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#D mqf]v’lkmyf c]h;lqomtokgxaod5j,djP;da[xkdqfdkodtclw22hkzjko ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ lkpoew22hkg7njvomuj.omqj’c,jgs^ad !? .shoadIPovklklt\\ad @ 7qo gIafmqf]v’D @? 7c6 otoe;ymuxt8y[fa dyf9tde.soh da IPog0kQ .9D #? oda IPovklklt\\da gIfa dkomfq ]v’ rkp.8dh ko8fy 8k,-;j pgsvn^ 0v’7S6 le][a zvh6 onj M l’a gdfzoq dkomfq ]v’D $? oda IPoc8]j td,5j loq mtoksk0l=h ts^[5 D &? z86h k’|kh c8]j td,j5 ]kp’kozoq dkoloq mtok0v’d,5j 8oq D &? 7o6 erkoda IPovtrxy kpzoq dko]kp’ko0v’c8]j td,5j D *? 76vtmy[kpxkdqfdkodtclw22hkzjkolkpoew22hk g7njvomuj.omqj’c,jgs^ad8k, 7evtmy[kp.oxB,c[[IPo c];h lts[^5 .soh da IPo;kj g,vnj gIfa .slh kpoew22kh mugj xoa l;j o|b’j 0v’;q’9voxyf g7nvj omu8j afda[glAocI’c,gj s^ad0v’mq’j c,gj sa^d gIaf.sgh duf ,du tclw22kh ltmvh o0Bo.olkpoew22kh S 4kh xPj omfy dkog7vjn om0uj v’lkpoew22kh .omqj’c,jgs^adF dtclw22hkltmhvomujgduf0Bo.olkpoew22hkd=xjPomyfD myf0v’ dtclw22kh ltmvh o0oB d[a mfy g7vjn om0ju v’lkpoew22kh c]t mfy 0v’m’jq c,gj sda^ F dko deoqfmyf0v’dtclw22hkltmhvo c,oj .-hs^addko/k,n0;kD VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { 7;k,loq .98+dkoIPoD { dkovvd7;k,gsoa dko8v[7e4k,0v’oda IPoc8]j t7oq D { gsfzqo c]t 7;k,4nd8hv’0v’7;k,gsaomujlqomtokda[\\6j c]t 76D 97
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&? 7o6 erkoda IPovtrxy kpzoq ]kp’ko0v’c8]j t7oq D ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ *? 76oerkoadIPolqomtoklts^5[.shwfh;jk g,jnv.shc,jgs^adxjyo1j6.dhlQod=hlkp c]t .shd=hlkp s^n 0v[lkpxjyo.omqj’c,jgsa^d gIaf.shgdufdtclw22hkltmhvo0Bo.o d=hlkp s^n .o0v[lkpD dtclw22hkmujgduf0Bo.o0v[lkp c,oj dtclw22hkltsa^[D Xdyf9tdeoU 4hk[+,uv5xtdvomqf]v’ .sh76.shoadIPogIafdyf9tdelbdlkgoNv.o c]t I6[ c]h;lqomtokd5,j s^n lqomtok];,?D @D lbdlkgoNv.o c]t I6[djP;da[g7jnv’9adzt]yfdtclw22hkltsa^[ c]h; lqomtok];, !? .soh da IPoldb lkgoNv.odPj ;d[a g7nvj ’9da zt]yfw22kh lts^a[ c]t I[6 .oxB,c[[IPoD @? .shoadIPo9eo;o|jb’]kp’kozqodkolbdlkgoNv.o c]t I6[g7jnv’9adzt]yfdt clw22kh lts^a[D #? 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa vtryxkpzoq dko]kp’ko0v’c8]j t7oq D $? 76oerkoadIPolts^5[.shwfh;jk g7jnv’9adzt]yfdtclw22hkltsa^[,u @ xtgrf7nG d=lh kpxyoj .om’jq c,gj s^ad c]t c,gj s^adxyoj 1.6j os;kj ’0v’d=hlkpoew22kh @ d=h mudj =hfh;p lkpoew22kh gloA fP;doa D #D mqf]v’lkmyf c]h;lqomtok];,djP;da[[qf[kf0v’w22hkdtclltsa^[ !? .shoadIPovklklt\\ad @ 7qo gIafmqf]v’D @? 7c6 otoe;ymuxt8y[fa dyf9tde.soh da IPog0kQ .9D #? oadIPovklklt\\adgIafdkomqf]v’ rkp.8hdko8yf8k,-j;pgs^nv0v’76 le]a[ z6hvnjoM 8yf8k, c]t la’gdfzqodkomqf]v’D $? .soh da IPo9eo;o|’bj ]kp’kozoq dkol’a gdf0v’8oq X1kj ’|vh p & 7oq ?D &? 7o6 erkoda IPovtrxy kpzoq dko]kp’ko0v’c8]j t7oq D *? 7o6 erkoda IPoloq mtoklts[5^ .swh f;h kj [fq [kfw22kh dtcllts[^a ,Gu 7;k,Ivh oF cl’ lts;kj ’F c,gj sa^d c]t -u;tD VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { 7;k,loq .98d+ [a dkoIPoD { dko,ul;j oI;j ,.odkogIfa dy9tde c]t ]kp’kpzoq dkol’a gdf9kddkomfq ]v’D { dkovvd7;k,gsaoF 7;k,4nd8hv’ c]t ,ugsfzqoD 99
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$D lbdlkgoNv.o c]t lqomtokgxaod5j,djP;da[8krydko ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ !? 76I;j ,da[oadIPomq[m;o zqodkomqfdkog[y’j ;af45|b’j mu1j 6wj d0v’.odyf9tde @D 9kdooA loq mtokd[a oda IPo3fp.-7h e4k,G { zm6h guj [’yj ;fa 415 w6j dwf]h tvPfF g[’yj ;fa 4o5 vh pM1.6j dMh 8k Xxt,ko 25cm ? 9tgxoa co;.fL Xvkf9t.soh da IPog[’yj 38|’a lon vh p?D { zm6h guj [’yj ;fa 415 w6j d[w+ f]h tvPfF g[’yj ;fa 4o5 vh pM1.6j dMh 8k Xxt,ko 25cm? 9tgxoa co;.fL Xvkf9t.soh da IPog[’yj 38|’a lon vh p?D @? oadIPoc8j]td5j,Ij;,daolbdlkgoNv.o[qfIPodjP;da[8krydko X8k[vfluF lkp 8klAo c]t lkp8kpk;? 16j.oxB,c[[IPoD #? oda IPoc8]j td,j5 loq mtoklts^[5 dPj ;d[a 8krydkoD $? z86h k’|kh c8]j td,j5 ]kp’ko zoq dkoloq mtok.od,j5 D &? 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa vtryxkpzoq dko]kp’ko0v’c8]j td,j5 D *? 7v6 tmy[kplts^[5 dPj ;d[a dkog[y’j gsoa lu0v’8k.soh da IPo;kj G { 8k0v’7qo[k’7qo [+lk,kfgsao7q[m5dluwfh gonjv’9kd7;k,[qdrjv’0v’95]a’ 9;p-toyf|’jb D groyj gvUo8kzyfxdq dt8y.odkog[’yj gsoa 7nco;oU;kj 8k[vfluD { 8kmlju kp8kloA gxoa 8km,ju wu ]ptg[’jy gsoa wd[c+ ,oj w]ptvtl’q w0 sn^ 9f5 g[’yj gsoa wd,oa 1j6 .dhg0Qk,ksk8kD ;ymucdhc,oj .lcj ;oj 8ks;kcl’16|j hkg]o8k grnvj -;j p.sh]aflt\\u cl’0t|komluj ’qj ,k9kd;af45wx];, daomguj i8yor=fu 7nf’aj 8kxqddt8yD { 8kmuj,ulkp8kpk; c,jo8kmuj,u95fl5,0v’8k R 16jg[Nv’s^a’0v’gi8yoD ;ymucdh c,oj .lcj ;oj l,5 cl’ grvjn -;j p.s]h fa lt\\cu l’mlju ’jq ,k9kd;fa 4w5 x];,doa mgju i8oy rf= u 7nf’ja 8kxdq dt8yD VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { 7;k,loq .98+dkoIPoD { dkoxtdv[l;j ogIfa dkomfq ]v’D { dkovvd7;k,gsoa loq mtok0v’oda IPoc8]j t7oq D { dko]kp’ko zoq dkoloq mtok.od,j5 D { gsfzqo c]t 7;k,4nd8hv’0v’7;k,gsaomujlqomtokda[\\6j c]t 76D 126
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@? 7c6 otoe;ymuxt8y[fa dkomfq ]v’ dkodt9kpcl’lu0k;.soh da IPog0kQ .9D ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ #? oda IPovklklt\\da gIfa dkomfq ]v’ rkp.8dh ko8fy 8k,-;j pgsvn^ 0v’76 le][a zvh6 onj M 8yf8k, c]t la’gdfzqodkomqf]v’D $? .shoadIPo9eo;o|b’j ]kp’kozqodkola’gdf0v’8qo X1kj ’|hvp # 7qo?D &? 7o6 erkoda IPovtrxy kp zoq dko]kp’ko0v’c8]j t7oq D *? 76oerkoadIPolqomtoklts^5[.shwfh;jk g,njv.shcl’0k;zjkoxiy-b,F cl’sad vvd9kdxiy,-b,cpdgxaos^kplu8jk’dao oAoltcf’.shI6h;jk cl’lu0k;xtdv[ fh;pcl’s^kplu,k];,dao c]t cl’c8j]tlusad16jmuj|hk0v’;af45mujcl’dtmq[ .ljoAofh;p,5,8jk’daoD phvoco;oAo 9bj’gsaork[cl’c8j]tlugmy’czjolkd16jmuj c8d8jk’daoD .ooAocl’luvyf[jP’vvd9kd];’g7njvomujgfu,s^kpmujl5f c]t lu cf’[jP’|hvpmujl5fD ,5,muj[jP’vvd9kd];’g7njvomuj0v’cl’djvog0Qkxiy-b, gvUo;kj ,5,[Pj ’D I’h5 doy oEF lkgsfgdfu ,k9kddkodt9kpcl’cff0v’]tvv’oE sn^ 1vfoE/oq I[6 |;j p ,oq 1.6j ovkdkfD .oooA F 4kh cl’dtm[q g0kQ fkh ogmy’0v’1vfoEI’h5 dyooEmgju duf0Bo ,ulucf’1]j6 ,j5 S 4kh cl’dtm[q g0kQ fkh o],j5 0v’1vfoE c];h sda cl’vvd9kd1vfoEF I’h5 doy oEmgju dfu 0oB ,lu u cf’ 1gj6 m’y D @D lbdlk c]t lqomtokgxaod5j,djP;da[dkog9nvd0v’cl’ !? oadIPoc8j]tdj5,Ij;,daolbdlk goNv.o[qfIPo djP;da[dkog9nvd0v’cl’.o x,B c[[IPoD @? oda IPoc8]j td,5j loq mtoklts[^5 g4y’dkog9nvd0v’cl’D #? z86h k’|kh c8]j td,j5 ]kp’ko zoq dkoloq mtok.od,j5 D $? 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa vtryxkpzoq dko]kp’ko0v’c8]j td,5j D &? 76vtmy[kplts^5[ djP;da[dkog9nvd0v’cl’ 8k,goNv.odjP;da[dkog9nvd0v’ cl’.ox,B c[[IPoD VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { 7;k,loq .98+dkoIPoD { dkoxtdv[l;j ogIfa dkomfq ]v’D { dkovvd7;k,gsoa dko8v[7e4k,0v’oda IPoc8]j t7oq D { gsfzqo c]t 7;k,4nd8hv’0v’7;k,gsaomujlqomtokda[\\6j c]t 76D 128
[qfmu #_ lu0v’;af45 g;]k # -;qj 3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grvnj .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vdxtgrf0v’;fa 45 8k,gdodkozkj o0v’cl’D { vtm[y kpdkogsoa ;fa 4g5 xoa l8u kj ’MD { [vd]adltot8kj ’M0v’lu c]t dkoxtlq,cl’luD IID goNv.o8Qo8= ;af45[k’-toyfcl’zkj owxwfhF [k’-toyfcl’zkj owfh[k’l;j o c]t [k’-toyfcl’[+ ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ lk,kfzkj owfDh v’u 8k,dkozkj o0v’cl’ groyj 9fa ;fa 485 kj ’M gxoa # xtgrff’ja oGU ;fa 4.5 lcl’F ;af45,q;cl’F ;af45dhaocl’D g,nvj .shcl’lu0k; lvj ’zkj oczoj x^kl8yd.llu8kj ’MF cl’muzj kj ovvd9kdczoj x^kl8yd lu.fwx d=,ulufP;da[luczoj x^kl8ydoAoD gryoj gvUoczoj .ldAocl’lu[k’luw;h c]t .sh cl’lu[k’lu zkj owfhoU;kj czoj 8v’cl’D xt3spf0v’czoj 8v’cl’ c,oj .-h.og7nvj ’,n[k’-toyfmu.j -h.og;]k8hv’dkos^5fxt]y ,ko cl’lu.sh|hvp]q’ s^n g;]k8hv’dkocl’rP’[k’l;j ogmkqj oAoD ;fa 4c5 8]j t-tofy ,mu kflmu gju Ifa |kh mfju f6 don cl’l[u k’lu c]t ltmvh ol[u k’lvu vdD ;fa 4m5 ju ,lu 8u kj ’doa ,mu kfl8u kj ’doa D g,vnj ,cu l’l0u k;dtm[q .l;j fa 4d5 oha cl’m,uj lu .u f|’bj F ;fa 4o5 oA 9tff6 don cl’c8]j tlu mxju tdv[gxoa cl’l0u k;ooA w;.h oxt],y ko8kj ’doa D cl’l;j omgju sv^n 9kddkoff6 don ltmvh ovvd9kd;fa 4,5 kg0kQ 8kgIkq 9’bj gIfa .sgh Ikq gsoa ;fa 4g5 xoa lfu P;d[a lcu l’mlju tmvh o,kg0kQ 8kgIkq sk^ pmlju f5 ooA D 4kh lkpcl’l8u kj ’doa wxdtm[q .l;j fa 4|5 ’bj 9tgsoa ;fa 4o5 oA gxoa l8u kj ’doa D ltooha 4kh 1kdgsoa lu me,t-kf0v’;fa 4|5 ’bj 9t8vh ’g[’jy ;fa 4o5 oA f;h pcl’l0u k;9kdf;’8kg;oa D l0u v’;fa 4F5 ovd9kd cl’mudj tmq[.l;j af45oAoc]h; pa’,umkflu16|j hk s^n xtlq,16j.ogoNv0v’;af45vudD mkflumugj Iaf|hk mugj xao8q;f6fdnocl’lu mu,j kdtmq[.l[j k’lu c]t ltmhvo[k’luvvdD mkflumulj k,kflhk’0Bo wf3h fpdkoxtl,q mkflru oN 4ko (Primary colour) # lu 7Gn lgu svn^ ’F lcu f’vfy c]t l2u kh 0P;g0kQ doa D 129
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;af45c8j]t-toyf ,umkflumujgIaf|hkmujf6fdnocl’lu[k’lu c]t ltmhvolu[k’lu ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ vvdD ;fa 4m5 ,ju lu 8u kj ’doa ,mu kfl8u kj ’doa D g,vnj ,cu l’l0u k;dtm[q .l;j fa 4d5 oA l.u f|’bj F ;fa 4o5 oA 9tff6 dnocl’c8]j tlu muxj tdv[gxaocl’lu0k;oAow;h.oxt]y,ko8kj ’daoD cl’l;j omugj s^nv9kddko f6fdno ,aoltmhvovvd9kd;af45,kg0Qk8kgIqk 9bj’gIaf.shgIqkgsao;af45gxaolufP;da[lu cl’muj ltmvh o,kg0kQ 8kgIkq s^kpmlju f5 ooA D #D mqf]v’lkmyf c]t lqomtok];,djP;da[dkoxtlq,cl’lu !? .shoadIPovklklt\\ad # 7qo 0BowxgIafdkomqf]v’lkmyfdjP;da[dkoxtlq, cl’l.u s\\h g6j [’yj D @? 7c6 otoe;ymuxt8y[fa dkomfq ]v’ dPj ;d[a dkoxtl,q cl’lu.soh da IPog0kQ .9 #? oadIPovklklt\\adgIafdkomqf]v’ rkp.8hdko8yf8k,-j;pgs^nv0v’76 le]a[ z6hvnjoM 8yf8k, c]t la’gdfzqodkomqf]v’D ]kpdkomqf]v’.shxt8y[aff’aj oUG { oda IPovklklt\\da c8]j t7oq w8wh 2lkp ! dt[vd m.uj -ch zoj xk^ l8dy .ll|u ’bj xfy |hk 0v’,aow;h c]h;gpnv’wx.lj9=lu0k;czjofP;dao1j67qo]t95fD la’gdflu0v’9=mjucl’ 9kdw2lkpc8]j tdt[vddtm[q .lDj { gpvn ’cl’lu # lu 8kj ’doa 9kdw2lkp # dt[vd ooA .swh xdtm[q .l9j l= 0u k;19j6 f5 fP;daoD la’gdflu0v’9=mujcl’9kdw2lkpma’ # dt[vd dtmq[.lDj $? .shoadIPo9eo;o|b’j ]kp’kozqodkola’gdf0v’8qo X1kj ’|hvp & 7qo?D &? 7o6 erkoda IPovtrxy kp7e]kp’ko0v’c8]j t7oq D *? 76oerkoadIPolqomtoklts^5[.shwfh;jk cl’lu8jk’daowxdtmq[.lj;af45|jb’9t gsao;af45oAogxaolu8jk’daoD ltoahoF 4hk1kdgsaolume,t-kf0v’;af45|jb’9t8hv’ g[yj’;af45oAofh;pcl’lu0k;9kdf;’8kg;aoD lu0v’;af45F ovd9kdcl’mujdt mq[.l;af45oAoc]h; pa’,umkflu1|6j hk s^n xtlq,1.6j ogoNv0v’;af45vudD mkflumguj Iaf|hk mguj xoa 8;q ff6 dnocl’lum,uj kdtm[q .l[j k’lu c]t ltmvh o[k’luvvdD mkflumuj lk,kf lkh ’0Bowf3h fpdkoxtl,q mkflurNo4ko (Primary colour) # lu 7nG lugs^nv’F lucf’vyf c]t lu2kh 0P;g0kQ doa D VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { 7;k,lqo.98+dkoIPoD { dkoxtdv[l;j ogIafdkomqf]v’D { dkovvd7;k,gsao .odkolqomtok0v’oadIPoc8]j t7qoD { gsfzqo c]t 7;k,4nd8hv’0v’7;k,gsaomujlqomtokda[\\6j c]t 76D 131
[qfmu $W xt3spf c]t zqoglp0v’cl’ g;]k @ -qj;3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grvnj .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vdxt3spf0v’cl’3fpm;qj wx D { vtmy[kpxt3spf0v’cl’vkmyfD { vtm[y kpzoq glpskp9kdcl’D { pqd8q;1kj ’zqoxt3spf c]t zqoglpskpmk’cl’8+,;o,to5f c]t ly’j mu,j u-u;yf m’a sk^ pD IID goNv.o8Qo8= cl’lts;kj ’,u @ xtgrf7Gn cl’me,t-kf c]t cl’,tof5 lkh ’0oB D cl’gxoa rt]’a ’ko ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 1kj ’|b’j muwj fh,k9kddkocz]j a’lu0v’cs^’j degoufcl’D cl’me,t-kfmuj.spmj ujl5f c]t .sh xt3spf8+,to5f c]t lyj’muj,u-u;yfma’s^kps^kpmujl5f c,oj cl’8kg;aoD cl’gxaoly’j 9egxao8+dkofe]q’-u;yf c]t ,uxt3spf8+,to5f1kj ’,tsklkoD cl’8k g;ao-;j p.odkog[yj’gsao0v’7qo c]t lafma’s^kpF -;j p.shrnf9tg]uog8u[.spj c]t .shvkdkf s5h,s+3]dvq[v5oj g\\ktcddj ko,u-u;yf16jgmy’|hk3]dD cl’8kg;aoovd9kd-;j p.odkog[y’j gsao 0v’,to5f c]t lafokM-toyfc]h;F pa’oe.-hg0Qk.odkozt]yfdtclw22hkF 8Q,oEF gIaf.sh vksko8kdcs’h FDDD cl’ovd9kd.shxt3spf1jk’,tsklko8+,to5f c]t ljy’,u-u;yfma’s^kpc]h;F ,aod= gxaovao8t]kpwfh g-oaj G { 1.6j o[k’g0fmwju fIh [a cl’9kdf;’vkmfy sk^ p 9oq dkpgxoa ,oq ]trfy g-oja G vkdkfcs’h c]’h F vo5 str,6 vkdkfl’6 F cs’^j oEovh p.sp[j dq cs’h \\fq F gzkq 8oQ w,oh kM-toyfcs’h 8kpgIfa .sgh 0ff’ja dkj ;dkpgxoa mtg]-kpF lfa sk^ p-tofy 8kp pvh o7;k,Ivh o c]t 7;k,vbfsy;F lj;omju[+8kpd=vq[rtpq[wx1j6g0fvjnoD 1j6.o[k’g0fmujwfhIa[cl’cff dkh s^kp 4kh zy;|’a wfIh [a cl’cffg]vnj pM 9tgIfa .s7h oq gduf,tgI’a zy;|’a FDDD { cl’9kddko9vfgsa^d c,oj cl’ mumj e]kp8ks^kpmulj 5fF cl’8k]qfF cl’w2lkpF cl’g]g-uF cl’9kd|hk9=7v,ry;g8uF |hk9=3m]tmafd=,uzqoglp8+l50trk[8k g-oja fP;doa D 132
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&? 76 c]t oadIPoIj;,daolqomtoklts^5[.shwfh;jk cl’ovd9kd.shxt3spf,tsk ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ lko8+,to5f c]t lyj’,u-u;yfma’s^kpc]h;F ,aod=gxaovao8t]kpwfhg-oaj G { 16j.o[k’g0fmujwfhIa[cl’9kdf;’vkmyfs^kp 9qodkpgxao,qo]tryfg-aoj G vkdkf csh’c]h’F v5ostr6,vkdkfl6’F cs^j’oEohvp.spj[qdcsh’\\qfF gzqk8Qow,hokM -tofy cs’h 8kp gIfa .sgh 0ff’ja dkj ;dkpgxoa mtg]-kpF lfa sk^ p-tofy 8kppvh o7;k, Ihvo c]t 7;k,vbfsy;F l;j omuj[+8kpd=vq[rtpq[wx16jg0fvnjoD 16j.o[k’g0fmuwj fhIa[ cl’cffdkh sk^ p 4kh z;y |’a wfIh [a cl’cffg]vjn pM 9tgIfa .s7h oq gdfu ,tgI’a z;y |’a FDDD { cl’9kddko9vfgsa^d c,jocl’mujme]kp8ks^kpmujl5fF cl’8k]qfF cl’ 9kdw2lkpF cl’g]g-uF cl’9kd|hk9=7v,ry;g8uF |hk9=3m]tmafd=,uzqoglp8+ l05 trk[8kg-oja fP;doa D VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { 7;k,loq .98+dkoIPoD { dkoxtdv[l;j oloq mtok.od,j5 D { dkovvd7;k,gsoa 0v’oda IPoc8]j t7oq D { gsfzqo c]t 7;k,4nd8hv’0v’7;k,gsaolqomtokda[\\6j c]t 76D 134
rkdmu VIII mkfvq’7tmkf c]t mkfvtoq’7tmkf [qfmu $! mkfvq’7tmkf g;]k $ -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ !D [vd;af45mujgxaovq’7tmkf c]t cs^’j degouf[k’mkfvq’7tmkfwfhD @D mqflv[mkfxtlq,vq’7tmkf #D 9ecod c]t vtmy[kp-toyf0v’mkfxtlq,vq’7tmkfD $D [vd75oxt3spf0v’mkfvq’7tmkf[k’-toyfwfhD II. goNv.o8Qo8= mkfv’q 7tmkfl;j os^kpwf,h k9kdl’yj ,u-u;yfF g,vnj 9f6 w29t]d5 w\\h c]t wfh CO2 d[a H2O. 8+,k,uoda ;ymtpklkflk,kfl’a g7ktmkfv’q 7tmkfgrvnj wx.-xh t3spf8kj ’Mg-oja G mkfvp5 gi (Urea), xk^ l8dy F 1k’1fn l’a g7ktF gloA .pl’a g7ktDDD ;af45mugj xaomkfvq’7tmkfmulj e7ao,uG 4kj osuoF 1k’1nfF x^kl8ydF 2v’oEF glAo.pme,t -kfF oE,oa f[y F dklme,t-kfDDDovd9kdo ghu Ikq p’a zt]fy xpJ5 v’q 7tmkfwfvh du D III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo !D le]a[dyf9tdeG dkomqf]v’ dko96fgrnjvryl6fmkfvq’7tmkf ]kpdko 9eo;o}d5,j !D s^vfmfq ]v’0t|kfdk’ ! voa @D d;fcd;h [oa 9o5 Exo6 .lF pv’/kh p & cm3 #D le]mu gju vkq ,k.-9h f6 mkf 0t|kf.spgj mkjq 3x,h n ! voa $D 7,u gsd^a ! voa &D d[a w2 ! voa 135
IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ !D lqomtok];,djP;da[mkfvq’7tmkf T 7.6 soh da IPol’a gdfI[6 1xj6 B,c[[IPo c];h 8’A 7e4k, { \\kdw,h8kj ’M c]t glNvzhkc,oj mkfvq’7tmkf s^n [+ phvogsfzqo.fL { mkfvq’7tmkfwfh,k9kd.l c]t g,nvj oewx96fgzqk 9twfhmkfspa’L T 7.6 soh da IPovtm[y kpxt,ko @{# 7oq 9kdooA 7I6 ;j ,oda IPolts[5^ 8k,x,B c[[IPoD @D mqflv[lj;oxtdv[0v’mkfxtlq,vq’7tmkf T 7c6 otoeoda IPo.sgh Ifa dyf9tdedPj ;d[a dkomfq lv[mkfv’q 7tmkfD T 76vtmy[kp;ymugIafdkomqf]v’.shoadIPo1jk’]tvPf c]t ;ymu[aombd0=h,6o 9kdooA 786 ’A 7e4k,G { g,vnj 9f6 pv’/kh p c];h gvkq s^vfmfq ]v’gxkjq ’;k=gmy’cx;w2 l’a gdfgsoa gxoa co;.fL { gvkq oExo6 .l1vf]’q .lsj v^ fmfq ]v’m,ju 7u ;oa ,;q xt,ko &{* 1vf l’a gdf,su p’a gdfu 0oB c]t ltcf’;kj c,oj mkfspa’L X0Polq,zqog7,uxtdv[oe? T 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[8k,xB,c[[IPoD 9kddkomqf]v’gsao;kj G g,nvj pv’/hkp]5dw\\hF ,u7;aolufe c]t g;]k4vdoEx6o.l.lj s^vfmu’j ;egmy’cx;w2 la’gdfgsaooEx6o05oj ltcf’;kj ma’lv’d=]tou,udkl CO2 gduf0BoD fa’j oAoF lk,kflts^5[wfh;kj G m5dmkfvq’7tmkfg,nvj 96f9t]5dw\\hF ,u7;aolufe c]t .sh dkl CO2 #D lqomtok];,djP;da[dko9afc[j’mkfxtlq,vq’7tmkfD T .soh adIPo7Qo7;hk8k,xB,c[[IPo 9kdoAo 786 ’A 7e4k,G { mkfvq’7tmkfwfhc[’j vvdgxao9ad-toyfF 7n-toyfvao.fL { mkfxtlq,Iu3fidkd[voxtdv[fh;pmkf,6o.fcf8j Qo8= pqd8q;1kj ’rhv,L { mkfvq’7tmkfIu3fidkd[vo[k’-toyf,ucs^j’degouf,k9kd.l c]t ,u75oxt 3spfco;.fL { mkfzt]yf8traoIu3fidkd[vo ovd9kd,umkfdkd[vo c]t Iu3fic-oc]h; pa’,umkf,6o.fvudL { mkfzt]yf8traoIu3fidkd[vo[k’-toyfmluj e7ao,umkf.fcfLj T 76.shoadIPo @{# 7qo]kp’ko 9kdoAo 76I;j ,oadIPolts^5[8k,xB,c[[IPoD 136
$ D lqomtok];,djP;da[gs^Qk XAlcohol? ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ T .soh da IPoxt,ko !{@ 7oq g]kjq xtl[q dkodkozt]fy gskQ^ 18j6 k,mvh ’4ojy 0v’8oq mguj 7pu gsoa -k;[kh ogIfa L T 7.6 soh da IPo7oQ 7;kh 8k,xB,c[[IPo c];h 8v[7e4k,G { gs^Qkmulj e7ao,u9ad-toyf 7n-toyf.fcfLj { gs^Qkg,8k]yd c]t gs^Qkgv8k3o] Xgs^Qkgv8k]yd? ,ul6fg7,uco;.f c]t ,uxt3spf co;.f s^n oe.-hg0Qk.ov5flkstdegIafspa’L { dkozt]yfgs^Qk9kdcxh’ c]t gv8uc]o wfhco;.fL { 4hk7qogIqkf,nj gs^Qkg,8k]yd 9t,uvao8t]kpco;.fL T 7I6 ;j ,oda IPolts[^5 8k,7;k,gxoa 9y’D & D lqomtok];,djP;da[x^kl8yd XPlastique? T 76.shoadIPoxt,ko !{@ 7qo [vd-njv5xtdvomjugxaox^kl8ydmjuoadIPog7up.-h s^n g7pu gsoa 18j6 k,mvh ’4ojy 0v’8oq D T 7.6 soh da IPo7oQ 7;kh 8k,xB,c[[IPo c];h 786 ’A 7e4k,G { x^kl8yd c,oj spa’F wfh,k9kdmkf.fF ,ao,uxt3spfco;.fL ovdoAoF dkooe.-h x^kl8yd pa’,uzqodtmq[co;.f8+z6h.-h c]t ly’j c;f]hv,L X76.shoadIPopqd8q;1kj ’ c];h loq mtokI;j ,doa ?D T 76I;j ,oadIPolts^5[8k,7;k,gxao9y’ c]t 8k,xB,c[[IPoD *D lqomtok];,djP;da[glAo.pla’g7kt XglAo.pmP,? T 7.6 soh da IPo7oQ 7;kh 8k,xB,c[[IPo c];h 786 ’A 7e4k,G { gxoa sp’a 9’jb zt]yfgloA .pl’a g7kt0Bo,kL { dkox’5 c8’j gloA .pl’a g7kt,k9kdmkf.fL { dkozt]fy gloA .pl’a g7ktgrvnj gIfa sp’a L T 7I6 ;j ,oda IPolts[^5 G (D lqomtok];,djP;da[1k’1nfla’g7kt X1k’mP,? T 76.shoadIPo7Qo7;hk8k,xB,c[[IPo c]t la’gdfg[yj’I6[16jxB,c[[IPo c]h;76 8A’7e4k,G { ;af45xtgrf.fcfj mujgxao1k’L 137
{ dkox5’c8’j 1k’la’g7kt,k9kdmkf.f c]t x5’c8’j co;.fL ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { dkozt]fy 1k’l’a g7ktgrvjn wxgIfa sp’a c]t ,7u ;k,c8d8kj ’co;.f]ts;kj ’1k’ mluj a’g7kt0Boda[1kj ’9kdme,t-kfL T 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[D V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { dkovvd7;k,7fy gsoa .og;]kloq mtokD { gIfa dkomfq lv[D { lts[^5 zoq 0v’dkomfq lv[wf4h nd8vh ’D { dko8v[7e4k,D 138
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T 76c[’j oadIPovvdgxao @ d,5j 8k,7;k,g\\ktlq,3fpc8]j td,5j 8hv’mqflv[96fgdnv c]t 96f0UgzU’D T 76cotoe;ymudkomqflv[c8]j t0Ao8vo1kj ’]tvPf X8k,xB,c[[IPo? T .shoadIPoc8]j td,5j ]q’,nxt8y[afdkomqflv[fh;p7;k,]t,af]t;a’ rhv,ma’[aombd T 786 ’A 7e4k,G { g,vnj gvqkgdnvdyo Xok8iuvv,d^=iq;?96f.lcj x;w2 la’gdfgsaogxaoco;.fL { g,vnj 96f0UgzU’.lcj x;w2 la’gdfgsaogxaoco;.fL { oadIPo9tlts^5[wfhco;.fL 8;q 1kj ’8k8t]k’[oa mdb zoq lyj’mujla’gdf zqodkola’gdf 0gU z’Y ]d5 w\\h c]t ,7u ;oa lfu e ok8ivu v,d^i= ;q ( NaCl ) 9f6 [w+ \\h T 7.6 s8h k’|kh c8]j td,j5 0ohb ]kp’kozoq D ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ T 9kdoaho 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,lts^5[G 0UgzY’g,nvj 96f c]h;]5dw\\h c]t ,u7;aolufe c,oj mkfvq’7tmkfD lj;ook8iuvv,d^=iq; g,njv96f9t[+w\\h s^n w\\h c8j[+,u7;ao lufe oAo c,jo mkfvtoq’7tmkfD 7v6 tm[y kpgr,ju le][a mkfvojn M 4kh 1kdI;h6 kj gxoa mkfv’q 7tmkf s^n gxoa mkfvto’q 7tmkf gIqklk,kfmqflv[’jkpMfh;pdkogvqkmkfgs^qjkoAo,k96fD 4hkmkf.f96fc]h;]5dw\\h9afgxao mkfvq’7tmkfD 4hkmkf.f96fc]h;[+]5dw\\h s^n w\\hc8[j +,u7;aolufe9afgxaomkfvtoq’7tmkfD @D lqomtok];,djP;da[dkodegouf0v’cIjmkf T .soh da IPo7oQ 7;kh 8k,xB,c[[IPo c]t l’a gdfg[’yj I[6 1xj6 B,c[[IPo T 7.6 soh da IPoxt,ko @{# 7oq g]kjq xtl[q dkozkj o,kdPj ;d[a cImj kf8kj ’Mmgju 7pu gsoa L c];h 786 ’A 7e4k,G { cImj kf,us^kp16.j l c]t gduf0Bowfhco;.fL { cImj kfc,oj spa’L { ,yfF rhkF glAo];fmv’F la’dtluF g’yos^PoDDDgryoj .-hmkflqf s^n cImj kf ,kzt]yfL T 76I;j ,oadIPolts^5[8k,7;k,gxao9y’ c]t 8k,xB,c[[IPoD 140
#D 7Qo7;hkd5j,djP;da[cIjmkf-toyf8jk’M ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ T 7c6 [’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q c];h .sch 8]j td,j5 7oQ 7;kh Xvkf9tc[’j .shd5,j ]t ! sq;0=h?fa’j oUG dD la’dtlu XZn? { cIlj a’dtlul;j os^kprq[gsao.ocI9j er;d.fL { 0t[;odkozt]yfla’dtlu9kdcIlj a’dtlugIaffh;p;umu.fL { la’dtlu,u75oxt3spfspa’cf8j +dkooe.-h.odyf9tdko8kj ’ML 0D mv’ XCu? { cImj v’l;j os^kprq[gsao.ocI9j er;d.fL { 0t[;odkozt]yfmv’lqf9kdcImj v’gIaffh;p;umu.fL { mv’,u75oxt3spfspa’cf8j +dkooe.-h.odyf9tdko8kj ’ML 7D dqj; XSn? { cIdj ;qj l;j os^kprq[gsao.ocI9j er;d.fL { 0t[;odkozt]yfd;qj lqf9kdcIdj ;qj gIaffh;p;umu.fL { d;qj ,u75oxt3spfspa’cf8j +dkooe.-h.odyf9tdko8kj ’ML ’D gs^ad XFe? { cIgj s^da l;j os^kpr[q gsoa .ocI9j er;d.fs^kpd;kj |Lj6 { 0t[;odkozt]yfgs^da dkh 9kdcIgj s^da f;h p;umu.fL { gs^da ,u7o5 xt3spfsp’a cf8j +dkooe.-.h odyf9tdko8kj ’ML 9D g’yo XAg? { cIgj ’yol;j os^kpr[q gsoa .ocI9j er;d.fL { 0t[;odkozt]yfg’yolfq 9kdcIgj ’yogIfa f;h p;umu.fL { g’yo,u7o5 xt3spfsp’a cf8j +dkooe.-.h odyf9tdko8kj ’ML lD ,kf XS? { cI,j kfl;j os^kprq[gsao.ocI.j fcfLj { ,kf,u75oxt3spfspa’cf8j +dkooe.-h.odyf9tdko8kj ’ML -D vuvqf XI? { vuvqfwfh,k9kd.lL c]t vuvqfxtdv[.omkfxtlq,-toyf.fcfLj { vuvqf,uxt3spfspa’cfLj 141
T rkps^a’7Qo7;hk0v’c8j]td5,j .oc8]j t0=h Xd{-? c]h; 76.shoadIPo8k’|hkd5,j 0Bo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ ]kp’kozoq c]t zvh6 onj Mxtdv[7egsoa oe 9kdooA F 7I6 ;j ,oda IPolts[^5 8k,7;k, gxao9y’ c]t 8k,xB,c[[IPoD V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 7r6 9y k]tok9kdG { dkovvd7;k,7fy gsoa .og;]kloq mtok { gIfa dkomfq ]v’ c]t ]kp’kozoq dkomfq ]v’1kj ’4nd8vh ’D 142
rkdmu IX dko4jkpmvf]adltotmk’de,trao [qfmu $# 37i3,3-, g;]k # -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ grvjn .soh da IPolk,kfG !D [vd7;k,\\kpF vq’xtdv[ c]t m1uj 63j 7i3,3-,D @D [vdl’yj mu,j u-u;yfc8]j t-toyf9t,u -5f37i3,3-,ltgrkt0v’-toyfoAoD #D vtmy[kp 95]a’xtlq,grf0v’-toyf.fd=8hv’0tspkp8q;gxaoIjk’dkp-toyfoAo cooj voD $D vtm[y kp|kh m0ju v’37i3,3-,D II. goNv.o8Qo8= ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 37i3,3-, c,jo;af45rNo4ko0v’dko4kj pmvf]adltotln[g-Nv X]adltotde,trao? 1.j6 ocdoj 9]5 ’a D 37i3,3-, xtdv[f;h p @ c0o7Gn c0oloA c]t c0opk; Xvkf9t,0u t|kfgmkjq sn^ [g+ mkjq doa ? g-’jy 8+.ldj oa f;h p9f5 9f5 |’jb g-’jy gvoU ;kj -a’38ic,D 37i3,3-,,uI6[Ijk’c8d8kj ’dao 8k,c8]j tw]pt0v’ dkoc[’j 95]a’ g-aoj G .ow]pt dtdP, 37i3,3-,,]u da ltotgxoa gloA .pc][M gvoU ;kj gloA .p37i,k8ou (Chromatine) g-yj’ [+lk,kfgsaowfh1kj ’-afg9oF c81j 6.j ow]ptdkoc[’j 95]a’ glAo.p37i,k8uosqf8q;lAog0Qk c]t |k0Bo gvUo;kj 37i3,3-,D l’yj mu,j u-u;yfm5d-toyf,u -5f37i3,3-,ltgrkt0v’,aoD 1.j6 o9]5 ’a Ikj ’dkp37i3,3-,1g6j xoa 76j g-’jy grojy cmof;h p 2n. c8]j t7x6j tdv[,u @ 37i3,3-, mu,j uI6[Ikj ’ c]t 0t|kf7ndao gvUo;kj 37i3,3-,7ndao XChromosomes homologues? g-y’j vao|’bj wfh,k9kdr+ c]t vudvao|’bj wfh,k9kdc,Dj 16.j o95]a’ln[rao ,u37i3,3-, c8]j tdy’j 0v’c8]j t76j \\kp;kj gmqkj g7y’j |b’j 0v’9eo;o 37i3,3-,16.j o95]a’Ikj ’dkp g-’yj groyj cmofh;p n D -f5 37i3,3-,|’jb xtdv[f;h pG 37i3,3-, me,tfk sn^ 3v383-,T37i3,3-,grf Xgrf z,h6 u XY; grfc,,j u XX?F l;j o9er;dodq F c,’dtg[vN grfc,cj ,oj XY, grfzch6 ,oj XX. 37i3,3-, [ao95sq;|j;p]adltotln[g-NvF ,u|hkmuj.odkoc[j’95]a’ c]t 7;[75,dko4jkpmvf0=h,6o dPj ;d[a ]da ltotl[n g-vN D 143
III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ I6[rk[.oc[[IPo ;ymtpklkfme,t-kf ,D $D IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D oeg0Qkl6j[qfIPofh;pdko8A’7e4k, { 9]5 ’a c,oj spa’L { 37i3,3-,c,oj spa’ c]t ,u16.j lL @D m;o7nolj;oxtdv[0v’95]a’ c]t [qf[kf0v’37i3,3-,.o95]a’w0jxtlq, grf { 76.shoadIPo @ 7qo 9a[76dj aoc]h;lbdlkI6[rk[ $#D! c]t $#D@ .oc[[IPo|hk @!# rhv,ma’cotoe.shoadIPo\\kp.lIj 6[.sh7q[4h;oF 4nd8hv’ c]t c8h,.lxj B,8qogv’D { lbdlkI6[rk[37i3,3-,.o95]a’w0jxtlq,grf c]t .shoadIPoc8j’xt3spd8k, 7ela[mu.j shw;h.oxB,c[[IPo|hk @!$D { 37i3,3-,c,oj spa’L 9kdoAo 76ltgs^up7e8v[f’ja oUG 37i3,3-, c,oj ;af45rNo4ko 0v’dkol[n g-vN 1.j6 ocdoj 9]5 ’a D #D lbdlkvq’xtdv[ c]t |hkmuj0v’37i3,3-,D { 76 .soh da IPo9[a 7dj6 oa @ 7oq ldb lkv’q xtdv[0v’37i3,3-,.ox,B c[[IPo |kh @!$D { 7.6 szh 8h6 k’|kh d,j5 xt,ko @{# d,j5 0oB ]kp’ko9kdooA 9’jb ltgspu^ I;j ,doa ;kj d,j5 .fgIfa 4dn F .soh da IPoxtdv[7e7yfgsoa I;j ,doa D { 76 c]t oadIPoI;j ,daolts^5[D $D 7Qo7;hkgxaod5j,djP;da[-5f37i3,3-, { 76 c[’j oadIPovvdgxaod5,j 7Qo7;hkdyf9tde !F |hk @!$ c]t dyf9tde @ |hk @!& .sh]tvPfc]h;8v[7e4k,G !? -5f37i3,3-, 1.6j oIkj ’dkp7qo,u7nco;.fL @? 37i3,3-,grf .o95]a’0v’Ikj ’dkp7qo,uco;.fL #? 9eo;o-5f37i3,3-,0v’7qo,u9ad76jF c8j]t76j,uI6[Ijk’ c]t 0t|kf7ndao[+L 144
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