ພາສາລາວ_ ຄູ່ມື

&D cotoegrju,g8u, !? dkolvo[qfoU c,oj dkolvomadltdkog;Qkxtgrf|b’j ltoAoF g;]klvo c]t g/yd g;kQ 8;q 9’y 776 ;o.soh da IPowfgh ;kQ gxoa l;j o.spDj 4kh oda IPovkj ox,B s^n g9ph .og;]kg/dy ]kp’ko d7= ;o.svh kj ogxoa meov’0v’dkog;kQ D @? dko]kp’koxkdgxkqj 9t,7u ;k,c8d8kj ’doa wx8k,c8]j tI[6 c[[ c]t c8]j txtgrf 0v’g]vnj ’mu9j t]kp’ko 3f[ltgrktc,oj rkdl;j ogoNv.og-oaj G ]kp’kodkovjkog]njv’lAo <]eg-ltvNo< T rkdlj;ogoNv.o { 8q;]t7vog]vnj ’d=,u ]eg- da[ sh;poED mevyf]eg-x;j p3-phvo0kfoE c]t phvowfhIa[ dko-;j pgsvn^ 9kd[oa fks;h poE]eg- 9’jb ]vf8kp,kwfDh g,vjn c0’cI’0oB ,k d]= ,n [o5 7o5 [oa fk s;h poE c];h xtdkf8oq gxoa .spj 3fp[w+ fgh xdy lksk].n z lf5 mkh p[oa fks;h poE dr= kdoa d[a 7on l46j oyj gfu,F ]eg-0kfdko-;j pgsn^vc];h d=gsnvfcs’h 8kpD { [qfg]nvj ’oU ovd9kd9tlvj ’cl’.shgsaog4y’75o7kj c]t rt]a’0v’7;k,lk,ad7uc]h; pa’lvj ’cl’.shgsaog4y’zqoIhkp0v’7;k,v;fvqj’mtoq’8q;F ]n,[5o75o0v’\\6jgrnvj o c]h;zqo ded=9toe,klt|v’ c]t ]q’3mf1kj ’ltlq,D f’aj ooA F dko8]u k7k[fq mouj da IPo]kp’ko,k 786 vh ’,;u wy lmfa voa d;kh ’wdF g[’yj sk^ pc’sj k^ p ,6,F s^kp;ymu [+1bf\\Ao.os^addko c]t mafltot0v’8qoc81j kj ’fP;D 4hkskd8aflyo sn^ 8u]k7k 7;k,7yf0v’oadIPozyfrkf d=vkf9tgxaodkodt8h5o,aolt\\v’ c]t vtok7qf0v’g0qkg9Qk d=vkfgxoa wxwfDh V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdf9kdG { dko8v[7e4k, c]t 7;k,shk;sao.odkogIafdyf9tdeD { dkogIaf[qfg/ydsaf c]t 7;k,lts’;o,ad8+da[[qfD d;fzqo’ko9kdG { dko8v[7e4k,mhkp[qf c]t 9kdzqodkolv[gla’xt9egfnvo sn^ xt9e[qfD 96

ສ.ວ.ສ rkdmu IV s^addko.-hrklk [qfmu !# ;t]u c]t |hkmuj0v’;t]u g;]k $ -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd7;k,\\kp c]t xtgrf0v’;t]uwfhD { 9ecod]adlt0v’7e;t]uma’ ( xtgrfwfhD { cd[h fq g/ydsfa c8]j t0w=h f4h nd8vh ’D II. goNv.o8Qo8= \\;f7eg;kQ c8j @ 7e0oB wx 3fp7e1sj6 ’a^ gIfa |kh m0ju tspkp7;k,\\kp0v’7e|kh .s8h kj ’ vvdwxgvUo;kj 7e;t]uF -0nj v’7e;t]ugvUo8k,xtgrf0v’7em0ju Bo8oQ ooA M g-’yj c8]j t7elk,kf cpdvvd c]t ,u7;k,\\kpltgrkt.z,aoD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t 76,j n76 rklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu #D { xB,w;pkdvo]k; mkj o r6,u ;q’;u9yfF w;pkdvo]k;xaf95[aoD { rklkF ;aoot7tfuF ;afmtotme c]t xts;aflkf X,D-?D IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D lvo7;k,\\kp c]t xtgrf0v’7e;t]u dyf9tde !G { .shoadIPo7yfsk7eg;Qkmu,j us^kprtpk’z6h]t ! 7e c]h;[aombd.lxj B,0v’8qogv’w;hD { .shoadIPoc8]j t7qo vvdwx0Po7eg;Qk0v’8qogv’.ldj tfkoD dyf9tde @G 76 c]t oda IPorkdoa ;gy 7kt7e c]t 07h= ;k,mouj da IPo0Po.ldj tfko g-’jy ,oa vkf9tgxoa 7e3ffF 7e,us^kprtpk’F 7e;t]u.f|b’j s^n gxaoxt3spdD .odko[vd;kj ,aogxao7extgrf.f 796 t 8vh ’r9y k]tok.s7h da coj c]t v’u .lsj da^ dkomoju py k,.oc[[IPoF g;]kcpd9t8vh ’g0kQ .9;kj 97

gxao7eg7Qk]k;gfu, s^n g7Qk,k9kdrklkvnoj 3fpltgrkt7emuwj fhg7Qk,k9kd[k]u{laoltdyfF 0tg\\o c]t vonj MF 7egsk^qj oAo9t,us^kprtpk’g-oja G [yfkF ,kofkF ot7voF mafltotF ;ymtpkF 8e|yF fegouoF ]t[P[DDD ok,;t]u c,oj |;f7emu0j Bo8Qofh;p7eok,G { 38t |;j poAo { gInvo s^a’mulv’ { ot7vo s^;’mugj dqkj cdj { ,N muIj hvomulj 5f cmook,;t]u c,oj \\;f7em0uj Bo8Qofh;p7ecmook,G { 0hvp gv’ { r;dg0qk oAo]t de,t;t]u c,oj \\;f7emu0j Bo8Qofh;p7ede,tG { wx gmkt { pkj ’ -hks^kp { gvqk wxlq’j 75ook,;t]u c,oj \\;f7em0uj Bo8Qofh;p7e75ook,G { lv’ /a’j c,oj E0v’ { s^kp vusj ^u g-nvj ,;t]u c,oj \\;f7emu0j Bo8Qofh;p7eg-vnj ,G { ’k, cmhM 8+;t]u c,oj \\;f7emu0j Bo8Qofh;p7e8+G v5mko;t]u c,oj \\;f7em0uj Bo8Qofh;p7ev5mkoG { fh;p 7;k,oa[4n { 0v’ r;d0hvp { c8;j kj [+,u { 9qo;kj ]n,dyo { 3vK ohv’gvup { vtoyf9kgvupK @D |hkmuj0v’7e;t]u dkolvo|hkmu0j v’7e;t]u8kj ’M 7;o9tltg|u8k,8k8t]k’mudj eoqfw;hltgrkt0v’ .z,oa f’ja ],j5 oU g-’jy ;t]mu gju Ifa |kh mcju [[.fdc= ,oj ltcf’.sgh soa .o8k8t]k’F 4kh ;kj gIkq 9tpdq 8;q 1kj ’.oxt3spd.\\j d=7;o;yg7kt.s-h fa g9oglpdvj oG 98

#D! |hkmuj0v’ok,;t]u xt3spd ;t]u gIaf|hkmugj xao 9vd|;j poU 7e8q;8A’ 9vd|;pj oU.-[h +wfDh w,7h vh ogmkQ s;kp 7extdv[ ]5’ladw,7h vh ogmkQ s;kpF s,jq glNvh 0P;DDD Xcsd7d5 ?D I[6 g’kq lk]t7tfu 7e0tspkp7eok, v5flkstdeI6[g’qklk]t7tfu rafmtokwx1kj ’ ;jv’w; de]’a dkp 7e0tspkp7ede,t g0kq vvdde]’a dkpmd5 Mg-kQ 1kj ’gxoa xt9eD T |hkmuj0v’cmook,;t]u ;t]u gIfa |kh mgju xoa xt3spd ສ.ວ.ສ r;dgIkq md5 7oq 7e8q;8A’ r;dgIkq md5 7oq pyofu8vh oI[a mkj oD mkj om’a s^kp 7extdv[ 0hkrtg9Qkpyofu-;j p mkj om’a s^kpD r;dg0kq gskjq^ ooA 7extdv[ r;dgIkq 7;ogIfa 7n r;dg0kq gskj^q ooA D T |hkmujde,t;t]u ;t]u gIaf|hkmguj xao xt3spd o’ja g[’jy 7ede,t ]k;o’ja g[’jy 3m]trk[D l’ja gfou |kh 7ede,t g,vnj z[h6 oa -kdkol’ja gfuo|kh r;d0vh pd=7vj pM mt pvpwx8k,MdaoD pv,8kp 7e8q;8A’ pv,8kpfdu ;kj gxoa 0vh p0kh D 99

T |hkmuj75ook,;t]u ;t]u gIaf|hkmuj xt3spd 0P;lqf’qf’k, 0tspkp7eok, c0;’w-pt[6]u ,uxkj w,h0P;lqf’qf’k,D ];h oc8j 0tspkp7ecmook, r;dgIkq gsk^jq ooA ];h oc8gj xoa 7oq ]k;D lt|oaj s;oaj ws; 0tspkp7ede,t lP’2hkzkj fa’lt|oaj s;oaj ws;D pk;7kf]kf 0tspkp7e]adltotok, 0hvpgsao’6 38pk;7kf]kfD T |hkmuj0v’g-njv,;t]u ;t]u gIfa |kh mgju xoa 8;q xt3spd 9oq dtm’A g-vjn ,xt3spdd[a xt3spd ]k;s^Yody]k 9oq dtm’A ]n,dyog0kQ D mk’fkh o|kh g-nvj ,de,t;t]uda[7eok, mtsko9eo;o|’bj 4nd,v[\\kp.sh xhv’daoxt8m6 k’fhko|hk xhv,D ltgrktc8j g-vnj ,de,t;t]uda[7ecmook, ]k;gIfa .slh tgrktc8]j k;gmkjq ooA D g-oja fP;d[a g-vnj ,7e7o5 ok,d[a 7eok, groyj gIafwfhfu g-oaj fP;d[a vkh pD T |hkmuj0v’8+;t]u ;t]u gIaf|hkmugj xao8q; xt3spd 4kh skd;kj 8+xt3spdd[a xt3spd 0hvp9twx1k,grvnj o 4hkskd;kj /qo[+8qdD l5fc8;j kj 8+xt3spdd[a xt3spd 0hvp[vdc]h; l5fc8;j kj ]k;[+2a’D grktltooA 8+xt3spdd[a xt3spd phvo,u7qowx8afw,hme]kpxkj grktltoAo oE9’bj 4h;,D 9oq d;kj 8+xt3spdd[a xt3spd vk9kovtmy[kp[qfIPo 9qod;kj oda IPo 9tg0kQ .9\\fq md5 7oq D 100

T |hkmuj0v’v5mko;t]u ;t]u gIfa |kh mgju xoa 7e xt3spd 8kpc];h K oe|kh xt3spd 8kpc];h K 0vh p]n,.ldj tc9gInvoD rf5 3mgvpu K oe|kh xt3spd rf5 3mgvupK [+|kh -u;yf9tloA xkooUD 2kh gIpu K oe|kh xt3spd 2kh gvpu K gxoa sp’a gIfa co;ooA D g9kQ gIpu K ,;h omkh pxt3spd groyj [+,da fvd g9kQ gIupD #D dkolvocdh[qfg/ydsaf !D 9q’j [vd;t]uoU;kj r;d,aoc,oj ;t]uxtgrf.fL 7kf\\kpdkocdh 8;q 1kj ’G { 7;kpfe c,oj ok,;t]uD !? dy]kdk’c9h’ < ok,;t]u ສ.ວ.ສ @? dP,Ia[.-h < de,t;t]u #? 0tspao\\oaj rPo < 75ook,;t]u $? g9a[w0hwfhx;j p < 75ook,;t]u &? l5rk[IP[Ihvp < 75ook,;t]u *? oaddy]kma’s^kp < ok,;t]u (? g0qkg9Qkgsk^qj oAo < cmook,;t]u )? .omeov’fP;dao < g-nvj ,;t]u _? 7nda[;kj < 8+;t]u !W? grktltoAo < 8+;t]u @D 9’qj .-h7e8+wxoUgrnvj lhk’;t]u 8;q 1kj ’G { dtfko lkh ’gxoa ;t]u { dtfkofe Ida cr’ !? Iad lkh ’gxoa ;t]u dtgxkq |’a doy w;s^kp @? dtgxqk < l’a gdfg[’jy #? dyo < $? la’gdf < 101

&? lts’q[ < lts’[q ’P[ *? xkddk < xkddk-,b (? dkg2 < dkg2o,q )? g9hp < g9ph c0’ _? g;]k < g;]kg-kQ !W? rklk < rklkv’a dfy !!? fn,j < f,nj s^kp !@? oqdg0qk < odq g0kq mv’ !#? Ihv’ < Ihv’cI’ !$? gs^Nv, < gsvN^ ,p[y M !&? xtgmf < xtgmf]k; #D 9’qj gvqk;t]u8+wxoUlhk’gxaoxt3spd c]h;[vd;kj ;t]uoAogIaf|hkmusj pa’1.6j oxt3spdG 8;q 1kj ’G { c,;9vj p lhk’gxaoxt3spd c,;9vj p9v[dyo|6 gIfa |kh mguj xoa 7e8;q 8’A !? xk1hk’ c,;dyo xk1kh ’D gIfa |kh mguj xoa 7extdv[D @? fvdw2xhv, grojy -N fvdw2xvh ,D gIfa |kh mguj xoa 7extdv[D #? oEvaf]q, oEvaf]q, gxoa loy 7kh 0v’gIkq D gIfa |kh mguj xoa 7e8;q 8’A D $? g9hpvtokw, c,0j vh p-N g9ph vtokw,D gIfa |kh mguj xoa 7extdv[D &? ]6dg8Qkg]kqj d= ]k;[+,u ]d6 g8kQ g]kjq dD= gIfa |kh mguj xoa 7extdv[D *? xt3mxtmkpgvpu xt3mxtmkpgvpu K .zxPj ogvkq gd[u 0v’0vh pD gIfa |kh moju e|kh xt3spdD (? dyos^kp doy sk^ p g9[a mvh ’D gIfa |kh mguj xoa 7e8;q 8’A D )? r;dgIqkma’\\qf r;dgIqkma’\\qf [+gsaofuoeg0qkD gIaf|hkmujgxao7e8q;8A’D _? Ihvo3rf 0hvp[+wx grktvkdkf Ivh o3rfD gIfa |kh mguj xoa 7e0tspkpD !W? fh;pgsfoAo ]k;,;u Pds^kp f;h pgsfooA 9’jb [w+ frh da zvj oD gIfa |kh mguj xoa 7eg-vjn ,D 102

ສ.ວ.ສ 7kf\\kpdkocdh[qfg/ydsaf ;t]8u kj ’M],j5 oU rP’c8cj ,oj l;j o|’jb mpju dq .sgh xoa 8;q 1kj ’ g;]klvo0.= s7h v6 k9kowfrh 9y k ]tokg[’yj 8,nj vud8k,[fq 8;q 9y’D ok,;t]uG -u;yfvyo-u oE2hkoE/qo sq;wIxj kpok 8Qow,hIqddqd|k cmook,;t]uG r;d0hvp de,t;t]uG vkwlwrgry’j 16j Ihv’wshI+kwI pkj ’]af wx-vd8afgvqk 4Y,]q’wx oa’j lt,kmy16j 75ook,;t]uG dt;qodt;kp -5,j -noj pnopk; 96oj r6oj g]]j Pj , v5mko;t]uG cfjmhvo g-njv,;t]uG grkt;kj pa’gs^nvc8j VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdf9kdG { 7;k,gvqk.9.l.j odkogIafdyf9tde8k,7el’aj 0v’76D { 7;k,lk,ad7uda[\\g6j rvnj o .odko0Po c]t dkolts^5[zqo’koD d;fzqo’ko9kdG { .sh7tcoodkogIaf[qfg/ydsaf c8]j tsq;0=hD 103

[qfmu !$ s^addko.-h7e8+ c]t 7eg-njv, g;]k $ -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ .soh da IPolk,kfG { vtmy[kp7;k,\\kp c]t pqd8q;1kj ’0=h7;k,mu,j u7e8+7eg-nvj ,’kj pMwfhD { 9ecod]adlt0v’7e}0=h7;k,mu.j -h7e8+ c]t 7eg-nvj ,mu’j kj pMwfhD { cd[h fq g/dy sfa c8]j t0w=h f4h dn 8vh ’gxoa l;j os^kpD II. goNv.o8Qo8= 7eg-vjn , c]t 7e8+ c,oj 7e9eo;o|’jb mgju rojy deofq w;lh tgrktd,j5 .z,oa F 7eg-vjn , c,oj 7emgju -vjn ,]ts;kj ’7eok,d[a 7eok,F 7eok,d[a 7ede,tF 7eok,d[a 7ecmook,F 7ede,t da[7ede,t .-h7e8+grnjv8+7e|bj’.lj7evnjoF 8+0=h7;k,|bj’.lj0h=7;k,vnjoF 8+xt3spd|bj’.lj xt3spdvojn D III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t 76,j n76 rklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu #D { xB,w;pkdvo]k; mkj o r6,u ;q’;u9yfF w;pkdvo]k;xaf95[aoD { rklkF ;aoot7tfuF ;afmtotme c]t xts;aflkf X,D-? IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D dkolvo7;k,\\kp0v’7eg-njv, c]t 7e8+ dyf9tde 760Poxt3spd0=h7;k,]5,j oU.ldj tfko c]t .shoadIPo7Qo7;hk;y9kogxao76j s^n gxaod5,j ;kj c,oj 0=h7;k,c[[.fF 7emuj gxao8q;|a’lng0A,c,oj 7espa’L { r;dg0qk[+I76h ao0hvp[+g;Qk.sh2a’D { /qo8qdc8jcffvvdD { { r+c,rj 6,.9s^kp7ao;kj ]6dgxao7qofuD { zqozt]yf9kd-k;[hkoD { de,tdvogIaf;Pd1o6j vds=radoadlbdlkD { ]k;Ia[zyf-v[g0frkpovdvk7koIPoD 104

ສ.ວ.ສ@D dkolvodko.-h7eg-njv, 76lqomtok c]t vtmy[kpdko.-h7eg-nvj , 3fpoe.-hs^addko c]t 8q;1kj ’]5,j oUG @D! .-hgxao7e[5[rt[qf 7e[5[rt[qf c,oj 7eoe|hkgrnvj g8nvo.shI6hg-y’j wfhcd7j egs^qkj oUG f6]kF f6dvj oF 0hkc8Fj cot ]D 8q;1jk’37’lhk’G 7eg-njv, T ;t]u}0=h7;k, { f6djvo mkj oz6h-q’75o;5fmyma’s^kp { f6]k mkj omu,j udPfma’s^kp { 0hkc8j mkj omugj 7qk]q[ma’s^kp { cot ohv’-kp @D@ .-hg-njv,7e}0=h7;k,.shz6draodao ly’j mu9j tmugj -nvj ,,u 7e}0=h7;k, T 7e}0=h7;k, mu,j u7;k,z6draodao g-y’j wfhcd7j egs^qkj oUG g-y’j F l6Fj pa’F lYoF lhP’F 8ts^vfF g4y’F IvfF gmQkF 9qoF 9qog4y’F 9qodtmA’ ] D 8q;1jk’37’lhk’G 7ede,t T 7eg-njv, T 7eok, { wxl6j[hkoD { pjk’8ts^vf7noD 7ede,t;t]u T 7eg-njv, T 75ook,;t]u { c9h’0kj ;wxpa’m5dM[hkoD { g;opk,9qog4y’ * 3,’g-QkD 105

7ecmook, T 7eg-njv, T 7eok, { rtvq’lhP’rt-qoD @D# .-hg-njv,7emuj,u]adltotgxaogsfzqo ly’j mu9j tg-nvj ,,u 7e}0=h7;k,T7e}0=h7;k,F mugj xaogsfgxaozqo.shdao c]t dao g-y’j wfhcdj 7egs^qkj oUG fh;pF 3fpF vaoF 8k,F grktF ,uF da[F phvoF 7v[ ] D 8q;1jk’37’lhk’G 7e}de,t;t]u T 7eg-njv, T 7eok, { wfhdyophvo]6d { gsaoda[8k de,t;t]u T 7eg-njv, T 75ook,;t]u { g;Qkvvdgrktg9a[.9s^kpD xt3spd T 7eg-njv, T 7eok, { ]qfc]oj 8k,mk’D @D$ .-hg-njv,7emuj,u]adltot,v[.sh ly’j mu9j tg-nvj ,,u 7e}0=h7;k,T7e}0=h7;k,F mugj xaodko,v[.shdao c]t dao g-y’j wfhcd7j e gs^qkj oUG cdFj cfFj 8+F grnvj F le]a[F ltgrktF 9egrkt ] D 8q;1jk’37’lhk’G 7e} 0=h7;k, T 7eg-njv, T 7eok, { g0qk2hv’8+lkoD { ]k;gsaocdj|hkD 106

ສ.ວ.ສ xt3spd T 7eg-njv, T 7eok, { g0qkglplts^tgrnjv-kfD xt3spd T 7eg-njv, T xt3spd { ]af4t[kowfh,v[.[phv’p=.sch djz6h,uzqo’kofugfoaj D @D& .-hg-njv,7emuj,u]adltot[vd[jvo9kdwx ly’j mu9j tg-nvj ,,u 7e}0=h7;k,T7e}0=h7;k,Fmugj xaodko9kdwx{,k s^n xP[mP[ g-y’j wfhcdj 7egs^qkj oUG c8Fj 8A’c8Fj 9kdF d;kj F gsf ] D 8q;1jk’37’lhk’G 7e};t]u T 7eg-njv, T 7e};t]u { zqozt]yf9kd-k;[hko3rolufkD xt3spd T 7eg-njv, T 7e};t]u { 0hvpgxaomtsko8A’c8j xu 7DlD @WW# @D* .-hg-njv,7e}0=h7;k,muj,u[vd7;k,gxaog9Qk0v’ ly’j mu9j tg-nvj ,,u 7e}0=h7;k,T7e}0=h7;k,Fmu[j vd7;k,gxaog9Qk0v’ g-y’j wfhcd7j egs^qkj oUG cs’j F 0v’F ] D 8q;1jk’37’lhk’G 7e};t]u T 7eg-njv, T 7e};t]u { glNv0v’0hvpD { ltrkcsj’-kfD { mtok7kocsj’ lDxDx ]k;D 107

xt3spd T 7eg-njv, T 7e};t]u { okp76gxaoc,rj y,0v’-kfD @D( .-hg-njv,7e}0=h7;k,muj,u[vddjP;da[lt4komuj l’jy m9ju tg-vjn ,,u 7e}07=h ;k,T7e}07=h ;k,F m[ju vddPj ;d[a lt4komju g-’jy wfch d7j egskj^q oUG mFju .oF ovdF rkp.oF rkpovdF .8hF dhv’F gmy’F g|nvF [qoF Iy,F c7,F cxt ] D 8q;1jk’37’lhk’G 7e};t]u T 7eg-njv, T 7e};t]u { wxg[y’j wfmh ujlt|k,dy]kD xt3spd T 7eg-njv, T 7e};t]u { g0qkovo1.6j ogInvoD { de,tdvogIaf;Pd1o6j vds=radoadlbdlkD { ]k;Ia[zyf-v[g0frkpovdvk7koIPoD @D) .-hg-njv,7e}0=h7;k,muj,u[vddjP;da[g;]k ly’j mu9j tg-nvj ,,u 7e}0=h7;k,T7e}0=h7;k,F mu[j vddPj ;da[g;]k g-y’j wfhcd7j egs^qkj oUG ,NF dvj oF 7aog,nvj F rkp]5oF 9qog4y’F 9qo8ts^vfF gmQkg4y’F xt,koF lhP’F ] D 8q;1jk’37’lhk’G 7e};t]u T 7eg-njv, T 7e};t]u { m5d7qo9t8hv’8noj 8vog-QkD { g0qkwx3I’IPodjvo\\6j { r;dgIqkradzvj oxt,ko #W okmuD { 7aog,njv0hvp,kg4y’]k;d=|umaomuD 108

#D dkolvodko.-h7e8+ 76vtmy[kps^addko c]t 7;k,\\kp.odko.-h7e8+-toyf8kj ’Mf’aj 8q;1kj ’],5j oUG #D! 8+7eF 8+0=h7;k, s^n 8+xt3spdmuj]vpwx8k,dao 0=h7;k,mu]j vp8k,dao s^n vto53],wxoedaoc,oj d5,j 7egs^qkj oUG da[F ma’F c]tF 9b’j F d=9b’j F 7aoF 7ao;kj ] D 8q;1jk’37’lhk’G 7e T 7e8+ T 7e T 7e T ;t]u { vhkpda[ohv’wx3I’IPoxt4q,lq,[6oD { r+c]tc,rj kdaowx1k,gvNvp0hvpD xt3spd T 7e8+ T 7e}0=h7;k, ສ.ວ.ສ { 0hvpvk[oEc]h;d=9bj’ovoD { 0hvp[+g[y’j ma’[+lqo.9D xt3spd T 7e8+ T xt3spd { r;dg0qk[+I76h ao0hvp[+g;Qk.sh2a’D { r+c,rj 6,.9s^kp7ao;kj ]6dgxao7qofuD 8;q 1kj ’]tvPfG { vhkpda[ohv’wx3I’IPoxt4q,lq,[6oD { 0hvp[+g[y’j ma’[+lqo.9D { r+c]tc,rj kdaowx1k,gvNvp0hvpD { groyj gIafspa’d=,u7qophv’D { 0hvpvk[oEc]h;d=9bj’ovoD { r;dg0qk[+I76h ao0hvp[+g;Qk.sh2a’D { r+c,rj 6,.9s^kp7ao;kj ]6dgxao7qofuD 109

#D@ 8+0=h7;k,muj0afdao 0=h7;k,mu0j afdao s^n 0afcph’daoc,oj d5,j 7egs^qkj oUG c8Fj c8;j kj F d=F 4hkF c,oj ;kj F ] D 8q;1jk’37’lhk’G xt3spd T 7e8+ T 0=h7;k, { gryoj [+xt;Pd’ko4hk[+g9a[w0hD xt3spd T 7e8+ T xt3spd { /qo8qdc8jcffvvdD 8;q 1kj ’]tvPfG { /qo8qdc8jcffvvdD { Ikj ’dkpg0qkc0’cI’c8j;jk9yf.9[+g0A,c0’D { g0qk,ug’yod=-N-u;yf7no,k[+wfhD { gryoj [+xt;Pd’ko4hk[+g9a[w0hD { ]k;pa’[5d[noc,jo;jkz6hvnoj 4vpwx\\qfc]h;D #D# 8+0=h7;k,8jk’/jkp 8+0=h7;k,8kj ’/kj p c,oj dko8+0=h7;k,,u]adltotcpd167j qo]t/kj pwfhcd7j egs^qkj oUG l;j oF l;j o;kj F /kj pF /kj p;kj F vao|b’j vudF vud1kj ’|b’j ] D 8q;1jk’37’lhk’G xt3spd T 7e8+ T 0=h7;k, { ]k;xt8[y fa 8k,]t[P[wffh cu ];h voa |’jb vdu p’a ]tf,q \\gj6 rvjn oD xt3spd T 7e8+ T xt3spd { r;dz6h-kp.sh8adoElj;o;jkc,pj y’.shx6dzadD 110

8;q 1kj ’]tvPfG { mhk;;ao,adIPo|a’lln ;j omhk;cf’0U7hkowx3I’IPoD { r;dz6h-kp.sh8adoElj;o;jkc,pj y’.shx6dzadD { -k;ok0kpg0Qk/jkp-k;l;o0kpzad c]t \\kdw,hD { 7qof5\\oaj .zMd=phv’p/= kj p;kj 7qo0U7hko.zMd=8y8PoD { ]k;xt8y[af8k,]t[P[wfhfuc]h;vao|bj’pa’]tfq,\\6gj rnvj oD { ]k;gIaf;Pdfh;p7;k,8A’.9vud1jk’|bj’pa’gxao7qovk]q,fuD #D$ 8+0=h7;k,mujgxaogsfgxaozqo 8+0=h7;k,mugj xaogsfgxaozqo c,oj dko8+c[[0=h7;k,|b’j gxaolkgsf c]t vud0=h7;k,|b’j gxoa zoq g-’jy wfch d7j egskjq^ oGU grktF grkt;kj F pvh oF pvh o;kj F f;h p;kj F gsf;kj F ltooA F f;h pgsfooA F grktltoAoF grktDDD9’bj ] D 8q;1jk’37’lhk’G xt3spd T 7e8+ T 0=h7;k, { gIqkgIaffgu rkt1kdwfhfuD ສ.ວ.ສ xt3spd T 7e8+ T xt3spd { -k;okwfhzqozt]yfs^kpphvo;jkg0qkg9Qk,u7;k,f5\\aoj D 8;q 1kj ’]tvPfG { gIqkgIaffgu rkt1kdwfhfuD { g0qk4ndw]vj vdgrkt;jkgIafzyf]t[P[IhkpcI’D { ]6dgxao7qofuphvo,ur+c,vj q[Iq,l’aj lvoD { -k;okwfhzqozt]yfs^kpphvo;jkg0qkg9Qk,u7;k,f5\\aoj D { gryoj xt8y[af4nd8hv’fh;p;jk,uxtlq[dkos^kpc]h;D { -k;[hko8hv’lk,ad7udao8+lg6h sf;jk,aoc8t8hv’zqoxt3spfl;j o];,D { g0qkgvqk.9.ldj koIPogxao1kj ’flu toAo9’bj gla’zkj owfhm5d;y-kD { gryoj Iadlkl50trk[wfhffu h;pgsfoAo9b’j [+,urtpkf[Pf[PoD { grkt]k;gxao7qo-nlj af9bj’wfhIa[7;k,g7qk]q[oa[4ngxao1kj ’fuD 111

#D& 8+0=h7;k,c[[c[j’Ia[c[j’l6h 8+0=h7;k,c[[c[’j Ia[c[’j l6h c,oj dko8+0=h7;k,mu[j +cooj vo s^n gxaodko7kf7tgogvqk g-y’j wfhcd7j egs^qkj oUG 4hkF 4hk;kj F skdF skd;kj F zy;kj F c,oj ;kj F g;Aoc8Fj g;Ao9kdF ovd9kd ]D 37’lhk’8q;1jk’G xt3spd T 7e8+ T 0=h7;k, { ]k;vkf9tg9a[s^kp4hk0kflt8yD xt3spd T 7e8+ T xt3spd { g0qk7q’8kpc]h;4hk;jkg0qk16wj dmkj o\\=D 7e8+ T 0=h7;k, T xt3spd { skd[+wfhwx1k, 0hvp9t0Po9qf\\kp4k,0kj ;g9QkD { 1kj ]n,c;gj Invo0hvpskd;jkg9Qkwx[5o;afr69exkladD 8;q 1kj ’]tvPfG { ]k;vkf9tg9a[s^kp4hk0kflt8yD { g0qk7q’8kpc]h;4hk;jkg0qk16wj dmkj o\\=D { skd[+wfhwx1k, 0hvp9t0Po9qf\\kp4k,0kj ;g9QkD { 1kj ]n,c;gj Invo0hvpskd;jkg9Qkwx[5o;afr69exkladD { zy;jkg9Qk[+[vd 0hvpd=lk,kfgIafwfhD { gryoj 8v[lt|v’m5d1kj ’g;Aoc8jly’j mu[j +,uD { r+c,gj lplts^t.sh]6dwfhm5d1kj ’ovd9kd-u;yf0v’gryoj D #D* 8+0=h7;k,.shg]nvdgvqk 8+0=h7;k,c[[g]nvdgvqk c,oj dko8+0=h7;k,mu4j k, s^n .shg]nvdgvqk1kj ’.f1kj ’|b’j g-y’j wfhcd7j egs^qkj oUG s^nF s^n[+F [+fa’j oAo ] D 112

37’lhk’8q;1jk’G xt3spd T 7e8+ T 0=h7;k, { g9Qk,adIPo s^n ,ads^Yody]kD { g9Qk9twx s^n [+d=8k,.9L xt3spd T 7e8+ T xt3spd { g9Qk8hv’IPo|a’ln[+faj’oAog9Qk8hv’wxovoD 8;q 1kj ’]tvPfG { g9Qk,adIPo s^n ,ads^Yody]kD { g9Qk9twx s^n [+d=8k,.9L { g9Qk8hv’IPo|a’ln[+faj’oAog9Qk8hv’wxovoD #D( 8+0=h7;k,c[[xP[mP[ 8+0=h7;k,c[[xP[mP[ c,oj dko8+0=h7;k,m,uj u,t3ork[ 9kdok,tmewx.lIj 6[xtme s^n ok,tmemcju 9,j c9’h d;kj g-’jy wfch d7j egskjq^ oGU 7fn ’ja F ff5 9tf’ja F g\\vn of’ja F g\\vn o;kj F xkoF xko;kj F Ik;F Ik;da[F rP’F rP’fa’j ] D 37’lhk’8q;1jk’G ສ.ວ.ສ 0=h7;k, T 7e8+ T 0=h7;k,}xt3spd { wddaoxko2hkda[fyoD { g9a[[kf.f7n;jk.9-y0kfD 7e}0=h7;k, T 0h=7;k, { 2v’oE.spIj k;|;j pr6g0qkD { g1ao7nda[ 9a[oEdhvopk,|k;D 113

8;q 1kj ’]tvPfG { wddaoxko2hkda[fyoD { lP’fa’cI’xko;jklP’2hkzkj D { g9a[[kf.f7n;jk.9-y0kfD { g1ao7nda[9a[oEdhvopk,|k;D { 2v’oE.spIj k;|;j pr6g0qkD { 8Qo\\kdgzafl6’rP’sq;0v’0hvpD { lu0k;’k,g\\nvofaj’pv’/hkpD { ]k;2hvo’k,f5f9tfaj’ok’gm[myfkD $D dkolvocdh[qfg/ydsaf $D! c[[g/ydsafmu ! ,u @& 0=h 7kf\\kpdko8v[.sh76g[y’j 8k,8q;1kj ’]tvPf.odko .-h7e8+ fa’j muwj fhdkj ;,kc]h;D $D@ c[[g/ydsafmu @ ,u7kf\\kp8v[faj’oUG 8q;1jk’G { 7;kpfe c,oj ok,;t]uD !? dy]kdk’c9h’ < ok,;t]u @? dP,Ia[.-h < de,t;t]u #? 0tspao\\oaj rPo < 75ook,;t]u $? g9a[w0hwfhx;j p < 75ook,;t]u &? l5rk[IP[Ihvp < 75ook,;t]u *? oaddy]kma’s^kp < ok,;t]u (? g0qkg9Qkgsk^qj oAo < cmook,;t]u )? .omeov’fP;dao < g-nvj ,;t]u _? 7nda[;kj < 8+;t]u !W? grktltoAo < 8+;t]u 114

$D# c[[g/ydsafmu # ,u7kf\\kp8v[faj’oUG 8q;1jk’G { dtfko lhk’gxao;t]u { dtfkofe Iadcr’ !? Iad lhk’gxao;t]u dtgxkq |’a doy w;s^kp @? dtgxqk < l’a gdfg[’jy lts’[q ’P[ #? dyo < xkddk-,b dkg2o,q $? la’gdf < g9ph c0’ g;]kg-kQ &? lts’q[ < rklkv’a dfy f,nj s^kp *? xkddk < odq g0kq mv’ Ihv’cI’ (? dkg2 < gsvN^ ,p[y M xtgmf]k; )? g9hp < _? g;]k < !W? rklk < !!? fn,j < !@? oqdg0qk < ສ.ວ.ສ !#? Ihv’ < !$? gs^Nv, < !&? xtgmf < $D$ c[[g/ydsafmu $ ,u7kf\\kp8v[faj’oUG 8q;1jk’G { c,;9vj p lhk’gxaoxt3spd c,;9vj p9v[dyo|6D gIaf|hkmujgxao7e8q;8A’D !? xk1hk’ c,;dyo xk1hk’D gIaf|hkmujgxao7extdv[D @? fvdw2xhv, gryoj -N fvdw2xhv,D gIaf|hkmujgxao7extdv[D #? oEvaf]q, oEvaf]q, gxaolyo7hk0v’gIqkD gIaf|hkmujgxao7e8q;8A’D $? g9hpvtokw, c,0j hvp-N g9hpvtokw,D gIaf|hkmujgxao7extdv[D &? ]6dg8Qkg]kqj d= ]k;[+,u ]6dg8Qkg]qkj d=D gIaf|hkmujgxao7extdv[D *? xt3mxtmkpgvup xt3mxtmkpgvupK .zxPj ogvqk gdu[0v’0hvpD gIfa |kh moju e|kh xt3spdD (? dyos^kp dyos^kp g9a[mhv’D gIaf|hkmujgxao7e8q;8A’D 115

)? r;dgIqkma’\\qf r;dgIqkma’\\qf _? Ihvo3rf [+gsaofuoeg0qkD gIaf|hkmujgxao7e8q;8A’D !W? fh;pgsfoAo 0hvp[+wx grktvkdkf Ihvo3rfD gIaf|hkmujgxao7e0tspkpD ]k;,u;Pds^kp fh;pgsfoAo 9’jb [+wfrh da zvj oD gIfa |kh mugj xao7eg-vnj ,D [vd]kp]tvPfG ;t]u8kj ’M]5,j oU rP’c8cj ,oj l;j o|b’j mupj qd.shgxao8q;1kj ’ g;]klvo 0=.s7h v6 k9kowfrh y9k]tokg[’yj 8,nj vud8k,[fq 8;q 9y’D ok,;t]uG -u;yfvyo-u oE2hkoE/qo sq;wIxj kpok 8Qow,hIqddqd|k cmook,;t]uG r;d0vh p de,t;t]uG vkwlwrgry’j 16j Ihv’wshI+kwI pkj ’]af wx-vd8afgvqk 4Y,]q’wx o’aj lt,kmy16j 75ook,;t]uG dt;qodt;kp -5,j -noj pnopk; 96oj r6oj g]]j Pj , v5mko;t]uG cfmj vh o g-njv,;t]uG grkt;kj pa’gs^nvc8j VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdf9kdG { 7;k,gvqk.9.l.j odkogIafdyf9tde c]t I;j ,lqomtokD { 7;k,lk,ad7uda[\\g6j rvnj o .odko0Po c]t dkolts^5[zqo’koD d;fzqo’ko9kdG { .sh7tcoodkogIaf[qfg/ydsaf c8]j tsq;0=hD 116

ສ.ວ.ສ [qfmu !& [k’7ela[m5]tdyf g;]k $ -q;j 3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd7;k,\\kp0v’m5]tdyf c]t rklkm5]tdyfwfhD { I6h9ad7;k,lele7aoF [vd]adltot c]t [vd7;k,\\kp0v’la[m5]tdyfwfhD { vtmy[kp7;k,\\kp0v’la[m5]tdyfwfhl;j o.f|’bj D IID goNv.o8Qo8= [k’7ela[m5]tdyf gxao7;k,I6h.\\lj e]a[oadIPo c]t vk9ko goNv.o0v’[qfoU9td;, gvqk7;k,\\kp00v’m5]tdyfF rklkm5]tdyfF 7;k,le7ao0v’rklk]k;.omk’m5]tdyfF ]adltot0v’rklkm5]tdyf c]t 7;k,\\kp0v’la[m5]tdyf7nG m5]tdyf \\kpg4y’ dkogIaf;Pd’ko1kj ’.f1kj ’|b’j 0v’,to5f g-y’j ,u]adltot grnvj dko 7kh 0kpg-oja G dko-N0kpF dko[=]ydkomk’dko7kh F dko7,q ,tok7,q F dko0oq l’jq c]t dko8yf 8+lulj ko]ts;kj ’z6hzt]t]yfda[z6h[=]y3rd s^n g;Qkvud1kj ’|’bj ;kj G dko’koxt9edPj ;da[;y-k-u[ dko7hk0kp s^n dyf9tdko1kj ’vnoj mujle7ao c]t [+c,oj ]af4tdkoD rklkm]5 tdyf \\kpg4y’ dko.-rh klk.om]5 tdyf8kj ’Mg-oja G dko.-rh klk]k; grvnj dko 8yf8+lnlj ko.o;Pd’kodko7hk s^n dko[=]ydko8kj ’M s^n dko.-hrklk]k;muj0Po0BodPj ;da[ dko7hkF dkog’yoF v5fltstde c]t dko[=]ydko8kj ’MD <l[a [m]5 tdfy < \\kpg4’y 7el[a m,uj 7u ;k,\\kpltgrkt.omk’m]5 tdfy zmh6 guj Ifa ;Pd.ofkh o oU8hv’lbdlk c]t me7;k,g0Qk.9 grvnj .-h.odkollnj kog-’yj daoc]tdaoD IIID lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPorklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,xumu #D { xB,76,j n76rklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,xumu #D { xB,xt,;o7ela[;ymtpklkf c]t gvdtlko8kj ’MmujdPj ;0hv’mk’m5]tdyfD 117

IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D dkolvo7;k,\\kp0v’m5]tdyf c]t rklkm5]tdyf { 76lk,kf8A’7e4k,.shoadIPo7Qo7;hk sk7e8v[wfhf’aj oUG !? m5]tdyfc,oj co;.fL @? rklkm5]tdyf c,oj rklkco;.fL { g,vjn oda IPo7oQ 7;kh sk7e8v[wfch ];h 7d6 g= voU oda IPo8v[8k,]ef[a 0v’7e4k,f’ja dkj ; c]t .soh da IPo.osvh ’8fy 8k,dko8v[0v’c8]j t7oq c]t c8]j t7e4k,D 9kdooA F 796 ’jb vtm[y kp c8]j t0.h= s]h tvPf c]t lts[5^ 7e8v[mguj xoa gvdtrk[ g-’jy 7e8v[c8]j t09h= t8vh ’1.j6 o0v[g0foGU !? m]5 tdfy \\kpg4’y dkogIfa ;Pd’ko1kj ’.f1kj ’|’jb 0v’,tof5 g-’jy ,]u da ltot grvjn dko 7kh 0kpg-oja G dko-N0kpF dko[=]ydkomk’dko7kh F dko7,q ,tok7,q F dko0oq l’jq c]t dko8yf 8+lnjlko]ts;jk’z6hzt]yfda[z6h[=]y3rd s^n g;Qkvud1kj ’|b’j ;jkG dko’koxt9edjP;da[;y-k-u[ dko7hk0kp s^n dyf9tdko1kj ’vnoj mujle7ao c]t [+c,oj ]af4tdkoD @? rklkm]5 tdfy \\kpg4’y dko.-rh klk.om]5 tdfy 8kj ’Mg-oja G dko.-rh klk]k; grvjn dko 8yf8+lnlj ko.o;Pd’kodko7hk s^n dko[=]ydko8kj ’M s^n dko.-hrklk]k;muj0Po0BodPj ;da[ dko7hkF dkog’yoF v5fltstde c]t dko[+]ydko8kj ’MD { g,nvj oadIPog0Qk.9[aosk8kj ’Mc]h; 76vkf9tmqflv[7;k,g0Qk.90v’oadIPo fh;p dkopdq gvkq 7el[a m\\uj kpg4’y vk-[u 8kj ’M grvjn .soh da IPo[vd;kj G vk-[u .fmduj Pj ;0vh ’d[a m]5 tdfy c]t vk-u[.f[+rq;raoda[m5]tdyfg-oaj G T -k;ok T de,tdvo T c,7j hk T [=]ylafd+lhk’ T okp76 T z6h[=]ysko3I’cI, 4hkoadIPo[vdwfhd=gxaovao;kj oadIPog0Qk.9 4hkoadIPo8v[[+wfh76d=8hv’vtmy[kp c]t -Uc9’ f’aj oUG c,7j hkF [=]ylafd+lhk’ c]t z6h[=]ysko3I’cI, c,oj vk-u[mudj Pj ;0hv’ da[m5]tdyfD le]a[z6h[=]ysko3I’cI, 4hkskdgxaoz6h gIaf;Pd gvqkg’yogfnvo 9t[+c,oj vk-u[mk’ m5]tdyfS 4kh skdm’a gxoa z[h6 =]ysko c]t g9khq 0v’3I’cI, c,oj \\kpg4y’vk-u[murj ;q roa d[a m]5 tdyfD 118

ສ.ວ.ສ@D dkolvo7;k,le7ao0v’rklk]k;.omk’m5]tdyf { dkolvo7;k,le7oa 0v’rklk]k;.omk’m5]tdyf,u0=hmu7j ;o.soh da IPo99nj ef’ja oUG !? rklk]k;,u7;k,le7ao8+da[m5]tdyfco;.fL @? dko8yf8+lnlj ko.omk’m5]tdyf lk,kfcpdvvdwfh9ad1kj ’L 1kj ’.fcfLj 760Po7e4k,faj’djk;.ljdtfko s^a’9kdoAo vkf9t.shoadIPo7Qo7;hksk7e8v[gxao ]kp[5d7qo s^n gxaod5j,c]h;c8j7;k,g\\ktlq, c]t 7;k,ltf;d0v’76D g,njvoadIPo 7oQ 7;kh sk7e8v[wfch ];h 7d6 .= sgh 0kq g9kQ 0oB ]kp’ko8k,]ef[a 0v’7e4k,D dko8v[7e4k, 776 ;ogvkq .9.l.j szh mh6 [uj +7vj pwfvh vd7e7fy 7egsoa gxoa 9f5 |da 4kh oda IPo8v[wffh u d7= ;og-ou -;o \\6jgrnjvo-q,g-up grnjvgxaodko.shde]a’.9 c]t dt85ho.shz6hmju[+,advvd7e7yfgsao 1kdvvd 7e7yfgsoa vud.o7’A 8+MwxD lf5 mkh p 796 ’jb gxoa zlh6 ts^[5 .soh da IPo9fq dkj pgxoa [fq IPowffh ’ja oUG !? dko.-rh klk]k;,7u ;k,le7oa c]t 9egxoa 1kj ’p’jy .o8fy 8l+ ljn komk’m]5 tdfy 4kh dko lnjlko[+dq’da[95fxtlq’F ,u]adltotd;,];,F [+l5rk[ s^n [+4nd.90v’z6hIa[lko pjv,gIaf .shl6oglp]kpwfh s^n zqodew] 9eo;o,tsklkowxwfh.ory[8k 3fpltgrkt.op5dxaf95[ao g-’yj ,du koc0’j 0oa doa l’6 D f’ja ooA F z.h6 -rh klk9’jb 8vh ’7eo’b ltg\\;u kj G <.-rh klk.sdh ’q d[a 7;k,\\kpF [+.-h7espk[F .-hrklk.shg\\ktda[3vdkfF lt4komuj c]t g\\ktda[[5d7qooAo7nzqodew].o m5]tdyf<D @? dko8yf8+lnlj komk’m5]tdyf lk,kfcpdvvdwfh @ 1kj ’7nG dkolq’j lko g-y’j xtdv[ fh;pdkog;Qk c]t dko0PoD dkoIa[lko xtdv[fh;pdko2a’ c]t dkovkj oD T dkog;Qk dkog;Qkovd9kd9tgxao4hvp7emjug;Qkc]h; pa’I;,gvqkdkoltcf’vvd vonj M.o0totmugj ;Qkvudg-oaj G dkoc8’j 8q;F mkj mk’.odkopkj ’F o’aj F pnoF [5d7t]yddtrk[];,M c]t dy]ypkvkdkovonj M.og;]kmugj ;kQ vudf;h pD T dko0Po ovd9kd9t0Pogxoa 8;q |’a lcn ];h p’a xtl,q xtlko]ts;kj ’I[6 rk[F loa pt]da F czo;kfF dik2ydF lt4y8yF 8q;g]dDDD T dko2a’ gxaodko2a’9kdz6hg;Qk3fpdq’ 8ts^vfIvfdko2a’9kdln8j kj ’Mg-aoj G dko2a’ 9kd;ymtp5F g7vnj ’lP’F 3m]tla[gxao8QoD T dkovkj o gxaodkovkj o9kd|a’ln s^n 0=h7;k,8kj ’M c]t pa’I;,g4y’dkovkj o 9kd czo;kfF czomujF I6[rk[F lt4y8yF 8q;g]d c]t laopt]advnoj M gxao8QoD 119

#D dkolvo]adltotltgrkt0v’rklkm5]tdyf { dkolvo0=hoU 76vkf9tgxaoz6hvtmy[kp.shoadIPo2a’ 3fpgoAo.shoadIPog0Qk.9.olv’ [oa sk7Gn !? rklkm5]tdyf da[rklkmq;j wxc8d8kj ’daoco;.fL @? ]adltotle7ao0v’rklkm5]tdyf,u9ad]adltotL ]adltot.fcfLj dkovtm[y kp[oa skf’ja dkj ; 796 t8vh ’v’u .lgj ovN .o0v’c[[IPogxoa sda^ g-oja G rklkm]5 tdfy ,u]da ltotmucj 8d8kj ’9kdrklk3fpm;jq wx grktdkogIfa m]5 tdyf 8vh ’gIfa 1kj ’;vj ’w;c0’j d[a g;]k c]t c0’j 0aodao.od,5j mujgIafm5]tdyffP;daoD f’aj oAoF rklkm5]tdyf9’bj goAo7;k,ltf;dF ;vj ’w;F moa g;]k c]t leg]fa zoq 8k,gxkQ \\kpm;uj k’w;Dh ovd9kd9tv’u .lcj [[IPogxoa sda^ c];h 7v6 kf9tpdq gvkq l[a rklkm.uj -1h .6 o0’q g0f;Pd’ko.f|’jb grvjn l,q mP[.soh da IPol’a gdfg4’y 7;k, c8d8kj ’doa g-oja G ]da ltot0v’rklkm.uj -1h .j6 odk[dvo d[a rklkm]5 tdfy DDD le][a ]da ltotle7oa 0v’rklkm5]tdyf 76p’yj 9egxaomu9j t8hv’wfhvtmy[kpF lq,mP[F xP[mP[.shgsaoc8]j t]adltot c]t c8]j t95fryglfD $D dkolvo7;k,\\kp0v’la[m5]tdyf { dkolvo7;k,\\kp0v’la[m5]tdyf 76vkf9tgxaoz6hvtmy[kp c88j hv’goAo.shoadIPo g0kQ .9f’ja oGU !? co;.f9b’j gvUo;kj la[m5]tdyfL 76vu’.lgj oNv.oxB,c[[IPogrnvj vtmy[kp7nG <la[m5]tdyf< \\kpg4y’ 7ela[muj,u7;k,\\kp ltgrkt.omk’m5]tdyf z6hmujgIaf;Pd.ofhkooU8hv’lbdlk c]t me7;k,g0Qk.9 grnvj .-h.odko lnlj kog-y’j daoc]tdaoD la[m5]tdyfmujdeoqf c]t oypq,.-hdao.o;q’dkom5]tdyf,u1kj ’s^;’s^kp g-aoj G s5hoF s5hol;j oF shk’s5hol;j o9edafF [=]ylaf gxao8QoD { g,nvj oadIPog0Qk.97;k,\\kp0v’la[m5]tdyfc]h; 769b’j cotoe.shoadIPovkj o c]t me7;k,g0kQ .9dPj ;d[a xt,;ol[a m]5 tdfy m,uj 1u .j6 oc[[IPo.s\\h fq c];h vfa x,B w;Dh 796 ’jb 0Po7el[a mjudP,w;h.ljdtfkoS 7ela[mju760Po.ljdtfkooAo lj;os^kp.shgxao7ela[mju,u.oc[[IPo lj;o7ela[vnjomju[+,u.oc[[IPod=.sh,uc8j8hv’gxao9eo;o|hvpD 9kdoAoF 769bj’gvUo-njoadIPo c8]j t7qo .sh[vd7;k,\\kp0v’c8]j tla[ 8yf8+daowxg]NvpM9qo\\qf7ela[muj0Pow;hD 4hkla[.f mujoadIPo8v[[+wfh 76vkf9t.shoadIPo7qo.f7qo|’bj mujlk,kf8v[wfh s^n vtmy[kpwfh 8v[cmo c8j76d=8hv’8yf8k,F cotoe c]t 7vp-j;pgs^nvg0qkg9QkD 4hkskdpa’vtmy[kp[+wfhcmhM 120

76d=8hv’wfhvtmy[kp.shg0qkg9Qkg0Qk.9 3fpvu’.l7j ;k,\\kp0v’la[8k,c[[IPogxaos^ad c]t 7;k,I[a Igh6 0kQ .90v’7D6 7el[a m7uj o6 e,k0Po0oB dtfko vkf9toe,k9kd[fq IPo sn^ [fq g/dy sfa f’ja oGU { [ao-ufe { [ao-ugxao { dkoxtdaowr { dkoxtdaov5[afgsf { dko37ltoklyo7hk { dkod;fdk[ao-u { 8ts^kf,nf { rk;tg’yo/nf { mtok7kolq’j glu,dtlyde { mtok7kodko7hk8kj ’xtgmf]k; { g’yoleIv’mtok7ko { .[laopk { dko0kpg]s^’a { ]af;ylkstdyf { shk’I5hol;j o9edaf { cI’’ko { g’yogfnvo { 3[oaf { [yo { g’yo8k &D cotoegruj,8nj, ສ.ວ.ສ { [fq ogU xoa [fq mguj xoa 7;k,I.h6 \\cj doj da IPo c]t 7D6 f’ja ooA F dkoIPo{dkolvo9twfIh [a \\kd zoq 1kj ’|kh gr’jy r.= 9le][a 7z6 lh6 voooA F 796 t8vh ’wfmh e7;k,g0kQ .9[fq IPo1kj ’g]dy g-’jy F 7oQ 7;kh c]t -vdskvx5 tdvoF ;fa 9tokod5 ,q l[a m]5 tdfy .swh f1h .j6 o]tf[a .f|’jb c];h 9tgIfa .sdh koIPo{ dkolvoltf;d0BoF ,u[aopkdkffuF lhk’.shoadIPo,u7;k,lts’;o,ad.o;y-ks^kp0BoD g4y’ ;jk[qfoU9tgxao7;k,I6h.\\jd=8k,c8j;ymudkolyflvod=pa’7ngdqjkD ltoAoF 76d=lk,kfoe.-h;ymu dkolvowfsh ^kpI[6 s^kpc[[ grvjn gIfa .sdh koIPodkolvo,su ^kds^kpllu oa D VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdf9kdG { dkolqomtokF dkome7;k,g0Qk.9 c]t 7Qo7;hksk7e8v[0v’oadIPoD { 7;k,shk;sao.odkogIaf;Pdmu7j 6,v[.shD d;fzqo’ko9kdG { dko8v[7e4k,mhkp[qf c]t dkocdh[qfg/ydsafD 121

[qfmu !* dko.-hrklkmk’m5]tdyf g;]k $ -q;j 3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ .soh da IPolk,kfG { .-h7e.sh4nd8hv’8k,]adltot0v’rklk]k;wfhD { .-h7eok,F 7ecmook,F 7ede,tF 7e]adltotok, c]t 7eg-nvj ,wfhD { I6h9adla[ c]t leo;o0v’rklk.omk’m5]tdyfwfhl;j o.f|’bj D IID goNv.o8Qo8= dkooe.-hrklk]k;g0Qk.o;Pd’kom5]tdyf ,u7;k,le7ao c]t 9egxaos^kp 4hkskd oe.-hrklk[+4nd8hv’8k,]adltot c]t s^adw;pkdvoc]h; vkf9tgIaf.shdko8yf8+rq;rao mk’m5]tdyfrq[7;k,sp5h’pkd IhkpcI’wxd;jkoAovkf9tgIaf.shm5]tdyfdhk;wxl6j7;k, s^Q,9q,d=gxaowxwfhD fa’j oAoF dko.-hrklkg0Qk.omk’m5]tdyf9toe.-h3fpmuj[+7eob’g4y’sa^ddko oAoc,oj [+wfhg-aoj G dkog]nvd.-h7eok,F 7ecmook,F 7ede,tF 7e]adltotok, c]t 7e g-vnj ,D ovdooA p’a 9t8vh ’wfgh ]nvd.-lh [a c]t leo;o7nG dko.-4h vh p7eleo;o9’bj 8vh ’ry4yry4oa F g]vn d.-rh klk.sgh \\ktl,q d[a [d5 7oq F dk]t gmlt c]t oe.-sh da^ 9fy 8t;my tpkg0kQ -;j p grvjn .s7h oq .o;q’dko gg]t ]6d7hk,u9yf.9z6draoda[lyo7hk c]t r=.9dko[=]ydko0v’8qovudfh;pD IIID lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPorklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu #D { xB,76,j n76rklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu #D { xB,la[rto5dq,;ymtpklkfme,t-kf c]t ;ymtpklkfla’7q, c]t gvdtlko8kj ’M mudj Pj ;0vh ’mk’m]5 tdyfD IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo dvj odkolvodPj ;da[dkog;Qk.o3vdkf8kj ’MoU 76vkf9tl’qj [qfd;fdkF cotoedkocdh [fq g/dy sfa sn^ m;o7on [fq gdkjq grvjn lkh ’7;k,loq .9.sch doj da IPo c]t 7;k,8+govjn ’0v’[fq IPo g-’yj 7l6 k,kfm;o7nowffh ’aj oUG !? m5]tdyfc,oj co;.fL @? rklkm5]tdyfc,oj rklkco;.fL #? rklkm5]tdyf,u7;k,le7aoco;.fL 122

ສ.ວ.ສ9kdooA F 9’jb oeg0kQ l[j6 fq IPo7ndkolvo[fq .\\Dj !D dkolvodko.-h7e.sh4nd8hv’8k,]adltot0v’rklk]k; { 76gxaozh6[aopkpg4y’7;k,le7ao0v’dko.-h7e.sh4nd8hv’8k,]adltot0v’rklk]k; loj6 da IPo2’a 3fpv’u 8k,7evk]ert[fq 0v’c[[IPo[fq m!u * 9kdooA F 7d6 v= kf9tc[’j oda IPo vvdgxao $ d5,j s^n s^kpd;kj c]h;c87j ;k,g\\ktlq, c]h;c9d1kp7e4k,muj76wfhdP,w;hc]h; .shc8]j td,5j 7Qo7;hksk7e8v[ g-y’j 7e4k,0v’c8]j td,5j 9twfh7ndaof’aj oUG !? dko.-h7e.sh4nd8hv’8k,]adltot0v’rklk]k;,u9ad]adltotL ]adltot.fcfLj @? 9q’j vtmy[kp c]t pqd8q;1kj ’xtdv[c8]j t]adltot,kg[y’j D { g,nvj oadIPo7Qo7;hksk7e8v[wfhc]h; 76d=gvUoc8]j td,5j 0Bo]kp’ko8k,]efa[0v’d,5j c]t .shd5,j vnoj M8yf8k,D 9kdoAoF 769b’j vtmy[kpc8]j t0=h.sh]tvPf c]t lts^5[7e8v[mujgxao gvdtrk[ g-’yj 7e8v[c8]j t0=9h t8vh ’1.j6 o0v[g0f0v’goNv.oc[[IPoD @D dkog]nvd.-h7eok, dkolvodkog]nvd.-h7eok,,u0=h7;o99nj ef’ja oUG !? dkog]nvd.-h7eok, 7;o7eob’g4y’vao.fL @? dkog]nvd.-h7eok, g,nvj oewx.-h7;ory9k]tok.shIv[7v[co;.fcfLj { 76vtmy[kpc8]j t[aosk.sh]tvPfF 9tc9h’ 3fpvu’8k,goNv.o0v’c[[IPogxaos^ad7nG !? dkog]nvd.-h7eok,8hv’.sh4nd8hv’8k,]adltot c]t |hkmu0j v’7e c]t 7;o7yf g4y’7;k,\\kp 7eok,[k’7e,u7;k,\\kps^adg\\nvodao c87j ;k,\\kpmuj-hvo c/’8kj ’doa D @? dkog]nvd.-h7eok, g,nvj oewx.-h7;ory9k]tok.shIv[7v[7nG T 7eok,mudj Pj ;0hv’da[4kot0v’[5d7qoD T 7emudj Pj ;0hv’da[7;k,l5rk[0v’rklkD #D dkolvodko.-h7e]adltotok, { dkolvo dko.-h7e]adltotok,76vkf9txt8y[af7ndaoda[0=h @ Xdkog]nvd.-h7eok,? c8.j o0=oh U,u0m=h u7j ;o.soh da IPo99nj e,u7nG !? 7e]adltotok,,u;ymu.-hco;.fcfLj c8]j t;ymu,u7e.fcfLj @? 7e]adltotok,muj.-hwfhma’16j|hk c]t s^a’0v’7emuj[vd9eo;oc,oj 7e.fL { 7e4k, sn^ [oa skle7oa f’ja dkj ; 7v6 kf.soh da IPoldb lksk7e8v[D 4kh skdoda IPo8v[wfh 4nd8hv’ c]t -afg9o 76d=[+9egxao8hv’vtmy[kp8n,j S 76vkf9t.shg0qkg9Qkg/yd.-h]adltotok, ooA g]pu g-’jy 7v6 kf9t.sgh 0kq g9kQ -vd7eok, c]t 9eo;o,k c];h 8,jn 7e]da ltotok,ooA .lfj ’ja oGU 123

T ]adltotok,[vd-toyfg-aoj G lt[a[F 38 s^n 8q;F .[F g]nvj ’F gs^A,F ]eDDD T ]adltotok,mju[vd\\;f\\6jg-aoj G dv’F 7totF /6’F ;q’DDD T ]adltot[vdlao4kog-aoj G f;’F czoj F ;q’DDD T ]adltot[vdvkdkog-ajoG deF ,afF s+DDD T ]adltotok,mju-E-njg-aoj G dt-;’F 8ec|’j F [hkoF g,nv’F c0;’F 7v[7q;F [aoskF ]tf6F ;afF 05,F lq[F sk’F sq;DDD $D dko.-h7ecmook, { 7v6 tm[y kp7;k,\\kp c]t ]da ltot0v’7ecmmook,loj6 da IPo2’a 9kdooA F 7v6 kf9t 8’A 7e4k,loq mtokd[a oda IPog-oja G dko.-7h ecmook,,u7;k,dPj ;0vh ’d[a sp’a cfLj 4kh skd .-hzyf9tltcf’g4y’vao.f c]t ,uzqoco;.f8+da[dkogIafm5]tdyfL { 7v6 kf9t.soh da IPo8v[ c]t ltcf’7;k,7fy gsoa gxoa ]kp[d5 7oq sn^ 8k,7;k,lt\\da .9 g-’jy 7e8v[ooA 9t8vh ’v’u .lgj ovN .o[fq IPogxoa sd^a g-oja G dPj ;0vh ’d[a grfF d[a 4kot0v’zgh6 ;kQ c]t dPj ;0vh ’d[a 7;k,lr5 k[D l;j o[oa skvonj MooA 9tgxoa 7;k,IFh6 7;k,7yfgsoa c]t mfa ltot 0v’g0kq g9kQ c87j d6 =8vh ’cotoeg0kq g9kQ D &D dko.-h7ede,t { 76vkf9txt8y[af7ndaoda[0=h$D Xdko.-h7ecmook,? c80j h=oU,u0=7;o.shoadIPo99nj ef’aj oUG !? 7ede,tc,oj 7eco;.fL g;]k.-h7;o7eob’g4y’spa’L @? 7;k,c8d8kj ’daomk’fhko7;k,\\kpoAovkf9trq;raog4y’spa’cfLj 7v6 kf9t.soh da IPo8v[ c]t ltcf’7;k,7fy gsoa gxoa ]kp[d5 7oq sn^ 8k,7;k,lt\\da .9 g-’jy 7e8v[ooA 9t8vh ’v’u .lgj ovN .o[fq IPogxoa sd^a 4kh oda IPo8v[wfdh l= tcf’;kj oda IPog0kQ .9 [fq IPofu c];h 7d6 =lvo0=h.\\8j +wxD *D dko.-h7eg-njv, X7e[5[rt[qf? { dkolvo0oh= U 7v6 kf9tfegoou 7dn oa d[a 0h= $ c]t 0h= & md5 xtdkodw= fh s^n 796 t.soh da IPovkj o x,B c[[IPoooA dvj o c];h 796 ’jb 8’A 7e4k, grvjn .sgh 0kq g9kQ loq mtokdoa gxoa 71j6 3j6 8t.z,oa sn^ vkf9t .shmvj ’9egvqkg]upd=wfh g-’yj 7e4k,76vkf9t8A’.shg0qkg9Qkf’aj oUG !? 7eg-nvj ,gxao7eco;.fL @? 7emuj.-hs^kp c]t oe.-h1kj ’la[lqo,u7e.fcfj c]t ,us^addko.-hco;.fL 4kh 7.6 sgh 0kq g9kQ mvj ’9eF 7d6 8= vh ’deofq g;]k.s3h fpxt,ko 9kdooA F d.= sgh 0kq vfa x,B w;ch ];h gvoU -.nj zz|h6 ’jb 0oB 8v[ 4kh oda IPo8v[wfdh l= tcf’;kj oda IPog0kQ .9D 124

ສ.ວ.ສ(D 0=h7;o]t;a’.odko.-h7e { 76gxaoz6hvtmy[kpg4y’7;k,le7ao c]t 0=h7;o]t;a’0v’dkooe.-h7ela[.shoadIPo2a’ 1kj ’]tvPf rvh ,doa ooha 7v6 kf9t.sgh 0kq g9kQ g/dy .-.h oc8]j txtgrfwxrvh ,D dkog/dy c8]j txtgrf ooA 7v6 kf9t.sgh 0kq g9kQ lkh ’xt3spd 3fpoe.-3h 7’lkh ’0v’xt3spd8;q 1kj ’gxoa sda^ sn^ 7v6 kf9t gvkq [fq g/dy sfa 0h= _ .sgh 0kq g9kQ gIfa g]pu 4kh skdg0kq g9kQ lkh ’xt3spdwfh c]t 4dn 8vh ’dg= xoa voa ;kj g0kq g9kQ g0kQ .9[fq IPofDu )D la[ c]t leo;omk’m5]tdyf { le]a[la[mk’m5]tdyf 7eg;Qk c]t leo;omuj.-h.omk’m5]tdyf wfhltg|uc]h;.o 0=h $ 0v’[qfmu !& .ozkj o,kD fa’j oAoF 76vkfcotoegruj,8n,j g]adohvpc]h;lvoleo;om5]tdyfg]upD dkolvoleo;om]5 tdfy 7v6 kf9tvtm[y kpg4’y 7;k,le7oa .odkog]vn d.-4h vh p7eleo;o1kj ’ 8db 8v’ c]t r4y ry 4y oa F g]vn d.-rh klk.sgh \\ktl,q d[a [d5 7oq F dk]tF gmlt c]t oe.-sh d^a 9fy 8t;y mtpkg0Qk-;j p grvnj .sh7qo.o;q’dko gg]t ]6d7hk,u9yf.9z6draoda[lyo7hk c]t r=.9dko[=]ydko 0v’8qovudfh;pD 9kdoAoF 9b’j cotoe.shoadIPoI6h9ad]adltot0v’leo;om5]tdyf 3fpvu’.lj x,B c[[IPo g,vjn oda IPog0kQ .9c];h 7v6 kf9t.sgh 0kq g9kQ -vdskleo;o8kj ’Mmguj 0kq g9kQ g7pu wfph oy c]t wfhgsaozkj o,k c]h;76gxaoz6h;yw9l6gj 0qkg9Qk2a’;kj vao.fc,oj leo;o c]t [+c,oj leo;o 4kh g0kq -vdwfdh 4= ;n kj g0kq g0kQ .9[fq IPofDu _D cotoegrju,8nj, { dkolvo[fq oU ovd9kd796 txt8[y fa 8k,x,B 7,j6 on cU ];h F 7v6 kflk,kflfy lvo.oc[[vojn wfh g-oja G 7c6 [’j oda IPovvdgxoa d,j5 .s7h [q 8k,s;q 00=h v’[fq IPo c];h c[’j 7;k,I[a zyf-v[8k,ooA c]h;.shc8]j td5,j 0Bo]kp’koD c8lj y’j mujle7ao.sh76g0Qk.9;kj dkolvo[qfoU[+c,oj dkolvos^ad w;pkdvo1kj ’8kp8;q F ,oa gxoa dkolvodkooe.-sh da^ w;pkdvog0kQ .o;Pd’kom]5 tdfy D f’ja ooA 786 vh ’rtpkpk,-da oeg0kq g9kQ .swh foh e.-.h o;Pdm]5 tdyf.ssh ^kpgmkjq .fp’yj gxoa dkofuD VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdf9kdG { dkolqomtokF dkome7;k,g0Qk.9 c]t 7Qo7;hksk7e8v[0v’oadIPoD { 7;k,shk;sao c]t 7;k,lqo.9.oc8]j t[aoskD d;fzqo’ko9kdG { dko8v[7e4k,mhkp[qf c]t dkocdh[qfg/ydsafD 125

[qfmu !( rkdlj;o0v’dk[dvo g;]k $ -q;j 3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vdrkdl;j o0v’dk[dvowfDh { 9ecodrkdl;j o8kj ’M0v’dk[dvowfDh { ,7u ;k,Ida ,da .odkoc8’j dk[dvoD IID goNv.o8Qo8= rkdlj;o0v’dk[dvogxaorkdlj;oxtdv[mujle7aoD dkoc8j’dk[dvo 4hk0kfvq’ xtdv[.f|b’j s^n rkdl;j o.f|b’j c]h; 9tgIaf.shdk[dvo[+7q[4h;o c]t [+,;j oD rkdl;j o0v’dk[dvo,uG 7eF 8voF ;adF g2Nv’F [kfF [qf g-y’j rkdl;j ogs^qkj oU,u7;k, leraodao c]t le7aogmkqj MdaoD IIID lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPorklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu #D { xB,76,j n76rklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu #D { x,B dk[dvo8kj ’MD IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo dvj odkolvodPj ;d[a dkoc8’j dk[dvoF 796 t8vh ’7eo’b ltg\\;u kj G dkoc8’j dk[dvo9t 4dn 8vh ’ c]t 7[q 4;h owfdh 8= g+ ,vjn ;kj dk[dvo,lu ;j oxtdv[m7ju [q 4;h oD f’ja ooA F dvj o9tc8’j dvowfh 9t8vh ’wf,h u7;k,I.h6 og]vjn ’rkdl;j o8kj ’Mmxju tdv[1.6j odk[dvo 4kh 0kf7;k,If6h kh of’ja dkj ; c]h; 9t[+lk,kfc8’j dk[dvowfhg]upD .o8q;9y’c]h;F m5d7qo]h;oc81j kdc8’j dk[dvogxao c]t c8’j wfh,;j ovvo-vo c8dj =,u |hvp7qomulj k,kfc8’j wfh 3fpltgrkt.o\\6joadIPo9tgsao;kj 7;k,lk,kf.odkoc8’j dk[ dvopa’[+,us^kpgmqkj mu7j ;oD phvoco;oAo 9b’j oegvqk7;k,I6h8kj ’MdPj ;da[dk[dvo vaomu9j t x6rNo4ko.odkoc8’j dk[dvo.o8+|hkg0Qk16.j osa^dl6fdkoIPodkolvo grvnj .shoadIPolbdlk gxoa rNo4ko8k,]ef[a wxD 126

ສ.ວ.ສdkolvo[qfoU dvj ovnoj 768hv’dec|ho95fxtlq’ dkoIPoI6h.shfu c]t 4ngvqks^addko.oxB, c[[IPogxoa roN 4koF 4gn vkq oda IPogxoa 9f5 .9dk’ c]t dkolvomfy ltf8u vh ’8fy roa d[a rkdxt8y [fa ltg\\Du dkocotoedyf9tde g;]kg/yd769tgxaozh6oerk9kd8q;1kj ’ rhv,ma’cotoe;ymuxt8y[af l;j o]kp]tvPf f’aj 0Ao8vomu9j tdkj ;oUD !D dkooeg0Qkl6j[qfIPo dvj o9tIPo[fq oU 776 ;odkj ;g4’y dk[dvomIju Po1-6j oA ,fa mtp,q xmu u @ grvjn .s7h ;k,Id6h Pj ;d[a dk[dvowf8h g+ ovjn ’doa D 7v6 kf9t4k,grvjn -da oe7;k,loq .9 c]t 7;k,99jn e0v’oda IPowffh ’ja oGU 1.6j o-Ao,afmtpq,xumu @ wfhIPodPj ;da[dk[dvo[=L 4hkwfhIPoc]h;d=4k,g9kt9U,8,nj vud;kj G !? dk[c,oj co;.fL @? dvoc,oj co;.fL #? dk[ c]t dvoc8d8kj ’daoco;.fL .o7e4k,oU 76vkf9tgvUooadIPo8v[gxao[5d7qo s^n 8k,7;k,lt\\ad.9D dko8v[4hk oda IPo8v[wfh d=ltcf’;kj oda IPo,u7;k,99nj efu c];h 7d6 =g-uo-;o\\gj6 rvnj o-,q g-upD 4kh oda iPo 8v[[+wf h76d=8hv’wfhvtmy[kp s^n 8v[lo6j adIPo2a’D 7e8v[0v’7e4k,c,oj 1.6j o0v[g0foUG !? <dk[<c,jodvoxtgrf|bj’ g-yj’,udkolezaf-hvo8+daowxg]NvpM c8j8Qo9qo9q[[qfD ]adltotdkolezaf0v’dk[ ;ad|b’j 9t,u ( 7eF 8vo|hk,u # 7e c]t 8vos^a’,u $ 7e 3fp[+ deofq gxoa [kf7dn k[dvovojn D @? <dvo< c,oj [fq xtgrf|’jb m,ju du kolezfa gdktdkj pdoa gxoa c4; 7fn ’ja dvogIvn oD ]da ltot 0v’dvo.o;ad|b’j ,u ( 7eF _ 7eF !! 7e s^n !& 7eD dvopa’,u7e[5[rt[qf8n,j g0Qk0hk’|hk c]t 7elvh p8,nj g0kQ 0kh ’s^’a D #? dk[c8d8kj ’9kddvo1[6j vj o;kj G dk[[,+ su da^ 7ext9e[vj o l;j odvoc,oj ,su d^a 7ext9e [vj o8kp8q; g-’yj [+lk,kfphkpwx[vj ovonj [+wfhD g,vjn m[q m;o7;k,Igh6 dkjq c]t -da oe9fy .90v’oda IPoc];h 7d6 g= 0kQ l[j6 fq IPo.\\j 7n 0oA lvo [fq .\\Dj @D 0Ao8vodkolvo[qf.\\j 76vtmy[kp c]t oerklqomtokdjP;da[rkdlj;o8jk’M0v’dk[dvo g-yj’,u[aoskmuj rk.shoadIPo9wnj fh f’aj oUG !? rkdl;j o0v’dk[dvo\\kpg4y’vao.fL 127

@? rkdl;j o0v’dk[dvo,u[qf[kfle7ao7nco;.fL #? rkdl;j o8kj ’M0v’dk[dvoxtdv[,uspa’cfLj 768A’7e4k,.shoadIPo8v[8k,[aoskfa’j dkj ;oAo c]h;9b’j lts^5[];,3fpvu’8k,goNv.o 0v’c[[IPof’ja oGU rkdlj;o0v’dk[dvo\\kpg4y’vq’xtdv[8jk’M.odk[dvo g-yj’,u7;k,le7aos^kp grkt;kj dkoc8’j dk[dvo4kh 0kfv’q xtdv[.f|’jb c];h 9tgIfa .sdh k[dvo[+,;j oF [+7[q 4;h oD rkdl;j o8kj ’Mmujxtdv[.odk[dvo,u7nG 7eF 8voF ;adF g2Nv’F [kf c]t [qf gxao8QoD 9kdooA F 7d6 =lvoc8]j trkdl;j ogxoa ]ef[a f’ja 8+wxoUG @D! dkolvodjP;da[7e1j6.odk[dvo { 7v6 tm[y kp7;k,\\kp0v’7e.odk[dvo.soh da IPog0kQ .9 3fp0Podvo ! s^n @ [kf0oB dtfko c];h oerkoda IPol’a gdf;kj 7e.odk[dvoc,oj co;.fL c]t ,[u fq [kfle7oa 1kj ’.fL { .shoadIPo0ufdhv’7e.odk[dvo .o8q;1kj ’m7uj 60Po0BodtfkoD { 760Po7emuj,urtpk’fP; vvdlP’fP; c]t 7emuj,ulv’rtpk’ c8jgxao7efP;.o dk[dvo rhv,ma’vtmy[kp7;k,9egxao c]t g;]koe.-h7egs^kqj oAo.shoadIPog0Qk.9D 8q;1kj ’G 4tcs^’F 4t|v,F ztspkF 0tspaoF 8ts^kfDDD @D@ dkolvodjP;da[xtgrf0v’7e.odk[dvo { 760Podvo ! [kf0Bodtfko 3fp.shoadIPovkj odvofa’j dkj ;7A’|b’j 9kdoAooerk 9ecodxtgrf7e.odk[dvo 8k,]efa[],5j oUG @D@D! dkolvodjP;da[7egxao { dkolvo7egxao l’yj m7uj ;o.shoadIPo99nj e,uf’aj oUG !D 7;k,\\kp0v’7egxao c,oj co;.fL @D 7egxao c[’j vvdgxao9ad9er;dL { .shoadIPo8v[ rhv,ma’g/yd.shoadIPo-vdsk7emuxj tdv[fh;plts^tlP’pk;.odvo mu7j 60Po0BodtfkoF 9kdoAoF .sh-vd7emluj tdqffh;p 8q;ltdqfgxaoD { s^n 769t8A’7e4k,lqomtokda[oadIPof’aj oUG !D gxaospa’9b’j g;Qk;kj 7emuxj tdv[fh;plts^tlP’pk; c]t 7emulj tdqffh;p8q;ltdqf gxao 9b’j gvUo;kj 7egxaoL 8v[G phvo7egs^qkj oAoxtdv[ s^n zaolP’wx8k,I6[;aootp5fwfhD { 76vkf0Po8q;1kj ’ 7egs^kqj oAo0Bodtfko c]h;xtdv[;aootp5f.shg[y’j 8n,j D 128

ສ.ວ.ສ@D@D@ dkolvodjP;da[7e8kp { dkolvodPj ;da[7e8kp l’yj mruj k.shoadIPo99nj e,uf’aj oUG !D 7;k,\\kp0v’7e8kp,uco;.fL @D 7e8kp,u9ad9er;dL #D gxaospa’9b’j gvUo;kj 7e8kpL { 760Podvo ! s^n @ [kf 0Bodtfko c]h;.shoadIPo0Bowx0ufdhv’7e8kp.odk[dvofa’j dkj ;D { .shoadIPo0Po7emuxj tdv[fh;plts^tlP’lAo c]t 7emulj tdqffh;p8q;ltdqf8kp16j.o dk[dvof’ja dkj ;D { .shoadIPo0Po7emuxj tdv[fh;plts^tlP’lAo c]t 7emulj tdqffh;p8q;ltdqf dF fF [D 0Bodtfko c]h;8A’7e4k,.shoadIPo8v[f’ja oUG !D gxaospa’7emuxj tdv[fh;plts^tlP’lAo 9b’j gvUo;kj 7e8kpL 8v[G phvozaolP’wx8k,I6[;aootp5f[+wfhD @D gxaospa’7emulj tdqffh;p dF fF [D 9b’j zaolP’wx8k,I6[;aootp5f[+wfhD 8v[G phvogxao8q;ltdqf8kpD @D@D# dkolvodjP;da[7egvd { 760Podvo ! s^n @ [kf 0Bodtfko c]h;.shoadIPola’gdf7egvd.odvooAoD dkolvo [aoskoU l’yj mruj k.shoadIPo99nj e,uf’aj oUG !D 7egvdc,oj 7emuxj tdv[fh;p;aootp5fgvd Vj c]t 7emu.j -h8q;ltdqf8kp d=.-h cmo7egvdwfhD @D 7emuxj tdv[fh;p;aootp5fgvd 8hv’gxao7emuxj tdv[fh;plts^tlP’pk; c]t 7emulj tdqffh;p8q;ltdqfgxaoD { 760Po7emulj tdqffh;p dF fF [D 0Bodtfko c]h;8A’[aosk .shoadIPo8v[fa’j oUG !D gxaospa’7emulj tdqffh;p8q;ltdqf8kp,ulP’gvd16.j o8q;c]h; g4y’9txtdv[ Vj g0Qk s^n [+ lP’0v’7eoAod=pa’[+xPj ocx’D 8q;1kj ’G dqdF [afF gdnv[F g]nvfF ]6[F DDD -+oU -volvffh;p 7aomt-kff;’sv, jh j 129

{ dkoc8’j dk[dvo g,nvj gryoj sk7egvd Vj Xw,hgvd? ,k.l[j +wfh d=9t.-h8q;ltdqf8kpcmo fa’j 8q;1kj ’0hk’gmy’ Xlvf c]t -kf?D @D@D$ dkolvodjP;da[7e3m { dkolvodPj ;da[7e3m l’yj mruj k.shoadIPo99nj e,uf’aj oUG !D 7e3m c,oj 7emuxj tdv[fh;p;aootp5f3m XVh?D @D 7emuxj tdv[fh;p;aootp5f3m c,oj 7emuxj tdv[fh;plts^tlP’pk; c]t 8q;ltdqfgxao gmkjq ooA D { 760Podvo ! s^n @ [kf0Bodtfko c]h;.shoadIPola’gdf7e3m c]t .shoadIPo0Bowx 0ufdhv’7emxuj tdv[fh;p;aootp5f3mD lyj’muj7;ogvqk.9.ljG dkolvo7e.odk[dvo 8vh ’1fb 4n]da ltot.odk[dvogxoa l’yj le7oa [+7;ooerkw9ch pd d;kh ’gduowx 9oq dkpgxoa dkolvo;y-kw;pkdvoD f’ja ooA F dkolvo9t8vh ’8fy roa d[a dk[dvoltg\\u grkt;kj 7emdju kj ;.omoju cU ,oj 7e.odk[ dvo c]t .-h.odk[dvo3fpltgrktD #D dkolvodjP;da[8vo { dkolvodPj ;d[a 8vo.odk[dvo ,ul’yj mruj k.shoda IPo99nj ef’ja oUG !D 7;k,s,kp0v’8voc,oj co;.fL @D dkoxtdv[7e.odk[dvogxaoco;.fL { 760Podvo ! s^n @ [kf0Bodtfko c]h;.shoadIPo0Bowx0uf\\kp8vo.odvooAo 3fp.sh g[y’j 8q;1kj ’.oxB,c[[IPo X0=h @?D { 760Podvo ( \\kp8vo.odvooAoD ;ymula’gdfG { dvo ( ;ad|b’j ,u ( 7e c[’j gxao @ 8vo7nG 8vo|hk # 7e c]t 8vos^a’ $ 7eD { dvo ) ;ad|b’j ,u ) 7e c[’j gxao # 8vo7nG 8vo|hk # 7e 8vodk’ @ 7e c]t 8vos^a’ # 7eD { dvo _ 7e ;ad|b’j ,u _ 7e c[’j gxao # 8vo7nG 8vo|hk # 7e 8vodk’ # 7e c]t 8vos^a’ # 7eD 130

ສ.ວ.ສ$D dkolvodjP;da[;ad { dkolvodPj ;da[;ad.odk[dvo ,ul’yj mruj k.shoadIPo99nj ef’aj oUG !D 7;k,\\kp0v’;adc,oj co;.fL @D ]adltotdkoxtdv[7e.o;ad,uco;.fL { 760Podvo ! s^n @ [kf0Bodtfko c]h;.shoadIPola’gdf 9kdoAoF .shoadIPo0Bo0uf \\kp;ad.odvooAo 3fp.shg[’yj 8q;1kj ’.oxB,c[[IPo X0=h #?D { 76ltg|u-n0j v’;adg-aoj ;admu ! ;adltfa[F ;admu @ ;adIa[F ;admu # ;adIv’F c]t ;admu $ ;da l’jq D 9kdooA F .soh da IPovfa xB,c[[IPoc];h g]kjq -;nj da gsk^jq ooA .s9h 8nj yfxkdD &D dkolvodjP;da[g2Nv’ { dkolvodPj ;da[g2Nv’ ,ul’yj mruj k.shoadIPo99nj ef’aj oUG !D 7;k,\\kp0v’g2Nv’ @D -ngj vUo0v’g2Nv’ { 706 Podvo ! s^n @ [kf0oB dtfko c];h .soh da IPol’a gdf 9kdooA F .soh da IPo0oB 0uf\\kp g2Nv’.odvooAo c]t .sh[vd-nrj hv, 3fp.shg[y’j 8q;1kj ’.oxB,c[[IPo X0=h $?D *D dkolvodjP;da[[kf { dkolvodPj ;da[g2Nv’ ,ul’yj mruj k.shoadIPo99nj ef’aj oUG !D 7;k,\\kp0v’[kf.odk[dvoD @D ]efa[0v’[kfD { 706 Podvo ! s^n @ [kf0oB dtfko c];h .soh da IPol’a gdf 9kdooA F .soh da IPo0Bo0uf\\kp [kf|b’j c8.j lg4y’.l 3fp.shg[y’j 8q;1kj ’.oxB,c[[IPo X0=h &?D { 76vkf9t8A’7e4k,.shoadIPo8v[7nG !D dvo $ [kf ,u9adc4;L @D .odk[F 37’ s^n lko ,udko9afgxao[kf s^n [+L (D dkolvodjP;da[[qf { dkolvodPj ;da[g2Nv’ ,ul’yj mruj k.shoadIPo99nj ef’aj oUG !D 7;k,\\kp0v’[qfD @D 0t|kf0v’[qfD 131

{ cotoe.shoadIPog[yj’8q;1jk’.oxB,c[[IPo0=hmu * g-yj’vkf9t.shoadIPovjko[qf f’aj dkj ;oAo c88j Qo9qo9q[D { 760Po7eztspk0Bodtfko c]h;8A’7e4k,.shoadIPo8v[D 8;q 1kj ’G !D vaflt9ao.9c0h sk’pk;Ml’ja [+wfIh v’o’ja [kfdt8kj psk’dhv,M la’,kwfho’aj Iv’ @D ohv’oU xvfvhvp-hvp ltgs,vu vh pdk’d= |+d=[+-hvo c|’ovh pd[= -+ vo -6h-y-hvo z;q ovh ’d[= +,u 8q;1kj ’mu ! ,ulv’;adF 8q;1kj ’mu @ ,ulk,;ad c]t dvoztspkfa’j dkj ;gxao[qfwfh[+L 7e8v[G wfh X.shg[y’j .o[qfIPo-Ao,afmtpq,xumu @ 8n,j vud? lts^5[G dk[dvo[qf|’bj 9t[+9edaf;kj 9t8hv’xtdv[fh;p9ad[kf s^n 9ad;ad [qf.odk[dvoc,oj v’u .lgj ovN .o0v’dkoc8’j \\kp7;k,;kj 8vh ’,7u ;k,\\kp7[q 4;h o 4kh c8’j loA dg= voU ;kj [fq loA F 4kh c8’j pk;d=gvUo;kj [fq pk;D VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdf9kdG { dkoloq mtok0v’oda IPoD { dkogIfa [fq g/dy sfa c8]j t0oA 8voD d;fzqo’ko9kdG { dko8v[7e4k,mhkp[qf c]t 9kdzqodkod;fdklv[gla’xt9egfnvo s^n xt9e[qfD 132

ສ.ວ.ສ [qfmu !) dkolezaf c]t 7ext9e[jvo g;]k $ -q;j 3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ .shoadIPolk,kf G { [vddPj ;da[dkolezaf c]t 7ext9e[vj o0v’dvowfhD { c8’j dvoc[[’kj pfkp .o0AorNo4kowfhD { ,u7;k,lts’;o,da .odkoc8’j dvoD IID gonhv.o8Qo8= dkolezfa c]t 7ext9e[vj o gxoa sda^ dkoroN 4ko.odkoc8’j dk[dvo g-’jy zc6h 8’j 9t8vh ’ Ih6s^addkolezaf.odkodv[ c]t I6h9ads^addko0v’7ext9e[vj oD dkolezaf.odk[dvo,u @ ]adltot7nG dkolezafovd c]t dkolezaf.o g-y’j c8]j t]adltotd=,us^kpdkolezafg-aoj G lezaflts^tF lezafrtpao-totF lezaf]Povadlvo c]t lezaf0AovadlvoD s^da 7ext9e[vj o 9t4nddeofq w;1h kj ’8kp8;q gxoa 8oQ c,oj 9eo;o7egvd7e3m c]t 9t16j xt9e[vj o0v’.z,oa 9tpkh pwx[vj ovonj [+wfh g-’yj dkoc8’j dk[dvo9t8vh ’7eo’b g4y’l’yj mduj kj ; ,kogU xoa roN 4koD IIID lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPorklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu #D { xB,76,j n76rklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu #D { xB,7edvo-toyf8kj ’MD IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo dkolvodPj ;da[dkolezaf c]t 7ext9e[vj o c,oj s^addkole7ao0v’dkoc8’j dk[ dvoD dkoc8’j dk[dvo9t8vh ’Is6h d^a dkolezfa c]t 7ext9e[vj o grktl’yj f’ja dkj ;ooA gxoa l’jy m7ju ;oI6h c]t 8vh ’9.jn swh fDh dPj ;d[a dkoIPodk[dvoF 4kh [,+ su da^ dkod7= ’q [m= oa 7[q 4;h oF pvh ogsf oAo9b’j oegvqk7;k,I6hfa’j dkj ;oU g0Qk.os^adl6fdkoIPo{dkolvo grnvj .shoadIPowfhIPoI6h c]t g/dy .odkoc8’j dk[dvoD 133

dkolvodvooFU dvj ovojn 786 vh ’ldb lk9f5 xtl’q dkoIPo.sgh 0kQ .9F Ioh6 e.-7h ,j6 dn kolvo1kj ’ g\\ktlq, c]t 8yfraoda[xB,c[[IPo l;j o;ymudko.sh4ngvqks^addko8kj ’M0v’[qfmu ( .oxB, c[[IPo-oA ,fa mtp,q xmu u # gxoa roN 4ko c]t 4gn vkq oda IPogxoa .9dk’D dkolvomfy ltf8u vh ’7P’ 7dj6 [a rkdxt8[y fa ltg\\Dn dkocotoedyf9tde 8hv’g]a’.l9j 5fxtlq’grnvj .shoadIPoIh6F g0Qk.9 c]t 9n9j ewfh 3fplt grkt[aoskmujgxaos^addkog-ajoG dkolezafc8j]t]adltotF 7ext9e[jvo,u 7;k,\\kp le7aoco;.f c]t g]qjk7ext9e[jvo.shwfhda[xkdD 4hk[+faj’oAog;]k c8j’dk[dvo 9t,u 7;k,sp’h5 pkdD le][a dkocotoedkog/dy c8’j dvo .sgh ],ju 9kddk[dvom,ju du kolezfa ’kj pfkp[l+ [a loq gxao8Qoc,oj dkoc8’j dk[F 9kdoAoF 9b’j g/ydc8’j dvo g-y’j ,u37’Ikj ’0v’7ext9e[vj o c]t 8;q 1kj ’m,uj u.oxB,c[[IPoD lts^[5 G g,vnj oda IPowfIh +kIPo[fq oUzkj owxc];h 9t8vh ’I6h c]t g0kQ .9]da ltotdkolezfa c]t 7ext9e[vj oF lk,kfc8’j dk[dvoc[[’kj pMwfhD dvj o9tlvo[qfoUF 767;omq[m;o7no7;k,Ih6dPj ;da[rkdl;j o0v’dk[dvo.o [qfmu !( grvnj .sh7;k,Ih68+ govnj ’dao 76vkf8A’7e4k,lqomtokda[oadIPof’aj oUG !D 7;k,Ih6dPj ;da[7eF ;adF 8voF g2Nv’F [kf c]t [qfD @D ]adltot0v’dvovkj oD g,vjn oda IPo99jn e[fq IPogdkjq wfch ];h 7d6 g= ],ju lvo[fq .\\j g-’jy ,du fy 9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo f’ja oGU !D dkolvo]adltotdkolezaf dkolvo]da ltotdkolezfa ,ul’yj mruj k.soh da IPo99nj ef’ja oUG !D 7;k,\\kp0v’7e;kj lezafD @D dkolezaf.odk[dvo,u @ ]adltot7n lezaf.o c]t lezafovdD @D dkolezafovd { 760Podvo ! s^n @ [kf.ldj tfko c]h;vtmy[kp8k,[aosk]5,j oUG !D 7el5fmhkpc,oj 7e.fL @D 7emu ! mu @ sn^ mu # c,oj 7e.fL g,vnj oadIPog0Qk.9lv’0=hmduj kj ;oUc]h; 769’bj vtmy[kpdkolezafovd,u]adltotco;.f 3fpvu’.lgj oNv.o0=h !D@ .oxB,c[[IPoD 134

{ .soh da IPozfa xPj odoa 0oB 0fu ]d6 lvo \\kpdkolezfa ovd.l[j fq 8;q 1kj ’m7ju 06 Po1d6j tfko vkf9t0Po[kf|b’j s^n lv’[kffa’j oUG • g4y’9t16gj 0fdE lt4ko4yoj fyo.f d=8k,mhvo g]ydg-’yj .o[o5 7o5 [+vkf]n,7w6 fh sk.l,kmP,gmQk ltg\\mu oa 7o5 mkj o -kfoU c]t -kf|hk [+]n,wfh7kj 76 fvdok • 76gvup g9QkoAogxaoz6h.sh m5dly’j vtoaooa[ la’7q,pyopv,Ia[ 7jk75o7g6 9Qk gs^qkj oda IPoz0h6 Po7oQ 9oq xoa pk-kolts^kf d=pvh o7l6 ’jq .sh 9’jb IPowffh ’ja \\kp ooA c];h { 9kdooA F .soh da IPovfa xB,c[[IPo c];h g;kQ g4y’dkolezfa ovdf;h pxkdgxkjq D { 760Podvo ! s^n @ [kf 3fp[+,udkolezaf0Bodtfko c]h;.shoadIPovkj ofa’j oUG • -+oU -volvffh;p 7aomt-kff;’sv, [oa 9’q xtf[a lu g[du g[pu [kocp,h ສ.ວ.ສ pp= ojn cp’p’a .sh 7]6 k;m’a -kf zgh6 7pu lvol’ja -U ;-y k]Eg]fu 7o5 g9kQ gvpu 9kdooA F l’a gdfg[’yj ;kj dvof’ja dkj ;oU 7e.flezfa d[a 7e.f vkf9t.s0h Bowx0ufdkolezfa ]ts;kj ’7eF 4hkoadIPola’gdfgsao;kj [+,udkolezafd=\\kp7;k,;kj g0qkg9Qkg0Qk.9lezaf ovdc];h D { 76ltg|u]adltotdkolezafovd,u # c[[ 9kdoAoF 9bj’lvoc8j]tc[[wx faj’]kp ]tvPf],j5 oUG @D! lezafovdc[[dvo]e lezafovdc[[dvo]e ,ul’yj mruj k.shoda IPo99nj ef’aj oUG dD ]adltotlezafovdc[[dvo]e X8k,xB,c[[IPo0=h !D!D!?D dvo]e[+c[’j gxao[kf f’aj dvovkj om;qj wxD { 7c6 otoe.soh da IPovkj o[fq 8;q 1kj ’0v’0=h !D!D! .oxB,c[[IPo c]t l’a gdfdkolezfa f’ja oGU 135

8;q 1kj ’G r+c,]j ’5 8k ;admu ! 2a’gpu r;drouj vh ’ g]vjn ’]k;,kg;kQ ;admu @ s^ko-;y k9kpdq 9qf9e7yfIO ;admu # rg= xoa g]kq M.sh 4tcs^’.s\\h 2j6 a’ ;admu $ c]h;9’jb oevvdc9’h 1c6j s^,.spvj yof69uo ;admu & xtgmf]k;c,oj 8A’ .sppj k;wdd;kh ’ ;admu * ,cu zoj foy fvozon fyo9uod;kh ’.spj ;admu ( dE/kj pmk’g|vn roh5 0;k’0oA g0fcfoD ;admu ) 8’A 0t|’q go’ja w;h cfofkj o[q;]trk ;admu _ mk’/kj pc7;oh --+ oa ]Po-oA ;admu !W ,uxkj f’q rz6 k s;Pfok,]k;ovh ’rju ;admu !! r6s^;’xoa cfo.sh [+,u,N9nf9k’ ;admu !@ lk,da 7u1g6j ]Nvp 8yf8+dex6-k ;admu !# mk’rkd.8h grvjn ocr’roa -oA ;admu !$ xtgmfgrkq r’q lk 9kdoAoF d=g]qkj .shoadIPo[vd;kj dkolezaf.odvo]e.o8q;1kj ’fa’j dkj ; c,oj 7e.fda[ 7e.ff’aj oU gxao8QoD { .shoadIPovafxB,c[[IPo c]h;.shg;Qk]adltotdkolezafovdc[[dvo]e.sh762a’D @D@ lezafovdc[[dvo;yf-5,k]u { dkolezafovdc[[dvo;yf-5,k]u ,ul’yj mruj k.shoadIPo99nj ef’aj oUG ]adltotdkolezaf0v’dvo;yf-5,k]u X8k,xB,c[[IPo0=h !D!D@? { 7v6 kj odvo;fy -,5 k]u .o8;q 1kj ’0v’0h= !D!D@ 1.6j ox,B c[[IPo.soh da IPo2’a 3fpvkj oc[[ -hkM c]h;.shoadIPola’gdfdkolezaf 8k,]adltotdkolezaf.o 0=h !D!D@ .oxB,c[[IPoD { 706 Po37’Ikj ’]da ltotdkolezfa ovdc[[dvo;fy -,5 k]0u oB dtfko rvh ,m’a 0Podvo mju,uc,jo dkolezafc[[dvo;yf-5,k]u c]h;.shoadIPo0Bowx0uf\\kpdkolezaf.sh4nd8hv’ f’aj 8;q 1kj ’],5j oUG 136

;admu ! ;admu @ ;admu # ;admu $ ;admu ! ;admu @ 8q;1jk’G z+f6 2hklts;kj ’c9h’ gInv’I’j5 ztdkpdv’ ;admu ! ສ.ວ.ສ ;admu @ Iv’M.l lvj ’’k, g’qk-hkp ;admu # ;admu $ 2a’pyo p5’pv’Ihv’ gIlP’ l5og4vnj o ;admu ! ;admu @ r6;tokfohv, pyoIkh p I’5j ok’ ;admu # ;admu $ /6’grnvj orhv, ovogo’aj oyfmk fucdj g\\nvpI;kpIe pvf-k’ pq,phvp s^vo;kj wlpkgpNvo gmm;’ ma’cx[ c,h’|b’j g\\nvj orugj 9Qk8y;j -hvp -v,.dh dvj ,v;o @D# dkolezafc[[dvo ) { 76pqddvocxf.shoadIPog[y’j r=.shgsao]adltot0v’dvocxf c]h;[vd;kj dkolezaf c]t ]adltot8kj ’M0v’dvocxfoUoadIPo9twfhIPo]tvPf1.6j o-Ao ,D$D #D dkolvodjP;da[dkolezaf.o { 76vtmy[kp7;k,\\kp0v’dkolezaf.o .shoadIPog0Qk.9 9kdoAoF 760Podvolezaf .o0Bodtfko c]h;.shoadIPo0uf\\kpdkolezaf.ofa’j dkj ; 3fpvu’.l8j q;1kj ’0v’0=h !D@ .o xB,c[[IPoD ovd9kd769tpqd8q;1kj ’8k,c[[IPoc]h; 76d=vkfpqdgvqkdvomk’ovd0Bo,k grvnj mfq lv[7;k,g0kQ .90v’oda IPowffh ’ja oUG 137

• pk,oAo IP,9wnj fh .o0;[dkolbdlk c,,j kfk96’c0o -vp;vp.90v’0hvp l3j6 I’IPoovh p oE8kra’pjk;phvp ]vp]k,]Qo/aj’ • [k’gmvnj 7yffNM IP,ohvp-yvkj ogxao wfh]n c,jgryjorPocr’vqf 7yfc|’|jkp|uIPo wx8y cr’wxg0Qk vvfvvo;vog;Qk gsy’[+okoskd-wy fh goqk3I’IPo0Povjko w;2hk;2aj’IPo ]d6 gvpu dkolezfa .o9t,du kolezfa f;h plts^t c]t rtpoa -tot g-’jy g;]klvo.sfh egoou ]kp]t vPf],j5 oGU #D! lvolezaf.ofh;plts^t Xlezaflts^t? { 76vkf8A’7e4k,.shoadIPo8v[f’aj oUG !D lezaflts^t c,oj lezafco;.fL @D lezaf.omujlezaffh;plts^t ,u9ad]adltotL ]adltot.fcfLj { 9kdooA F 7v6 tm[y kp7on c];h 0Po8;q 1kj ’dvom,ju du kolezfa ltst^ 0oB dtfkoc];h oerk oda IPol’a gdf8k,c8]j t]da ltotf’ja oUG dD 76vtmy[kplezaflts^tc[[mP,cvd.shoadIPog0Qk.9 9kdoAoF .shoadIPovkj o[qf8q; 1kj ’0v’ 0h= !D@D!D! .ox,B c[[IPo c];h cotoe.slh ’a gdfdkolezfa c[[mP,cvd8k,0fu \\kp dkolezfa .o8;q 1kj ’D ovd9kd80dgr;qskhvm6 1oa ,’vkjfd0o’voavm.dl[okh w[a2x,;B,khh c[[IPoc]dggf;h,fkhvuonv7odf-v6d-P•oAkkvj•;-fpo••fvjpo[oA’dqkkf-8’oPj•oa ;qd-•;1vkh k•j•op’grvnj -Uc9’h gr,uj g8u,wf8h ,nj vudg-oja G IP,oU gxaofa’j ,hvo 8q;vjvoMvkwl,vo 7x6 P[ g\\nvo.[,vo 77j6 P’IP’,vh o ,vo[+,uvksko.sh lao.f,hvo-y.spj IP, c]t 76 9b’j xP[wfh 7n,vh o.spgj rkt,voD 138

0D 7v6 tm[y kplezfa lts]tc[[mP,7j6 .soh da IPog0kQ .9D 9kdooA F 796 ’jb 0Po8;q 1kj ’8k, c[[IPo0Bodtfko c]t 9ecod.shoadIPog[’yj G IP,oU 9vo9kd[hko 4ko4yjofyook 7fy Ivfr’q roa lk grnjvocr’c]’g-Qk 7yfIvf9exkg7kQ 7k;.fwfhc8j9q, 0q,dtgfqkc7,mkj oE xkooU-yxq’j .[ c];h [+ sn^ 7v6 kf9tpdq gvkq dvogdkjq mguj 7pu pdq 0oB ,k c];h .soh da IPo-vdg[’jy dkolezfa mP,78j6 ,jn vdu g-oja G dhvo7e 75o7kj ]Qo 7qo-;j plvo7qo 7qolhk’7qo .shgxao7e g7nv[7,q ;y-k-oA zao0tspkpd;hk’ d;’wdlbdlk8+ 7p6 dq pp= ojn .sh IPowf7h 6j-6cj o;D #D@ dkolvodjP;da[dkolezaf.ofh;prtpao-totສ.ວ.ສ { 76vkf9txt8y[af7ndaoda[dkolvolezaf.ofh;plts^t 3fp8A’7e4k,lqomtokf’aj oUG !D lezafrtpao-totc,oj co;.fL @D lezafrtpao-tot,u9adc[[L 7nc[[.fcfLj 7e8v[vu’.lxj B,c[[IPof’ja oUG !D lezafrtpao-tot c,oj dkolezaf]ts;kj ’7e muj,urtpao-tot8q;fP;dao s^n rtpao -totmu,j ulP’7kh p7ndoa 1.j6 o;da fP;doa D @D dkolezafrtpao-tot,u @ c[[7nG lezaf]Povadlvo c]t lezaf0AovadlvoD { 9kdoAoF 76vtmy[kp7no c]h;0Po8q;1jk’dvomuj,udkolezafrtpao-tot0Bodtfko c];h oerkoda IPol’a gdf8k,c8]j t]da ltotf’ja oUG dD 7c6 otoe.soh da IPovkj o7;k,\\kp0v’dkolezfa ]Povda lvo c]t l’a gdf8;q 1kj ’1.6j o x,B c[[IPo7Gn lezaf]Povadlvo c,oj dkolezaf7emuj,urtpao-tot8q;fP;dao]Podao16cj 8lj v’7e0Bo wx.o;adfP;dao 3fp[+,urtpao-totvonj ,k0Aodk’D 139

8q;1jk’G 7.Igg7fI9n;Povnaf|,ooo.7oU•’jbsgg;’•faj7rhconvcyf’a•f7o•8o•l•oeg+8,k•ff••’Apo•kjoja ceo2•fl•fhkk’kh ;p;vh , ’vgxfkttpg4,o•]t]dtr•ohq •ofru•]oka•ohnonj gfco•sf•vnz’^a•k’oj ;]cvh l,’ ’k,gf gsoa•c•8fj •k;mP,0kh ’ /kd7eclo3ldglkQ 9-.7soa6pjthgo3k•f•my’,•nvm•o,•o’qk•y;-••cfk;j o•m’p••kojgl•;•’q’Ao07;;oa k, cr’gvpu cfgj oDu •• • 76vtmy[kp8,nj vud;kj dkolezaf]Povadlvo [k’d=]tou9t]Podaog4y’ #F $ s^n & 8q;d=,u s^n sk^ pd;kj ooA g,vjn dkolezfa ]Povda lvosk^ pgmkjq .fdp= ’jy ,;j o c8gj ;]kc8’j 9tpkdd;kj dko]Po |hvp8q;D 76vkfpqd8q;1kj ’.shoadIPo-vddkolezaf]Povadlvo8,nj wfhf’aj oU s^n ovd9kdoUG s^P;7nos^a’ sqomk’37h’7qf7hvp 7vp7bf7toy’sk roQ zkj o,k.o-u;fy 7yf[+w]]kg;Ao gsaoIjv’IvpIP,fAo raomtoa’dhP;dvf IP,0= lvflj;o-Ao xtraodhP;djk;g4y’ dvj ookD 0D 76cotoe.shoadIPovkj o7;k,\\kplezaf0Aovadlvo c]t la’gdf8q;1kj ’.oxB,c[[ IPo7Gn lezfa 0oA vda lvo c,oj dkolezfa m,uj ru tpoa -tot8;q fP;doa ]Podoa 1lj6 v’7e.o;da fP;doa c8,j urtpao-totvonj ,k0oA dk’7e|’bj D 8q;1jk’G r=g,vnj xugdkqj roQ xu.\\dj ,= kcmo rdb lkclo0P;’k, fvd-vo[ko-vh o |kh ltvvo.93vh f;’s•v,[+gsup•doyj r,6 ,t]oy zgj6 z’Y g]’u ]•kj []+ kj p•mk’ doyj |’jb sv,fvd-vh o -vo•doyj d•tfoa ’k dyoj lv’ sv,gsup,k fvd0tpv,[kocph, dojy lk,sv,gsv^n ]oQ 9exk]k•;[+gspu dojy• m;jq 4oyj ]k;]kh o-kh ’ sv,]•oQ pkd]•,n cmch ];h D 140

7v6 kf9tvtmy[kpgr,uj 8,nj dPj ;d[a dkolezfa ]Povda lvo c]t pdq 8;q 1kj ’.soh da IPo-vd dkolezfa 0oA vda lvo 4kh oda IPo-vdwf.h o8;q 1kj ’oUd=ltcf’;kj oda IPog0kQ .9g-oja G 7yfgsaogf 7yfgsao8O8x=h =h IPo xD |b’j .oxt4q, vq,vkj o xD VkD xk wxgj xoa xk’ooA .9dtlao-y’l6h 7l6 vo-hvo-j;p ma’0Po0ufc8h, c4,pa’co,g[y’j ohv’ xt7v’-U-j;p;ymu $D dkolvodjP;da[7ext9e[jvo 76ltgsou7;k,\\kp7ext9e[vj o c]t vtmy[kp37’Ikj ’7ext9e[vj o 3fppqd8q;1kj ’ ,kl,q mP[.soh da IPog0kQ .937’Ikj ’7ext9e[vj oD ;admu ! jh j h ;admu @ j j ;admu # h ;admu $ jh h j ສ.ວ.ສ 8;q 1kj ’dkol,q mP[7ext9e[vj oG dvogdkjq ,k4tcs^’ l[a rtdvfdPh ; ;kfrtov,wrd;hk’ gmrk;t g-kq c7o7k;|’jb [o5 p;’1’A zoa [kh dvj o[k l’a ];j ’zkh p dk’ gvd dk’ dk’ dkovkj o37’Ikj ’7ext9e[vj oG gvd dk’ dk’ 3m dk’ gvd 3m dk’ dk’ dk’ gvd dk’ dk’ dk’ dk’ 3m gvd dk’ dk’ dk’ 3m dk’ gvd 3m { .shoadIPovkj o37’Ikj ’7ext9e[vj oD { 706 Po37’Ikj ’0oB dtfko c];h ][b gvd c]t 7e3mvvd.s\\h fq c];h .soh da IPovvd,k8,jn 7egvdF 7e3m.l.j sh4nd8hv’D 141

&D cotoeg/yd8q;9y’ dkog/dy c8’j dvo.og[vN ’8oQ 7v6 kf9tcotoe.soh da IPog/dy c8’j dk[ grktgsoa ;kj ’kj p d;kj dvoxtgrfvnoj M g-y’j ]adltot0v’dk[;ad|b’j ,u ( 7eF 8vosohk # 8vos]a’ $ c]t ,u]da ltot’kj pd;kj dvof’ja oUG 7emu ( 0v’;admu ! lezafda[7emu # 0v’;admu @ DDDDDDD < DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD @ DDDDDDDDD < DDDDDDDDDDDD # DDDDDDD < DDDDDDD # DDDDDDD < DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD # DDDDDDDDD < DDDDDDDDDDDD # DDDDDDD < DDDDDDD $ DDDDDDD < DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD $ DDDDDDDDD < DDDDDDDDDDDD # DDDDDDD < DDDDDDD & DDDDDDD < DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD & DDDDDDDDD < DDDDDDDDDDDD # DDDDDDD < DDDDDDD * dkolezaf0v’dk[9tlezaf]adltotoUg]NvpMwx 3fp[+,udkoc[j’xao[kfD g,njv76 ltg|udkolezfa .soh da IPog0kQ .9c];h d=cotoeg/yd g-’jy g[Nv’8oQ .sgh /yddko8,jn 7eg;kQ .l8j k, c[[g/ydsaf0=h ! c]t @ 1j6.oxB,c[[IPo.sh4nd8hv’djvo 9kdoAoF 9bj’oerkg/ydc8j’dvo 3fpvu’.lj sa^ddkolezaf c]t 7ext9e[vj oD lyj’muj7;ogvqk.9.lj dkog/ydc8’j dk[dvo ly’j le7ao8hv’g0Qk.9]adltotdkolezaf c]t 7ext9e[vj oxt dv[d[a dko,da vkj oF ,da 0Pog]NvpM9’jb 9tc8’j dk[dvowffh uD *D cotoedkocdhc[[g/ydsaf !D 9q’j 8n,j ;aootp5f gvd c]t 3m .l.j o[k’7e0v’8vo]5j,oU c]h;9afgxao;ad c]t [kf grvnj .sh4nd8hv’8k,s^ad7ext9e[vj o ma’,ugoNv.o7;k,\\kp1kj ’7q[4h;oD ,u7e8v[]tvPff’aj oUG dD dko8nj,;aootp5f gvd c]t 3mG { lkp/qopqf1kfphvp { s^kpg,afws^]q’3I, { gmnvj ]t1kfpa’g8a,ws { g9Qk,n|b’j 0hvp,n|b’j 9a[-j;p-;hko { 9b’j xvj ’gxaolt\\5fd;hk’ { ,n8+,nxtlkoc|ho { -yglu,grju,gruj,rt]a’ cmhc]h; { s^kprt]a’gxaodj5, 142

0D dko9afgxao;ad c]t [kfG gmvnj ]t1kfp’a g8,a ws lkp/qopqf1kfphvp 9bj’xjv’gxaolt\\5fd;hk’ s^kpg,fa ws^]’q 3I, s^kprt]a’gxaod5j, ,n8+,nxtlkoc|ho -yglu,grhu,gruj,rt]a’ cmhc]h; g9Qk,n|b’j 0hvp,n|b’j 9a[-j;p-;hko @D 9’jq vkj o c]t l’a gdfdvo],5j oU c];h g]nvd7eg;kQ 8+wxoU.l[j vj o;kj ’ mu0j uf\\kp7ext9e [vj ow;h.sh7q[4h;o c]t 4nd8hv’D d=]tdtfkgxao-Fnj 7q’c,oj gfnvodaopkF /qo]yows^F rt9ydkpa’7q’9Fnj c;;;k;g0A,F 3lrk rvoF ]n-kj ]QoF mao;kcdh;cdoj .9F co;ok,-AoF 7ngfnvorbfltrk.lF g,lkgvQkmq;j g,nv’F ly’skcp,h p’yj ’k,D T ,u7e8v[]tvPffa’j oUG -nj0v’gfnvoc[[]k; • [afoU 0=dkj ;c9’h 4tcs^’8+gxoa 7em;kp .z9t0oq 0;kpsk ສ.ວ.ສ 8+7e]’q wfh 0Pogxoa dvog8,u .sh 7g6 7pu lvodvj oc];h 8k,7ext9e[vj o • gfvn o|’jb .zdI= h6 ]v’.-8h ,nj g8u, g[’yj f6 gfvn olv’7g6 7pu lvo gfnvolk, c;;;k;g0A, ,-u gjn fnvo,’a dvo gfnvoluj c]]Ogs^Nv, -gjn fnvod,5 rkcd;h • gfnvoshk ]k;dkj ;g8Nv’ gfvn osdq /oq ]oy ws^ ,ou kok,gxoa gfvn oc,j gfnvog9afco;ok,-Ao gfnvocxf]n-jk]Qo g,lkgvQkmqj;g,nv’ • gfnvogdkQ 9e9wnj fh 7ngfnvorbfltrk.l gfnvoly[3lrkrvo gfnvoly[gvfa 9e/’a c|oh c,oj ,y4o5 kgfnvocd;h gfnvoly[lv’ gfnvol5fmhkp d=]tdtfkgxao-nj ly’skcph,pyj’’k, 7q’c,jogfnvodaopk c,oj gfvn o8]5 k]E rt9ydkpa’7q’9nj mao;kcdh;cdjo.9 g9kQ gvpu D 143

#D 9q’j .-h[yd8kj ’lu|kpdkolezaf0v’[qfdvo]5,j oU grnvj .shgsaog4y’lezafovdF lezaf mP,cvdF lezaf0AovadlvoF ]Povadlvo s^n lezafvnoj M 4hk,uD [5o75o0v’76 3fpG l5dlts;ao rvogm;k xt,;o[qfdvo;ao76cs’j -kf ( 85]k !__$ • sr• ^oQPz;kj7ono,s•k^a’.os-qou;myfk’37h’7qf7hvp 7vp7bf7toy’sk 7yf[+w]]kg;Ao gsaoIjv’IvpIP,fAo raomtoa’dhP;dvf IP,0= lvflj;o-Ao xtraodhP;djk;g4y’ dvj ook • pk,oAo IP,9nwj fh • .o0•;[dkoldb lk c,,j kfk96’c0o l3j6 I’IPoovh p -vp;vp.90v’0hvp ]vp]k,]Qo/aj’ oE8kra’pjk;phvp IP,ohvp-yvkj ogxao wfh]n • [k’gmvnj 7yffNM • 7yfc|•’|jkp|uIPo v•vfvvo;vog;Qk c,jgryjor•Pocr’vqf wx8y cr’wxg0Qk goqk3I’IPo0Povjko gsy’[+okoskd-wy fh w;2hk;2aj’IPo ]d6 gvpu • ;aooAo c,;j jkg;Qk 76d=v;jkps;osk s^hk7ecr’,kw; 1jk;qo;kp1hko w;Ms^ko w;Ms^hk xD VkD xk 2hk;wxvjko ;k9ks;kovyjovhvp sq;vqdIP,-njo-hvp 760hvp-jk’;jkfu cmoh = • 7yfgsaogf 7yfgsao8O8=hx=h IPo xD |bj’.oxt4q, vq,vjko xD VkD xk wxjgxaoxk’oAo .9dtlao-y’l6h 76lvo-hvo-j;p 76ma’0Po0ufc8h, c4,pa’co,g[yj’ohv’ xt7v’-U-j;p;ymu 144

• 76;kj dD wdj 0Poc[[oU ສ.ວ.ສ 0D w0j.sh0Po0qf goou vh ’gou 7D 7;kp 0Poco;.f .sh7jvprPogvqkgouohv’ 76xt7v’xv’xAo xao;y-kclolts’jk pa’9nj9e;k9k rklks;kofaj’oEvhvp sq;.9ohvp-njoltvvo cmoh k • dhvo7e 75o7jk]Qo 7qo-j;plvo7qo 7qolhk’7qo .shgxao7e g7nv[7q,;y-k-Ao zao0tspkpd;hk’ d;’wdlbdlk8+ 7p6 qdp=pnjo.sh IPowfh76j-6jco; 7yfgsao7jk0v’76 • IP,oU 7yf[c+ ]h; d+-j;plvolyowfh 7qoxh6 x5oxko7;kp ,uspa’76xao.sh ,uvao.fd=-;hko-j;p g9a[xj;p7u’w0hIhvo ,u0v’8hvolqj’1k, • pk,g,njv g0uo0kf0hvo 8vopkd7v6 qf -qf-j;p-6la’7q, [+9qj,9k39,Ihkp ;Pd’kos^kp dkpksp5h’ ]5’]a’[+4vpmjk -u;k\\kp,v[,hPo rPolhk’I5jo7qo s;yfg0fdkolbdlk • pk,g,nvj IP,zkj orQo -njlP’d=]ndhv’ ,uztspk;y-kl6’ oemk’xt-k-kf gxaoz6hxv’x5olhk’ grkt76-Ulaj’lvo gxaooadxkf lts^kfI6h 8q;vjvoMvkwl,vo 76j7P’IP’,hvo • IP,oU gxaofa’j ,hvo lao.f,hvo-y.spj 76xP[g\\nvo.[,vo 7n,hvo.spjgrkt,vo ,vo[+,uvksko.sh 7e7jk,tsklko IP, c]t 76 9b’j xP[wfh 7jk[+g4y’4v’g9Qk ,tskdn,kxP[ • 75o76s^kp]njodhvo 75o76g9Qk]njoxt,ko ]hkografoyo9yofk clo-gy vqkg’yo8N d=pa’mP[[+wfh 145