t we? Kita harus ke kampus, bukan?  You couldn't run quickly, could you? Kamu tidak bisa berlari dengan cepat, bukan? 5. Apabila kata kerjanya (verb) atau predikatnya dalam kalimat verbal berbentuk simple present dan past tense, maka untuk membuat question tag dengan menambahkan do (I, you, they, we) atau does (he, she, 227

it) untuk bentuk simple present dan menambahkan did (I, you, they, we, he, she, it) untuk bentuk past tense. Contoh:  He watches FIFA world cup, dosen‟t he? Dia (Ik) menonton piala duini FIFA, bukan?  They play foot ball, don't they? Mereka bermain sepak bola, bukan?  I saw you at book store last night, didn't I? Saya melihat kamu di took buku tadi malam, bukan? 6. Kata yang dapat digunakan dalam Question Tags hanyalah: I, you, they, we, she, he, it, dan there. Kata \"It' biasanya digunakan dalam Question Tags untuk menunjuk pada kata-kata, seperti: everything, nothing, this, that, his, your, her, etc. Sedangkan kata \"They' digunakan dalam Question Tags untuk menunjukkan pada kata kata, seperti: everyone, someone, somebody, no one, nobody, those, these, etc. Contoh:  Ulfa doesn't speak English, does he? Ulfa tidak bicara bahasa Inggris, bukan?  This game is not good, is it? Permainan ini tidak bagus, bukan?  Her name is Malina, isn't it? Namanya adalah Malina, bukan?  There are two girls in the class, aren't there? Ada dua anak perempuan di kelas, bukan?  Nobody was watching the television, were they? 228

Tak seorangpun yang sedang menonton televisi itu, bukan? 7. Kata-kata yang mempunyai (mengandung) arti negatif (not) atau setengah negatif, pertanyaan penegasnya (Question Tags) selalu berbentuk positif, seperti: Seldom : jarang Never : tidak pernah Rarely : jarang Hardlyever : hampir tidak Few/little : sedikit by no mean : sama sekali tidak no/none : tidak (not any). Etc. Contoh:  She never comes to Rimbo Bujang, does she? Dia (pr) tidak pernah datang ke Rimbo Bujang, bukan?  They hardly ever understand this subject, do they? Mereka hampir tidak pernah paham dengan materi ini, bukan?  I have no money, have I?/ do I? (American English) Saya tidak mempunyai uang, bukan? 8. Bentuk pertanyaan penegas: 1)Kalimat perintah baik berbentuk kalimat positif atau negatif (melarang), maka pertanyaan penegasnya (Question Tag) menggunakan \"will you\". Contoh:  Stop the noise, will you? 229

Tolong hentikan keributan?  Give me a hand, will you? Tolong bantu saya?  Don't forget, will you? Tolong jangan lupa? 2) kalimat ajakan berupa: let us (let's), maka pertanyaan penegasnya (Question Tag) menggunakan \"shall we\". Contoh:  Let's go to library, shall we? Mari kita pergi ke perpustakaan?  Let's sing together, shall we? Mari kita bernyanyi bersama?  Don't forget, will you? Tolong jangan lupa? Pertanyaan penegas yang memerlukan jawaban untuk meyakinkan atas kebenaran pernyataan yang diajukan. Untuk jawaban yang positif atau Yes..., maka kalimat pernyataannya harus positif sedangkan untuk jawaban negatif atau No..., maka kalimat pernyataannya harus negatif. Contoh:  He is a doctor, isn't he? Dia (Ik) adalah seorang dokter, bukan? Yes, He is = iya, dia (lk)  Irwan rides a motorcycle, doesn't he? Irwan mengendrai sebuah sepeda motor, bukan? Yes, He does = iya, dia (Ik) 230

 He isn't a doctor, is he? Dia (Ik) bukan seorang dokter, bukan? Yes, He isn't = iya, dia (Ik) tidak  Irwan doesn't ride a motorcycle, does he? Irwan tidak mengendarai sebuah sepeda motor, bukan? Yes, He doesn't = iya, dia (Ik) tidak B. Short Dialogue Vega : You look tired. This isn't your first time for swimming, is it? Mila : yes, it is. Vega : Really? Well, you should be proud of yourself for finally coming. It's great, isn't it? Mila : Yes, you're right. Have a lot of practices for swimming is very good for our health, isn't it? Vega : Absolutely correct. Mila : You look very good at swimming. You have a lot of practices, don't you? Vega : Not really. I only go for swimming twice a month. Why do you stop swimming? You are not going home already, are you? Mila : Yes, I am. Vega : Why so soon? Mila : I have a lot of work to do at home. Okay, see you later, Vega Vega : Take care of yourself, Mila. 231

C. Exercise 10.1 Put in the correct tag question! 1. She's from a small village in Bungo, _________________? 2. We're late again, ___________________? 3. They aren't on their way already,___________________? 4. You aren't from Merangin, _____________? 5. Arifia's a very good student, _____________? 6. I like chocolate very much, _____________? 7. She doesn't work in a coffeeshop, __________? 8. We lived in Rimbo Bujang, ____________? 9. The weather is really good today, ____________? 10. I'm not the person with the tickets, ____________? 232

REFERENCES A. Faidlal Rahman Ali. 2007. Fundamental of English Grammar. Yogyakarta. Pustaka Widyatama. Azar , Betty Schrampfer. 2003. Understanding and Using English Grammar Third Edition. USA. Longman Azar , Betty S and Stacy A. Hagen. 2009. Understanding and Using English Grammar Fourth Edition. USA. Longman Brown, H. Douglas. 2000. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. New York: Pearson Education. Echols, Jhon. Kamus Inggris Indonesia. Jakarta, Gramedia -----------------, Kamus Indonesia Inggris. Jakarta. Gramedia Eddy M. Yusuf S. 2011. English for Bilingual Classes. Bandung. Penerbit Yrama Media Garber, Peter R. 2008. 50 Communication Activities, Ice Breaker and Exercise. Massachusetts. HRD Press Gesti & Wave. 2016. English Vocabulary for Daily Conversation. Surabaya. Genta Group Production. Harmer, Jeremy. 1998. How to teach English. England: Eddison Wesley Longman Limited. Harmer, Jeremy. 1991. The Practice of English Language Teaching.3rd edition. New York: Longman. armer, Jeremy. The Practice of English Language Teaching 4th edition.. New York: Longman., p. 349. Idi Supono, 2007. BBC English Grammar. Jakarta. PT Wahyu Media ISP Nation. 1990. Teaching and Learning Language. New York: New Burry house. ,p.29 M Bailey, Katley and Lance Savage. 1994. New Way in Teaching Speaking. Illinois USA. Pantagraph Printing 233

Mc Charty, Michael. 1990. Vocabulary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mc Charty, Michael and Felicity O’dell. 1994. English Vocabulary in Use. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Murphy, Raymond. 1989. English Grammar in Use. London. Cambridge University Press. Oktradiksa, Ahwy. 2017. Reading Skill for Educator and Islamic Economic. Jawa Barat. Kencana Pyle, A Michael and Page Ellen Munoz, Mary. 1995. TOEFL Preparation Guide. USA Rezeki, Sri.2016. Menguasai 16 English Tenses. Jawa Barat. Senja Media Utama. Scott, Wendy A. and Lisbeth H. Yterberg. 1998. Teaching English to Children. Harlow: Longman. Sihombing, Binsar dan Barabara Burton.2007. English Grammar Comprehension. Jakarta. Gramedia. Swan, Michael. 1995. Practical English Usage. New York . Oxford University Press. Team of Five. 2005. Improving Reading Skill for University Student, Book One + workbook One. Jakarta. Kencana Team of Five. 2006. Improving Reading Skill for University Student, Book Two + workbook Two. Jakarta. Kencana Thornbury, Scot. 2002. How to teach Vocabulary. New York: Pearson Education. 234

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Ani Pajrini, M.Pd., adalah istri dari Mubaidillah, MA., mempunyai 3 orang anak, Muhammad Neil Atqa, sikembar Muhammad Tsaqib Ahza dan Medina Izza Adiba. Riwayat pendidikan telah menyelesaikan studi kesarjanaan S1 Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris dari Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Sultan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi pada tahun 2010. Kemudian pada tahun 2013 melanjutkan studi di Pascasarjana Universitas Jambi (UNJA) program studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris dan berhasil diselesaikan pada tahun 2016. Pernah menjadi pengajar di Lembaga Kursus Bahasa Inggris selama 6 tahun. Saat ini, penulis adalah dosen aktif tersertifikasi di Program Studi Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Ilmu Keguruan (FTIK) Institut Agama Islam (IAI) Yasni Bungo, yang mengampu Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris sebagai MKDU (Mata Kuliah Dasar Umum). 235

Expose Your English, Let‟s Practice! ( Basic English Grammar for University Students) Buku ini ditujukan untuk mahasiswa dan siapa saja yang ingin meningkatkan pemahaman tata Bahasa Inggris dan kemampuan menulis. Seiring dengan perkembangan dunia pada zaman sekarang memberi tuntutan untuk menguasai Bahasa Iinggris yang semakin cepat dan ketat, maka buku “Expose Your English, Let‟s Practice!” dirancang bagi anda yang ingin memahami dasar-dasar tata bahasa Inggris dengan baik dan benar. Terdiri dari 10 bab, yaitu; Part of Speech, Positive and Negative Agreement, Tenses, Passive Voice, Direct and Indirect Speech, Degrees of Comparison, Conditional Sentence, Derivative Word dan Gerund and Infinitive. Setiap bab materi diulas secara cerdas, luas dan umum dilengkapi dengan contoh-contoh penggunaan, membaca pemahaman (Reading Comprehension) dan soal-soal latihan. 236