REVISTA N0. 31 -RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY - DISNEY ON ICE - 2015

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015 LA SIRENITA SE DESARROLLA EN LAS CERCANÍAS DE DINAMARCA -ESTO SE PIENSAPRINCIPALMENTE DEBIDO A QUE FUE ESCRITO POR EL DANÉS, HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN-. http://www.biobiochile.cl/2014/10/27/la-teoria-que-explicaria-la-relacion-entre-las- princesas-de-frozen-la-sirenita-y-enredados.shtmlEfectos especialesEl contexto submarino requirió la mayor animación de efectos especiales para un largometrajeanimado de Disney desde Fantasía (1940). El supervisor de la animación de los efectos MarkDindal estimó que más de un millón de burbujas fueron dibujadas para esta cinta, además deutilizar otros procesos como la aerografía, la iluminación de fondo, la superposición —técnicaconsistente en situar una imagen encima de otra ya existente— y algo de animación porcomputadora. Cabe señalarse que Disney decidió encargarle la mayor parte de la animación delas burbujas bajo el agua a Pacific Rim Productions, una empresa china con instalaciones enPekín.8 un importante precedente para realizar el diseño de las escenas submarinas fue el filmePinocho (1940), el cual muestra algunas escenas bajo el agua con los protagonistas del mismo.6Si bien en un principio se intentó utilizar la cámara multiplano de Disney después de varios añossin usarla —algunas de las producciones que la usaron fueron Snow White and the SevenDwarfs, Fantasía, Bambi y Peter Pan— con tal de brindar tomas con una mayor calidad de«profundidad», al final los diseñadores optaron por no usarla pues la cámara se hallaba en unestado de deterioro. En cambio, dichas tomas fueron grabadas en una instalación fotográfica deanimación.8 201

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015La sirenita se convirtió en la última cinta animada de Disney en utilizar el método de animacióntradicional consistente en la xerografía de las celdas que conformaban cada escena de unapelícula. Este método había sido implementado por Ub Iwerks, y usado en cada cinta animadadel estudio desde 101 dálmatas (1961).18 El siguiente proyecto de los estudios, The RescuersDown Under (1990), hizo uso de un método digital de iluminación y de combinación deilustraciones escaneadas, desarrollada por Pixar para Disney y denominado CAPS —ComputerAnimation Production System—, el cual eliminaría la necesidad de las celdas, la cámaramultiplano y varios de los efectos ópticos utilizados por última vez en La sirenita.8 Un prototipode CAPS se usó a manera de prueba en algunas escenas de la película, e incluso una toma hechacon CAPS se incorporó en la edición final de La sirenita —esta es la penúltima escena de lapelícula, en la cual se muestra la boda de Ariel y Eric a bordo de un barco que navega bajo unarcoíris—.8 Asimismo se usaron efectos CGI para crear algunos de los barcos hundidos en labatalla final, una escalera detrás de una toma de Ariel en el castillo de Eric, y el carruaje queEric y Ariel conducen cuando ella rebota tras pasar un barranco. Todos los anterioressegmentos se animaron por medio del uso de modelos 3D de tipo wireframe, los cuales sedibujaron con un plóter y pintaron de manera tradicional como en las anteriores películas deDisney.8 En la escena de la tormenta participaron hasta diez diseñadores del estudio por más deun año.3Fuente: BioBioChile http://www.biobiochile.cl/2014/10/27/la-teoria-que-explicaria-la-relacion-entre-las-princesas-de-frozen-la-sirenita-y-enredados.shtml 202

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015 BelleAnastasia picked The slowed down version www.fanpop.com899 × 494Buscar por imágenesBanda sonora The Little Mermaid: An Original Walt Disney Records SoundtrackBanda sonora de Alan Menken y Howard AshmanPublicación 13 de diciembre de 1989 (CD)19 23 de mayo de 1990 (casete)20Género(s) Música cinematográficaDuración 43:17 (edición original)21 203

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015Discográfica Walt DisneyProductor(es) Alan Menken y Howard Ashman Calificaciones profesionales Filmtracks (álbumes de 1989 y 1997)21 (álbum de 2006)21Cronología de las bandas sonoras de DisneyHoney, I Shrunk The Little Mermaid The Rescuers the Kids (1989) Down Under (1989) (1990)[editar datos en Wikidata]Algunos consideraron que La sirenita es «la película que llevó Broadway a los dibujosanimados».22 Alan Menken compuso cada una de las canciones de la banda sonora, al igual quesu música, en colaboración con Howard Ashman. La conducción de la orquesta recayó enThomas Pasatieri.23 Cabe añadirse que para cuando Menken empezó a componer el sountrack,no había leído el cuento original de Andersen. De acuerdo al propio compositor: “«[la bandasonora] es muy sensitiva y libre de poder ser manipulada; cuenta la historia de una forma queincorpora mis talentos musicales y los de Howard además de un gran amor por la historia delmusical animado de Disney».21 A su vez, decidió proporcionarle música de los géneros calipso yreggae al filme. La composición musical se realizó de forma simultánea al proceso deanimación, en una oficina ubicada en Los Ángeles, California, donde Menken y Ashmancolaboraban juntos.9 Cabe señalarse que en el álbum existen un total de 7 canciones distintas,mientras que las 12 restantes constituyen melodías. De hecho, una octava canción —«Parte deél (variación)»— es una versión del tema principal «Parte de él». Sobre este último, en algúnmomento de la producción se pensó en eliminarlo dada «la posibilidad de que los jóvenes nofuesen a ser pacientes como para sentarse [a escuchar la canción completa]».21 Cada una de lascanciones es interpretada por el respectivo actor que le prestó su voz al personajecorrespondiente.24 Cabe añadirse que este tema guarda ciertas similitudes con la canción«Somewhere That's Green», también escrita por Ashman y compuesta por Menken,previamente para La pequeña tienda de los horrores.25 204

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015El álbum debutó en diciembre de 1989 en formato de CD,19 mientras que en formato de casetecomenzó a distribuirse a partir de mayo del año siguiente.20 Obtuvo dos premios Óscar en lascategorías de «Mejor banda sonora» así como de «Mejor canción original», además de unGlobo de oro como «Mejor banda sonora» (véase la sección de Premios para estos y otrosgalardones obtenidos por la película).26 Desde su debut se han lanzado diferentes versiones delálbum original. La primera llegó al mercado el 14 de octubre de 1997 y básicamente consistíaen la misma compilación sólo que con una nueva portada,27 y tres años después, el 31 deoctubre de 2000, se añadió a un paquete que incluye también la banda sonora de La sirenita 2:regreso al mar.28 En octubre de 2006 se estrenó una nueva versión de dos discos de manerasimultánea al debut del DVD edición especial de La sirenita. Si bien el primer disco contiene elálbum original con una remasterización del audio, el disco restante contiene nuevas cancionesinéditas grabadas por artistas como Ashley Tisdale, Raven-Symoné, The Jonas Brothers y JessicaSimpson. Además incluye dos videos y una nueva portada.29En febrero de 2007, la banda sonora obtuvo la certificación de seis veces platino por parte de laRecording Industry Association of America (RIAA).30 En 2010, la tienda virtual Rhapsody lacatalogó como una de las mejores bandas sonoras de Disney y de Pixar.31 Respecto a otrascríticas del material musical, Jim Emerson del sitio web Amazon.com consideró en su reseñaque «la banda sonora de La sirenita creó el molde en base al cual se compondría parte deltrabajo musical de Disney más popular en lo sucesivo», haciendo énfasis en la música de Labella y la bestia y Aladdin.19 El sitio web Filmtracks.com añadió que «la película rejuveneció elgénero musical animado, que llevó a un renacimiento de ocho años en el que Menken ganóocho premios Óscar con solamente 15 nominaciones». En su reseña, elogió los temas «Parte deél» —comentó que había servido de inspiración para la composición de otras canciones clásicasde Disney, aparecidas en los siguientes filmes animados— y «Bajo el mar» —a la que etiquetócomo una de las «más memorables y contagiosas canciones en la historia del cine».21 Acontinuación la lista de temas en español de la banda sonora original:3221Fuente: BioBioChile http://www.biobiochile.cl/2014/10/27/la-teoria-que-explicaria-la-relacion-entre-las-princesas-de-frozen-la-sirenita-y-enredados.shtmlThe Little Mermaid is a 1989 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt DisneyFeature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Based on theDanish fairy tale of thesame name by Hans Christian Andersen, The Little Mermaid tells the story of abeautiful mermaid princess who dreams of becoming human. Written, directed, and producedby Ron Clements and John Musker, with music by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman (who alsoserved as a co-producer), the film features the voices of Jodi Benson, Christopher DanielBarnes, Pat Carroll, Samuel E. Wright, Jason Marin, Kenneth Mars, Buddy Hackett, and RenéAuberjonois. 205

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015 The 28th film in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series, The Little Mermaid was released to theaters on November 17, 1989 to largely positive reviews, garnering $84 million at the domestic box office during its initial release,[3] and $211 million in total lifetime gross worldwide.[2] After the success of the 1988 Disney/Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit, The Little Mermaid is given credit for breathing life back into the art of Disney animated feature films after a string of critical or commercial failures produced by Disney that dated back to the early 1970s. It also marked the start of the era known as the Disney Renaissance. A stage adaptation of the film with a book by Doug Wright[4] and additional songs by Alan Menken and new lyricist Glenn Slater opened in Denver in July 2007 and began performances on Broadway January 10, 2008.[5][6] Contents 1Plot 2Cast 3Production o 3.1Story development o 3.2Animation o 3.3Music 4Release o 4.1Home media 5Reception o 5.1Box office o 5.2Critical reception o 5.3Accolades o 5.4Controversy 6See also 7References 8External links Plot Ariel, a sixteen-year-old mermaid princess, is dissatisfied with underwater life and is curious about the human world. With her best friend Flounder, Ariel collects human artifacts and goes to the surface of the ocean to visit Scuttle the seagull, who offers very inaccurate knowledge of human culture. She ignores the warnings of her fatherKing Triton, the ruler of Atlantica, and his 206

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015adviser and court composer Sebastian that contact between merpeople and humans isforbidden.One night, Ariel, Flounder, and an unwilling Sebastian travel to the ocean surface to watch acelebration for the birthday of Prince Eric on a ship. Ariel quickly becomes enamored with Eric.The birthday celebration is cut short by a violent storm which wrecks the ship and tosses Ericoverboard Ariel saves the unconscious Eric from drowning and brings him to shore. She sings tohim, but quickly leaves as soon as he regains consciousness to avoid being discovered.Fascinated by the memory of her voice, Eric vows to find who saved and sang to him, and Arielvows to find a way to join him and his world. Noticing a change in Ariel's behavior, Tritonquestions Sebastian about her behavior and learns of her love for Eric. Furious, Triton confrontsAriel in her grotto, where she and Flounder store human artifacts, and destroys the objects withhis trident to her dismay. After Triton leaves, two eels named Flotsam and Jetsam convinceAriel to visit Ursula the sea witch.Ursula makes a deal with Ariel to transform her into a human for three days in exchange forAriel's voice, which Ursula puts in a nautilus shell. Within these three days, Ariel must receivethe \"kiss of true love\" from Eric. If Ariel gets Eric to kiss her, she will remain a humanpermanently, otherwise, she will transform back into a mermaid and belong to Ursula. Arielagrees and is then given human legs and taken to the surface by Flounder and Sebastian. Ericfinds Ariel on the beach and takes her to his castle, unaware that she is the one who had savedhim earlier. Ariel spends time with Eric, and at the end of the second day, they almost kiss butare thwarted by Flotsam and Jetsam. Angered at their narrow escape, Ursula disguises herselfas a beautiful young woman named Vanessa and appears onshore singing with Ariel's voice.Eric recognizes the song and, in her disguise, Ursula casts a hypnotic enchantment on Eric tomake him forget about Ariel.The next day, Ariel finds out that Eric will be married to the disguised Ursula. Scuttle discoversthat Vanessa is actually Ursula in disguise, and informs Ariel who immediately pursues thewedding barge. Sebastian informs Triton, and Scuttle disrupts the wedding with the help ofvarious animals. In the chaos, the nautilus shell around Ursula's neck is broken, restoring Ariel'svoice and breaking Ursula's enchantment over Eric. Realizing that Ariel is the girl who saved hislife, Eric rushes to kiss her, but the sun sets and Ariel transforms back into a mermaid. Ursulareveals herself and kidnaps Ariel. A furious Triton confronts Ursula and demands Ariel's release,but the deal is inviolable. At Ursula's urging, Triton agrees to take Ariel's place as Ursula'sprisoner, giving up his trident. Ariel is released as Triton transforms into a polyp and loses his 207

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015authority over Atlantica. Ursula declares herself the new ruler, but before she can use thetrident, Eric hits her with a harpoon. Ursula tries to strike down Eric, but Ariel interferes,causing Ursula to inadvertently kill Flotsam and Jetsam. Enraged, Ursula uses the trident togrow into monstrous proportions.Ariel and Eric reunite on the surface just before Ursula grows past and towers over the two. Shethen gains full control of the entire ocean, creating a storm and bringing sunken ships to thesurface. Just as Ursula attempts to kill Ariel, Eric steers a wrecked ship towards Ursula, impalingher with the ship's splintered bowsprit. With Ursula destroyed, Triton and the other polyps inUrsula's garden revert into their original forms. Realizing that Ariel truly loves Eric, Tritonwillingly changes her from a mermaid into a human and blesses her marriage to Eric. Ariel andEric marry on a ship and depart. 208

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015THE LITTLE MERMAID SUNKEN SHIP THE LITTLE MERMAID - THE SUNKEN SHIP (POLISH) - IMGKID.COM320 × 180BUSCAR POR IMÁGENES N.º Título Duración1. «En el fondo del mar» 1:412. «Créditos» 1:263. «Fanfarria» 0:304. «Las hijas del rey» 0:405. «Parte de él» 3:156. «Bajo el mar» 3:157. «Parte de él (reprise)» 2:188. «Pobres almas en desgracia» 4:519. «Los peces» 1:3610. «Bésala» 2:4311. «Fuegos artificiales» 0:3812. «Giga» 1:3413. «La tormenta» 3:2014. «Destrucción de la gruta» 1:5515. «Restos del naufragio» 1:2516. «Visita guiada al reino» 1:27 209

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 201517. «Hora de dormir» 1:2318. «Anuncio de boda» 2:1919. «Eric al rescate» 3:4320. «Final feliz» 3:11Doblaje en españolSe llevaron a cabo dos doblajes al español. Uno de ellos se realizó para Hispanoamérica en 1989y contó con la dirección de Javier Pontón. Este se llevó a cabo en el estudio Intersound, Inc,radicado en Hollywood, California, y en él participaron los actores Gabriela León (Ariel), DemiánBichir (Eric), Michael Cruz (Sebastián), Guillermo Romano (Tritón), Serena Olvido (Úrsula) yRigoberto Jiménez (Flounder). Cabe señalarse que para las canciones que interpreta Ariel, segrabó la voz de Isela Sotelo. Las interpretaciones musicales de Sebastián y Úrsula las grabaronlos mismos actores que les dieron voz.En un principio, en España se usó el mismo doblaje hispanoamericano de 1989. Posteriormentese realizó en 1998 un doblaje exclusivo para España bajo la dirección de José Luis Gil en elestudio Euroaudiovisual S. L. Aquí participaron los actores Graciela Molina (Ariel), David Robles(Eric), Juan Perucho (Sebastián), Claudio Rodríguez (Tritón), Matilde Conesa (Úrsula) y NachoAldeguer (Flounder). En cuanto a los temas musicales, las voces de Ariel, Sebastián y Úrsulafueron grabadas por María Caneda, Vicente Borland y Helen de Quiroga, respectivamente.33CastMain article: List of Disney's The Little Mermaid characters Jodi Benson as Princess Ariel[7] Christopher Daniel Barnes as Prince Eric[8] Pat Carroll as Ursula[8]  Jodi Benson as Vanessa (Ursula's human alter-ego)  Samuel E. Wright as Sebastian[8]  Jason Marin as Flounder[8]  Kenneth Mars as King Triton[8] 210

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015 Buddy Hackett as Scuttle[8] Ben Wright as Grimsby[8] Paddi Edwards as Flotsam and Jetsam[8] Edie McClurg as Carlotta the maid[8] Kimmy Robertson and Caroline Vasicek as Ariel's Sisters[8] Will Ryan as Harold the Seahorse[8] Frank Welker as Max the Sheepdog[8] René Auberjonois as Chef Louis[8]ProductionStory developmentThe Little Mermaid was originally planned as part of one of Walt Disney's earliest feature films, aproposed package film featuring vignettes of Hans Christian Andersen tales.[9] Development started soonafter Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in the late 1930s, but was delayed due to various circumstances.[10]In 1985, Ron Clements became interested in a film adaptation of The Little Mermaid while he was serving as adirector on The Great Mouse Detective (1986) alongside John Musker.[11] Clements discovered the HansChristian Andersen fairy tale while browsing through a bookstore.[12] Believing the story provided an \"idealbasis\" for an animated feature film and keen on creating a film that took place underwater,[11]Clements wroteand presented a two-page treatment of Mermaid to Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg at a \"gong show\" ideasuggestion meeting. Katzenberg passed the project over, because at that time the studio was in developmenton a sequel to their live-action mermaid comedy Splash (1984) and felt The Little Mermaid would be toosimilar a project.[12] The next day, however, Katzenberg approved of the idea for possible development, alongwith Oliver & Company. While in production in the 1980s, the staff found, by chance, original story and visualdevelopment work done by Kay Nielsen for Disney's proposed 1930s Anderson feature.[9] Many of the changesmade by the staff in the 1930s to Hans Christian Andersen's original story were coincidentally the same as thechanges made by Disney writers in the 1980s.[12]That year Clements and Musker expanded the two-page idea into a 20-page rough script, eliminating the roleof the mermaid's grandmother and expanding the roles of the Merman King and the sea witch. However, thefilm's plans were momentarily shelved as Disney focused its attention on Who Framed RogerRabbit and Oliver & Company as more immediate releases.[12] In 1987, songwriter Howard Ashman becameinvolved with the writing and development of Mermaid after he was asked to contribute a song to Oliver &Company. He proposed changing the minor character Clarence, the English-butler crab, to a Jamaican 211

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015Rastafarian crab and shifting the music style throughout the film to reflect this. At the same time, Katzenberg,Clements, Musker, and Ashman revised the story format to make Mermaid a musical with a Broadway-stylestory structure, with the song sequences serving as the tentpoles of the film.[9] Ashman and composer AlanMenken, both noted for their work as the writers of the successful Off-Broadway stage musical Little Shop ofHorrors, teamed up to compose the entire song score. In 1988, with Oliver out of the way, Mermaid wasslated as the next major Disney release.[13]AnimationMore money and resources were dedicated to Mermaid than any other Disney animated film indecades.[9] Aside from its main animation facility in Glendale, California, Disney opened a satellite featureanimation facility during the production of Mermaid in Lake Buena Vista, Florida (near Orlando, Florida),within Disney-MGM Studios Theme Park at Walt Disney World.[14] Opening in 1989, the Disney-MGM facility'sfirst projects were to produce an entire Roger Rabbit cartoon short, Roller Coaster Rabbit, and to contributeink and paint support to Mermaid.[14] Another first for recent years was the filming of live actors and actressesfor motion reference material for the animators, a practice used frequently for many of the Disney animatedfeatures produced under Walt Disney's supervision. Broadway actress Jodi Benson was chosen to play Ariel,and Sherri Lynn Stoner, a former member of Los Angeles' Groundlings improvisation comedy group, acted outAriel's key scenes.[12]Mermaid's supervising animators included Glen Keane and Mark Henn on Ariel, Duncan Marjoribanks onSebastian, Andreas Deja on King Triton, and Ruben Aquino on Ursula.[9] Originally, Keane had been asked towork on Ursula, as he had established a reputation for drawing large, powerful figures, such as the bear in TheFox and the Hound (1981) and Professor Ratigan in The Great Mouse Detective (1986). Keane, however, wasassigned as one of the two lead artists on the petite Ariel and oversaw the \"Part of Your World\" musicalnumber. He jokingly stated that his wife looks exactly like Ariel \"without the fins.\"[15] The character's bodytype and personality were based upon that of Alyssa Milano, then starring on TV's Who's the Boss? and theeffect of her hair underwater was based on both footage of Sally Ride when she was in space,[9] and scenes ofStoner in a pool for guidance in animating Ariel's swimming.[16]The design of the villainous Ursula was based upon drag performer Divine.[9] An additional early inspirationbefore Divine was Joan Collins in her role as Alexis Carrington in the television show Dynasty, due to asuggestion from Howard Ashman, who was a fan of the series.[17] Pat Carroll was not Clements and Musker'sfirst choice to voice Ursula; the original script had been written with Bea Arthur of the Disney-owned TVseries The Golden Girls in mind. After Arthur turned the part down, actresses such as Nancy Marchand, NancyWilson, Roseanne, Charlotte Rae, and Elaine Stritch were considered for the part.[18] Stritch was eventually 212

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015cast as Ursula, but clashed with Howard Ashman's style of music production and was replaced byCarroll.[18] Various actors auditioned for additional roles in the film, including Jim Carrey for the role of PrinceEric, and comedians Bill Maher and Michael Richards for the role of Scuttle.[17]The underwater setting required the most special effects animation for a Disney animated featuresince Fantasia in 1940. Effects animation supervisor Mark Dindal estimated that over a million bubbles weredrawn for this film, in addition to the use of other processes such as airbrushing, backlighting,superimposition, and some computer animation. The artistic manpower needed for Mermaid required Disneyto farm out most of the underwater bubble effects animation in the film to Pacific Rim Productions, a China-based firm with production facilities in Beijing.[9] An attempt to use Disney's famed multiplane camera for thefirst time in years for quality \"depth\" shots failed because the machine was reputedly in dilapidated condition.The multiplane shots were instead photographed at an outside animation camera facility.[9]The Little Mermaid was the last Disney feature film to use the traditional hand-painted cel method ofanimation. Disney's next film, The Rescuers Down Under, used a digital method of coloring and combiningscanned drawings developed for Disney by Pixar called CAPS (Computer Animation Production System), whichwould eliminate the need for cels, the multiplane camera, and many of the optical effects used for the lasttime in Mermaid. A CAPS prototype was used experimentally on a few scenes in Mermaid, and one shotproduced using CAPS—the penultimate shot in the film, of Ariel and Eric's wedding ship sailing away under arainbow—appears in the finished film. Computer-generated imagery was used to create some of the wreckedships in the final battle, a staircase behind a shot of Ariel in Eric's castle, and the carriage Eric and Ariel areriding in when she bounces it over a ravine. These objects were animated using 3D wireframe models, whichwere plotted as line art to cels and painted traditionally.[9] 213

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015EN NINGUNA DE LAS TRES PELÍCULAS SE DICE LA UBICACIÓN DEL MUNDO REAL EN EL QUE SE LLEVA A CABO LA PELÍCULA WWW.RED17.COM560 × 315BUSCAR POR IMÁGENESCaracterísticas técnicasLa relación de aspecto original es 1.33:1 y se rodó usando la técnica Technicolor.34SonidoLa pista de sonido original usaba la mezcla de sonido 70 mm 6-Track en las copias de 70 mm, yDolby en las ediciones de 35 mm. En el reestreno de 1997, se incorporó el sistema DigitalTheater System (DTS) junto con el Dolby Digital y el SDDS.34Lanzamiento y recepciónProyección de prueba y estrenoAntes de su debut en cines, se exhibieron algunas escenas a una audiencia infantil en un cine deLos Ángeles, California, con tal de conocer su reacción. A manera de anécdota, los responsablesde la cinta recordaron que al mostrarles el segmento de «Parte de él», que no estaba 214

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015completamente animado aún, su primera reacción fue de moverse de forma inquieta en susasientos, algo que Katzenberg consideró como negativo. En algún momento, estimó que lacanción había sido «aburrida» y por eso los niños se habían mostrado inquietos durante laemisión. Debido a esto, decidió que la canción debía eliminarse, lo cual generó desacuerdo enla mayoría del equipo de animación, así como en los encargados de la composición musical.Poco después, animaron la escena de «Parte de él» y Katzenberg cambió de opinión, quedandola canción en la versión final.Tiempo después se realizó otra proyección de prueba en el cine AMC de Burbank, California, lacual obtuvo una respuesta favorable por parte de la audiencia. Katzenberg se mostró satisfechocon la recepción, aunque consideró que no tendría el éxito de Oliver y su pandilla, ya que erauna película primordialmente para audiencias femeninas.9La sirenita tuvo su estreno en Estados Unidos el 15 de noviembre de 1989,35 y dos días despuésllegó a las salas de cine de Canadá y México.36 Music Main article: The Little Mermaid (soundtrack) The Little Mermaid was considered by some as \"the film that brought Broadway into cartoons\".[19] Alan Menken wrote the Academy Award winning score, and collaborated with Howard Ashman on the songs. One of the film's most prominent songs, \"Part of Your World\", was nearly cut from the film when it seemingly tested poorly with an audience of school children, who became rowdy during the scene. This caused Jeffrey Katzenberg to feel that the song needed to be cut, an idea that was resisted by Musker, Clements, and Keane. Both Muscker and Clements cited the similar situation of the popular song \"Over the Rainbow\" nearly being cut from 1939's The Wizard of Oz when appealing to Katzenberg. Keane pushed for the song to remain until the film was in a more finalized state. During a second test screening, the scene, now colorized and further developed, tested well with a separate child audience, and the musical number was kept.[17] Release The film was originally released on November 17, 1989, followed by a November 14, 1997, reissue. After the success of the 3D re-release of The Lion King, Disney announced a 3D re-release of The Little Mermaidscheduled for September 13, 2013,[20] but this was cancelled on January 14, 2013, due to the under- performances of other Disney 3D re-releases.[21] The 3D version of the movie was released on Blu- rayinstead,[22][23] but it did play a limited engagement at the El Capitan Theatre from September to October 2013.[24] On September 20, 2013, The Little Mermaid began playing in select theaters where audiences could 215

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015bring iPads and use an app called Second Screen Live.[25] The film was also screened out of competition atthe 1990 Cannes Film Festival.[26]Home mediaIn a then atypical and controversial move for a new Disney animated film, The Little Mermaid was released aspart of the Walt Disney Classics line of VHS and Laserdisc home video releases in May 1990, six months afterthe release of the film.[13][27] Before Mermaid, only a select number of Disney's catalog animated films hadbeen released to home video, as the company was afraid of upsetting its profitable practice of theatricallyreissuing each film every seven years.[13] Mermaid became that year's top-selling title on home video, withover 10 million units sold (including 7 million in its first month).[28] This success led future Disney films to bereleased soon after the end of their theatrical runs, rather than delayed for several years.[13]Following Mermaid 's 1997 re-release in theaters, a new VHS version of the film was released in March 1998as part of the Masterpiece Collection and included a bonus music video of Jodi Benson singing \"Part of YourWorld\" during the end credits, replacing \"Under the Sea\" as the end credit song.[29] The VHS sold 13 millionunits and ranked as the third best-selling video of the year.[30][31]The Little Mermaid was released in a Limited Issue \"bare-bones\" DVD in 1999, with a standard video transferand no substantial features.[32] The film was re-released on DVD on October 3, 2006, as part of the WaltDisney Platinum Editions line of classic Walt Disney animated features, including the song \"Kiss the Girl\"performed by Ashley Tisdale.[33] Deleted scenes and several in-depth documentaries were included, as well asan Academy Award-nominated short film intended for the shelved Fantasia 2006, The Little Match Girl.[34] TheDVD sold 1.6 million units on its first day of release,[35] and over 4 million units during its first week, making itthe biggest animated DVD debut for October. By year's end, the DVD had sold about 7 million units and wasone of the year's top ten selling DVDs.[36] The Platinum Edition DVD was released as part of a \"LittleMermaid Trilogy\" boxed set on December 16, 2008.[37] The Platinum Edition of the film, along with its sequels,went on moratorium in January 2009. The film was re-released on 3-disc Blu-ray/DVD/Digital Copy Combo, a2-disc Blu-ray/DVD combo and 3D Blu-ray on October 1, 2013, as part of the Walt Disney DiamondEditions line.[22][38] 216

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015¡SIN ESTA CANCIÓN LA PELÍCULA NO SERÍA LO MISMO! LA HE ESCUCHADO EN MÚLTIPLES VERSIONES, PERO MI CORAZÓN PERTENECE A LA ORIGINAL CANTADA POR LA SEÑORA POTTS. EGIPCIACA.BLOGSPOT.COM500 × 281BUSCAR POR IMÁGENESLegado Pienso que lo que nos dio a entender La sirenita, y que el mundo ha olvidado, fue que la animación no es un asunto de negocios destinado a la audiencia infantil [...] Y cuando otras personas perciben que esto posee un sentido económico y creativo, se involucran en ello. —Michael Eisner, director ejecutivo de The Walt Disney Company de 1984 217

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015 a 2005.37La sirenita se convirtió en el primer éxito taquillero de Disney en casi diez años, además de serel primer cuento de hadas que los estudios adaptaban desde La bella durmiente (1959) y elprimer musical producido por los mismos desde The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh(1977), con excepción de Oliver & Company estrenada un año antes que La sirenita. Dado eléxito comercial y crítico que obtuvo la cinta, se considera que dio paso a la producción de otrosfilmes animados exitosos como La bella y la bestia (1991), Aladdín (1992), El rey león (1994) yPocahontas (1995), entre otras. Esta línea sucesiva de éxitos es conocida como la «etapa delrenacimiento de Disney», específicamente en referencia a las producciones animadas de esaépoca.38 También sentó un precedente en la animación, al ser la primera cinta en hacer uso deefectos creados con el sistema CAPS —Computer Animation Production System—,39desarrollado entre los estudios Disney y Pixar, que sería usado en las siguientes produccionesde estos últimos por casi veinte años, hasta The Little Matchgirl (2006).40 Reception Box office Early in the production of The Little Mermaid, Jeffrey Katzenberg cautioned Ron Clements, John Musker, and their staff, reminding them that since Mermaid was a \"girl's film\", it would make less money at the box office than Oliver & Company, which had been Disney's biggest animated box office success in a decade.[12][13] However, by the time the film was closer to completion, Katzenberg was convinced Mermaid would be a hit and the first animated feature to earn more than $100 million and become a \"blockbuster\" film.[12][13] During its original 1989 theatrical release, Mermaid earned $84,355,863 at the North American box office,[2] falling just short of Katzenberg's expectations but earning 64% more than Oliver.[13] The Little Mermaidwas reissued in theaters on November 14, 1997, on the same day as Anastasia, a Don Bluth animated feature for Fox Animation Studios. The reissue brought $27,187,616 in additional gross. The film also drew $99.8 million in box office earnings outside the United States and Canada between both releases, resulting in a total international box office figure of $211 million.[2] Critical reception The Little Mermaid received generally positive reviews. Review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film has a 92% approval rating based on 65 reviews, with an average score of 8.1/10.[39] Roger Ebert, 218

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015film critic for the Chicago Sun-Times, was enthusiastic about the film and wrote that, \"The Little Mermaid is ajolly and inventive animated fantasy—a movie that's so creative and so much fun it deserves comparison withthe best Disney work of the past.\" Ebert also commented positively on the character of Ariel, stating, \"... Arielis a fully realized female character who thinks and acts independently, even rebelliously, instead of hangingaround passively while the fates decide her destiny.\"[40] The staff of TV Guide wrote a positive review, praisingthe film's return to the traditional Disney musical as well as the film's animation. Yet they also wrote that thefilm is detracted by the juvenile humor and the human characters' eyes. While still giving a positive review,they stated that the film \"can't compare to the real Disney classics (which appealed equally to both kids andadults).\"[41] The staff of Variety praised the film for its cast of characters, Ursula in particular, as well as itsanimation, stating that the animation \"proves lush and fluid, augmented by the use of shadow and light aselements like fire, sun and water illuminate the characters.\" They also praised was the musical collaborationbetween Howard Ashman and Alan Menken \"whose songs frequently begin slowly but build in cleverness andintensity.\"[42]Todd Gilchrist of IGN wrote a positive review of the film, stating that the film is \"an almost perfectachievement.\" Gilchrist also praised how the film revived interest in animation as it was released at a timewhen interest in animation was at a lull.[43] Hal Hinson of The Washington Post wrote a mixed review of thefilm, referring to it as a \"likably unspectacular adaptation of the Hans Christian Andersen classic.\" Hinson wenton to write that the film is average even at its highest points. He wrote that while there is nothing wrong withthe film, it would be difficult for children to identify with Ariel and that the characters seemed bland. Hinsonconcluded his review saying that the film is \"accomplished but uninspiring, The Little Mermaid has enough toplease any kid. All that's missing is the magic.\"[44] Empire gave a positive review of the film, stating that \"[TheLittle Mermaid is] a charmer of a movie, boasting all the ingredients that make a Disney experience somethingto treasure yet free of all the politically correct, formulaic elements that have bogged down the more recentproductions.\"[45]In April 2008 – almost 20 years after the film's initial release in 1989 – Yahoo! users voted \"The LittleMermaid\" as No. 14 on the top 30 animated films of all time. Later, when Yahoo! updated the list in June ofthe same year, the film remained on the list but dropped six slots to end at #20. (Only three other traditionallyanimated Disney animated films - Aladdin, Beauty and the Beast, and The Lion King, respectively - scoredabove it in the poll even after the update.)[46] In 2011, Richard Corliss of TIME Magazine named it one of \"The25 All-TIME Best Animated Films\".[47]The Little Mermaid, Disney's first animated fairy tale since Sleeping Beauty (1959),[12] is an important film inanimation history for many reasons. Chief among these are its re-establishment of animation as a profitableventure for The Walt Disney Company, as the company's theme parks, television productions, and live-action 219

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015features had overshadowed the animated output since the 1950s.[13] Mermaid was the second film,following Oliver & Company, produced after Disney began expanding its animated output following itssuccessful live action/animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit, and became Disney's first animated major boxoffice and critical hit since The Rescuers in 1977.[13] Walt Disney Feature Animation was further expanded as aresult of Mermaid and increasingly successful follow-ups — Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin(1992),and The Lion King (1994). The staff increased from 300 members in 1988 to 2,200 in 1999 spread across threestudios in Burbank, California, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, and Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis, France.[14]In addition, Mermaid signaled the re-establishment of the musical film format as a standard for Disneyanimated films. The majority of Disney's most popular animated films from the 1930s on had been musicals,though by the 1970s and 1980s the role of music had been de-emphasized in the films.[12] 1988's Oliver &Company had served as a test of sorts to the success of the musical format before Disney committed to theBroadway-style structure of The Little Mermaid.[12]AccoladesIn January 1990, The Little Mermaid earned three Academy Award nominations, making it the first Disneyanimated film to earn an Academy Award nomination since The Rescuers in 1977. The film won two of theawards, for Best Song (\"Under the Sea\") and Best Score. The film also earned four Golden Globe nominations,including Best Picture—Comedy or Musical, and won the awards for Best Song (\"Under the Sea\") and BestScore.[48]In addition to the box office and critical success of the film itself, the Mermaid soundtrack album earned twoawards at the 33rd Grammy Awards in 1991: the Grammy Award for Best Album for Children and theGrammyAward for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.[49] Bolsteredby the film's success and the soundtrack's Oscars, Golden Globes and Grammy Awards, was certified doubleplatinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in September 1990 for shipments of two millioncopies of the soundtrack album, an unheard of feat for an animated film at the time.[50] To date, thesoundtrack has been certified six times platinum.[50]The Little Mermaid won two Academy Awards for Best Original Score as well as Best Song for Alan Menkenand Howard Ashman's \"Under the Sea\", sung by Samuel E. Wright in a memorable scene.[51] Another songfrom the film, \"Kiss the Girl,\" was nominated but lost to \"Under the Sea.\"[51] The film also won two GoldenGlobes for Best Original Score as well Best Original Song for \"Under the Sea.\" It was also nominated in twoother categories, Best Motion Picture and another Best Original Song. Alan Menken and Howard Ashman alsowon a Grammy Award in 1991 for \"Under the Sea.\"[52] 220

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015 PELICULADOS.COMReferencias 1. Volver arriba ↑ «Differences». Latrobe.edu.au. Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2012. 2. Volver arriba ↑ Grant, 1998, pp. 344-45 3. ↑ Saltar a: a b c d e f g h i j «The Little Mermaid Behind The Scenes». Fast-rewind.com (en inglés). Consultado el 11 de junio de 2012. 4. Volver arriba ↑ «The Ice Is Right». Lvrj.com (en inglés). Consultado el 12 de junio de 2012. 5. ↑ Saltar a: a b c Neuwirth, Allan (2003). Makin' Toons: Inside the Most Popular Animated TV Shows and Movies. Allworth Communications, Inc. pp. 46–47. ISBN 1581152698. 6. ↑ Saltar a: a b The Making of 'The Little Mermaid' (Documental). Disney Channel. 1989. 7. Volver arriba ↑ «La sirenita (1989) - Cast». IMDb.com. Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2012. 8. ↑ Saltar a: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ (2006) Audiocomentario por John Musker, Ron Clements y Alan Menken. Material adicional de La sirenita: edición platino [DVD]. Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 9. ↑ Saltar a: a b c d e f g h i (2006) Treasures Untold: The Making of Disney's 'The Little Mermaid [Característica adicional del documental]. Proveniente del DVD La sirenita: edición platino. Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 10. Volver arriba ↑ Hahn, Don (2009). Waking Sleeping Beauty (Documental). Burbank, California: Stone Circle Pictures/Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. 11. Volver arriba ↑ «The Little Mermaid: Platinum Edition DVD Review». Dvdizzy.com. Consultado el 11 de junio de 2012. 12. Volver arriba ↑ «Rowland Wilson’s The Little Mermaid». Spectres.com.au (en inglés). Consultado el 11 de junio de 2012. 13. Volver arriba ↑ «THE LITTLE MERMAID Art Print SIGNED by 3 DISNEY ARTISTS». Worthpoint.com (en inglés). Consultado el 11 de junio de 2012. 14. Volver arriba ↑ «The Museum of Modern Art». Moma.org (en inglés). Consultado el 11 de junio de 2012. 15. Volver arriba ↑ «Kay Nielsen’s Little Mermaid». Drawn.ca (en inglés). Consultado el 11 de junio de 2012. 221

REVISTA N0. 31 “RECORDANDO EL MUNDO DE DISNEY” – “DISNEY ON ICE FROZEN” - 2015 16. Volver arriba ↑ (2004) Entrevista con Glen Keane. Material adicional de Pocahontas: edición 10 aniversario [DVD]. Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 17. Volver arriba ↑ «Sherri Stoner Biography». Yahoo! Movies (en inglés). Consultado el 11 de junio de 2012. 18. Volver arriba ↑ «Pivotal Disney Moments». Retrojunk.com (en inglés). Consultado el 12 de junio de 2012. 19. ↑ Saltar a: a b c «The Little Mermaid (1989)» (en inglés). Amazon.com. Consultado el 7 de enero de 2012. 20. ↑ Saltar a: a b «The Little Mermaid (1989)» (en inglés). Amazon.com. Consultado el 7 de enero de 2012. 21. ↑ Saltar a: a b c d e f g «The Little Mermaid» (en inglés). Filmtracks. Consultado el 7 de enero de 2012. 22. Volver arriba ↑ DVD Edición platino de Aladdín, disco 2: «Alan Menken: Musical». 23. Volver arriba ↑ «'Family' dynamics: Thomas Pasatieri's new opera, 'The Family Room,' is a mystery drama written for two great sopranos» (en inglés). nj.com. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2012. 24. Volver arriba ↑ «La sirenita (1989)». IMDb.com. Consultado el 7 de enero de 2012. 25. Volver arriba ↑ [Little Shop of Horrors «http://tech.mit.edu/V119/N39/Little_Shop_of_.39a.html»] |url= incorrecta (ayuda) (en inglés). http://tech.mit.edu. Consultado el 12 de junio de 2012. 26. Volver arriba ↑ «The Little Mermaid» (en inglés). Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2012. 27. Volver arriba ↑ «The Little Mermaid: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack». Amazon.com. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2012. 28. Volver arriba ↑ «The Little Mermaid & Little Mermaid II (Special Edition Double Pack)». Amazon.com. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2012. 29. Volver arriba ↑ «The Little Mermaid: Alan Menken, J.A.C. Redford, Ashley Tisdale, Daughters of Triton, Jessica Simpson, Jodi Benson, Jonas Brothers, Pat Carroll, Raven-Symoné, Rene Auberjonois, Samuel Wright, Ship's Chorus: Music». Amazon.com. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2012. 30. Volver arriba ↑ «RIAA – Gold & Platinum». RIAA. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2012. 31. Volver arriba ↑ Dedina, Nick. «10 Essential Disney & Pixar Soundtracks - Rhapsody: The Mix». Blog.rhapsody.com. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2012. 32. Volver arriba ↑ «La sirenita (banda de sonido)». Musimundo.com. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2012. 33. Volver arriba ↑ «The Little Mermaid». Doblajedisney.com. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2012. 34. ↑ Saltar a: a b «La sirenita (1989)». IMDb.com. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2012. 35. Volver arriba ↑ «The Little Mermaid - Part of His World - Howard Ashman» (en inglés). IMDb.com. Consultado el 3 de julio de 2013. 36. Volver arriba ↑ «La sirenita (1989) - Release info» (en inglés). IMDb.com. Consultado el 3 de julio de 2013. 37. Volver arriba ↑ «The Little Matchgirl» (en inglés). Awn Showcase. Consultado el 6 de julio de 2013. 38. Volver arriba ↑ «Retro Action, November 17, 1989: 'The Little Mermaid' Hits Big Screen» (en inglés). Takepart.com. Consultado el 3 de julio de 2013. 39. Volver arriba ↑ «Animated Films.» (en inglés). Oxford Reference. Consultado el 6 de julio de 2013. 40. Volver arriba ↑ «The Little Matchgirl» (en inglés). Awn Showcase. Consultado el 6 de julio de 2013.Bibliografía  Grant, John (1998). Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's Animated Characters (Third Edition). Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6336-6.  Booker, M. Keith (2011). Historical Dictionary of American Cinema. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810871920. s-de-disney-online-gratis/ 222