gbdndbgxfdvzd

Decision Making UKCAT Course Book Theory & Technique Mock Questions Step-by-Step Guide Detailed Explanations••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 1 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Table of Contents Lesson PageLesson 1: Introduction to Decision Making 3Lesson 2: Syllogisms I 5Lesson 3: Syllogisms II 19Lesson 4: Venn Diagrams I 21Lesson 5: Venn Diagrams II 30Lesson 6: Probabilistic Reasoning I 35Lesson 7: Probabilistic Reasoning II 40Lesson 8: Logical Puzzles I 42Lesson 9: Logical Puzzles II 47Lesson 10: Logical Puzzles III 50Lesson 11: Logical Puzzles IV 52Lesson 12: Logical Puzzles V 54Lesson 13: Logical Puzzles VI 58Lesson 14: Interpreting Information I 60Lesson 15: Interpreting Information II 62Lesson 16: Interpreting Information III 65Lesson 17: Interpreting Information IV 67Lesson 18: Interpreting Information V 68Lesson 19: Interpreting Information VI 69Lesson 20: Recognising Assumptions I 70Lesson 21: Recognising Assumptions II 70Lesson 22: Recognising Assumptions II 70Lesson 23: Decision Making - Test Day 74Lesson 24: Tips from the Experts 76Lesson 25: Summary and Overview 79Decision Making Mock 1 80Decision Making Mock 2 95Answers and Explanations - Tutorial Questions 109Answers and Explanations - Mock Test 1 126 149••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••AnsUwKCeArTs andBEMxApTlanations -wwMw.omcekdicTmeinsdt.c2o.uk Interview UCAS

Introduction to Decision Making Lesson 1 + 2 To gain an understanding of this new section in the UKCAT, and the timing involved.What is Decision Making?The Decision Making subtest assesses your ability to apply logic to reach a conclusion ordecision, as well as analysing statistical information and evaluating argumentssuccessfully.!Why do they test it?Making decisions in complex situations is a scenario faced by doctors and dentistseveryday. Being able to comprehend large amounts of information to manage risks anddeal with uncertainty is vital, and requires a numerous problem solving skills.What are the different question types?• Syllogisms - when you are given two or more statements and have to use logical reasoning to decide which conclusions follow.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 3 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Introduction to Decision Making Lesson 1• Venn Diagrams - you may be presented with a set of statements and a set of different Venn Diagrams as response options. You will need to select the diagram that best represents the information provided.• Probabilistic Reasoning - you will be required to select the best possible response out of four statements regarding a probability scenario.• Logical Puzzles - you are given a series of statements that you need to infer information from. The statements may not make real-life logical sense, but try to deduce the conclusions you can gauge from the information provided.• Interpreting Information - you will be given information in the form of graphs, charts or written passages. You will be required to read this information and interpret it in a manner which enables you to decide the conclusions that follow best.• Recognising Assumptions - this will test your ability to evaluate the strength of an argument in support of or against a solution to a particular problem.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 4 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms Lesson 2 + 3Be able to tackle syllogism questions by drawing appropriate VennDiagrams and analysing carefully the wording of the syllogism.What are syllogisms?Syllogisms contain two or more statements andthese statements are followed by a series ofconclusions. You have to use logical reasoning todeduce which conclusions follow from the informationgiven.When you are presented with the information, it can appear extremely confusing,especially because the sentences will not make actual sense. For example, you might geta syllogism that says all bananas are vegetables ad all vegetables are desserts. This is notstrictly true, and so you must not use any factual knowledge, even if it is as basic asknowing that bananas are fruits!!Medic Mind Technique for SyllogismsOnce you crack the technique for syllogisms, it becomes much easier. There is nochronological technique as it varies from question to question, but here are some crucialtips:1. Read the information multiple times until it begins to make logical sense. It may seem mundane and tedious to read all the information, but it is crucial to read it until it makes sense.2. Pay special attention to key words such as ‘some’ ‘none’ ‘all’ and ‘only’.3. Do not make assumptions about the information - this includes using external knowledge.4. Work out the conditions and draw a Venn diagram wherever possible.5. Take each option independently and judge whether it fits in with the information presented or the Venn diagram you have drawn.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 5 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3The Venn ApproachThe best method of answering these questions is to useVenn diagrams. The alternative using deductive reasoningfrom just the text.For syllogisms, the Venn Diagrams may not be asstraightforward as the ones you may use in a mathematicsexam, or for other Decision Making questions which arebased purely on Venn Diagrams (which we will discuss inthe next tutorial).We will now go through the different types of Venn Diagrams and when to use them.
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 6 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3PATTERN 1 : Some A are BGeneral PatternThis is the simplest form of syllogism question you will be presented with.What can be deduced?• Some A are not B• Some B are not A• Some A are B• Some B are AExample: Some Giraffes are SharksFor this sort of pattern, the Venn diagram that is drawn will have two circles representinggiraffes and sharks with a section of overlapWhat can be deduced?• Some giraffes are not sharks• Some sharks are not giraffes• Some giraffes are sharks• Some sharks are giraffes ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 7 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3PATTERN 2 : All A are BGeneral PatternFor these questions, you will draw an atypical Venn Diagram.What can be deduced?• All A are B• Some B are A• Some B are not AExample: All Beaches are SightsWhat can be deduced?• All beaches are sights• Some sights are beaches• Some sights are not beaches••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 8 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3PATTERN 3: Some A are not BGeneral ExampleFor this pattern, we know that some A are not B, but we don’t know about the rest of A -could it also be B? Let’s explain this with a Venn Diagram: Qualification: A and B overlap may be 0.For certain Venn Diagrams you need to write a Qualification if you are unsure whether anoverlap exists. For example, here we know that an overlap between A and B could exist,but do not know that it does.What can be deduced?• Some A is not B• Some B is not A• Some A could be BExample: Some Snakes are not ReptilesWhat can be deduced?• Some Snakes are not Reptiles• Some snakes could be Reptiles••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 9 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3PATTERN 4 : No A are BGeneral ExampleWhat can be deduced?• No A is B• No B is AExample: No pizza is pineappleWhat can be deduced?• No pizza is pineapple• No pineapple is pizzaMedic Mind Tip: Whenever you see the word no in a syllogism, ‘some A is not B’ and‘some B is not A’ will always present no matter what circumstances.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 10 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3PATTERN 5: Some A are B, and some B are CGeneral ExampleWhat can be deduced? Qualification: A and C might have a relationship, meaning the Venn would have three overlapping circles (with possibly even some in A, B, and C.Between A and B Between B and C Between A and C Could be relationshipSome A are B Some B are CSome B are A Some C are BExample: Some Buildings are Skyscrapers. Some Skyscrapers are TowerWhat can be deduced? Qualification: Buildings and Towers might have a relationship, meaning the Venn would have three overlapping circles (with possibly even some structures which are all three).Buildings & Skyscrapers Skyscrapers & Towers Buildings & Towers No relationshipSome buildings are Some skyscrapers areskyscrapers towersSome skyscrapers are Some towers arebuildings skyscrapers••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 11 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3PATTERN 6 - All A is B, and all B is CGeneral ExampleWhat can be deduced?Between A and B Between B and C Between A and CAll A are B All B are C All A are CSome B are A Some C are B Some C are AExample: All Cities are Countries, and all Countries are Continents.What can be deduced?Cities & Countries Countries & Continents Cities & ContinentsAll cities are countries All countries are continents All cities are continentsSome countries are cities Some continents are countries Some continents are cities 
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 12 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3PATTERN 7 - Some A is B, and all B is CGeneral ExampleWhat can be deduced? Qualification: There may or may not be some items which are exclusively A and C, without B, so the overlap in this Venn Diagram could have 0 items.Between A and B Between B and C Between A and CSome A are B All B are C Some A are CSome B are A Some B are C Some C are A Some C are BExample: Some Shoes are Slippers, and all Slippers are FootwearWhat can be deduced? Qualification: There may or may not be some Shoes which are Footwear but not Slippers. Therefore the overlap between Shoes and Footwear could have 0 items.Shoes and Slippers Slippers and Footwear Shoes and FootwearSome shoes are slippers All slippers are footwear Some shoes are footwearSome slippers are shoes Some footwear are slippers Some footwear are shoes 
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 13 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3PATTERN 8 - All A are B, and some B are C 
General ExampleWhat can be deduced? Qualification: There may or may not be a relationship between A and C. The B items which are C could also be As. It is impossible to have an item which is A and C without B.Between A and B Between B and C Between A and C Could be relationshipAll A are B Some B are CSome B are A Some C are BExample: All Mobiles are Gadgets, and some Gadgets are PortableWhat can be deduced? Qualification: There may or may not be a relationship between Portables and Mobiles. The Gad gets which are Portable could also be Mobiles. It is impossible to have a Portable Mobile which is not a Gadget.Mobiles and Gadgets Gadgets and Portables Mobiles and Portables Could be relationship 
All mobiles are gadgets Some gadgets are portablesSome gadgets are mobiles Some portables are gadgets••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 14 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3PATTERN 9 - All B are A and all C are AGeneral ExampleWhat can be deduced? Qualification: There could be a relationship between B and C. You cannot have an item which is just B and C, it has to be A too.Between A and B Between B and C Between A and C Could be relationshipAll B are A All C are ASome A are B Some A are CExample: All cars are trucks and all lorries are trucksWhat can be deduced?
Cars and Trucks Cars and Lorries Lorries and TrucksAll cars are trucks No relationship All lorries are trucksSome trucks are cars Some trucks are lorries
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 15 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3PATTERN 10 - All A are B, and no B are C General ExampleWhat can be deduced? Between A and B Between B and C Between A and CAll A are B No B are C No A are CSome B are A No C are B No C are A Example: All Symphonies are Trumpets and no Trumpets are ClarinetsWhat can be deduced?Symphonies and TrumpetsAll symphonies are trumpetsSome trumpets are symphoniesTrumpets and ClarinetsNo trumpets are clarinetsNo clarinets are trumpetsSymphonies and ClarinetsNo symphonies are clarinets••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 16 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3PATTERN 11- All A are B, and no A are C 
General ExampleWhat can be deduced? B CAQualification: There may or may not be a relationship between B and C. The overlappingregion might have 0 items. We know that some B (the As) are not C.Between A and B Between B and C Between A and CAll A are B Some B are not C No A are CSome B are A Some B could be C No C are A Example: All Dresses are Skirts, and no Dresses are Playsuits What can be deduced? Qualification: there may or may not be a relationship between Dresses and Playsuits. The overlapping region might have 0 items. We know that some of the Skirts (the dresses) are not Playsuits.Dresses and Skirts Skirts and Playsuits Dresses and PlaysuitsAll dresses are skirts Some skirts are not playsuits. No dresses are playsuitsSome desserts are skirts Could be a relationship. No playsuits are dresses
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 17 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3PATTERN 12 - Some A are B, and no B are CGeneral ExampleWhat can be deduced? Qualification: There could still be a relationship between A and C. We know some As (the Bs) cannot be Cs.Between A and B Between B and C Between A and C Some A are not CSome A are B No B are CSome B are A No C are B Example: Some Psychology Students are Graduates, and no Graduates areMathematiciansWhat can be deduced?Psychology Students and GraduatesSome psychology students are graduatesSome graduates are psychology studentsGraduates and MathematiciansNo graduates are mathematiciansNo mathematicians are graduatesPsychology Students and MathematiciansSome psychology students are not mathematiciansThere could be some psychology students studying mathematics••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 18 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3Syllogisms: General RulesThe UKCAT likes to ask syllogism questions which involve several patterns. When you aregiven the question it will involve 2 or 3 statements, so you will have to draw several VennDiagrams on your whiteboard.Try and take the approach of the question being a riddle. Break down each line of working,and draw a Venn for each sentence.Here are some shortcuts that we recommend when you are pressured for time:No x + No y —> No relationshipAll x + All y —> All connectedAll x + Some y —> No immediate conclusionSome x + All y —> Some relationshipSome x + No y —> Some are not relatedSome x + Some y —> No immediate conclusion Question 1 A group of friends at Cambridge university are from either London or Manchester. They study either Geography or Economics. Some of the students are from London and the rest of the students study Economics Place ‘Yes’ if the conclusion does follow Place ‘No’ if the conclusion does not follow A. All of the Economic students are from Manchester. B. None of the students from London study Economics. C. Some of the students from London study Economics. D. None of the Economic students are from London. E. Some of the Manchester students study Economics. F. There is a possibility that there are both Economics and Geography students are from London.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 19 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Syllogisms I and II Lessons 2 + 3 Question 2Some cockroaches are crocodiles. All crocodiles are strawberries.Place ‘Yes’ if the conclusion does followPlace ‘No if the conclusion does not followA. All the cockroaches are crocodiles.B. Some cockroaches are strawberries.C. Some crocodiles are strawberries.D. All the cockroaches are strawberries. Question 3Some cupboards are trees. Some trees are leaves. All leaves are jungles.Place ‘Yes’ if the conclusion does follow.Place ‘No’ if the conclusion does not follow.A. Some leaves are cupboardsB. Some jungles are cupboardsC. All trees are leavesD. Some trees are jungles••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 20 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Venn Diagrams Lesson 4 + 5To understand the variety in Venn Diagram questions, and tackleeach type with the correct technique.Venn DiagramsIn Venn Diagram questions you may be presented with a group of statements and a set ofdifferent Venn Diagrams as response options. You will need to select the Venn Diagramthat best represents the information provided.!Types of Venn Diagram QuestionsVenn to TextThey give you… a Venn Diagram.They ask you… which of the four statements matches the diagram.Text to VenThey give you… a passage of information.They ask you… to provide a conclusion or select the correct Venn Diagram.We will look closely in detail at both by working through several worked examples.!Text to Venn QuestionsWith Text to Venn Diagram questions, it is important to read the information line-by lineand see which line gives information about the most categories.In other words, if the Venn diagram involves 3 categories, a sentence which tells us aboutcategories A, B and C is more valuable than a sentence telling us about just A and B.Always start with the centre of the Venn if you can. This is the region involving the mostSets. 
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 21 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Venn Diagrams Lessons 4 + 5 1 Text to Venn“Which diagram best represents the information?”Here you will be given some text with four associated Venn Diagrams, and asked to selectthe Venn Diagram which best represents the information. Let’s work through an example: Worked Example Which diagram best represents the information? Hilary is making 16 cakes for her tea party. She is putting toppings on them - sprinkles, smarties and cookies. 7 contain sprinkles, 3 contain all three toppings, 2 cakes contain 2 toppings. The same number of cakes have sprinkles only as those that have only cookies.ExplanationStep 1 - Check the total number of cakesWhen you are given a Type 1 question with Venn diagrams as answer options, like in thisexample, a good thing to check would be that they add up to the total mentioned in thequestion text.“Hilary is making 16 cakes”When counting up the numbers for each Venn diagram we find:A - 16 B - 19 C - 16 D - 16This means we can rule out B ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 22 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Venn Diagrams Lessons 4 + 5Step 2 - Use information involving 3 categoriesNow, as we said, try to use the information that tells us about the most categories.“3 contain all 3 toppings”Looking at all four options, all have 3 in the middle so this does not help us.Step 3 - Use information involving 2 categoriesNext we look at information that tells us about 2 categories“2 cakes contain 2 toppings”We need to count the sum of the regions with just two Venns overlapping. Unfortunately,this does not help us either as all four diagrams have a 2 in between two circles!Step 4 - Cakes with only sprinkles and only cookies are equalNormally, we would now look at information that tells us about 1 category, but we are givenan extra piece of information“The same number of cakes have only sprinkles as those that have only cookies.”We want to focus on the regions with only one Venn present, with no overlaps. There arethree of these regions, one for only sprinkles, one for only cakes, and one for only cookies.Two of the regions need to have the same value in them.A - Yes C - Yes D - No This rules out D.Step 5 - Use the information involving 1 categoryWe are now left with A and C. From afar, they both look the same, as they have the samenumbers just in different arrangements. But remember, the question writers are not givingyou extra information for the sake of it - use every line possible. We have usedinformation about 3 toppings and 2 toppings, so now let’s look at the leftover informationwhich is about one topping only.“7 contain sprinkles”Now you should check that in each Venn diagram, at least one each enclosed region addsup to 7.A - Yes This leaves A.C - No ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 23 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Venn Diagrams Lessons 4 + 5 2 Implicit Text to VennIn Implicit Text to Venn questions they do not give you or ask you to draw a VennDiagram. However, to answer the question most effectively you need to draw one.So, how do you know when to draw a Venn Diagram if the question doesn’t tell you? Theeasiest way to spot this is if they give you two or more categories (such as A and B) andtell you how many people are in each category. This is a classic trigger for an Implicit Textto Venn question. Worked Example The local council were doing a survey of how many people have electronic gadgets. They surveyed 100 people in total. 7 people have TVs, tablets and mobile phones 11 people have TVs and tablets 8 people have tablets and mobile phones. 26 people have TVs and mobile phones 33 people have TVs, 30 people have mobile phones, and 27 people have tablets. How many people had neither tablets or mobile phones? A. 51 B. 55 C. 45 D. 40Explanation1. Draw the Venn diagram. Before you do anything, draw the Venn diagram and label each circle before it gets confusing. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 24 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Venn Diagrams Lessons 4 + 52. Remember, always start with the information that tells us about the most categories. 7 people have TVs, tablets and mobile phones. This means we put a 7 in the middle. ✖✔3. Next, move on to information that tells us about two categories.11 people have tablets and mobile phones8 people have tablets and mobile phones26 people have TVs and mobile phones ✖✔Now, an easy trap that many pupils fall into is putting the numbers straight in. However,remember the number of people who have tablets and mobile phones also includes the 7that have all three gadgets. We want the people that have only tablets and mobile phones,thus we need to subtract 7 from 11 to give us 4.Repeat this procedure for the other two combinations.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 25 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Venn Diagrams Lessons 4 + 54. Look at the information with the third most categories. Next, move onto theinformation that tells us about each single category.33 people have TVs30 people have mobile phones27 people have tablets5. Consider the items outside the Venns. Remember, this is not the end. There arepeople that do not have any out of tablets, TVs and mobile phones. To find this out weneed to add up all the numbers in the circles and subtract it from the total that have beensurveyed.They surveyed 100 people in total.15 + 4 + 7 + 1 + 3 + 19 + 3 = 52100 - 52 = 486. Work out the answer. We now know that 48 people did not have any of the 3 gadgets.We still need to factor in the people that had no tablets or mobile phones, but who had justa TV - 3 people48 + 3 = 51This means that the answer is A = 51.
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 26 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Venn Diagrams Lessons 4 + 5 3 Euler DiagramsA Venn diagram shows all possible logical relationships between a series of sets. Butan Euler diagram only shows relationships that exist in real world.For example, in a Venn question they might tell you ‘bananas are chairs’. In a Eulerquestion they expect you to draw on your real life knowledge to picture Venn Diagrams.For Euler questions, you need to understand the relationship between different categories.Based on these relationships, try to draw your own Venn diagram instead of trying to seewhich of the options fits best with your deductive reasoning. They may present thisinformation in the form of text or a flow diagram. Worked Example Which of the following Venn diagrams correctly represents the existing relationship between cakes, Italian food, plants, forest, trees, and glass? AB CD••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 27 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Venn Diagrams Lessons 4 + 5ExplanationFor Euler Diagrams, form categories and lists based on the items. Here, we can group thetwo foods, three vegetations, and then glass on its own.Cakes Plants GlassItalian Food Forest TreesFrom this we calculate the Venn type we need. There are three different categories so weneed three separate regions, let’s call them Regions 1-3:• In Region 1, we have cake and Italian food. You can get Italian cakes, but also cakes of different origin and Italian food that is not cake, so we want two overlapping circles.• In Region 2, we have plants, forests, and trees. We know that all trees are plants, and that some trees are forests. This needs one circle (trees) inside another circle (plants), with the first circle (trees) overlapping another circle (forests). These will all be separate to Regions 1 and 3.• In Region 3, we have glass is in its own category. This means it needs its own circle separate from Regions 1 and 2.Based on this information, we need to look for a diagram that has:1. Region 1- one circle overlapping another circle.2. Region 2 - one circle inside another circle and one circle overlapping another circle.3. Region 3 - Its own separate circleStep By Step Guide1. Count the total number of categories. Usually, we advise against counting but it will not take long to ensure that there are the right number of circles for categories. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 28 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Venn Diagrams Lessons 4 + 5 There are 6 circles for every option apart from C which has 7. This means we can rule it out.2. Eliminate those with less than 3 regions. Remember always use process of elimination. Try to rule out the option that is easiest to eliminate. This will probably be the one that does not contain the third criterion. This means we rule out D.3. Eliminate those with more than 3 regions. This leaves A and B. The answer is B because A puts cake and Italian Food in two separate categories (thus making 4 regions). 
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 29 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Venn Diagrams Lessons 4 + 5 4 Venn to TextCertain questions will give you a Venn Diagram, perhaps with some information missing.You will be given four statements related to the Venn diagram and you will have to chooseone that is most suitable for the Venn diagram.For these questions, work by elimination to rule out statements step by step. Worked Example The following diagram displays the number of flowers in the gardens of 100 citizens in Berkshire. Every home has at least one flower.Which of the following statements is true?A. There are more gardens that have tulips than roses.B. There are exactly 21 gardens with only one type of flower.C. The number of gardens with all four flowers can be calculatedD. There are more gardens that have roses than daffodils.ExplanationFirst of all, we can see there are two missing values that are X and Y.It is a good idea to write down what these values represent:• X represents the number of gardens with daffodils, tulips, roses but not dandelions.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 30 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Venn Diagrams Lessons 4 + 5• Y represents the number of gardens with tulips, roses but not daffodils and dandelions.Statement CLooking at these statements, the easiest to rule out is C because there is no region with all4 flowers overlapping.Statement BThe second easiest to rule out is B because we just have to add up the regions that haveno overlaps.4 + 3 + 7 + 6 = 20Statement AGardens with roses is:9 + X + Y + 6 + 8 + 3 = 26 + X + YGardens with tulips:2 + 3 + 6 + 8 + X + Y = 19 + X + YGardens with roses - gardens with tulips:(26 + X + Y) - (19 + X + Y) =7There are 7 more gardens with tulips than roses, so A is false.Statement DGardens with daffodils is:4 + 2 + 9 + X = 15 + X••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 31 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Venn Diagrams Lessons 4 + 5Gardens with roses is:9 + X + Y + 6 + 8 + 3 = 26 + X + YWe do not know the value of X or Y, but we know that both equations have X, so to workout the difference between them:(26 + X + Y) - (15 + X) = 11 + YRoses DaffodilsThere are 11 + Y more roses than daffodilsThis means that D is the correct answer.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 32 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Venn Diagrams Lessons 4 + 5 5 Non-Circular Venn DiagramsThe same rules apply to non-circular Venn diagram questions as circular ones. Worked Example The Venn Diagram below shows lunch options chosen by Medic Mind staff.How many more people have a meal with at least sweet potato pie than atleast chicken breast?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 13Explanation Chicken Breast - 5 + 2 = 7Sweet potato pie - 7 + 5 + 6 + 2 = 2020 - 7 = 13 = D••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 33 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Venn Diagrams Lessons 4 + 5Venn Diagrams: Summary• When you are presented with questions that do not already have a Venn diagram presented to you, draw your own• Do not fall for the trap of just putting the numbers in the Venn without calculating them properly• Read over the information as many times as you need.• If it is a Euler diagram question, try and think of as many possible conditions as possible.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 34 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Probabilistic Reasoning Lesson 6 + 7To be able to use fractions, data and decimals to calculateprobabilities for scenarios.Probabilistic ReasoningYou will be required to select the best possible response out of four statements regarding aprobability scenario.It will require you to use the basic principles of probability which we will now go over.These three pages cover all you need to know about probability in the UKCAT.The questions will be more likely to ask your reasoning behind a certain answer. This willmeant that you will have to work out the answer, and display the step by step working thatyou have used.!
Basic ProbabilityYou express a probability as either:• A decimal between 0 and 1• A percentage between 0 and 100%• A fraction between 0 and 10 means that an event is impossible. 1 means that an event is guaranteed.Probability of an event happening is: Number of desired outcomes Total number of outcomesE.g. What is the probability of rolling a 3 on a normal dice?Number of desired outcomes - 1 (There is only one face with a 3 on the dice)Total number of outcomes - 6Probability = 1/6••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 35 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Probabilistic Reasoning Lessons 6 + 7Estimating the Frequency of an Event Expected Frequency = Probability x Number of RepeatsThis is when you are given a probability question over a certain period of time or involvingseveral repeats. Always use the rule below when trying to estimate the frequency of anevent.
!
Double ProbabilitiesSometimes you are faced with double events, so you have to consider how probabilitiesinteract. All of the below examples assume that the two events are mutually exclusive -one event does not affect the chance of the other event happens.1. Repeat of same events Question 4 Is it likely to be sunny for over three days over a two week period if the probability of it being sunny on any given day is 1/7? A. Yes, because it will be sunny for 7 days as 14 x 1/2 = 7 B. Yes, because it is more likely to be sunny than not sunny C. No, because it will be sunny for 2 days, as 14 x 1/7 = 2 D. No, because it is less likely to be sunny than not sunnyThis is when the same event occurs three times and the probability of each event does notchange one after the other. Probability of A three times = Probability of A x Probability of A x Probability of A••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 36 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Probabilistic Reasoning Lessons 6 + 7 Question 5There are four marbles in a bag. 3 of which are green and one of which is red.What is the probability of picking a red marble from a bag three times if themarble is replaced in the bag after each selection?A. 0B. 1 / 16C. 1 / 64D. 1 / 2562. Different events that are mutually exclusive
Probability of A and B = Probability of A x Probability of B Question 6Kings and UCL take part in a Varsity football match. For each 45 minutehalf, the probability of UCL scoring at least one goal is 0.2Both halves of the 90 minute match are independent. The UCL captainbelieves that, over the course of the entire match, they are more likely toscore a goal in the entire match than not.Is he correct?A. No because there is an equal likelihood of scoring in either half, so the probability of UCL scoring at least one goal is 0.4B. Yes because the probability he will score one goal or more is more than 0.5C. No because the probability of scoring in one half and not scoring in the other half is 0.32D. No because the probability of scoring one goal or more is less than 0.5.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 37 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Probabilistic Reasoning Lessons 6 + 7 Question 7The probability of England winning the World Cup is 1/24. Olivier Giroudplays three matches. In each individual match, the probability of himscoring is 1/5.Is the probability of Olivier Giroud scoring in every match greater than theprobability of England winning and Giroud scoring in at least one match.A. Yes, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier Giroud scoring is 1/144, and the probability of Giroud scoring in every match is 1/216.B. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier Giroud scoring is 1 / 144, and the probability of Giroud scoring in every match is 1/216.C. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier Giroud scoring is 61/3000, and the probability of Giroud scoring in every match is 1/125.D. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier Giroud scoring is equal to the probability of Giroud scoring in every match.3. Either One of Two Events (where both cannot happen)Sometimes you get questions where they ask you to work out the probability of either A orB happening, but both are not possible. For example, if you roll a dice, the probability ofgetting 1 or 2 is the sum of each individual probability. Probability of A or B = Probability of A + Probability of BWhat is the probability of rolling a 3 or 4 on a normal dice?Both events cannot happen, so we can apply the formulae above.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 38 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Probabilistic Reasoning Lessons 6 + 7Probability of 3 or 4 = Probability of rolling 3 + Probability of rolling 4 + 1/6 =Probability of 3 or 4 = 1/6 1/34. Either One of Two Events (where both can happen)If you had separate events which could both happen, the above formula does not workbecause you need to factor in the possibility that both could happen.Probability of A or B = 1 - Probability of neither happening Worked ExampleThe chance of Khaled wearing a flowery shirt is 1/4, and the chance of Yogiwearing a black t-shirt is 1/3. What is the probability of at least onehappening?ExplanationTo work out the probability of either happening you need to add:• The probability of just Khaled wearing a flowery shirt• The probability of just Yogi wearing a black t-shirt• The probability of both Khaled wearing a flowery shirt and Yogi a black t-shirt.Our original equation (of adding the probabilities of both events) would only factor in thefirst two possibilities. With this question the easiest way to answer is to work out theprobability of neither event happening, and minusing this from 1:.Probability of Khaled not wearing a flowery shirt = 3/4Probability of Yogi not wearing a black T shirt = 2/3Probability of neither happening = 3/4 x 2/3 = 6/12 = 1/2Probability of either happening = 1 - 1/2 = 1/2••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 39 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Probabilistic Reasoning Lessons 6 + 7 Question 8The probability of Sam winning a contest is 1/10 and the probability of havingItalian for dinner is 1/5. Is the probability of either Sam winning a contest orhaving Italian for dinner greater than 0.5?A. Yes, because the probability of either winning a contest or having Italian for dinner is 1/3B. No, because the probability of either winning a contest or having Italian for dinner is 1/10C. No, because the probability of either winning a contest or having Italian for dinner is 3/10D. No, because the probability of either winning a contest or having Italian for dinner is 7/255. Repeat of same events without replacementIf you are calculating the probability of multiple events happening, where one event affectsanother, then you have to adjust your calculation. A common example of this is the classicmarbles from a bag question. 
 Question 9 A bag has 6 balls. 3 are red and are blue. If Sam takes out a ball in a bag and doesn’t replace it, what is the chance of getting two red balls in a row? A. 0.2 because the probability of getting red first time is 0.5 and the second time is 0.4 B. 0.2 because the probability of getting red first time is 0.4 and the second time is 0.5 C. 0.9 because the probability of getting red first time is 0.4 and the second time is 0.5 D. 0.9 because the probability of getting red first time is 0.5 and the second time is 0.4••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 40 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Probabilistic Reasoning Lessons 6 + 7Summary: ProbabilityProbability of an event occurring Number of wanted outcomes Total number of outcomesEstimating the frequency of an event:Expected Frequency = Probability x Number of RepeatsRepeat of same eventsProbability of A three times = Probability of A x Probability of A x Probability of ATwo different mutually exclusive events:Probability of A and B = Probability of A x Probability of BAt least one of two events:Probability of A or B = Probability of A + Probability of BDo not start the question before you have read through all the options. You may only haveto work out a small thing but if you misread the question you will waste lots of time.These questions ask for your probabilistic reasoning - be able to know why a certainanswer is correct or wrong.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 41 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Logical Puzzles Lesson 8 -13 To tackle logical puzzles using the Fill In method or the Cross Hatch method, or any appropriate alternative.Logical PuzzlesIn Logical Puzzles you are given a series of statements and facts and you need to inferinformation from this. Thee statements may not make real-life logical sense, but try anddeduce what the statements are trying to get at.Medic Mind recommends sing a step by step process from the first piece of information tothe last in order to reach a suitable conclusion.• Bear in mind that for this section there is only one correct response per question.• You will be presented information which is in the form of a table, text or an alternative graphic.• Always try to draw a diagram whenever you are given the information. They will present you with a great deal of information and it may not necessarily be in the most appropriate order. Try and organise the information so it is both concise and chronological.• The best way to organise information chronologically is to start with known facts that use the word ‘must’, rather than facts that use the word ‘might’.• Use the process of elimination whenever you can, as it will help reduce the time taken to answer the questions.• On some occasions, you may only need to figure out a small portion of the entire puzzle therefore in a situation which is already time constrained, try and avoid completing the puzzle when you can. That being said, there will be occasions where it is necessary to complete it.There are two main types of logical puzzles that are presented in the UKCAT. They arebased on the method of solving them. These are the ‘fill-in’ grid and the ‘crosshatch’grid. We will begin with the ‘fill-in’ grid method.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 42 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Logical Puzzles Lesson 8 1 Category QuestionsWe recommend using the fill-in method. In addition to this, you should:1. Write down the information that you know into a more concise format. It does not necessarily have to make sense but put it in a format that can be converted to something which helps solve the puzzle.2. Use information. Any information is good information. If something tells that someone cannot be something or have something - it is still crucial, and necessary to include in your fill-in grid.3. Keep using each statement as a clue. Work step by step through each piece of information.
 Worked Example Jack and two of his friends each own a car. They all study different subjects. • A Maths student, a Geography student and the Muzdu owner are members of the Car Appreciation Society at University. • Ole doesn’t own a Cargo. • Jack doesn’t own a Hudu • The Medical student, who also doesn’t own a Cargo is best friends with Matthew, one of the friends. • Ole who doesn’t study Maths also does not have a Muzdu. • The Geography student has a Hudu. Which subject does Matthew study? A. Medicine B. Geography C. Maths D. This cannot be determined••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 43 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Logical Puzzles Lesson 8ExplanationWe will walk through the two methods that are used to answer these questions. Both areusually just as effective, but it depends on what you find most time-efficient.Method 1: Cross-Hatch MethodFor crosshatches, we recommend using a cross and tick method. Muzdu Hudu Cargo Maths Geography Medicine Jack ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ Ole ✖ Matthew ✔ MathsGeography MedicineBased on this, we know that Ole has to have a Hudu because he can’t have the other twocars, Muzdu and Cargo. Hence we know that Ole has a Hudu, and the person with a Hudustudies Geography. Therefore Ole studies Geography.We are left with the subjects Maths and Medicine for Matthew. We know that Matthewcan’t study Medicine, since he is friends with the Medical Student. Also, we know that Oleis studying Geography. Therefore Matthew is a Maths student. Jack Muzdu Hudu Cargo Maths Geography Medicine Ole Matthew ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ Maths ✔ ✔Geography ✖ Medicine ✔••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 44 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Logical Puzzles Lesson 8Method 2: Fill-in MethodName ______ ______ ______ ______Subject ______ ______ ______ ______Car ______ ______ ______ ______Let’s fill it in with the information we know so far. These do not correspond with each otherat the moment. We need to work out what Matthew studies.Name Jack Ole MatthewSubject Maths Geography MedicineCar Muzdu Hudu CargoLet’s now fill in what we know each person cannot study or own. N means not. We knowall of these for a fact, but we can work out that:• Matthew doesn’t study medicine because his best friend does which is either Jack or Ole.• Jack doesn’t own a Hudu and the person that doesn’t own the HuduName Jack Ole MatthewSubject N (Maths) N (Medicine)Car N (Hudu) N (Cargo), N (Muzdu)Ole must have a Hudu because he cannot have a Cargo or Muzdu.Name Jack Ole MatthewSubject N (Maths) N(Medicine)Car N (Hudu) Hudu ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 45 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Logical Puzzles Lesson 8The Geography student has a Hudu, which means that Ole studies Geography.Name Jack Ole MatthewSubject Geography N(Medicine)Car N (Hudu) HuduThe two subjects left are Maths and Medicine. If Matthew cannot study Medicine, he muststudy maths. Matthew therefore studies Maths.Name Jack Ole MatthewSubject N (Hudu) Geography MathsCar HuduHere, we could work out further information but it will waste time. Do not try and completethe puzzle when you do not need to.
 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 46 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Logical Puzzles Lesson 9 Worked ExampleTwo teams with red and blue bibs were playing a four a side football match. Thewinning team was made up of the players Aaron, Shivam, Adrian and Sergio. All fourof them were wearing different coloured boots and different coloured socks. One ofthem was wearing red boots, another yellow boots, another green boots andanother blue boots. One of them was wearing red socks, another blue socks,another green socks and one of them yellow socks.• Adrian wore yellow boots.• Shivam wore green socks and Sergio wore yellow socks.• The person wearing red socks wore blue boots.• The person wearing yellow socks did not wear red bootsWhich of the following MUST be true?A. Adrian wore red socks.B. Sergio wore yellow boots.C. Shivam did not wear blue boots.D. Sergio wore red boots.ExplanationMethod 1: Cross-Hatch MethodGo through each statement one by one to fill in the table (see next page).• Adrian wore yellow boots.• Shivam wore green socks and Sergio wore yellow socks.• The person wearing red socks wore blue boots.• The person wearing yellow socks did not wear red bootsA. Adrian wore red socks.No, the person wearing red socks wore blue boots. Adrian is wearing yellow boots.B. Sergio wore yellow boots.No, Adrian wore yellow boots.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 47 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Logical Puzzles Lesson 9C. Shivam did not wear blue boots.Yes, this is possible. The person wearing blue boots wore red socks, but Shivam woregreen socks. So Shivam could not have worn blue boots.D. Sergio wore red boots.We know that Sergio wore yellow socks, and that the person wearing yellow socks worered boots. This therefore is not possible either. Red Green Yellow Blue Red Green Yellow Blue Boots Boots Boots Boots Socks Socks Socks SocksAdrian ✔ ✔Shivam ✖ ✔SergioAaron ✔Red ✖SocksGreenSocksYellowSocksBlueSocksMethod 2: Fill-in MethodAdrian wore yellow boots.Player Socks BootsAdrian YellowShivamSergioAdrian••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 48 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Logical Puzzles Lesson 9Shivam wore green socks and Sergio wore yellow socks.Player Socks BootsAdrian YellowShivam GreenSergio YellowAdrianPlayer Socks BootsAdrian YellowShivam GreenSergio Yellow BlueAdrian Red Player Socks Boots Adrian Yellow Shivam Green Sergio Yellow (Not Red) Adrian Blue RedThe person wearing red socks wore blue boots.The person wearing yellow socks did not wear red boots.The answer must be C, Shivam did not wear blue boots. 
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 49 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Logical Puzzles Lesson 10 2 Ordered QuestionsThese questions will be based on a group of people who are ordered based on an activitysuch as racing or on something measurable such as weight or height. For these questions,we recommend writing down the information in a way that is as close to chronological orordered as possible. Worked Example There are five runners competing in a marathon who go for a health-check. Their names are Jing, Sathu, Geran, Zolt and Farah. The nurse measures their heart rate, weight, diastolic blood pressure and blood group. In no particular order: - Their heart rate is 66, 67, 70, 73 and 75 - Their weights are 50, 63, 72, 78 and 83. - Their diastolic blood pressures are 67, 77, 85, 99 and 110 • One person’s has a diastolic blood pressure of 85, and has a heart rate that is 2 more than Jing. • Farah weighs 63kg and has the 3rd highest heart rate. • Zolt has a diastolic blood pressure that is 10 more than Geran. • The person who has the third highest diastolic blood pressure has the highest heart rate and a weight that is lower than Farah. What is Sathu’s weight? A. 50kg B. 63kg C. 78kg D. 83kg••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page 50 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS