ພາສາລາວ_ ຄູ່ມື

rkl76j,kn7]6k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlkxumu# dt-;’lbdlkmydkoc]tdy]k lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk @W!@

7j6,n76 rklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu # IP[IP’3fpG lult\\5f lulq,[6oF ,D- xy’7e lul5;ao ສ.ວ.ສ d;fcdh3fpG fiD vvj ocdh; o;oot;q’F lD;Dl IlD fiD [5op= rq,,t[5fF ,D- ry,g0kQ |kh 3fpG lu;yw] cdh;,tou;aoF lD;Dl 3fpdkoI;j ,,nd;fzkj o9kdG rvoluiy v5wm;aoF lD;Dl -,q ,’q 7o5 llu ts;fa F ,Dl ,fy 8trk[]k;{s;Pf 7eg;uo rao,k]kF ,Dl ;P’9ao vyoxao l5me,t;q’F ,D8 xkddtp5’ dt-;’lbdlkmydko c]t dy]k lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;my tpklkfdkoldb lk @W!@

7eoe grvnj gxaodkol’jq glu,xtlyfmyrk[ dkoIPo{dkolvo.shfu0BooAoF 7P’7dj6 a[dkoIP[IP’ x,B c[[IPorklk]k; -oA ,fa mtp,q xmu u # lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;my tpklkfdkoldb lk wfIh P[IP’ xB,76j,n76rklk]k;gs^A,oU0Bo grnjvveo;p7;k,ltf;d.shcdj76lvo.-hgxaoco;mk’.o dkolyflvo .sh[ao]595fxtlq’0v’s^adl6fmwuj fhdeoqfw;h1kj ’gxaogvdtrk[daoD xB,7,6j n76rklk]k;gs^A,oUF 7totz6hIP[IP’wfh0Po0Bowx7P’7d6j a[xB,c[[IPorklk]k; -oA ,fa mtp,q xumu # 3fpvu’8k,sd^a lf6 mwuj fxh [a x’5 .\\j g-’yj xtdv[,u @ rkdl;j o7nG 7ecotoe];, c]t cotoedkolvoc8]j t[qfD 37’lkh ’ c]t dkocotoelvoc8]j t[fq wf,h du kodeofq 9f5 xtl’q F govN .o8oQ 8F= ldnj koIPo dkolvo F dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo c]t dko;af c]t xtg,uozqoS ovdoAo[k’[qfpa’,u[qf vjkogrju,8nj,vudD ma’oUd=grnjvgxaodkocotoemyfmk’.shcdj76{vk9koz6hmuj9tlvo;y-koUoe.-h g0kQ .odko7oQ 7;kh c8’j [fq lvodvj o9t0Bolvoc8]j t7’A .sch mfg\\ktd[a ltrk[8;q 9y’D govjn ’9kd;kj ;my lu vo,su k^ p;my Fu .oooA do= [a m’a ;my du kolfy lvo0v’7v6 k9komgju 7pu oe.-h c]t wfIh [a zoq leg]fa ,kc];h S 7v6 kf9toe.-;h my lu vosk^ pI[6 c[[xtl,q xtlkodoa wx.sgh dfu xt3spf l6’l5fcdoj adIPoF c8;j kj grnvj .shdkolvorklk]k;,uxtlyfmyrk[fud;kj gdqkj ma’lvf7vj ’da[ s^adl6flt[a[xa[x5’.\\j c]t ;ymulvoc[[.\\oj AoF .oxB,7,6j ngs^A,oUpa’wfhcotoedkolvoF ;ymu9af dfy 9tdedkoIPoIrh6 klk]k;c8]j t[fq 3fp]tvPf g-’jy 9tgxoa xt3spf[s+ k^ pd|= vh pcd7j v6 k9ko d7= mn kj oz-h6 ,q .-mh ’a s^kpD g4’y 1kj ’.fd8= k, dkocotoe;my lu vo.ox,B gs,A^ oU dv= kf9t,lu ’jy 0kf8dq [dq rvj ’1[j6 k’[vj oD ltooA F 4kh 7v6 k9kod7= mn kj oz-h6 ,q .-mh ’a sk^ p skd,0u 7h= fy gsoa xtdko.f8x+ ,B gs,A^ oU dt]o5 kl’jq 0kj ; ,kp’a lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;my tpklkfdkoldb lk grvjn 9twfoh ewxr9y k]tokx[a x’5 x,B gs,A^ o.U sfh 0u oB .odkoIP[IP’ c]t 9afry,7A’8+wxD lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk @W!@

ສ.ວ.ສ lk]t[ko |hk cotoe];, ................................................................................. ! rkdmu I dkovjko [qfmu ! G dkovkj o8e]k;y-kdko c]t lk]t7tfu ................................... ( [qfmu @ G dkovkj o|a’lnry,F ;k]tlko c]t [qf7;k, .............................!* [qfmu # G dkovkj oxB,[aogmu’ c]t xB,;aoot7tfu ....................................@# rkdmu II dko0Po}safc8j’ [fq mu $ G dko0Poczodkog7vjn ows;8kj ’M ..........................................@_ [fq mu & G dko0Po9fq \\kp ............................................................$& [fq mu * G dko0Po[oa mdb dv’xt-,5 ...................................................&& [fq mu ( G dko0Po[fq loq mtok ........................................................*! [fq mu ) G dko0Po[fq vtm[y kp ........................................................** [fq mu _ G dko0Po[fq rly f6 .............................................................(@ rkdmu III dko2a’{g;Qk [qfmu !W G dkog;kQ .o3vdkf8kj ’M .....................................................(( [qfmu !! G dkovtrxy kp ................................................................)* [qfmu !@ G dko]kp’koxkdgxkjq ......................................................._@

rkdmu IV s^addko.-hrklk [qfmu !# G ;t]u c]t |hkmuj0v’;t]u ...................................................._( [qfmu !$ G s^addko.-h7eg-nvj , c]t 7e8+............................................. !W$ [qfmu !& G [k’7ela[m5]tdyf ......................................................... !!( [qfmu !* G dko.-rh klkmk’m]5 tdyf ................................................. !@@ [qfmu !( G rkdl;j o0v’dk[dvo .................................................... !@* [qfmu !) G dkolezaf c]t 7ext9e[vj o ............................................ !##

ສ.ວ.ສ cotoe];, dkolvorklk]k;16-j Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk ,u7;k,le7ao8+dkoIPoI6hrklkcs’j -kf muj .-8h yf8+llnj ko]ts;kj ’xt-k-oq gzkjq 8kj ’M.odkoxkdg;kQ c]t 0uf0Po rvh ,m’a gxoa g7vnj ’,n.o dkoIej IPogvkq 7;k,I9h6 kd;-y kvojn MD f’ja ooA F dkolvorklk]k; 9’jb IPdIvh ’.szh mh6 e|kh m.ju odkolvo,7u ;k,IFh6 7;k,lk,kf c]t ,7u ;k,,da m’a ,ru volts;oa .o;-y kogU xoa 1kj ’fDu \\kp7;k,;kj zmh6 ,ju 7u ;k,IFh6 7;k,g0kQ .9F I6h9ad7;k,\\kp c]t 75o7kj 0v’rklklkf1kj ’g]ydg-’yj gmkqj .f p’yj gIaf.shlk,kffegouodko lvowfhfup’yj 0bhoD ltoAoF dkolvorklk]k;1-6j Ao,afmtpq,4n;kj ,u7;k,9egxaomulj 5fD I. 95fxtlq’dkoIPo{dkolvorklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlkxumu # fhko7;k,I6h { .soh da IPo,u7;k,Idh6 Pj ;d[a mda ltdkooe.-rh klkg-oja G dkovkj o8e]k;y-kdkoF lk]t 7tfuF |a’lnry,F ;k]tlkoF [qf7;k,F xB,[aogmy’ c]t xB,;aoot7tfuS dko0Poczo dkog7vjn ows;8kj ’MF 0Po9fq \\kpF [fq [oa mdb dv’xt-,5 F [fq loq mtokF [fq vtm[y kp c]t [qfryl6fS dko2a’{g;Qk.o3vdkf8kj ’MF dkovtryxkp c]t dko]kp’koxkdgxkqj D { ,7u ;k,Idh6 Pj ;d[a sda^ dko.-rh klkg-oja G ;t]u c]t |kh m0ju v’;t]Fu sda^ dko.-7h eg-vjn , c]t 7e8+F [k’7ela[m5]tdyfF dko.-hrklkmk’m5]tdyfF rkdl;j o0v’dk[dvoF dkole zaf c]t 7ext9e[vj oD fhkomadlt { grnvj .shoadIPolk,kfoe.-h;ymuvkj o8e]k;y-kdkoF lk]t7tfuF |a’lnry,F ;k]tlkoF [qf7;k,F xB,[aogmy’ c]t xB,;aoot7tfuD { 0Poczodkog7nvj ows;8kj ’MF 0Po9qf\\kpF 0Po[qf[aombddv’xt-5,F [qflqomtokF 0Po[qfvtmy[kp c]t 0Po[qfryl6fwfhD { 2a’ c]t g;Qk.o3vdkf8kj ’Mg-oaj G dkovtryxkp c]t dko]kp’koxkdgxkqj D { 9ecod c]t oe.-;h t]uF 7eg-vnj ,F 7e8+F 7el[a m]5 tdyfF rkdl;j o0v’dk[dvoF dkole zaf c]t 7ext9e[vj owfhD fhkomafltot7t8y { oypq,-q,-v[.odkooe.-hrklk]k; c]t r6,.9mu,j urklk]k;gxaorklkcs’j -kfD { IadF ,ad.odko0PoF dkovkj o c]t 4vf4vogvqk[qfIPovaofu9kddkovkj o ,koe.-h g0kQ .o-u;yf8;q 9y’D 1

{ ,u,k]tpkfmufj u.odko2a’ c]t g;Qk8k,dk]tgmlt c]t [5d7qoD II. gohnv.odkoIPo{dkolvorklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,xumu # rkdmu I dkovjko,u # [qfG [qfmu !G dkovkj o8e]k;-y kdkoF lk]t7tfu ,gu ovN .ole7oa 7Gn ;my vu kj o8e]k;-y kdkoF [qfmu @G dkovkj olk]t7tfuD [qfmu #G dkovkj o|’a lrn ,y F ;k]tlko c]t [fq 7;k, ,gu ovN .ole7oa 7Gn ;my vu kj o|’a lrn ,y F ;k]tlko c]t [qf7;k,D dkovkj oxB,[aogmy’F xB,;aoot7tfu ,ugoNv.ole7ao7nG 7;k,\\kp7;k,le7aoF s^addkovkj o xB,[aogmy’ c]t xB,;aoot7tfuD rkdmu II dko0Po}safc8j’,u * [qfG [qfmu $G dko0Poczodkog7vnj ows;8kj ’M ,ugoNv.ole7oa 7nG 7;k,\\kp7;k,le7oa F [qfmu &G dko0Poczodkoxt9exuF xt9egfnvo c]t xt9evkmyfD dko0Po9fq \\kp ,gu ovN .ole7oa 7Gn 7;k,\\kp0v’9fq \\kpF 9fq \\kpl;j o8;q F [qfmu *G r;q roa ;Pd c]t 9fq \\kp]fa 4tdko sn^ |’a lmn k’dkoF sda^ dko c]t ,k]tpkf [qfmu (G .odko0Po9fq \\kpD [qfmu )G dko0Po[qf[aombddv’xt-5, ,ugoNv.ole7ao7nG 7;k,\\kpF xtgrf c]t 37’ [qfmu _G Ikj ’0v’[fq [oa mdb dv’xt-,5 D dko0Po[qflqomtok ,ugoNv.ole7ao7nG 7;k,\\kpF s^addkoF I6[c[[ c]t ;my 0u Po[fq loq mtokD dko0Po[fq vtm[y kp ,gu ovN .ole7oa 7Gn 7;k,\\kpF v’q xtdv[F 0oA 8vo.odko c8’j c]t l’yj m7uj ;ogvqk.9.l.j odko0Po[qfvtmy[kpD dko0Po[fq rly f6 ,gu ovN .ole7oa 7Gn 7;k,\\kpF dkoc8’j c]t rkdl;j o8kj ’M 0v’[fq rylf6 D rkdmu III dko2a’ c]t g;Qk ,u # [qfG [qfmu !WG dkog;Qk.o3vdkf8kj ’M ,ugoNv.ole7ao7nG dkog;Qkcotoe8qogv’F dkolqo mtokF dkog;Qkltcf’7;k,pyofuF 7;k,glp.9F 7;k,gsao.9F 7;k,-q, g-upF 38h8v[F dkodkj ;.sh3v;kf c]t dkodkj ;v;prvoD 2

ສ.ວ.ສ[qfmu !!G dkovtryxkp ,ugoNv.ole7ao7nG 7;k,\\kpF 7;k,le7aoF xtgrfF dko9af dkovtryxkpF |hkmzuj 6hIa[zyf-v[F |hkmzuj 6hvtryxkp c]t I6[c[[dko9af;k’ mouj ’ja le][a dkovtrxy kpD [qfmu !@G dko]kp’koxkdgxkjq ,ugoNv.ole7oa 7nG 7;k,\\kpF c[[0v’dko]kp’koF 0=h7;oxt8y[af.odko]kp’koF 0Ao8vo0v’dko]kp’ko c]t 37’Ikj ’0v’ dko]kp’koxkdgxkjq D rkdmu IV s^addko.-hrklk ,u * [qfG [qfmu !#G ;t]u c]t |hkmu0j v’;t]u ,ugoNv.ole7ao7nG 7;k,\\kpF xtgrf c]t |hkmuj 0v’;t]uD [qfmu !$G sda^ dko.-7h eg-vjn , c]t 7e8+ ,gu ovN .ole7oa 7Gn 7;k,\\kp c]t sda^ dko0v’ dko.-h7eg-nvj , c]t 7e8+D [qfmu !&G [k’7ela[m5]tdyf ,ugoNv.ole7ao7nG 7;k,\\kp0v’m5]tdyf c]t rklkm5]t dyfF 7;k,le7ao0v’rklk]k;.omk’m5]tdyfF ]adltotltgrkt0v’rklk m5]tdyf c]t 7;k,\\kp0v’la[m5]tdyfD [qfmu !*G dko.-rh klkmk’m]5 tdfy ,gu ovN .ole7oa 7Gn dko.-7h e.s4h dn 8vh ’8k,]da ltot 0v’rklk]k;F dkog]nvd.-h7eok,F ]adltotok,F 7ecmook,F 7ede,tF 7eg-nvj ,F 0=h7;o]t;a’.odko.-h7eF 7ela[ c]t leo;omk’m5]tdyfD [qfmu !(G rkdl;j o0v’dk[dvo ,ugoNv.ole7ao7nG 7eF 8voF ;adF g2Nv’F [kf c]t [qfD [qfmu !)G dkolezaf c]t 7ext9e[vj o ,ugoNv.ole7ao7nG ]adltotdkolezaf c]t 7e xt9e[vj oD III. ;ymulvo c]t dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D ;ymulvo dkofegouodkolvoc8]j t[qfF c8]j t-q;j 3,’ 767;ooe.-h;ymudkomusj ^kds^kp c]t gxao |kh loq .9cdoj da IPoD ovd9kddkolvorklk]k;f;h p;my du ko[oa pkpc];h F 7v6 kf9t.-;h my u sn^ g8adoyddkolvovnjoM xtlq,xtlkodaowx8k,7;k,g\\ktlq,da[goNv.o c]t 95fxtlq’ 0v’c8j]t[qfg-ajoG dkovtryxkpF c[j’d5j,gIaf;PdF c[’j d5j,grnjvlbdlk7Qo7;hkF lvoc[[ ]tfq,lt\\v’F ltcf’[qf[kflq,,5fF .-hlt4kotdko9e]v’F s^Yogd,gxao8QoD 3

@D dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !? dfy 9tdele][a lvodkovkj oG 7.6 -;h my [u oa pkpF loq mtok4k,8v[F .soh da IPovkj o8k, xB,F 8A’7e4k,.shoadIPo7Qo7;hkgxao[5d7qo c]t gxaod,5j c]h;0Bo]kp’koD @? dfy 9tdele][a lvodko0PoG 7.6 -;h my [u oa pkpF loq mtok4k,8v[F oerkoda IPo0PoF .shoadIPovjko8k,xB, c]h;76.sh7e4k,g9kt9U,F oerkoadIPog/yd0Po[qf8k, 8q;1kj ’mu,j u.oxB,c[[IPoF .shoadIPoz6h.f|b’j vkj o[qfl;j oz6hvnoj M2a’ c]t [aombd0=h 7;k,le7aoF pqd8q;1kj ’c]h;.shoadIPovtmy[kpD #? dyf9tdele]a[lvo dko2a’ c]t dkog;QkG 76.-h;ymu[aopkpF lqomtok4k,8v[F .shoadIPovjko8k,xB, c]h;76.sh7e4k,g9kt9U,F 76 c]t oadIPoIj;,daolts^5[ 7e8v[F .shoadIPoltcf’[5d7t]yddtrk[3fpdkog;Qkltcf’7;k,pyofuF glp.9F gsao.9F -q,g-upF 38h8v[F .sh3v;kfF v;prvoF .shoadIPovkj o[qf8q;1kj ’ Xvkj ovvd lP’c8gj xoa ]da ltotdkog;kQ ? $? dyf9tdele][a lvos^da dko.-rh klkG 7.6 -;h ymu[oa pkpF loq mtok4k,8v[F .soh da IPo vkj o8k,xB, c]h;76.sh7e4k,g9kt9U,F .shoadIPo-vdsk7e 76 c]t oadIPoI;j , doa ;gy 7kt7e c]t 07h= ;k,;kj gxoa 7eco;.fF c[’j d,j5 7oQ 7;kh c];h 0oB ]kp’koF oerk oda IPoc8’j dk[dvo 3fpvu’8k,[fq 8;q 1kj ’m,uj u.oxB,D &? dkocotoedPj ;da[dkogIaf[qfg/ydsafG 76lvom5d7qo8hv’g0Qk.9;kj dkogIaf[qfg/yd safc,oj dkoglu,lhk’7;k,I6h 7;k,lk,kf c]t g/ydmadlt.shcdoj adIPo 3fpzkj o dkolvo0v’76D dkocotoegIaf[qfg/ydsaf 76vkf.-h @ ;ymu7nG gIaf[qfg/ydsaf.oshv’ c]t gIfa 1[j6 kh o 3fpv’u .l7j e4k, c]t [fq g/dy sfa .oc8]j t[fq D 786 vh ’gvkq .9.ldj ;fdk fhko7ela[F gonhv.o c]t cdhw00=h0kf8qd[qdzvj ’0v’oadIPo grnvj .sh,uxtlyfmyrk[fuD *? dkocotoedPj ;da[[qfvkj ogru,j G le]a[[qfvkj ogru,j mu1j 6mj hkp[qf0v’xB,c[[IPooAo g,njv76lvo[qf8Qo8=8k,-qj;3,’IPo\\qfc]h;F 76cotoe.shoadIPovjko[qfvjkogruj, 1[j6 kh o.sgh 0kQ .9 g-’jy gxoa dkolkh ’.soh da IPogxfu d;kh ’7;k,I8h6 ,jn ovd9kd.o[fq IPoD #D [k’95fmuj7;ogvqk.9.lj.odkoc8j’[qflvo !? 0Aooeg0Qkl6[j qfIPoG dkolvoc8]j t7A’ 8hv’,udkooeg0Qkl6[j qfIPo grnvj dP,7;k, rhv,0v’oadIPoF 4hk76wfhdtdP,[qflvogxao1kj ’fu c]t oeg0Qkl6[j qfIPofh;p;ymu dkomuj|hklqo.9 d=4n;jkgxaodkog]uj,8Qomujfu g-yj’9tgIaf.shoadIPo8A’.9IPo c]t g0Qk.9[qfIPowfhfuD dkooeg0Qkl6[j qfIPolk,kfoe.-hs^kp;ymug-aoj G oe.-hlnxj tdv[ 4

ສ.ວ.ສ X;ufu3vF I6[rk[F 0v’9y’DDD?F oe.-h7e4k,mq[m;o7no7;k,I6hgdkqj grnvj g-nvj ,3p’wxl6j 7;k,I.h6 \\Fj .soh da IPoxt8[y fa dfy 9tdemrju ;q roa d[a [fq IPoF g]kjq omy ko sn^ g]kjq gsfdko 8kj ’M grnvj ]hP;8+.l[j qfIPoF 8A’[aosklqomtokF s^Yogd,F Ihv’gr’F ltcf’[qf[kf lq,,5f c]t vnoj MD @? 0AolvoG 767;ooe.-h;ymulvo c]t dyf9tdedkolvomusj ^kds^kp 3fpgoAo.shoadIPo wfhIPoI6hmk’myfltfuwx7P’76jda[rkdxt8y[af8q;9y’F gxuf3vdkf.shoadIPowfhg/yd xt8[y fa 8;q 9’y .ssh k^ pD ovd9kdooA F 776 ;o,;u my cu -dvk],q 7,q 7kpg-oja G dkog]kjq g]vjn ’ -;os;q F omy kodvh ,F soY^ gd, c]t ;my du kovojn M m1ju .j6 o0v[g0f0v’[fq grvjn .soh da IPo wfhIa[ma’7;k,I6h c]t 7;k,,;j o-noj wxoedaoD #? 0oA lts[5^ G dkolts[5^ 786 vh ’v’u .lgj ovN .o9f5 mlju e7oa mlju f5 .os;q 0h= sn^ [fq ooA F 4kh 7l6 k,kf lts^[5 [fq IPowffh ud=9tl’jq 7;k,I.h6 soh da IPofu c]t oda IPod=9twfIh [a 7;k,Ifh6 ;h p;ymu 0v’76g-aoj fP;daoD dkolts^5[m;o7noF 76[+9egxaolts^5[fh;p8qogv’ma’\\qfF 767;o .shoadIPo,ul;j oI;j ,.odkolts^5[ 3fp76oe.-h7e4k,-;j p 4hkoadIPolts^5[[+dq’ gxkQ \\kpD IV. dkooe.-hlnjxtdv[dkolvo lxnj tdv[dkolvo8Qo8= g-y’j 769t8hv’,ug-oaj G xB,c[[IPoF xB,76,j n76 c]t v5xtdvoxtdv[ dkolvoD ovd9kdoU pa’,uxB,xtgrf8kj ’Mmudj Pj ;0hv’da[dkoIPo{dkolvo.oc8]j t[qfg-oaj G xB,8e]k;y-kdkoF lk]t7tfuF |’a lnry,F czodkoxt9exuF xt9egfnvoF xt9evkmyfF 9fq \\kp l;j o8q;F 9qf\\kpmk’dkoF c9h’dko8kj ’MF dko[aombd8kj ’M0v’vq’dko9af8A’gpqk;t-qoF -k;|5,j F c,pj y’F gm[[aombdlP’F xB,3I,g]nvj ’lAoF ot;toypkpF 7el5rklyfF 7eztspk c]t 7eg;Qk0v’[5d7qomulj e7ao8kj ’MF [qfryl6fmuj76c8’j 0Bo s^n [qf0v’oadIPomuwj fhIa[]k’;aofugfaoj F x,B w;pkdvomkj o r,6 u ;’q ;9y fy F w;pkdvoxfa 9[5 oa F rklkF ;oa ot7tfu c]t xts;fa lkfF xt,;o 7ela[;ymtpklkf c]t gvdtlko8kj ’M mudj Pj ;0hv’mk’m5]tdyfF xB,dk[dvoxtgrf8kj ’MDDD mdju Pj ;0vh ’ 3fpv’u 8k,ltrk[0v’c8]j tmvh ’4ojy c]t 8k,7;k,lk,kf0v’7m6 -ju vdsk,kwfDh lmnj xuj tdv[dkolvo8kj ’Mmduj kj ;,koUF 796 toe.-xh tdv[dkolvo.o[fq S l.nj fdPj ;0vh ’d[a sq;0=h.fF [qf.f76d=gvqklnoj Ao,kltcf’xt9ad8kF ,kvtmy[kp4k,8v[ grnvj .shoadIPowfhI6h c]t wf2h ’a 8;q 9’y D 4kh 76lk,kfoe.-lh wjn f4h dn 8vh ’ 9tgIfa .soh da IPowfIh [a 7;k,Ish6 ^kp0oB gmkjq ooA c]t p’a gxoa c[[1kj ’mfju 8u +7z6 vh6 ojn vdu f;h pD 5

V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo 76.-hs^kp;ymu7nG ;ymu8A’7e4k,lqomtokF dko4k,8v[F dkogIafdyf9tde]kp’kogxao [d5 7oq c]t gxoa d,j5 F dko.sgh Ifa ;Pd[kh ogxoa xt9eF dkoltcf’]t7voF dkomfq lv[.oc8]j t[fq s^n .oc8]j trkds^a’9kdIPo\\qf gxao8QoD VI. 0=hcotoedjP;da[s^adl6fmhv’4yjo 767;o,u;ymudkomluj vf7vj ’F I6h\\6o.-h[qfIPo.fF sq;0=h.f7;ooegvqkgoNv.o.97;k,mguj xao 7;k,IFh6 l’jy 3ffgfoja F s;q 7yfxtfyflkh ’ s^n r,6 xoa pk-k;[kh o ,kglu,.l[j fq IPo8oQ 8= c]t cdwh 0 [oa skmoju da IPo.osvh ’0v’8oq IPo[+wffh Du VII. dkog7njvows;ovds^adl6f dkog7nvj ows;ovds^adl6f 4hk3I’IPo.fF mhv’4yoj .f,ug’nvj ow0 d=7;ooerkoadIPowx mafltotlbdlk8k,lt4komuj8jk’Mmk’me,t-kf c]t wxmafltotlbdlkx6ltoyptlt4ko 0v’mvh ’4ojy 8k,7;k,lk,kf0v’c8]j tmvh ’4ojy D 9fa dkoc0’j 0oa vkj o c]t 0Po[fq g]vjn ’loA F dk[dvoF oymkoF 7eztspkF 7el5rklyf8kj ’MD 6

ສ.ວ.ສ rkdmu I dkovjko [qfmu ! dkovjko8e]k;y-kdko c]t lk]t7tfu g;]k # -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd7;k,\\kp0v’8e]k;y-kdko c]t |a’lnlk]t7tfuwfhD { vkj o8e]k;y-kdko c]t |a’lnlk]t7tfu fh;p;ymudkovkj omu4j nd8hv’D { 7fa sn^ \\kp07h= ;k,le7oa 0v’8e]k;-y kdko g]vjn ’dko0tspkproa rfn c]t dkozt]fy \\kd,;j ’ovd]tf6dkoF dko8vo8Qow,hwfhD { 7fa s^n \\kp0=7h ;k,le7oa 0v’lk]t7tfu g]vnj ’de]’a foa 0v’g]nvfl’6 {8ej gxoa voa 8t]kp 8+-u;yf c]t g]nvj ’ot7vos^;’;P’9aowfhD II. goNv.o8Qo8= |’a lxn tgrf8e]k;-y kdko gxoa |’a lmn .ju s7h ;k,Ih6 7;k,7fy grvjn oewxxt8[y fa 8k,.swh fIh [a zoq F zvh6 kj o9t8vh ’ry4ury4oa .odkovkj o grvnj 9twf9h fq 9egoNv.omluj e7oa 0v’g]vnj ’ c]t .97;k, le7aowfhD |a’lnlk]t7tfugxao|a’lnvjkogrnjvglu,7;k,I6h z6hvjko7;ovjkos^kpMgs^A, s^kpM ]adltot 3fpg/ydvkj o.shw; rhv,da[me7;k,g0Qk.9wxfh;pD g,nvj 8hv’dko[aombdw;h.-hgxao xt3spf d=7;o9tda[,k[aombd8k,rkps^a’D III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t 76,j n76 rklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu #D { xB,8e]k;y-kdkoF lk]t7tfu c]t |a’lnry,8kj ’Mmusj k,kwfhD IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D m;o7no { lqomtokda[oadIPodPj ;da[dkoIPo;y-krklk]k; 76vkf9t4k,oadIPo;kj s^a’9kd gla’9q[-Aoxt4q,lbdlk.\\jM 8qogv’lk,kf2a’{g;Qk{vjko c]t 0Porklk]k;wfh7jv’c7h; xko.fL c]t g,nvj wfhg0QkIPo0Ao,afmtpq, !{@ xu,koU madltdko2a’{ g;Qk{vkj o{0Po 0v’8qo gv’ ,udkorafmtokfu0Bo s^n [+L phvospa’L oadIPovkf9t8v[wx8k,7;k,g0Qk.90v’.z,aoD 7

{ dkolts^[5 7-6 Uc9’oda IPoI;h6 kj o[a c8,j Ngduf,k7oq gIkq c,oj wfIh oa dkollnj kof;h prklk 3fpg]u,j 9kdr+c,j c]t [5d7qo.o7v[7q;D zkj og;]kfqookogxaogfnvogxaoxu 7qomugj duf,kd=,u rfa mtokdkomk’fkh oIkj ’dkp 9fy .9 rklk c]t xtl[q dkovojn M o[a ,oN [a sk^ p0oB D 3fpltgrkt rklkwfgh xoa rkstot.odko8fy 8l+ ljn koF 4kj pmvf7;k,Ilh6 db odb 7fy F 7;k,I;h6 -y kdko c]t vojn M .shg0Qk.9daowfhD z6hmu,j umadlt s^n 7;k,lk,kf.odkoxkdg;QkF vkj o c]t 0Po7vj ’c7h; d=9t lk,kflnlj koda[z6hvnoj wfhfu,uxtlyfmyrk[D zkj odkoIPorklk]k;9q[-Aoxt4q,lbdlk d=9t,u madlt.odkoxkdg;QkF vjko c]t 0Po.o]tfa[|bj’ g,njvln[8+IPo.o-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk dkorafmtokc8]j tmadltd=py’j ,u7;k,g]ydg-y’j F d;hk’0;k’F ]tvPfvvj o0Bowxg]NvpMg-aoj G dko2a’{g;Qk 9t,u0=h7;k,mugj xaorklkxkdg;Qkme,tfkc[[dq’wxdq’,kF rklkmulj ts^a[la[ -hvo.-hleo;o.sh7Qo7yfry9k]tok c]t vnoj MD dkovkj o c]t 0Pod=,urafmtokdko7ndao 3fpltgrkt|a’lnxtgrf8kj ’M zh60Po8vh ’dkol7nj ;k,\\kpwxpa’z6hvkj o.shIa[-k[7;k,Ih6ldb obd7yf8k,g98tok0v’8qoltg\\uD grnvj .shdkolnlj ko,uxtlyfmyrk[fu z6hvkj o9t8hv’,u7;k,I6h dPj ;da[xtgrf0v’|a’lnF ;ymudko c]t 0Ao8voxt8y[afm4uj nd8hv’D @D dkolvo7;k,\\kp c]t ;ymuvjko8e]k;y-kdko 76lqomtok c]t 4k,oadIPodPj ;da[7;k,\\kpF ;ymuvkj o8e]k;y-kdkoF 4hkoadIPo c8j]t7qo,uxB,c[[IPoc]h;.shvjko.o.9.z,aoF 4hkoadIPo,uxB,c[[IPo[+7q[,n.shvjko 7Qo7;hkgxaod5,j #{& okmu c]h;764k,fa’j oUG !D 8e]k;y-kdko c,oj |a’lnxtgrf.fL @D 8hv’vkj oco;.f9’jb 9tgda[degoNv.owf4h nd8vh ’L #D dkovkj o8e]k;y-kdko,u;ymu c]t 0Ao8voco;.fL 7kf\\kp7e8v[G !D gxao|a’lnmu.j sh7;k,Ih6 7;k,7yf lk,kfoewxxt8y[afwfhD @D z6hvkj o9t8hv’ry4ury4aogvqk.9.l.j odkovkj o.sh]tvPf grvnj 9a[0=h7;k,le7aoD #D ,u;ymu c]t 0Ao8vofa’j oUG !? vkj oc[[zkj oM 7ndkovkj o1kj ’d;hk’M grvnj 9twfhI6hgoNv.oc[[];,MD @? vkj ogrvjn 9[a .97;k,le7oa 0v’g]vjn ’ g,vjn zvh6 kj o-k[c];h ;kj gxoa g]vjn ’dPj ;d[a sp’a 9t8vh ’rtpkpk,9[a .97;k,le7oa 0v’g]vjn ’.swh fh 3fpvkf9t\\kp0fu dvh ’.l.j 9 7;k,le7aod=wfhD #? vjko]kp]tvPf8jk’M grnjvoe,kxtdv[da[.97;k,le7ao8jk’M0v’g]njv’ grvnj 8vh ’dko.sgh ]vjn ’,u7;k,d,q dP;c9,j c9’h D 8

ສ.ວ.ສ $? vkj omq[m;o7nogrnjvme7;k,g0Qk.9goNv.og]njv’ c]h;xtg,uo8qogv’;jk,u7;k, g0kQ .9rP’.f.og]vjn ’mwju fvh kj o 3fpvkf9t8’A 7e4k,d[a 8oq gv’;kj .zgIfa sp’a 1.j6 l g;]k.f gxao8QoD { 76 c]t oda IPoI;j ,doa lts[5^ dko8v[zfy {4dn 0v’c8]j t7oq 3fpv’u .l7j kf\\kpmwju fdh eofq w;Dh #D dko7af0=h7;k,le7ao9kddkovjko8e]k;y-kdko 76 ltg|udkovkj o8e]k;y-kdko ;kj ,ao,u7;k,\\kp7;k,le7ao 3fpltgrkt0=h7;k, c]t sda^ dko8kj ’Mmgju xoa v’q xtdv[le7oa 4kh 0kf07h= ;k, c]t sda^ dkoooA wx d9= tgIfa .sgh ovN .o [l+ ,q [o6 sn^ g;kQ co;|’jb z9h6 toegvkq wx.-dh v= kf9txt8[y fa oepkd c]t [7+ [q 4;h oD ltooA F grvjn .sh dkoxt8y[af ;ymuvjko8e]k;y-kdkowfh4nd8hv’ .shoadIPog/ydxt8y[af7af0=h7;k,9kd8e]k ;y-kdkomduj eofq .sGh { c[’j oadIPo\\qfshv’gxao ${* d,5j 8k,7;k,g\\ktlq, grnvj 7Qo7;hkD { d,5j mu !{@{# 7af0=h7;k,9kdg]nvj ’],5j oUc]h; ]kp’ko8+|hkshv’IPoD g]njv’ dkozt]yf\\kd,j;’ovd]tf6dko dkodtdP,G g],ju 9kddkowf8h oQ \\kd,;j ’,kc];h dx= t8[y fa dko8fa ’kj ovh pvvh ,8oQ \\kd,;j ’.sdh Ph ’fu c]h;d=medko.l/j 5oj xtgrfl6f !&{!&{!& .ovaf8kl;j o #WW{$WW dik,8+8QoD g,nvj 8Qo\\kd ,;j ’wfIh [a /oj5 c];h d=g],uj c8d.[vvj o 9’jb xt8y[fa dkosfq mkfrk37][y;mik3-oD ;ymudkoG dkosqfmkfrk37][y;mik3-o.sh.-hxt]y,ko @W -u-u xtlq,da[oE ! ]yf le]a[8Qo\\kd ,;j ’m,uj u2,5j sh5, @ c,afD dkosqfmkfoU7;or;ofyo.sh,o5j glpdvj o grvnj gxaodkogIaf.shmkfoAo -b,g0Qkwfh’kj pD s^a’9kdsqfmkfrk37][y;mik3-owfh @ vkmyf .[\\kd,;j ’9txq’j 0BoF .[9t [yf’=g]adohvpF xhv’0=h40uj Bo ltcf’;kj 8Qo c]t .[\\kd,;j ’wfhIa[mkfrk37][y;mik3-oc]h; c]t g,nvj sqfmkfrk37][y;mik3-owfh !& ;ao 8hv’xt8y[afdko.l/j 5jo W{&@{#$ .ovaf8kl;j o @WW dik, 8+oE @W ]yf c]h;7qo.shmq;j F 8+,kd=sqfmkfrk37][y;mik3-o .llj 6f !#{W{$* .ovaf8kl;j o $WW dIk, 8+oE @W ]yf 3fpluf.shm;qj .[\\kd,;j ’ 8vog-Qk s^n 8voc]’D 9kdoU 9tl’a gdfgsoa 8oQ \\kd,;j ’c8d-+9+fvdvvd,kD X7af9kd;k]tlko;ymtpklkf{g8adoyd gfnvo !W{!@}!__)? 7kf\\kpdko]kp’ko g]njv’G dkozt]yf\\kd,j;’ovd]tf6dko dtdP, G 8afc8’j dy’j ’kj 8Qo,;j ’mu,j u25,j d;hk’xt,ko @ c,afD 9

;my du koG { r;ofyoc]h; .l/j 5jo Xx5pl6f !&{!&{!&? xt,ko #WW{$WW dik,D { sqfmkfrk37][y;mik3-o @W -u-u xtlq,oE ! ]yfD { 9kdoAo !& ;ao .l/j 5jo Xx5pl6f W{&@{#$? @WW dik, xtlq,oE @W ]yfD { g;]k8+,k sqfmkfrk37][y;mik3-o l6f !#{W{$* $WW dik, .loj E @W ]yf sqfg-Qk c]t c]’D { d5,j mu ${&{* 7af9kdg]nvj ’]5,j oUc]h; ]kp’ko8+|hkshv’IPoD g]njv’ dko0tspkpraornf dko0tspkproa rfn 7dn kooegvkq rfn 9eo;o|vh pwxgIfa .swh f9h eo;osk^ p0oB d;kj gdkjq IPd doa ;kj dko0tspkproa [+;kj 9t0tspkpf;h p;ymu.fd=8k,D dko0tspkproa c[’j vvdgxoa s^kp ;ymuf;h pdoa c8;j ymu.f9tfuooA c,oj 0Bo1d6j [a -toyf0v’rnf c]t 8oQ w,mh ulj k,kf0tspkpf;h pl;j o 8kj ’M0v’,aoD dko0tspkpraogIqklk,kfc[’j vvdgxao @ 1kj ’.spMj 7nG !D dko0tspkpraofh;pg,af s^n cdoj dko0tspkpraofh;pg,af s^n cdoj 8hv’vkwl oEF ]q,F 7qo c]t lafgxaoly’j -;j pgs^nv 9’jb 9tczrj oa vvdwfDh @D dko0tspkprao3fp.-hl;j o8kj ’M dko0tspkproa c[[oU 8vh ’.-lh ;j om9ju tg]ou l,q [o6 f0u v’8oQ rfn ooA Mg-oja G d’jy F .[F 8kF s;q F |+ c]t gs’Qk fh;p;ymu8kj ’M7nG !? dko8vo @? dko8yf8k #? dko8+dy’j $? dko8afc]h; gvqkwx-e &? dkomk[dy’j *? dko3oh,dy’j (? dkocpd|+ c]t c[’j sq; dko8vo8Qow,h dko8vo8Qow,h gxaoly]txt1jk’|bj’0v’-k;l;o c8j;jk-k;l;o]k;gIqk pa’[+maoI6h doa \\fq gmvjn D dkoxd6 8oQ w,fh ;h p;my 8u vod’jy oU ,oa 9t.szh oq 8v[cmow;d;kj dko.-gh ,fa s^n cdoj xd6 D dkox6dfh;pg,af ovd9kdwfhzqo-hkc]h; ]qf-kfvkf9txjPocx’3fp’jkp gonjv’9kdg,af muoj e,kdhkoAovkf9t[+wfhgvqk,k9kd8Qomucj 0’cI’fu s^n xklt9kdg-Nv3]d c]t vkf9t[+ c,oj g,afmufj u7nda[raogfu,D grktltoAo -k;l;o9b’j x6d8Qow,hfh;pdy’j mu8j vogvqk g;Aoglpc88j Qo 10

ສ.ວ.ສw,mh 8ju vo[+wfgh -oja 8oQ rkh ; Xrfn .[]Ph ’fPj ;? 8oQ w,mh 8ju vopkdg-oja G |kd,FU \\kd,;j ’F \\kdzk’ c]t \\kd,a’75f Xrnf.[]hP’76?j D 7;k,9’y 8oQ w,mh .ju spcj ];h govN .\\rj kpovd7dn [a ,cu doj 1rj6 kp.oc];h g-oja G 4;jq ]PoF |kddPh ’F \\kdok;F \\kd]t,f5 F \\kdlfu kF \\kdg’ktF \\kd]oY 9Fju |kd]ewpF \\kdg2vn ’ c]t \\kdw2 gxoa 8oQ lk,kfxd6 wfmh ’a ooA D le][a \\kd,FU \\kd,;j ’F \\kdzk’ c]t \\kd,’a 7f5 mgju Ikq g0kQ .9 dao;kj 8vopkdd=vkf8vowfh 4hkgIqkgIaf4nd;ymuD dko8vo8Qow,hoUgxaoly’j mugj Iafwfh 3fp[+8hv’ ]e[kd lq,7;o1kj ’p’yj m-uj k;l;o9t8hv’gIaf grvnj sk]kpwfhgr,uj g8u,D ]tf6muj7;o8vo dko8vo8oQ w,oh oA lk,kf8vowfmh d5 ]tf6 c8gj ;]kmgju \\ktl,q mlju f5 c,oj ]tf/6 oq grkt;kj [8+ vh ’]e[kd.odkosfq oE sn^ gIfa dt[vdsfq rc= 8gj ]vn dd’jy dkh ow;ch ];h dg= vkq foy c]t dk[rkh ; s+d’yj w;hgmkqj oAo g,vnj Ikd,aovvdd=lk,kf8afwxx6dwfh3]fD dkog]nvddyj’8vo dkog]vn dd’jy 8vo 7;og]vn dgvkq d’jy mcju 0’cI’xklt9kd3]dwr c]t l’jy vojn MD 7;ogxoa dy’j mu[j +vvj o c]t [+cdgj duowx 7;ogxaody’j mu,j uvkp5 !{@ xu c]h;c8-j toyf0v’raow,hD g7njv’,nmuj.-h.odko8vo g7nvj ’,n.odko8vo ,urP’c8,j uf ! f;’ 9tgxao,ufra[ s^n ,uffhk,d=wfhD fyole]a[rvd s^n 3v[ 7;o.-hfyo9kdIvj ’oEF c7,Ivj ’ s^n wdIvj ’d=wfh c88j hv’.sh-5,j D 9kdoAo gvqkdk[rhk;muj c-oj Ew;h9ad @{# 7no s^n gxqkxkj o0kf c-oj E.sh-5j, ,ks+fyomuj3v[c]h;.-h8vd s^n g-nvd,af .sch |oh fdu r= c= ];h D ;ymu8vo g,vjn g]vn dd’jy wfch ];h dg= vkq ,fu xkf]vdgxvn dvvd.s\\h fq 7;k,pk;0v’gxvb dooA .sgh mkjq d[a glAozkj l6odk’0v’dy’j s^n pk;d;kj g]adohvpd=wfhD .og,njv06fgxnvdvvd\\qfc]h; 4hkgxao8Qow,hmuj 8vopkd g,njvgvqkgxnvdvvd\\qfc]h; .shgvqkfja’ma[my,,kmkIv[ grnjv0hkgoNvw,h.sh8kp c];h 9’jb 9ts+ wfh sn^ 9txtw;9h da #{& ;oa grvjn .sch s’h F dvj o9ts.+ sgh vkq zkh 9,j5 oEvoj5 ,kg-fa .sgh ,vn d \\qfc]h;9’bj gvqkfyo,k3v[ dvj o9t3v[oAo.shgvqk,uf,kxkfmk’gmy’glpdvj o grvnj .shgxao[kf lqfIkd0v’,ao9’bj vvdfu 4hkgxaow,hm[uj +,u1k’9t3v[3]fd=wfhD ;ymus+ .sgh vkq fyo3v[Iv[Mxkd[kf.srh =l,q 7;o c];h gvkq dk[\\kdrkh ;s+vud-oA |’jb gvkq 8vd s^n g-nvd,afgmy’ c]t ]5,j s^n 9t,afmk’dk’oeF [u[.shc|hor=lq,7;oc]h; sqfoE.sh-5j,16lj tg\\u 8+9kdoAo9tgvqk.[dh;p s^n zhk1k’s+oevudd=wfh grnvj .sh,ao-,5j 1l6j tg\\uD 11

dko8af,k-e .og,vjn Ikd0v’,oa roQ vvd9kddk[\\kdrkh ; c]t l’a gdfgsoa ;kj Ikdgxoa lou E8kovvj o c];h d9= fa dko8fa wxxd6 wfDh .odko8fa 9t.-h g]vjn povh p sn^ ,fu m7ju ,q M8fa l;j o],j5 m8ju fy dk[\\kdrkh ; rhv,oAod=lhv,dy’j g]adMohvpMmu[j +’k,vvd4Y, gs^nvw;hc8dj y’j mulj ;p’k, c]h;d=gvqkwxx6d.l\\j =hF .l4j a’ s^n |ko.ol;ofvdw,h8k,8hv’dkoD Xz6h0PoG [k’ 7ezkpF 7;k,I6hg[Nv’8QodPj ;da[dkox6drnf dt-;’lbdlkmydko? 7kf\\kpdko]kp’ko g]njv’G dko0tspkpraornf dko0tspkpraofh;pg,af{cdoj vkwlG oEF ]q,F 7qo c]t lafgxao8q;-;j pD dko0tspkpraofh;pl;j o8kj ’MwfhcdGj dy’j F .[F 8kF sq;F IkdF |+ s^n gs’QkD ;my 0u tspkpf;h pl;j o8kj ’MG dko8voF dko8fy 8kF dko8d+ ’jy F dko8fa wx-eF dkomk[d’jy F dko3oh,dy’j F dkocpd|+ c]t c[’j sq;D 8Qow,hmu8j vowxx6d[+wfhG 8Qorhk;D 8Qow,hmu8j vowxx6dwfhpkdG 8Qo,UF 8Qo,;j ’F 8Qozk’ c]t 8Qo,a’75fD 8oQ w,mh 8ju vowxxd6 wf’h kj pG 8oQ 4;jq ]PoF \\kddPh ’F \\kdok;F ]t,f5 F \\kdlfu kF \\kdg’ktF \\kd]Yo9uFj \\kd]ewpF \\kdw2F \\kdg2nv’DDD ]tf6mxuj 6d’kj pG ]tf6/qoD dkog]nvddy’j G dy’j mucj 0’cI’F vkp5xt,ko !{@ xuD g7nvj ’,n.odko8vody’j G ,ufF dk[rhk;F gxqkxkj ogdkqj c]t g-nvd,afD ;ymus+G gvqkfyo3v[F gvqkdk[rhk; s^n gxqkxkj os5h,F gvqkg-nvd,afF gvqk.[dh;p s^n zhk1k’s5h,D dko8afwx-eG 8afl;j o],5j dk[rhk;D $D dko7af0=h7;k,le7ao9kddkovjkolk]t7tfu 76ltg|udkovkj olk]t7tfu;kj lk]t7tfugxao7;k,I6hmq;j wx g-y’j ,us^kplk0k z6hvkj o9t g]nvdvkj oltgrktgoNv.om8ju vh ’dkoIgh6 mkjq ooA s^n 9tltcf’7egsoa fugsoa rvh , c]t 38ch p’h d=wfDh { c[’j oadIPo\\qfshv’gxao ${* d5,j 8k,7;k,g\\ktlq, grnvj 7Qo7;hkD { d5,j mu !{@{# 7af9kdg]nvj ’]5,j oU c]h;]kp’ko8+|hkshv’IPoD 12

ສ.ວ.ສg]njv’ de]a’fao0v’g]nvfl6’{8Ogxaovao8t]kp8+-u;yf de]a’faog]nvfl6’ c,oj vkdko|b’j 0v’rtpkf 3fpltgrktc,oj 7qomu,j uvkp5c8j #W xu 0BowxF r;dgIqkrq[s^kpc,oj z6h-kpmugj Iaf;PddPj ;da[dko7Qo7yfF dkofe]q’-u;yfmu[j +9af;k’ 3,’g;]k.odkogIfa ;PdF dyoF ovoF vvdde]’a dkpF s^Yody]kF rda zvj orP’r= c]t dyovksko [,+ mu kf[e]’5 mgju \\ktl,q d[a Ikj ’dkp g,vjn .-gh 7vjn ’;fa cmdg[’jy 9tgsoa ;kj 7;k,foa 0v’g]vn fl’6 s^n 8ej zyfxqddt8yD 8k,me,tfkc]h;z6h-kp s^n c,pj y’ mu,j uIkj ’dkpc0’cI’lq,[6ofu 7;k,fao0v’g]nvf g[Nv’gmy’9t1]j6 ts;kj ’ !WW{!@W{!#W c]t g[Nv’],j5 ]ts;kj ’ *W{(W{)WD le][a z-h6 kp s^n c,pj y’ mu,j uIkj ’dkpc0’cI’me,tfk 7;k,fao0v’g]nvfg[Nv’gmy’9t16]j ts;kj ’ )W{!WW{!@W c]t g[vN ’],j5 ]ts;kj ’ $W{*W{)WD 4kh ;kj de]’a foa 0v’g]vn fg[vN ’gm’y l’6 d;kj oU sn^ g[vN ’],j5 8ej d;kj oU ltcf’;kj zyfxdq dt8yvkf9tgxoa pvh olkgsf8+wxoUG { rtpkf\\kdw0sj ’a^ g-oja G \\kdw0sj ’a^ vda gl[Io5 cI’ c]t -egIvN F gloA g]vn f8[u F gxoa |;U F gxoa dvh og[kQ .o\\kdw0sj ’a^ F { rtpkfmk’]t[[q s;q .9g-oja G gloA g]vn fcf’.spj sn^ gloA g]vn fcf’ddq gxfu d;kh ’7;k,foa 0v’g]nvfg[Nv’gmy’9tl6’0Bo c87j ;k,faog[Nv’8ej 9ts^5f]q’D { c,pj y’4nrk gfnvomu ({) de]a’0v’g]nvf9tl6’ 7;ogvqk.9.l;j kj w]ptoUgxaow]ptzyf xdq dt8.y odko4rn kD { 7qomugj Iaf;Pdfh;p,aolt\\v’F 7yfv5dva’j F 7yf1hkodq;F mtgpumtpko dyovksko c]t radzjvo[+rP’r= rk.sh]t[q[8jk’M0v’Ijk’dkpla[lqo ly’j mujltcf’vvd9t,uvkdkodt;qo dt;kpF 8qd.9F ,adg9a[sq;,q;8kF gxao]q,;yo;PoF s6vNF vyfg,nvj pvvj ogrp [+1kdfn,j [+1kddyo c]t vnoj MD dkoxyoj xq;9t8hv’wx3I’\\= grnvj .shmkj o\\=d;f c]t cmd7;k,fao0v’g]nvf;kj l6’{ 8ej lej .fF d;fg]nvfF gIafgv3dF 4kj pI6[F lvj ’]a’lu c]t vnoj M grnvj -vdsklkgsf0v’7;k, foa zfy xdq dt8.y ogloA g]vn fc];h xojy x;q 8k,ooA D l’jy le7oa 7oq gIkq 8vh ’rda zvj oxt8[y fa 8k,7ecot oe0v’crf\\F= sdu^ g;oA dkodoy f,jn vkskom,ju mu kfdt8oh5 sk^ pg-oja G gskQ^ F dkg2F 1kl[6 F doy vksko mu,j u]qf-kf9k’F [+dyo-Uo c]t mkfmu,j uw0,aos^kp 7;o9tdyo9er;dzad c]t xk gxao8QoD 1krNog,nv’mmuj k’dkocrfwfh7Qo7;hk c]t gsao;kj ,uzqofu7nG { gvkq 8oQ 0k,xvh ,ovh p m’a IkdF 8oQ c]t .[ sn^ gvkq 8oQ spkh \\kdw8dj kh om’a Ikd c]t .[ ,k8,Q doy 8k’oED vdu 0t|ko|’jb .sgh vkq pvfzda [;h ’,k|’B sn^ 8,Q doy xt,ko ! gfvn o rvh ,ooA d=wx3I’\\= grvnj ;fa cmdde]’a foa 0v’g]nvfwxoeD X7af9kd|a’lnry,xtgmf]k; lt[a[ ;aomu !(}!@}@WW)? 13

7kf\\kpdko]kp’ko { g]vnj ’G de]a’fao0v’g]nvfl6’{8ej gxaovao8t]kp8+-u;yfD { 7qo,u7;k,faog]nvfzyfxqddt8y rq[s^kpG z6h-kpvkp5 #W xu 0BowxD { 7;k,faoxqddt8ypy’{-kpmucj 0’cI’lq,[6ofuG gmy’ !WW{!@W{!#W ]5,j *W{(W{)WD { 7;k,faoxqddt8ypy’{-kpmucj 0’cI’me,tfkG gmy’ )W{!WW{!@W ]5,j $W{*W{)WD { 7;k,faom8uj kj ’9kdd=]touf’aj dkj ;G 7;k,faozyfxqddt8yD { lkgsfG rtpkf\\kdw0sj ^a’ s^n ]t[q[sq;.9D { 4hk]t[q[Ikj ’dkpla[lqoG g9a[sq;,q;8kF dt;qodt;kpF 8qd.9F gxao]q,F s6vNF vvj ogrp c]t g[nvj vkskoD { dkoxyoj xq;G wxrq[mkj o\\= grnvj d;fsklkgsfD { dyo1krNog,nv’G 8Qo0k,xhv,F 8Qosphkw8dj hko c]t pvfzad[h;’D { ly’j mu7j ;os^udg;AoG gs^QkF dkg2F 1kl6[F [+dyo-Uo c]t mkfmu,j uw0,aos^kpD { d5,j mu ${&{* 7af9kdg]nvj ’]5,j oUc]h; ]kp’ko8+|hkshv’IPoD g]nvj ’ ot7vos^;’;P’9ao ot7vos^;’;P’9ao c,jog,nv’s^;’0v’lkmk]tot]af xt-kmyxtw8 xt-k-qo]k;F ;P’9ao.o,NoU g4y’;jk;P’9ao9t[+.spj38,t3s4ko c]t 9tg]uoI5j’gInv’7nda[ot7vos^;’ 0v’xtgmfvojn Md=8k,S -k;ot7vos^;’;P’9oa c]t -k;]k;m’a -kfd=,u7;k,Ida s;’cso c]t gvdvhk’mtoq’.98+ot7vos^;’0v’8qo1kj ’l6’l’qj g-oaj fP;da[m[uj aort[5]5f g7up,u,k1kj ’ [+,udkoxPj ocx’S ma’oUd=grktm5d7qoI6hfu;kj ;P’9aog7upgxaoot7vos^;’ mu,j udPf xts;afvao,u -]nj n-k,kfqookoc]h; 8A’c8vj tfufg4y’xaf95[aoD r;dgIkq ];h oc81j kdIxh6 ts;fa lkf0v’-kf8oq 1kdI9h6 da xts;fa 7;k,gxoa ,k0v’ot7vo s^;’;P’9ao1kj ’g]ydg-y’j 7nda[1kdI6hg-Nvlkp;q’8td6o c]t ;y]tdevao]Eg]uf0v’[aort[6]5f .ovtffu D c8dj |= kh glpfkpmsju da^ 4ko0,h= o6 mk’xts;fa lkf1kj ’s;^ ’sk^ p dPj ;d[a xtgmf-kf4dn I5dIkoF ot7vos^;’;P’9ao4ndme]kpgzqkzko c]t xt-k-qo9eo;os^kp4nd-5dg-nvj ’ c]t d;kf8vh o|u g;kQ ];,c];h c,oj lo6 glp7;k,gxoa gvdt]kf rvh ,m’a veokf vtmxy tw8.ovtffu D g]vjn ’ogU xoa g]vjn ’|kh glkQ ltsfq^ .9 grkt;kj 4kh 7oq z|h6 ’jb sn^ xt-k-oq z|h6 ’jb [I+ 9h6 da xts;fa lkfF g-Nv-kf;q’8td6o c]t znoczoj fyoxtgmf-kf0v’8qoc]h; gIafco;.f 9b’j 9tI6hlbds;’cso c]t gvdvkh ’mto’q .9.o-kfF .o;]y tde0v’[oa rt[]5 f5 0v’8oq c]t gIfa co;.f9’jb 9t,,u kot 9yfln[mvf,6og-Nv v5myf8qo8+l6hxqdxadIadlk c]t lhk’lkrafmtok xtgmf-kf[hkog,nv’wfhD grnvj .sh,u7;k,g0Qk.9dPj ;da[ot7vos^;’0v’xtgmf-kf ,ao,u7;k,9egxaomu8j hv’8v[ 7e4k,m;uj kj ;P’9oa gdufgxoa [kh og,nv’,kc8fj oq xko.fL .zgxoa zoh6 erklkh ’L gxoa sp’a 9’jb .lj -n;j kj g,nv’;P’9aoL c]t ;P’9aowfhzkj op5dltw\\xts;aflkf,kco;.fL 14

ສ.ວ.ສ[aofk7e4k,gsk^qj oUg4y’xaf95[aod=pa’[+,u7e8v[1no1aomcuj ooj vo c8dj =,us^ad4kos^kp1kj ’ m[uj vd;kj ;P’9oa wfIh [a dkolkh ’lkrfa mtokgxoa [kh o gxoa g,nv’foq oko,kc];h D 3fpdko7Qo7;hklbdlksk0=h,6o9kds^kpcs^j’ mjko,tsk lu]k ;u]t;q’ oadxkf 7oq |’jb 0v’]k;gIkq grojy wflh ts[5^ loa ofy 4kow;;h kj G <;P’9oa o4U dn lkh ’gxoa [kh o gxoa g,vn ’,kc];h c8xj u rDlD @!*{@#* r5ho<D grkt;kj g9Qkg,nv’muxj qd7v’;P’9aoz6hmevyf,u-nj xkdqf;kj [5]u9ao -k;[kh o|v’7oa cm X[kh of’q xkj ]koxfa 9[5 oa ? sn^ rtpk9oa mt[]6 u xtlfy mly da g-’jy gxoa zIh6 [a gvkq rtlk]]u dy tmkf0v’rtrf5 mtg9kQ 9kdrtv]= tsoa & v’q c];h oerkxt-k-oq lkh ’v[6 ,’5 grvjn [oa 95rtlk]u]ydtmkfoAoD .oxu 7DlD !&** rtg9Qkw-ptg-f4kmy]kfwfhoerk[kj ;wr]j k-tfvo lkh ’rtmkf.spdj ;,v[6 ,’5 f’ja dkj ; c]t 0t|kook,;kj <rtmkfg9f3u ]dt9]5 t,to<u xfa 9[5 oa oUr;dgIqkgvUodao3fpm;qj wx;kj <rtmkfs^;’;P’9ao<D X7af9kd;k]tlkomvj ’mPj ;g,nv’]k; lt[a[ gfnvo ,a’dvo xu !__)? 7kf\\kpdko]kp’ko { g]vnj ’G ot7vos^;’;P’9oa { ot7vos^;’;P’9aoG c,oj ot7vos^;’0v’ lDxDx ]k;D { .ovtfufG ;P’9ao4ndme]kpgzqkzko 9’bj [+,us^ad4komcuj ooj voD { mkj o ,tskly]k ;u]t;q’ laooyf4koG ;P’9aolhk’gxao[hko{g,nv’ rDlD @!*{@#*D { g9Qkg,nv’;P’9aoG -n;j kj [5]u9ao s^n rtpk9aomt[6]u xtlyfmyladF rtvq’wfhoerk xt-k -qolhk’v6[,5’ grvnj [ao95dtf6d0v’rtr5fmtg9QkD { rtg9Qkw-ptg-f4my]kfG oerkxt-k-qolhk’g9fud;,v6[,5’oAo .oxu 7DlD !&** c]t .l-j n;j kj rtmkfg9fu3]dt95]t,touD { xaf95[aooUgvUo;kj G mkfs^;’;P’9oa D &D dkolvo[qfg/ydsaf { .shoadIPo7Qo7;hk1s6j hv’lt\\5f s^n 1g6j InvoD { ]kp’kozoq dko7oQ 7;kh 8+|kh svh ’IPo .og;]k7d6 eofq .sDh V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdf9kdG { dkolqomtok c]t 8v[7e4k,0v’c8]j t7qoD { dkoc[’j ;Pd c]t 7;k,lk,ad7u.od5,j D d;fzqo’ko9kdG { dko]kp’ko0v’d,5j c]t [5d7qoD 15

[qfmu @ dkovjko|a’lnry,F ;k]tlko c]t [qf7;k, g;]k # -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd7;k,\\kp c]t deoqfg;]k0v’|a’lnry,F;k]tlko c]t [qf7;k,wfhD { vkj o|a’lnry, c]t ;k]tlkofh;p;ymumu4j nd8hv’wfhD { 9a[xtgfao c]t 0=h7;k,le7ao9kdg]nvj ’muvj kj o c]t ;y9kog]nvj ’muvj kj o1kj ’,ugsfzqoD II. goNv.o8Qo8= |a’lnry, gxao|a’lnmujry,vvdxt9e;ao dkoltg|u0jk;8jk’Mvkf,u7;k,zyfrkfwfhD ;k]tlko gxao|a’lnmurj y,vvd8k,deoqfg;]kg-aoj G ]kpla[xtfkF ]kpxadF ]kpgfnvo c]t ]kpw8,kfF goNv.ogxaomuj|hkg-njv4nwfhd;jk|a’lnry,]kp;aoD [qf7;k,gxaodko0Po1jk’|bj’ mzuj 0h6 Po 0Po]’q |’a lrn ,y c]t ;k]tlkoF zvh6 kj o8vh ’r9y k]tokgovN .o c]t xtgfoa 0v’z0h6 Po .s-h fa g9oD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t 76j,n76 rklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu #D { ;k]tlko c]t |a’lnry,8kj ’Mmusj k,kwfhD IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D m;o7no { loq mtokd[a oda IPodPj ;d[a l’jy r,y 8kj ’Mmwju fvh kj ozkj o,k 7v6 kf9t4k,oda IPo;kj ,u|a’ln-toyf.fcfLj xtgrfdko0Po,uco;.fcfLj @D dkolvo7;k,\\kp c]t s^addkovjko|a’lnry, c]t ;k]tlko 7l6 oq mtok c]t 4k,oda IPodPj ;d[a 7;k,\\kp7;k,le7oa c]t sda^ dkovkj o|’a lrn ,y F ;k]tlkoF 4kh oda IPoc8]j t7oq ,xu ,B c[[IPo .svh kj o.o.9.z,oa F 4kh oda IPo,xu ,B c[[IPo[7+ [q ,n .shvkj o 7Qo7;hkgxaod5,j #{& okmu c]h;764k,fa’j oUG !D |a’lnry, c]t ;k]tlko c,oj |a’lnco;.fL @D dkovkj o|a’lnry,F ;k]tlko,us^addkoco;.fcfLj 16

ສ.ວ.ສ7kf\\kp7e8v[G !D |a’lnry, c,oj |a’lnmuvj vdxt9e;aoF ;k]tlko c,oj |a’lnmuvj vd8k,deoqfg;]kD @D dkovkj o|’a lnry,F ;k]tlko,us^da dko7nG { z6hvkj o9t8hv’I6hl;j oxtdv[ c]t g0Qk.9;ymufegouo’ko0v’;k]tlko c]t |a’lnry, grvnj 9twfgh 0kQ .9;ymuoeltg|uD { z6hvjko9t8hv’vjko1jk’ry9k]tokF g0Qk.9.shgxaodk’ [+s^q’g-njv1jk’’q,’;kp c]t [+xt8yglf1kj ’I5ocI’ 7;o9try9k]tok1kj ’Iv[7v[fh;p.9gxaomeD { z6hvkj olk,kfoe0kj ;lko8kj ’M ,kc]dxPj o7;k,7yfgsaoda[z6hvnoj grnvj .shgduf7;k, Iv[I6h s^n grvnj 9twfh-k[7;k,gxao9y’.o0kj ;oAoMD dkolts[5^ |’a lxn tgrf8kj ’M z0h6 Po8vh ’dkol7jn ;k,\\kpwxp’a zvh6 kj o.sIh [a -k[8k,g98t ok0v’8oq ltg\\Du grojy c[’j 8k,xtgrf[fq ;oa ot7tfwu ;h @ xtgrf7Gn 7eIvh pcd;h c]t 7eIvh pdv’F c8]j txtgrfp’a c[’j gxoa sk^ p]da ltot v’u 8k,I[6 c[[;my 0u v’dko0PoF 3fpltgrktdko0Po 7eIhvpcdh; lk,kf.shdkolnjlkomuj,uxtlyfmyrk[fu grkt.-h7ela[leo;omujgxaorklkg;Qk me,tfkD [qf7;k,,uma’.o|a’lnry, c]t ;k]tlko z6hvkj o7;ory9k]tokgoNv.o7;k,gxao 9y’;kj z6h0PogoAoxtgfaooAoc[[.f 38hcph’ s^n lt|a[lt|6oD #? dko7af0=h7;k,le7ao0v’g]njv’ dkoltcf’7;k,g7qk]q[ c]t lyj’mujwfh9kd dkogvkq [o5 x.u \\]j k;D 76lqomtokdPj ;da[goNv.o0v’[qf7;k,;kj xtgfao8kj ’Mz6h0Poltcf’vvdfhko.fcfLj ltooA F grvjn .sdh ko7fa 07h= ;k,c8]j txtgfoa wf4h dn 8vh ’ oda IPo9t8vh ’wfmh e7;k,g0kQ .9F 7oQ 7fy ry9k]tok c]t g/ydxt8y[af8q;9y’ 3fp7af0=h7;k,9kdg]vnj ’mduj eoqf.shG { c[’j oadIPo\\qfshv’gxao ${* d,5j 8k,7;k,g\\ktlq, grnvj 7Qo7;hkD { d,5j mu !{@{# 7af9kdg]nvj ’],5j oU c]h;]kp’ko8+|hkshv’IPoD dkoltcf’7;k,g7qk]q[ dkoltcf’7;k,g7qk]q[ gxaoxtgrouvao|b’j 0v’]k; g-y’j gxaodkoltcf’vvd,k9kd 7;k,I6hlbdvaofu’k,D g,nvj gIqk,u7;k,I6hlbdg7qk]q[8+[5d7qog-aoj G r+c,Fj rtlq’F rtr5fmtI6[F x6-touptlt4ko d=ltcf’vvdfh;pdkodk[ws;hD dkodk[ws;h c,oj xtgrou;afmtotmevaofu ’k,0v’xt-k-qo]k; ltoAoF 7qo]k;m5d7qo7;o9tI6h c]t xt8y[af.sh4nd8hv’fa’j oUG 17

!D xtoq,,n Xrklk[k];u kj <voa -t]<u ? \\kpg4’y dkogvkq ,mn ’a lv’xtd[q g0kQ doa o;U ,mn ’a lv’0kh ’co[ g0Qkdao,u]adltot7hkpfvd[q;96, pqd8A’w;h]ts;kj ’gvyd c0olv’0hk’co[8yfda[]e8q; c]t [.+ sch 0olvdskj ’vvdwxD mkj mk’ltcf’c[[ogU voU ;kj xto,q ,n gxoa dkog7kq ][q .og;]klf6 ,oq c]t 2a’gmfxt8y[afco;fP;daoma’py’ c]t -kpD @D ws;h Xrklk[k]u;kj <ot,fa ltdko<? \\kpg4y’ dkopdq ,nxto,q 0Bo rvh ,m’a d,Q s;q ]’q |vh p|’jb .shxkpoU;-U95|hkzkd 3xh,nma’lv’16]j ts;kj ’7U; co;oUgvUo;kj ws;h .-hltcf’7;k,g7qk]q[ 8+rtlq’ lk,tgooF r+c,Fj 76[kvk9ko c]t z6h.spj .og;]kgIqk1no16Dj #D 0k[ Xrklk[k]u;kj <vtry;kf<? \\kpg4y’ dkoltcf’7;k,g7qk]q[ fh;pdkodk[]q’da[rNo 7q[ & l;j o gvUo;kj g[o9t7txtfyf7nG g0qkj ma’lv’g[Nv’F ,nma’lv’g[Nv’ c]t |hkzkd95rNoD lvdda[g0kqj -hkp0;k95dao cpd/k,nskj ’dao r=|hkzkd]q’95rNowfh c]t .shoU;,n]P[ltg\\udaoD le][a z-h6 kpo’ja 7g5 0kjq 8’A /k,-n oa o’ja 8’A d’q loQ 8ou pt s;q g0kjq skj ’vvdrf= cu ];h xto[q ,cn [[ oUgvUo;jk <mjkgm[xtoq,<D lj;oc,jpy’ oaj’75g0qjkmjkIk[ 7n[+8A’/k8uo-aog\\nvoda[z6h-kp 8hv’1Pf/k8uovvd c]h;oa’j ma[/k8uoma’lv’ c]t .shg0qkj ma’lv’8yfdao dkoxtoq,c[[oU gvUo;kj <o’aj mkj gm[myfk<D X7af9kd;k]tlko;aootlyo ,a’dvo{,uok !___? 7kf\\kpdko]kp’ko { g]njv’G dkoltcf’7;k,g7qk]q[D { z6hmugj Iqkg7qk]q[G r+c,Fj z6hvk;53lF rtlq’F rtr5fmtI6[ c]t x6-touptlt4koD { xtoq,,nG gvqk,nma’lv’xtdq[dao8A’w;h]ts;kj ’gvydF c0olv’0hk’co[8yf]e8q;D { ws;hG pqd,nmuxj toq,0BoF dQ,sq;]q’.shxkpoY;-U95|hkzkd c]t 3xh,nma’lv’1]6j ts;kj ’7Y;D { 0k[G 0k[]q’da[rNo7q[ & l;j o7nG |hkzkdF ,nlv’g[Nv’ c]t g0qkj lv’g[Nv’D { dkooaj’G z6h-kpoaj’75g0qjksjk’vvd 8A’lQo8uogvUo;jk <mjkgm[xtoq,<F z6hpy’oaj’75g0qjk co[mkj Ik[ gvUo;kj <mkj gm[myfk<D { 0=h7yfgsaoG xtgfao c]t ;ymudkofa’j dkj ;oU ,aoc,oj 7;k,4nd8hv’ c]t l;p’k,.odko ltcf’7;k,g7qk][q 0v’-k;rf5 D { d5,j mu ${&{* 7af9kdg]nvj ’]5,j oU c]h;]kp’ko8+|hkshv’IPoD 18

ສ.ວ.ສg]njv’ lyj’mujwfh9kddkogvqk[5oxu.\\j]k; [o5 c,oj sp’a L [o5 c,oj 7o5 ’k,7;k,fou oA gv’F 7e;kj [k[ dc= ,oj l’jy d’q 0kh ,d[a [o5 f’ja ooA F 7e;kj [k[9’jb ,7u ;k,\\kp;kj -;jq c]t [f+ Du f’ja ooA F z0h6 Po9’jb 1kd0l= tg|lu ’jy mrju ;dgIkq wf,h k9kd dkogIaf[5oxu.\\jD [5oxu.\\j]k; c,jo[5oxtgrouvaofu’k,xt9e-kf]k;,kc8jfqookoc]h;D r=Ivfw]pt gfnvo & g-y’j g]u,j c8j ;aomu !#{!& x;’-qo]k;gzqkj 8kj ’M rkdaog[ud[ko,;j o-noj grvnj 8hvoIa[[5oxu.\\j c]t l’qj mhkpxugdkqj D dkos^Yo[5oxu.\\j [k’7qovkf9tI6hc8sj ^Yo phvo;kj groyj rks^Yo rkdyo rk3Ic-; lt|5dlt|ko -5,gs^Qk1kxkcxh’ 3fpltgrktc]h;c,oj -k;|5,j -5,7tov’ ]6ds^ko0v’r;dgIqk z6hmujskd=gdufwfh.spj,koAo vkf9t[+g0Qk.9g4y’lyj’mjufuF l;j o.spcj ]h;vkf9tgIafwx8k,0t[;odko grnvj 7;k,,;j o-noj D c8;j kj g,nvj r;dgIqkskd,k 7Qo7;hkg[’yj c]h; 9’bj gsao;kj ,ao,uzqowfhf’aj oUG !D gxoa dkoltcf’g4’y dkog7kq ][q [-6 k8+l’jy m8ju oq g7pu g7kq ][q o[a 4Dn @D gxaodko-e]tltlk’9yf.9 c]t Ikj ’dkp.shltvkf [=]yl5fzvj ’.lD #D gxoa dkovto]5 da Ida lkIfu 7v’xtgrovu oa f’u k,,kc8fj ’A gf,u []+ tIfu .s\\h v’ []+ t7v’ .sgh lkQ D $D gxoa dkogl,u lkh ’[oa pkdkfvoa f.u oIv[|’jb xDu &D gxaodkog8nvolt8y;kj -u;yf0v’,to5fgIqkoU wfhzkj orQowxvudc]h; ! xu c]t .oIv[ ! xu zkj o,kgIqkwfhgIafspa’ wfhlhk’zqo’kovao.f.shcdlj ;j o];, c]t l;j o8q;D *D gxaodkodt8;’];j ’|hk;kj [hkog,nv’9tgxaoco;.f s^n 7;o9tgIafco;.f 3fplt grktdPj ;da[dkogdooE2hkoE/qoD ,aogxaodkog8nvolt8y.shxt-k-qo,u7;k,]t,af ]t;’a dP,gIvnj cI’ grvnj 8kh od[a dko0,jq 09j6 kdwrme,t-kfg-oja G gdufwroE4;h , c]t 2kh /oq [+8dq 4nd8vh ’8k,]tfd6 ko gxoa 8oQ D (D gxaodkome7;k,ltvkf[=]yg;orkp.o c]t rkpovdgInvo-ko[kh o-vj ’D )D gxaodkoglu,lhk’7;k,lt\\kolk,ad7u rkp.o7v[7q; c]t ]6ds^korkp.o|’bj xu grkt;kj ltw\\oU dkoxtdv[l;j o;Pd’ko0v’c8]j t7qovkf9t16sj kj ’wd 8kj ’[hko 8kj ’g,nv’ s^n 8kj ’c0;’D r=g,nvj g4y’xu.\\dj 5flq’dko d=8hv’,udkorad;Pd’ko1kj ’ gxoa mk’dkoD r;d]d6 sk^ odg= ]pu 43n vdkf pkfg;]k,k1Ph ,1k, l,q ,k7k]t;trc+ ,j c]t ,;j o-onj la’lao v;pw-.shrvodao]ts;kj ’7v[7q; c]t pkfrouj hv’D ovd9kdoU p’a gxoa dkolt\\kolk,da 7du [a \\gj6 rvjn orkp.oleoda ’kov’q dko[vj om8ju oq gIfa ;Pd’koD 19

_D dkoxvj podq xvj pxk .o;k]tf4y 0u oB x.u \\]j k;ooA ,oa ltcf’.sgh soa g4’y oE.9 mgju xoa l;j o [o5 l;j odl5 oq c]t ,uoE.9vufd6 o6 k8+lfa D ,oa [+rP’c8gj mkjq ooA ,oa p’a ,u7;k,\\kpd;, wxIvfdkos;’csoF dkovto5]adraooqdraoxk .shr;d,aoczrj ao8ts^vfwxD fa’j oAoF dkoxvj poqdxvj pxk c]t lafvnoj M.o3vdkfxu.\\0j v’]k;gIqkoAo 9b’j wfhdkpgxao xtgrovu oa |’jb m9ju [q ’k,1.j6 o[oa fkdfy 9tde8kj ’M mlju tcf’vvd.sgh soa .o’ko[o5 x.u \\Dj dPj ;d[a [oa skogU Ikq 7;ol’jq gl,u c]t v[q I,q ldb lk.s]h d6 s^ko0v’r;dgIkq wfIh [a Igh6 4’y 7;k,\\kp c]t soa gvkq dyf9tdef’ja dkj ; g0kQ l9j6 yfleodb 0v’r;dg0kq D .og;]km[uj o5 xu.\\wj f\\h o6 ;Po,k7[q Iv[ m5dMxuoAo r;dgIqkd=7;oxtrbf c]t pbf4ngxaoc[[1kj ’mfuj u’k,ln[8+wxrkp|hkD X;k]tlko;aootlyo]kpw8,kf g,lk{,y45ok !___? 7kf\\kpdko]kp’ko g]njv’G [5oxu.\\j]k; l’yj mruj ;dgIkq wfGh { g0kQ .97;k,\\kp0v’7e;kj [o5 xu.\\Dj { gxoa dkoltcf’7;k,g7kq ][q l’yj m8uj oq o[a 4nD { gxaodko-e]tIkj ’dkp c]t 9yf.9D { gxoa dkovto]5 da Ifu 7v’xtgro0u v’]k;D { gxoa dkolkh ’[oa pkdkfvoa f.u oIv[xDu { gxaodkog8nvolt8y;kj g;]kwfhzkj owxc]h; ! xuD { gxoa dkog8nvo.sdh P,rvh ,.odko8+ldh6 [a wrme,t-kfD { gxoa dkome7;k,ltvkfgInvo-ko[kh o-vj ’D { gxaodkoglu,lhk’7;k,lk,ad7u]ts;kj ’7v[7q; c]t ]6ds^koD { gxaodkoltcf’oE.9[5od5lqoF ,u7;k,g,f8kdt]5ok .odkoxvj poqdxvj pxkD { 0=h7yfgsaoG xtgfaomujz6h0Poltg|uw;hoU gxaoxt3spf.odkolbdlkvq[Iq,7qoI5jo.\\j wfhg0Qk.91jk’4nd8hv’.olyj’muj7qo]k;7;ogIaf grnjvgxaodkoln[lkoxtgrouvao fu’k,0v’-kf]k;w;hD $D dko7af0=h7;k,le7ao0v’ g]njv’ dkolhk’[5od5lqofh;pdko[=]y9kdg]nvf c]t rk]tdyf]b[]hk’7;k,m5dpkd c,oj |hkm0uj v’rad{]af{la’7q, c]t xt-k7q,m;qj 3]d { c[’j oadIPo\\qfshv’gxao ${* d,5j 8k,7;k,g\\ktlq, grnvj 7Qo7;hkD { d,5j mu !{@{# 7af9kdg]nvj ’],5j oU c]h;]kp’ko8+|hkshv’IPoD 20

ສ.ວ.ສ g]nvj ’ dkolhk’d5lqofh;pdko[=]y9kdg]nvf g]nvfgxaoly’j 9egxaomulj 5f0v’-u;yf g\\nvofa’j oEs^+]hP’Ikj ’dkp0v’7qo 4hkskd7qo0kf g]vn f g,vjn .f -;u fy d8= vh ’9[q ]’q g,vjn ooA F vdu m’a g]vn fd[= ,+ 0u kp m9ju twf,h kdp= vh odko[]= 9y kd0v’ mkj oz.h6 9[o5 gmkjq ooA D f’ja ooA F mk’lo6 []= 9y kdg]vn fcs’j -kf v’q dkodkcf’]k; 9’jb wfsh kmd5 ;my mu k’.odkoxd5 ]tf,q 0oq 0;kpz[h6 ]= 9y kdg]vn f grvjn lt|v’d[a 7;k,IPdIvh ’8vh ’dko .odko-,q .-gh ]vn f0v’ 7oq g9[a mouj voxoyj x;q 18j6 k,3I’\\=8kj ’M 7oq g9[a dtmoa soa 9kdv[5 fa gsfD oa[c8;j aomu !{) d=]tdqf @WW) muzj kj o,k l6o[=]y9kdg]nvfvq’dkodkcf’]k; wfhlq,mq[ d[a rkdl;j o xDdDl c]t rkdl;j om]5 tdfy 9fa dfy 9tde[]= 9y kdg]vn fgrvjn l’a 7,q F .oooA xtdv[,u dv’rao.spj *W& 3I’IPomtskomhv’4yoj c0;’[=]y7ew-F 3I’’ko8afspy[g]d ! dv’ma[F []= ly fa m3u dF ]fa ;ly kstdfy wxlto]u k;F oExtxkot7vos^;’;P’9oa ];,z[h6 ]= 9y kdg]vn fm’a \\fq !&$ 7qo py’ $$ 7qoD .o3vdkfomU k’lo6 []= 9y kdg]vn f v’q dkodkcf’]k; 0l= tcf’7;k,0v[.91kj ’l’6 ,kp’a m5drkdl;j o c]t s;a’1kj ’p’yj ;kj .o3vdkf|hk9twfhIa[dkoI;j ,,n9kd[aofkmkj o8,nj vudD X7af9kd|a’lnry,;P’9ao.\\j lt[a[;aomu @W 85]k @WW_? 7kf\\kpdko]kp’ko { g]vnj ’G dkolhk’d5lqofh;pdko[=]y9kdg]nvfD { l6o[=]y9kdg]nvfG 0qo0;kpskg]nvf grvnj -;j p7qog9a[mouj vo136j I’\\= c]t g9a[dtmaosaoD { ;aomu !{) d=]tdqf W)G l6o[=]y9kdg]nvf 9afdyf9tde[=]y9kdg]nvfgrnvj la’7q,D { rkdlj;omujg0QkIj;,G dv’rao.spj *W&F 3I’IPomtskomhv’4yjoc0;’[=]y7ew-F 3I’’ko8afspy[g]d ! dv’ma[F [=]ylafmu3dF wxltou]k; c]t oExtxkot7vos^;’ ];,,u !&$ py’ $$ 7qoD { 07h= fy gsoa G dko[]= 9y kdg]vn f c,oj dkome[o5 mpju ’jy .sp1j kj ’|’jb grktg]vn fm[ju ]= 9y kdwxooA ,aowfh-;j p-u;yf0v’grvnj o,to5ffh;pdaoD { d,5j mu ${&{* 7af9kdg]nvj ’rk]tdyf]b[]hk’7;k,m5dpkd 9kdxB,c[[IPo |hk !&{!* c];h ]kp’ko8|+ kh svh ’IPoD 7kf\\kpdko]kp’ko { g]nvj ’G rk]tdyf]b[]hk’7;k,m5dpkd c,oj |hkmu0j v’rad{]af{la’7q, c]t xt-k7q, mq;j 3]d { z9h6 fa xk4tdt4kG 7tot37ltokv[q I,q 0v’lo6 dk’ I;j ,d[a 7tot-oU erfa mtok-oq ot[fq D { ;aog;]k lt4komuGj ;aomu @@ 85]k xu @WW_ mujlt3,lvo37ltokvq[Iq,l6odk’radD 21

{ z6hxk4tdt4kG mkj o vvj ogoNv rq,,t9ao ]af4t,qo8uxt9eleoad’kookpqdD { goNv.ole7aoG mkj o vvj ogoNv wfhc9h’.shI6h;kj dv’xt-5,.spvj q’dkoltstxt-k-kf deofq gvkq ;oa mu ( 8]5 k 0v’md5 xu gxoa ;oa ][b ]kh ’7;k,md5 pkdlkdoq c]t IPdIvh ’md5 xtgmflt,k-yd 9afdkolt|a[lt|6oD { xu @WW_ oUG lDxDx ]k; wfh9af-5,o5,,yf8y’F le,tok;ymtpklkf xk4tdt4k c]t vnoj MF ,u7e0;ao;kj G <-q,g-up;aolkdqo c]t la[xtfkcs’j -kf grnvj ]b[]hk’7;k,m5dpkd !({@$ 85]k @WW_ 7q[Iv[ !# xu< <rk]tdyf]b[]hk’7;k,m5dpkd c,oj rk]tdyfF |hkmuFj 7;k,Ia[zyf-v[0v’ mq;j radF mq;j ]afF mq;j la’7q,.o-kf c]t xt-k7q,mq;j 3]d< { ltrk[0v’ lDxDx ]k;G rqo]tg,nv’ )W: gxao-k;dtlydvoF -y;yfdkogxao16pj a’8ej F Iuf7v’musj ^hks^a’ xt-kdvo ##: c]t (@ g,nv’pa’m5dpkd .ooAo $( g,nv’m5dmulj 5fD { ]kpwfhG ltg]jpmqj;xtgmf $&W 3f]k}7qo}xuF le]a[-qoot[qfpa’[+maog4y’ @WW 3f]k}7oq }xuD { ly’j veo;p7;k,ltf;dG 7qo,uvkp5 !& xu0BowxI6h|a’ln (&:F wfh-q,.-hoEltvkf &@:F 7v[7q;,u;yf4kj p $!:F g,nv’mu[j +,uw22hk.-h *:D { 7kf\\kpl6h-qo0v’rad{]afG xu @W!W cdhw07;k,m5dpkd.shwfh3fprNo4koF xu @W@W oerkxtgmf-kfs^5frQovvd9kd7;k,fhvprafmtokD { 0=h7yfgsaoG rkp.8hg’njvow0mujxtgmfgIqk gxaolt,k-yd0v’d5j,xtgmfvk-Po c]t ltstxt-k-kf m’a ,ru da oerkc[[oU 0kh rtg9kQ g-vjn ;kj 7kf\\kpl-h6 oq o7U ’q 9txtl[q zoq leg]fa D &? dkolvo[qfg/ydsaf { .shoadIPo7Qo7;hkgxaod,5j 0Po-|nj a’lnry,]k; c]t 8kj ’xtgmfc]h;]kp’koD { .shoadIPo7Qo7;hkgxaod,5j 0Po-|nj a’ln;k]tlko]k; c]t 8kj ’xtgmfc]h;]kp’koD V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdf9kdG { dkolqomtok c]t 8v[7e4k,0v’c8]j t7qoD { dkoc[’j ;Pd c]t 7;k,lk,ad7u.od5,j D d;fzqo’ko9kdG { d;f.sh7tcoodko]kp’ko-nj|a’lnry, c]t ;k]tlko0v’d5,j D 22

ສ.ວ.ສ [qfmu # dkovjkoxB,[aogmu’ c]t xB,;aoot7tfu g;]k # -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd7;k,\\kpF 9ecod;ymuvkj oxB,[aogmu’ c]t xB,;aoot7tfuwfhD { [vd]adltot0v’;aoot7tfumfuj uwfhD { ;y9ko[qf;aoot7tfuIhvpcdh; g]nvj ’muvj kj o 3fpvu’8k, $ vq’xtdv[wfhD { ;y9ko[qf;aoot7tfuIhvpdv’ g]nvj ’muvj kj o 3fpvu’8k, $ vq’xtdv[wfhD II. goNv.o8Qo8= dkovkj oxB,[aogmu’ gxaodkovkj ogrvnj 7;k,lt[kp.9 c]t ,u95fxtlq’.shz6hvkj o,u7;k, ,;j o-ojn s^kpd;kj fkh o7;k,IFh6 8vo.f[+,;j ovkf9t0kh ,wxdw= fDh le][a dkovkj ox,B ;oa ot7tfu 9t8hv’vjko1jk’]tvPf grkt[k’7A’z6hc8j’wfhlvfc-d0=h7yf c]t 7t8y8jk’M]q’.og]njv’F ovdoUz6hvkj opa’8hv’wfh7Qo7yf c]t gfqk7;k,gxaowx0v’g]vnj ’vudfh;pD III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t 76,j n76 rklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu #D { xB,vkj ogrnvj 7;k,[aogmu’F |a’lnry,F ;k]tlko c]t ;aoot7tfu8kj ’Mmurj =sk,kwfhD IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D oeg0Qkl6j[qfIPo lqomtokda[oadIPodjP;da[xB,g]njv’mujg0qkg9Qkwfhvjkozjko,k,uxB,spa’cfjL 4k,oad IPo;kj g]nvj ’muvj kj ooAogxao[qf0Poxtgrf.fL 76vkf9tlts^5[7e8v[8k,s^addkomuwj fhlvo zkj o,kD @D dkolvo7;k,\\kpdjP;da[xB,[aogmu’ c]t ;aoot7tfu 7l6 oq mtok c]t 4k,oda IPodPj ;d[a 7;k,\\kp7;k,le7oa c]t ;my vu kj ox,B [oa gm’u c]t xB,;oa ot7tfFu 4kh oda IPoc8]j t7oq ,ux,B c[[IPo .svh kj o.o.9.z,oa F 4kh oda IPo,ux,B c[[IPo [+7q[,n .shvkj o 7Qo7;hkgxaod5,j #{& okmu c]h;764k,oadIPofaj’oUG 23

!? ;ymuvkj oxB,[oa gmu’,us^da dkoco;.fL @? dkovkj oxB,;aoot7tfu z6hvkj o7;o,u7;k,I6h c]t .-h;ymuvkj oco;.fcfLj 7kf\\kp7e8v[G !D vjkoxB,[aogmu’,us^addkoG { vjko1jk’lt[kp xjvpvk]q,wxda[g]njv’mujvjkogrnjv.shg0Qkg4y’g]njv’ c]t [fq [kf0v’8;q ]t7vo.og]vnj ’ooA MD { vkj o1kj ’;vj ’w; dkovkj oxB,[aogmu’ ,u95f,5’j \\kpgrnvj 7;k,,;j o-noj lt[kp.9D ltoAoF g,njvvjkog]njv’lj;o.f[+,j;o [+le7aovkf9t0hk,wxd=wfh grnjv;jk9tvjko wfhw;0Bo 3fp[+glpgoNv.ole7aoc81j kj ’.fD { [+7;ovkj ovvdlP’ s^n gIafxkd8u’0tp5[0tpy[ grkt9tvkj owfh-hk c]t 4hkvkj o vvdlP’vkf9tgIaf.shz6hvnoj ]e7ko ovd9kdoUF z6hvkj opa’9tg,nvj pw;gIaf.shg[nvj |kj p[+1kdvkj o8+wxD { 7;o1f5 rda lkp8k.o[k’7’A 7k; dkovkj ox,B gxoa g;]kpk;oko9tgIfa .slh kp8k vyfg,nvj p c]t gduf7;k,8b’7PfD ltoAoF z6hvkj o7;o15fradcfj grnvj [+.sh8b’7Pf [k’7oq vkj o8ts^vf,N8ts^vf7no s^n vkj o9oq ]n,dyog0kQ dyooE g-’yj gxoa ;ymuvkj omzuj yf rkf c]t me]kpl50trk[fh;pD @D dkovjkoxB,;aoot7tfuG { 7;ovkj o1kj ’]tvPf c]t xvj pvk]q,xvj p.9.sh]vpwx8k,goNv.omuvj kj oD { 7;o8’A [oa sk4k,8oq gv’;kj g]vjn ’9tfegoou dkowxco;.f 9’jb 9t-;j p.sgh dfu 7;k, ,;j o-onj D { 7;og/yddko.-hgsfzqo c]t dko7kf7tgo];j ’|hk 9’bj 9tgIaf.sh99nj eg]vnj ’wfhfuD #D dkolvovjkoxB,;aoot7tfu 7l6 oq mtokdPj ;d[a govN .o c]t ;my vu kj o 3fpv’u .lsj da^ dko c]t v’q xtdv[0v’;oa ot7tfu mfuj uD ltooA F .odkovkj o;oa ot7tfuxtgrf.fd=8k, zvh6 kj o9t8vh ’-vdIxh6 tgfoa le7oa 0v’g]vnj ’ c]t 0=h7;k,8kj ’Mmluj t|a[lt|6o.shcdxj tgfaooAoM 9’jb 9tgIaf.shdkovkj o,uxtlyfmyrk[ c]t ;yg7kt;y9kowfh1kj ’,ugsfzqo f’aj 9twfhxt8y[af8q;9y’8+wxoUG { c[’j oadIPo\\qfshv’gxao ${* d,5j 8k,7;k,g\\ktlq, grnvj 7Qo7;hkD { d,j5 mu !{@{#{${&{* 7fa 9kdg]vjn ’loA <z-6h ;j p0vh pooA c,oj .z< ]kp’ko8|+ kh svh ’IPoD 24

7kf\\kpdko]kp’ko g]vnj ’loA G z-h6 ;j p0vh pooA c,oj .zL { rbf8yde0v’d5,j 7qomu7j hk0kplafxkj G 96fxkj grnvj sklafF .-hxno c]t svds^k;gxao vk;5fF vhv, c]t py’.l2j koohvp c8,j aos^udmaoF 2koohvpc]oj |u c8rj ;dg0qk d=w]8j k,wx s;’a gvkq 2koovh pwxgxoa vkskoD { -k8kde0v’lfa xkj G [vj o1vj6 kwl4dn me]kpF 0kfvkskodkodoy F 4dn 7oq 9[a wxdoy c]t 0kp 9eo;omupj a’d=s^q[]Uwxc8]j t;ao c8dj =pa’[+rQolkp8k0v’,to5fD { g9Qk|hkmu0j v’]afG d;fdkg;opk, c]t 9a[d5,r;d]kj lafxkj wxlbdlkvq[Iq,D { z6h0Poxtok,r;d]kj lafG ,to5f.9[k[F gsaocd8j q;F lafd=Iad-u;yf0v’,ao7n7qoD $D dkovjkovvdlP’ { 76.shoadIPo !{@ 7qo vkj o g]vnj ’la’lyow- f’aj ],5j oU.sh\\26j a’F s^a’9kdvkj o9q[c]h; 76 c]t oda IPoxtdv[7egsoa .odkovkj o0v’c8]j t7oq ;kj f{u vvj oco;.fL 7;ox[a x’5 [vj o.fL { 76vkj o.shoadIPo2a’ 3fpdkoxq’lP’4nd8k,s^addkovjkodk[dvo ){!@ c4; gxoa c[[1kj ’D { .soh da IPog/ydvkj oc8]j t8vorkp.od,j5 8k,goNv.o0v’c[[IPoD g]njv’ la’lyow- vto5p5fmtde[Ao ສ.ວ.ສ zg+ soa g]vjn oM2kh rfa g]’ja ],q rkp5 roh5 gpu g,vjn ooA l’a mv’g4’y 0;j ’,kog,uoc9’h 7o5 7k,wmh xo5 xv’IuIej dvj oc];h gIkq 9da cz;h czoj d;kh ’ ]t;’a -oA ovd.o df= u -n;j kj c];h c8’j 8’A 7on 7v[g]’a 3p cfmj vh o gIkq 9da r,6 u8fa gsfgsoa I’5j Ih6 7hv,;kj ;t9toa’8hko 7ec0’0q,0t|kf 0c= dj g0kQ gx,j kh ’ ,ko8vh ’8+,n 2kh xoja d’A d’q ]kfg,vn ’,oa ;k’mtog6 s’a sv[gmmko,kh ’ 9kskoshk; mq’meIuIej gm[czoj skh^ sk^ p-oA -vj pcI’ < ... > 25

[fa oU 9da dkj ;d,5 roa zh6 9a’wIsyot3sf 9’y c];h ,oa d= ovoco[ovh ’ .osvh ’cmoj ]kp cmch ];h 7on ooA s[a^ zvdroQ 9oq sk^j s^’q 9yf [+1kj c];h lkpgspu gs’a glf2v’2,6 pvh p ;oa oU ok’7ko7oQ sk^ pmgy pvN opkd ovh ’gvpu g\\vn o9da pda .spgj ]pu ltf’h5 s’^q govN loja lkp g9kQ 1kj rt,’yj 8kh o xo5 xkdxt3],0;oa fvdok [+f’ja ooA v’q ,ko,k 8kj ’8k8oq ovh ’ [I+ h6 7oa ;kj gxoa g0oa 0vh ’ 3rpwrp’a gdfu g,vjn ooA gfuofkj ofkh ; IvpII6h vj ,s’^q ovh ’1kj d;q gxoa gsfIvh o ovh ’mmju k’s’^a .83h ]doU oko,kgs’y -[y m+ oa gsoa |kh .z9da d,5 roa g]kQ 3],ok’.ovkf voa |’jb 7fy 7’ja c7oh 7eIkh p[+Ikj ’, r9ju da voa |’jb ]nvkfv’q fP; oUc];h gvkq ,k mP,rl= v’ [+Ikj ’,u,kwfh ,oa d= gsoa fo6 vh ’ g7up-,q f;’fvd gfuof’5j wfh f;’Ivh pI[u 7on s^vo9;[r=h ,y7t]kfm;kpmv’ gxoa vksko .l’j kp;oa |kh ok’7koskh , sk^ pmgu pvN opkd foq f;j og0kQ .9[kh [+2’a 7kf\\kpdkovjko { vkj olP’fa’c9,j c9h’F xq’lP’4nd;ad8voF [+-hk s^n w;gduowx vkf9t.-hmkj mk’xtdv[ oep’yj fuD &D dko4vf.97;k, s^n cxgxao7eIhvpcdh; ;oa ot7tf7u eIvh pdv’ c,oj [fq ;oa ot7tfmu ,ju ]u t[[q dko0Poltgrkt8k,]da ltot0v’.z ,oa g-oja G deofq 9eo;o7eF sda^ dkolezfa F dko.-lh [a c]t vojn M g-’jy 9tgIfa .szh vh6 kj o8vh ’,7u ;k, Irh6 No4kos^kp1kj ’ grvnj I[a Igh6 oNv.o0v’[fq ;oa ot7tfuooA MwfDh 7;k,g0kQ .98+;oa ot7tfu7eIvh p 26

dv’mujltcf’vvdgxao ]kp]advadlvo c,jodkocxgxao7eg;Qkme,tfk s^n 7eIhvpcdh;D .odkocx c]t 4vf.97;k,oAo 0Aomevyf8hv’vkj ozkj oM\\qfg]nvj ’ grnvj la’];,goNv.o;kj gxaog]nvj ’dPj ;da[spa’F me7;k,g0Qk.9dPj ;da[7ela[ c]t ;t]u.o[=]y[qfF dkocx7;o9t16.j o 0v[g0f !{* c4;0v’govN .o 9kdooA F 9’jb IP[IP’7eg;kQ .\\mj gju xoa leo;o0v’8oq gv’wx 9oq lf5 g]vnj ’c]h;xa[x5’xt3spd c]t 0=h7;k,.shg0Qk.9’kj pD 8;q 1kj ’G [fa oU 9da dkj ;d,5 roa zh6 9a’wIsyot3sf ,oa d= ovoco[ovh ’ .osvh ’cmoj ]kp 7on ooA s[a^ zvdroQ 9oq sk^j s^’q 9yf lkpgspu gs’a glf2v’2,6 pvh p ok’7ko7oQ sk^ pmgu pvN opkd pda .spgj ]pu ltf’h5 s’^q govN loja lkp rt,’yj 8kh o xo5 xkdxt3],0;oa ;oa oU v’q ,ko,k 8kj ’8k8oq ovh ’ g\\vn o9da gxoa g0oa 0vh ’ 3rpwrp’a gdfu 9’y c];h ສ.ວ.ສ g9kQ 1kj gfuofkj ofkh ; IvpII6h vj ,s’^q cmch ];h [+f’ja ooA d;q gxoa gsfIvh o ovh ’mmju k’s’^a [+1kj c];h 7oa ;kj oko,kgs’y -[y m+ oa gsoa |kh g,vjn ooA d,5 roa g]kQ 3],ok’.ovkf ovh ’1kj 7fy 7’ja c7oh 7eIkh p[+Ikj ’,u ovh ’gvpu .83h ]doU ]nvkfv’q fP; oUc];h .z9da mP,rl= v’ [+Ikj ’,u,kwfh voa |’jb gsoa fo6 vh ’ g7up-,q f;’fvd r9ju da gfuof’5j wfh f;’Ivh pI[u 7on fvdok voa |’jb s^vo9;[r=h ,y7t]kfm;kpmv’ [I+ h6 gvkq ,k gxoa vksko .l’j kp;oa |kh ok’7koskh , sk^ pmgu pvN opkd ,oa d= foq f;j og0kQ .9[kh [+2’a 27

7ecxG [afoU 9addkj ;g4y’padd5,raoz6h3sfIhkp 7nooAo ,aoovo1.6j oxklkfvaod;hk’.spj s^a[c9[ [+I6hmu[ 9qooE]kpgsupws^phvpgxao2v’D g,p,aox5ds^kpgmnjv9bj’ltf5h’8njo0Bofh;p7;k,1hko m’a loja lkpD g,pwf]h ,q d[a z;q f;h p7;k,vvj os;ko;kj ,oN U ovh ’Ilh6 db xtsk^ f.o.9 7dn [a ;kj 9t,gu sf Ikh pl’jy .fl’jy |’jb gdfu 0oB g9kQ wfgh fou mk’wd 1kh os’q^ mk’d[a ,k sn^ [f+ ’ja ooA d1= kh o,gu sfIvh ogdfu d[a ovh ’m1ju gj6 Ivn o gIfa .sgh Ikq [+wfh gsoa |kh doa vdu D g;]kooA pda d,5 roa g]pu dkj ;g]kQ 3],gvkq .9g,p;kj 1kj 7yfco;[+fuohv’gvup .o3]doU,uc8vj hkp7qofP;mpuj ’yj .spj [+,uz6h.f9t,kmP,maowfhD vhkpI6h;kj ovh ’,da fvdw,h vkh p9tg0kQ xkj -vdskfvdw,wh fch ];h 9td[a 7on ,k 4kh ;kj r[q rlh= fa xkj d9= tgvkq ,k gxoa vkskow;dh oy .o,|N kh D g4’y ;kj g,p9tskh ,sk^ pgmvjn ,oa dp= ’a gfou mk’g0kQ xkj 3fp[2+ ’a 7;k, g;kQ 0v’g,pc81j kj ’.fD X8vo8+Mwx.s7h o6 erkoda IPocx s^n .soh da IPo7oQ 7;kh gxoa d,j5 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q ? *D dkolvo[qfg/ydsaf { .shoadIPocx7;k,\\kp[qf;aoot7tfug]njv’ la’lyow- 3fp76deoqfc4; c]t 8vo.sgh v’D { .soh da IPo8’A -gnj ]vnj ’[fq vkj ogr,uj .\\j 3fpvu’8;q ]t7vo.og]vnj ’D V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdf9kdG { dkolqomtok c]t 8v[7e4k,D d;fzqo’ko9kdG { .sh7tcoodkocx c]t 8A’-gnj ]vnj ’[qfvkj ogr,uj .\\Dj 28

ສ.ວ.ສ rkdmu II dko0Po}safc8j’ [qfmu $ dko0Poczog7njvows;8jk’M g;]k $ -q;j 3,’ I. 95fxtlq’ .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd7;k,\\kp7;k,le7oa 0v’dko0Po czodkog7vjn ows;8kj ’MwfDh { la’];,goNv.ole7ao9kdczoxt9exuF xt9egfnvo c]t czoxt9evkmyfwfhD II. goNv.o8Qo8= czodkog7vjn ows; c,oj 0dh= eofq .odkogIfa ;Pd’ko0v’v’q dko9fa 8’A .f|’jb mdju eofq w;h gxoa w]pt grvnj gxoa [vj ovu’.sch d[j d5 7t]kdvo0v’dko9fa 8’A ooA M fegouowx1kj ’gxoa ]t[[q 7[q 8k,7kf\\kpm;ju k’w;gh -oja G czodkog7vjn ows;xt9exFu xt9egfvn oF xt9evkmfy c]t xt9e;oa D III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t 76j,n76 rklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu #D { czodkoxt9exuF xt9egfnvo c]t xt9evkmyf0v’3I’IPo8qogv’gmkqj m,uj uD IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D dkolvo7;k,\\kp 0v’dko0Poczog7njvows;8jk’M loq mtokd[a oda IPodPj ;d[a 7;k,\\kp7;k,le7oa 0v’dko;k’czo 3fp4k,;kj czo dkoc,oj spa’L c,oj .zgxaoz6hdeoqfczodkoL czodkow]ptlAoda[czodkow]ptpk;8kj ’ daoco;.fL czodkoma’ @ 1jk’,ulyj’rq;raodaoco;.fL lj;o[5d7qolk,kf;k’czo.o dkofe]’q -;u fy 0v’8oq gv’wfh sn^ [L+ 4kh gIkq 1kd,lu 05 trk[c0’cI’F ,7u ;k,Ih6 7;k,lk,kfF ,uvtok7qfmufj u c]t vnoj M gIqk7;oxt8y[af8qoma’w]ptlAo c]t w]ptpk;co;.fcfLj 7.6 soh da IPovkj odko0Poczoxt9exuc];h 4k,grvjn g9kt9U,f’ja oUG !? czodkoxt9exu c,oj rkdl;j o.fgxoa zlh6 kh ’0BoL @? dko0Poczodkoxt9ex8u vh ’v’u .lvj oa .fgxoa 8oQ 8L= 29

7kf\\kp7e8v[G v’u 8k,govN .omdju eofq .oc[[IPoG dko0Poczodkoxt9exu 7dn koIP[IP’govN .ole7oa mwju f9h kddkoldb lk7oQ 7;kh F I[y 3I,F les^;f s^n xt8y[af7ela’j grnvj .shz6hI;j ,’koIa[-k[ c]t xt8y[af8k,1kj ’,u]t[P[c[[czoD czoxt9ex0u v’0oA .f dc= ,oj 7totI[a zfy -v[0oA ooA gxoa z0h6 Pog-oja G 0oA xtgmfdc= ,oj 7totI[a zfy -v[0Ao]af4t[koF 0Aodt-;’d=c,jo7tot]af4t,qo8uxt9edt-;’F 0Aortcodd=c,jo7tot rtcoddkoF 0oA 3I’IPodc= ,oj 7totveo;pdko0v’3I’IPoooA M0Po0oB D .odko0Poczo xt9ex0u v’0oA dt-;’]’q ,k c,oj v’u .lcj zol’a ];,0oA gm’y 0v’8oq gxoa sda^ 3fpzoa 0tspkpgxoa vao]tvPf.o0v[g0f7;k, Ia[zyf-v[0v’8qoD @D dko0Poczodkoxt9exu { 76lqomtokdjP;da[czoxt9exu;jk c,jorkdlj;o.fgxaoz6h0Po0Bo 3fpltgrkt czoxt9exu0v’3I’IPoc,oj .zgxaoz6hdtdP, c]t 0Po0BoL goNv.o0v’czo xt9exu xtdv[fh;prkdl;j omulj e7aovao.fcfLj c]t ,u]kp]tvPfco;.fL { .soh da IPovkj ome7;k,g0kQ .9D 8;q 1kj ’G 37’Ikj ’czoxt9exu0v’3I’IPo lkmk]tot]af xt-kmyxtw8 xt-k-qo]k; lao8yrk[ gvdt]kf xt-kmyxtw8 gvdtrk[ ;afmtok4k;vo {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ czoxt9elqdIPoDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 3I’IPoDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD !D [jvovu’ { vu’8k,czorfa mtokdkoldb lk0oA gmy’4fa 8oq D { vu’8k,ltrk[7;k,gxao9y’ c]t [qfIPomu4j vf4vowfh.ow]ptzkj o,kD @D 7kf\\kp];, { g;Qkg4y’l’yj m7uj 6vk9ko9t8hv’wfhl6h-qoxt8y[afD { g;Qkg4y’l’yj mouj adIPo9t8hv’wfhl6h-qoxt8y[afD #D myfmk’]tvPfc8j]t;Pd’ko #D! fhkoco;7yfdkog,nv’ c]t dko9af8A’ 30

{ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDສ.ວ.ສ { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD z6hveo;pdko3I’IPo #D@ fhko;Pd’ko[=]ysko g-ao c]t xtma[8k { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD #D# fhko;Pd’ko;y-kdko { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD #D$ fkh o;Pd’ko0=,h o6 0kj ;lko{g8da 3o3]-u { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD #D& fhko;Pd’kodyf9tdeoadIPo { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD #D* fhko;Pd’kovq’dko9af8A’,tsk-qo { de,t[ko DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { c,pj ’y DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { -k;|,j5 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { gpkq ;t-oq DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD $D ;ymu9af8A’xt8y[af { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 31

{ 7v6 tm[y kpdko0PogovN .o]tvPf 3fpltgrktmfy mk’c8]j tfkh o.s4h vf9kdczoxt9exu 0v’3I’IPo8oq gv’F 4kh ;kj czo0v’3I’IPo[,+ ]u kp]tvPf .s7h o6 e.-8h ;q 1kj ’0v’czo dkoxt9exu 3I’IPo,fa mtp,q l,q [o6 grp;fa grvnj 0Poxtdv[.l]j kp]tvPfc8]j tfkh oG lkmk]tot]af xt-kmyxtw8 xt-k-qo]k; lao8yrk[ gvdt]kf xt-kmyxtw8 gvdtrk[ ;afmtok4k;vo {{{{{{{{{{{{ rtcodlbdlkmydko c]t dy]kot7vos^;’;P’9ao shv’dkolbdlkmydko c]t dy]kxt9eg,nv’lulaf8tokd g]dmu &W#},lDr; 3I’IPo,afmtpq,lq,[6ogrp;af ;aomu !W d=]tdqf @WW_ czoxt9elqdIPo @WW_{@W!W 0v’3I’IPo,afmtpq,lq,[6ogrp;af { v’u 8k,czorfa mtokdkoldb lk0v’rtcodldb lkot7vos^;’;P’9oa D { vu’8k,czodko0v’svh ’dkoldb lkxt9eg,nv’lulfa 8tokdD { vu’.llj trk[8q;9y’ c]t dko4vf4vo[qfIPo .olqdIPoxu @WW){@WW_ muzj kj o,kD { grnjvgxaomyfmk’.shrtoad’ko76vk9ko c]t oadIPo rkdao9af8A’xt8y[af|hkmuj;y-k ltgrkt c]t g7nvj ows;8kj ’M.sh,uxtlyfmyzqofuD ltoAoF 7totveo;pdko3I’IPo,afmtpq,lq,[6ogrp;af 9b’j wfhgvdtrk[da[76vk9ko grnvj deoqfczodkoxt9elqdIPo @WW_{@W!W 7nG !D myfmk’];,0v’czodko { rtoad’ko76vk9kom5d7qovvdcI’IjeIPo c]t -vdI6hco;mk’ot3p[kp0v’rad{ dqf\\kp0v’]af grnvj 9af8A’xt8y[af.shlvf7vj ’ c]t 8hv’,udkorafmtok8qogv’0Bowx g]vN pMD { 7v6 k9komd5 7oq 9t8vh ’,7u ;k,lk,da 7du oa 1kj ’c|oh c2oh ,7u ;k,gxoa gvdtrk[vvh ,0kh ’ rda g-vnj \\oA 8+dko9fa 8’A grvnj rvh ,doa l-h6 oq gIfa leg]fa |kh m1uj kj ’,uxtlyfmyzoq D { 76vk9kom5d7qo8hv’gvqk.9.lj lbdlkvq[Iq,dkog,nv’ co;7yfF 75olq,[afF lyomext8y;af .sch doj da IPo7;[7wj6 xd[a dkolvo;y-kltgrktD { oda IPomd5 7oq 8vh ’vvdcI’g/dy /oq ss+^ v^ ,8oq gv’.swh f8h k, & govN .o0v’dkoldb lk0v’ rda grvnj lkh ’8oq gv’.sdh kpgxoa 7oq fu0v’l’a 7,q D 32

ສ.ວ.ສ{ md5 7oq 8vh ’gvkq .9.llj kh ’0t[;odko8vh oI[a dv’xt-,5 .spj lk,0oA 0v’rda c]t 8vh oI[a dkogxoa g9kQ rk[-gu d,7’A mu @& m]ju k;gIkq gxoa g9kQ rk[.sgh xoa 0t[;odkofu c]t dkolt gs^u,lts^v’ ot7vos^;’;P’9ao7q[Iv[ $&W xu .shgxao0t[;o2qf2NoD @D myfmk’]tvPfc8j]t;Pd’ko @D! ;Pd’kofhkoco;7yfdkog,nv’ { oerkdkog,nv’co;7yf.shcd7j 6vk9ko c]t oadIPo.sh[5d[no.l|j hkmu;j Pd’ko I[a zyf-v[0v’8oq 1kj ’,uxtlyfmyzoq 0Bo8,nj D { gvkq .9.l8j ’A |kh xt8[y fa dfq \\kpdkoldb lk c]t czorfa mtokdkoldb lk0v’rda .s,h uxtlyfmyzoq D { gvkq .9.l]j t[P[dkodkofegouo-u;yfdkog,nv’.sgh 0,A ’;fgxoa xdq dt8yD { 7m6 d5 7oq .sgh vkq .9.lxj t8[y fa |kh mlju fy lvoF oda IPod.= sgh vkq .9.llj db lkIej IPo c]t md5 7oq .sxh tdv[l;j og7vjn ows;dfy 9tde8kj ’M.swh ffh u c]t gvkq .9.lxj t8[y fa ]t[P[ ]af4tdvo c]t 3I’IPo.shg0A,’;fD @D@ ;Pd[=]ysko c]t |j;p’ko9af8A’ { gvqk.9.l7j 5h,7v’8yf8k,d;fdkgda[dertoad’ko 76vk9ko.sh]tvPffu7q[4h;o rhv,ma’gda[delt4y8y.o3I’IPo .sh]tvPf7q[4h;oc]h;]kp’ko.sh0Aogmy’1kj ’ maodko c]t gxaoxqddt8yD { gvkq .9.l;j Pd’kod;fdkdkoI;j ,-;u fy dkog,vn ’.sgh 0,A ’;f c]t gd[a delts[5^ 9fa c[’j xtgrf8;q gfoja 0v’rtoda ’ko c]t 7x6 t9egfvn oF rkdIPo c]t xIu Po.swh ffh u ,uxtlyfmyzoq D { gvkq .9.l;j Pd’koot3p[kp.s4h dn 8vh ’7[q 4;h o8k,sda^ dkoxt8[y fa .swh ffh u c]t moa dko z6hmufj uc]h;phv’p=z6hmu[j +maofud=lbdlkvq[Iq, 4hk[+xPj ocx’c,oj ,v[.sh0Aogmy’ -;j pcdwh 0D { gvqk.9.l8j yf8k,dkog]nvj o-Ao 0Ao0v’rtoad’ko 76{vk9ko.shwfhfu7q[4h;o c]t ltg|0u d= kog]vjn o-oA .smh oa dkoD { gvkq .9.lxj [a x’5 d’q 9da -;j p;Pd’ko0v’7totveo;pdko.swh ffh uD { gvkq .9.ldj kogxoa glokmdy ko.sch d7j totveo;pdko3I’IPo.swh ffh u dkoxtlko ;Pd’ko8kj ’M.shgxaoxqddt8y c]t maodkoD { gxoa g9kQ dko9fa ’kormy 8u kj ’M.o3I’IPo .s,h gu ovN .o c]t gxoa ]t[P[IP[Ivh pfDu 33

{ l,q m[q |;j p’ko8kj ’M c]t 0oB czo9fa c[’j vx5 tdvo8kj ’M.srh P’r= c]t gvkq .9.lj xqdxadIadlk;af45lyj’0v’8jk’M0v’3I’IPo c]t 38t8aj’c8j]tshv’IPo.sh,u 75ootrk[ rhv,ma’0Bo[ao-u.sh]tvPfD { gvqk.9.llj ts^5[g’yo c]t [ao-uc]h;c9h’8+dv’xt-5, c]t ]kp’ko.s0h Aogmy’gxao xdq dt8my d5 Mgfvn orvh ,m’a 8fy 8k,gvkq g’oy gfvn o,kg[du 9kj p.s7h {6 vk9kogxoa xdq dt8y c]t maodkoD { gvqk.9.ldj ko[6]totlhv,cx’ c]t mkluvk7kolt4kom.uj shl;p’k,D { 8yf8k,dkooe.-hoExtxkF w22hkF 3m]tla[1kj ’xt1af c]t gda[,hPo0UgspNv.o 7vd .oooA d=8vh ’9kj p7kj []= dy ko8kj ’M1kj ’gxoa xdq dt8yD { gvqk.9.ldj koxhv’daog;opk,ma’dk’g;ao c]t dk’7no.shwfhfuF gvqk.9.ldj kow0 ldq IPo.\\.j smh oa dkoD @D# ;Pd’ko|j;p’ko;y-kdko { gvkq .9.ldj ko9fa c[’j 8k8t]k’lvo.s7h 16 kj ’]tvPf-fa g9o c]t moa deofq g;]k g0kQ 3I’IPoD { gvqk.9.l8j yf8k,-5dp6hdkoxt8y[af37’dkos^adl6fF dkoc8’j [qflvo0v’76 c]t dkoxt8y[afczodkolvo0v’c8]j t7qo.shwfhfugxaoxqddt8y c]t g0A,’;fD { gvqk.9.l;j Pd’kooygmfrkp.o.shg0A,’;f,u75ootrk[ c]t gxaoxqddt8yD { gvqk.9.l;j Pd’kodkoI;j ,-u;yf.o95F \\;j plkprad.shg0A,’;f c]t xt8y[af4nd 8k,s^addko1kj ’gxaoxqddt8yD { gvkq .9.lgj d[a de-;jq 3,’lvo0v’7.6 s]h tvPf-fa g9o c]t pdq 7o5 otrk[dkolfy lvo .sfh u0Bo8,nj vudD { 76lvoc8]j t;y-k8hv’gvqk.9.lj dko-5dp6hoadIPo.sh[5d[no.ldj ko7Qo7;hkIOIPo .shs^kp0Bo rhv,ma’\\oaj lbdlkvq[Iq,dkog,nv’ co;7yf 75olq,[af.shoadIPo c]t xt8y[af9aopk[ao0v’76.shwfhfuD { gvqk.9.lj8yf8k,dko]q’g/yd’ko0v’oadlbdlk 9kd,tsk;ymtpkw]csj’-kf .shwfhfu c]t ,u75ootrk[D { gvqk.9.ldj ko[e]5’rkd[kj pF dko[e]5’oadIPogda’j .shwfhfu ,u75ootrk[ c]t ,9u f5 l,5 .odkolkh ’oda IPo.omd5 0oA IPo.s,h 7u o5 otrk[fDu { oerkoda IPog0kQ IPo[e]’5 .opk,rda xt9exu .sgh xoa xdq dt8y,uxtlyfmyzoq D { oerk c]t -5dp6h76.odkoxt8y[af|hkmu;j Pd’ko grnvj 7afg]nvd76xtlq[dko.shwfh fpu ’jy 0oB D 34

ສ.ວ.ສ{ oerkdko9fa dkoIPo{dkolvo.sgh xoa 0t[;o2fq 2oN f;h pI[6 dko9fa 8’A 4k,{8v[ 7;k,I6hmk’;ymtpklkfla’7q,{me,t-kf.shwfh @ 7A’F dko38h;kmu @ 7A’ c]t I[6 dkovojn MD { 76c8]j t;y-k8hv’xtg,uozqodkoIPo{dkolvo.shmao8k,deoqfg;]k c]t ;y-k dko8hv’lts^5[7tcoo.sh-afg9o maodko c]t gxaoxqddt8yD { -d5 pdh6 koIPo{dkolvo.s,h u7o5 otrk[ c]t [oa ]75 kf\\kp7nG gla’xt9egfnvo8hv’[ao]5 _W:F wfhlq,[6o $W: c]t .shwfhoadIPogda’j !W: 0BowxD gla’g]nvj o-Ao8hv’[ao]5 _(:F wfhlq,[6o $&: c]t .shwfhoadIPogda’j !W: 0BowxD gla’9q[-Ao,D$ 8hv’[ao]5 _(:F wfhlq,[6o $&: c]t .shwfhoadIPogda’j &: 0BowxD @D$ ;Pd|j;p’ko0=h,6o0jk;lko{g8ad3o3]-u { gvqk.9.ldj koIPo{dkolvo Computer .oc8]j tshv’.shwfhfu c]t ,u75ootrk[D { gvqk.9.lxj a[x5’;Pd’koshv’lt\\5f shv’vkj o c]t g7nvj ’mqf]v’0v’3I’IPo .shwfhfu8,nj vudD { gvkq .9.ldj ko9fa sk c]t oerkdkozt]fy vx5 tdvoldjn koIPo{dkolvo rvh ,m’a 75h,7v’ c]t oe.-h.shgdufzqos^kpmulj 5fD { gvqk.9.l-j d5 ph6.s,h udkog/ydv[q Iq,fhko IT .s7h 16 kj ’m;jq g4y’D @D& ;Pd|j;pdyf9tdeoadIPo { gvkq .9.l7j ,h5 7v’]t[P[0v’oda IPo.sgh 0,A ’;f gxoa xdq dt8y c]t gvkq .9.lj d;fdk dkoxt8y[af]t[P[0v’oadIPo1kj ’|hvpgfnvo]t @ 7A’D { 76xt9eshv’gvqk.9.ljles^;fxt9evkmyf.shg0A,’;f gda[dew9hcpddkoc[j’ xtgrfoda IPo.s]h tvPf grvjn rvh ,d[a zxh6 dq 7v’ldb lkv[q I,q oda IPo.sfh mu oa dkoD { 76xt9eshv’8hv’gvqk.9.lgj da[dedko0kfIPoF 7tcoo;y-kIPoF 7tcoo7;k, xtrfb 0v’oda IPo.s]h tvPf c]t 0Pog0kQ .ox,B 8fy 8k, c];h .szh xh6 dq 7v’oda IPo .shmaodko c]t gxaoxqddt8ym5dgfnvoD { 76xt9eshv’ c]t 7tot-Aogvqk.9.l-j 5dp6hdkoxt8y[af|hkmu;j Pd’ko0v’lyfg;o .shwfhfu c]t ,u75ootrk[D { 7totfc6 ]oda IPo 8vh ’gvkq .9.ldj koxtlkol,q m[q d[a zxh6 dq 7v’oda IPo.swh ffh u c]t l6h-qo[+.sh,u dkoxt]tdkoIPo s^n ,ud=[+.shgduo @:D { 76c8j]t7qogvqk.9.ljlbdlkvq[Iq,co;7yf75olq,[afF dkoxt8y[af]t[P[oadIPoF dkoxqdxadIadlkshv’IPoF 3I’IPo c]t ltrk[c;f]hv,.shltvkf’k,8kD 35

{ gvqk.9.l;j Pd’ko8hko1kgl[8yf 3fplhk’0t[;odko8hkoxkdqfdkosp=hm=h.o\\6j oda IPo.swh fDh { gvqk.9.lgj 7nvj ows;dyf9tdeg-aoj dkosafdkpF0t[;odkovvdcI’’koF dy]kF ly]txtF 0kj ;lko.shwfhfu grnvj 8hvoIa[dv’xt-5,7A’mu $ 0v’7totrad g,nv’lulaf 8tokdF ;ao76cs’j -kf c]t ;aole7aovnoj MD { |;j p’kovklklt\\da gvkq .9.ldj kog7vnj ows;.s,h u7o5 otrk[gxoa xdq dt8yD @D* ;Pd’kovq’dko9af8A’,tsk-qo { v’q dko9fa 8’A gpkq ;t-oq gvkq .9.lxj [a x’5 dv’gpkq ;t-oq .sgh 0,A c0’F lt,k-yd8vh ’ 7oQ 7;kh IOIPoxt8[y fa ]t[P[;wy o0v’3I’IPo.sgh 0,A ’;f c]t [d5 [on lkh ’8oq gv’ .sdh kpgxoa zlh6 [n mvfmfuj Du { v’q dko9fa 8’A -k;|,j5 gvkq .9.ldj ko7oQ 7;kh Iej IPo.ssh k^ p0oB F dkoxt8[y fa ]t[P[ .shg0A,’;fF g7nvj ows;8kj ’M1kj ’gxao0t[;o c]t 0tspkplt,k-yd.shwfhs^kp c]t ,u75ootrk[D { v’q dko9fa 8’A c,pj ’y gvkq .9.ldj kog8kQ 3I,7;k,lk,da 7Fu dkoIda lk7;k,ltvkf .o3I’IPoF -d5 pdh6 koxt8[y fa ]t[P[ c]t Ifu 7v’xtgrovu oa f’u k,0v’c,pj ’y ]k; .shwfhfuD { v’q dko9fa 8’A de,t[kogvkq .9.ldj ko7,h5 7v’]t[P[]fa 4tdvoF dkolfy lvo c]t 75h,7v’ ;y-kdko.shwfhfu,u75ootrk[D #D ;ymu9af8A’xt8y[af { ];,rtoda ’ko7{6 vk9kom’a \\fq grvnj gzpu czj cotoe xtdv[7egsoa gvdtrk[doa c]h; oewx9af8A’xt8y[af1kj ’,u7;k,Ia[zyf-v[D { c8]j tvkmyflts^5[ c]t ;k’czovkmyf8+wxD { c8]j tgfnvo.sh,udkolts^5[8u]k7kxtg,uozqoF 4vf4vo[qfIPoF 7afg]nvd8q;gfaoj c]t ;k’czogfnvo8+wxD { le][a rkdIPomu ! lts[5^ c]t ;k’czorkdIPomu @F mkh pxlu ts[5^ c];h 4vf4vo [fq IPo grvnj ;k’czoxu8+wxD z6hveo;pdko3I’IPo,afmtpq,lq,[6ogrp;af g-ao c]t xtma[8k 36

ສ.ວ.ສ#D dko0Poczodkoxt9egfnvo { 7o6 e.-ch zoxt9exu mwuj flh tg|uwxc];h ooA gxoa 0=,h o6 .odkolvo0Poczoxt9egfnvoD { .shoadIPog0Qkd5j,8k,9eo;omuj76deoqf .shc8j]tdj5,7Qo7;hk8k,8q;1jk’37’Ijk’ czoxt9e gfvn o c]t 0Po]kp]tvPf;Pd’koc8]j tfkh o 3fpoe.-0h ,h= o6 9kdczodko xt9exumu7j 6wfhcotoe]tvPfwxc]h;D 8;q 1kj ’G 37’Ikj ’czoxt9egfnvo0v’3I’IPo lkmk]tot]af xt-kmyxtw8 xt-k-qo]k; lao8yrk[ gvdt]kf xt-kmyxtw8 gvdtrk[ ;afmtok4k;vo {{{{{{{{{{{{ czodkoxt9egfnvoDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 3I’IPoDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD !D [jvovu’ { vu’8k,czoxt9exudkolbdlkmuwj fhdeoqfw;hc]h;D { vu’8k,ltrk[7;k,gxao9y’ c]t [qfIPom4uj vf4vowfh.ogfnvozkj o,kD @D 7kf\\kp];, { g;Qkg4y’l’yj m7uj 6{vk9ko9t8hv’xt8y[afrkp.ogfnvoD { g;kQ g4y’l’yj mouj da IPo9t8vh ’xt8y[fa rkp.ogfnvoD #D myfmk’]tvPfc8j]t;Pd’ko #D! fhkoco;7yfdkog,nv’ c]t dko9af8A’ { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD #D@ fhko;Pd’ko[=]ysko { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 37

#D# fhko;Pd’ko;y-kdko { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD #D$ fkh o;Pd’ko0=,h o6 0kj ;lko{g8da 3o3]-u { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD #D& fhko;Pd’kodyf9tdeoadIPo { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD #D* fhko;Pd’kovq’dko9af8A’,tsk-qo { gpkq ;t-oq DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { -k;|,j5 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { c,pj ’y DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { de,t[ko DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD $D ;ymu9af8A’xt8y[af { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD z6hveo;pdko3I’IPo g-ao c]t xtma[8k 38

{ 4hk[+oe.-hczoxt9exu0v’3I’IPo,afmtpq,lq,[6ogrp;afgxao8q;1kj ’.shln[8+.-hf’aj oUG lkmk]tot]af xt-kmyxtw8 xt-k-qo]k; lao8yrk[ gvdt]kf xt-kmyxtw8 gvdtrk[ ;afmtok4k;vo {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ rtcodlbdlkmydko c]t dy]kot7vos^;’;P’9ao shv’dkolbdlkmydko c]t dy]kxt9eg,nv’lulaf8tokd g]dmu &#)},lDr; 3I’IPo,afmtpq,lq,[6ogrp;af ;aomu !@ 85]k @WW_ czoxt9egfnvo 85]k xu @WW_ 0v’3I’IPo,afmtpq,lq,[6ogrp;af { vu’8k,czoxt9exu0v’rtcodlbdlkmydko c]t dy]kot7vos^;’;P’9ao c]t shv’dkolbdlkmydko c]t dy]kxt9e g,nv’lulaf8tokdD { vu’8k,czoxt9exu 0v’3I’IPo;k’vvdD { grvnj gIfa .s;h Pd’ko8kj ’Mfegouowx1kj ’,uxtlyfmyzoq D { zvh6 eo;pdkogvdtrk[d[a 7tot[=]ysko3I’IPowfdh eofq czodko xt9egfnvo 8]5 k xu @WW_ 7nG ສ.ວ.ສ !D myfmk’];, { grnjvgIaf.shrtoad’ko76{vk9ko-k[-b,co;mk’ot3p[kp0v’rad{dqf\\kp0v’]afF dqf\\kpdkolbdlk 8A’|hkxt8y[af]t[P[]af4tdvo c]t dqf]t[P[0v’3I’IPo;k’ vvd1kj ’g0,A ’;fD { grvjn lkh ’zoq ’ko0+ko[a I[a 8vh odv’xt-,5 .sp7j ’A mu & 0v’v’q 7totrda g,vn ’llu fa 8tokdD { grnvj lhk’zqo’ko c]t 0t[;odko8hvoIa[ ;ao76cs’j -kf7q[Iv[ !& xu .sh,u[aopkdkf 2fq 2oN D { grvjn gIfa leg]fa |kh mdju koIPo{dkolvo,xu tlfy mzy oq fDu @D myfmk’]tvPfc8j]t;Pd’ko @D! ;Pd’kofhkoco;7yfdkog,nv’ { oerkdkog,nv’co;7yf.shcd7j 6{vk9ko c]t oadIPo.shwfhfu rhv,ma’gvqk.9.lj g8Qk3I, 7;k,lk,ad7urkp.o.sh|adc|hoF 7;k,lk,ad7urkpovd.shfu c]t ,lu t8gy xoa g9kQ dko.omd5 fkh oD 39

{ gvkq .9.l]j t[P[dkodkofegouo-u;yfdkog,nv’.sgh 0,A ’;fgxoa xdq dt8yD { gvkq .9.lxj t8[y fa 7el’ja F 8’A |kh gIfa ;Pd’kodkolfy lvo;-y k 7;[7dj6 [a dkoldb lk dkog,nv’co;7yf75olq,[afF le]a[oadIPogvqk.9.ldj ko7Qo7;hkIOIPoxt8y[af dfq ]t[P[0v’3I’IPo1kj ’g0,A ’;fD @D@ ;Pd[=]ysko c]t |j;p’ko9af8A’ { gvqk.9.ljoerkgzupczj,kf4koF cotoe;ymudko c]t d;fdkdkoIj;,-u;yf dkog,nv’ c8]j t|;j p’ko.shwfhfuD { gvqk.9.loj erkxt8y[afot3p[kpmumj k’3I’IPodeoqf.shwfhfu c]t 8yf8k,dko g]vjn o0oA g’oy gfvn o.s7h {6 vk9kogxoa xdq dt8Dy { 8fy 8k,g’oy gfvn o,kg[du 9kj p.s7h {6 vk9ko c]t lts[5^ ;Pd’kodkog’oy c9’h 8d+ v’ xt-5,76 c]t ]kp’ko0Aogmy’.shmaodkoD { oerkdkodtdP,lkh ’roN 4ko grvjn lkh ’.sgh xoa 3I’IPo8;q c[[8k,dko,v[\\kp 0v’shv’dkolbdlkg,nv’ c]t rtcodlbdlkmydko c]t dy]kot7vos^;’D { gvqk.9.ljlq,mq[da[-k;|5j,de,t[ko[6]totlhv,cx’ c]t mklu3I’IPo.sh l;p’k,D { gvqk.9.lgj xaoglokmydko.shcd7j totveo;pdko c]t 8hvoIa[c0dmu,j krq;rao ;Pd’ko.sfh Du { gvqk.9.lgj da[de 8yf8k,lts^5[;Pd’ko8kj ’M c]t ]kp’ko.sh0Aogmy’maodkoD { gvkq .9.l-j d5 ph6 c]t d;fdkdkoxt8[y fa czodko c]t \\kpc8’j 8’A 0v’3I’IPo .shwfhfu,u75ootrk[D { gvkq .9.ldj ko7,h5 7v’oe.-sh vh ’oE0v’37’dko WTA.swh ffh u c]t ,u7o5 otrk[D { oerkdkoltgs^u,lts^v’;ao76cs’j -kf7q[Iv[ !& xu 1kj ’gxao0t[;o2qf2NoD @D# ;Pd’ko|j;p’ko;y-kdko { gvqk.9.ljd;fdk8yf8k,-5dp6hdkoxt8y[af37’dkos^adl6f c]t ;Pd’kooygmf rkp.o.shwfhfuD { gvqk.9.lj8yf8k,gda[de-qj;3,’lvo0v’76.sh]tvPf-afg9o c]t gxaoxqddt8y rvh ,m’a lts^[5 gxoa vkmyfD { oerkdkoI;j ,-u;yfdkog,nv’.oc8]j t95;y-k.o|;j p’ko.shwfhfu c]t g0A,’;fD { gvkq .9.ldj ko[e]’5 rkd[kj pF gd[a de c]t 9fa dko[e]’5 oda IPom,uj urvolts;oa .shwfhfuD 40

ສ.ວ.ສ{ oerkdtdP,dkolv[gla’rkdIPomu ! c]t lts^5[.shmaodkoD { gvkq .9.l-j d5 p7h6 m6 wuj flh ’jq g0kQ 7fa g]nvd7x6 tl[q dko.swh ffh uD { gvqk.9.lj8yf8k,dko,k c]t 0kfIPo rhv,ma’lts^5[7tcooxt9egfnvo.sh moa dkoD { gvkq .9.llj db lkv[q I,q fkh o7o5 l,q [fa c]t ]t[P[;ywo.soh da IPo 7;[7d6j [a dkolyf lvo1kj ’gxoa xdq dt8Dy @D$ ;Pd|j;p’ko0=h,6o0jk;lko{g8ad3o3]-u { gvqk.9.lxj a[x5’;Pd’koshv’vkj oxB, c]t shv’lt\\5f.sh,uxtlyfmyzqofuD { -5dp6hdkolvo Computer .oc8]j tshv’.shwfhfu c]t ,u75ootrk[D { gvqk.9.l8j yf8k,dkooe.-hxB,c[[IPo.shm;qj g4y’ c]t 75h,7v’.shfuD { -d5 pdh6 kozt]fy vx5 tdvoldjn koIPodkolvo.sfh ,u 7u o5 otrk[D { ln[8+oerkg/ydvq[Iq, c]t lvo Computer .sh76vk9koD @D& ;Pd|j;pdyf9tdeoadIPo { gvkq .9.l;j Pd’kolyfg;o0v’|;j p7x6 t9esvh ’F |;j psvh ’IPo f;h p7;k,I[a zyf -v[m,uj uxtlyfmyrk[D { oerkdkodtdP,de]a’ grnvj g0QkI;j ,-ugd,8k,dko,v[\\kp0v’0Aogmy’.sh,u 7o5 otrk[fuD { c8]j tsvh ’8vh ’gvkq .9.ldj kogxfu {xfy c]t Ida lkdtc9svh ’IPo.sfh u grvjn I[a xtdoa 7;k,xvfwrD { gvkq .9.l7j ,h5 7v’d;fdkdkoxt8[y fa dfq ]t[P[0v’oda IPo.sgh 0,A ’;f ,xu tlfy mzy oq c]t gxaoxqddt8yD { 7tot-Ao76xt9eshv’8yf8k, c]t gda[dew9hcpdxtgrfoadIPo.sh]tvPf grvnj xtlkolq,mq[da[z6hxqd7v’oadIPo.shwfhfu c]t maodkoD { 76xt9eshv’gvqk.9.ljdkolbdlkvq[Iq,oadIPo.odkoIOIPo c]t xt8y[af dfq ]t[P[0v’3I’IPo1kj ’g0,A ’;fD { 7x6 t9esvh ’gvkq .9.ldj kolts[5^ ,7u egsoa .lxj ,B 88y k,0v’oda IPo grvjn l’jq zxh6 dq 7v’ c]t gda[de7no.shmaog;]kD { |;j pxvh ’doa .s,h du kog7vjn ows;gd[a decdwh 0[oa sk.sgh 0,A ’;f 8k,dko-oU e0v’ 7totveo;pdko3I’IPoD { gvqk.9.ldj koI;j ,-u;yf.o|;j p’ko c]t 76xt9eshv’gxaoxqddt8yD 41

{ gvkq .9.l;j Pd’kovtokw,Ida lkl’jy c;f]vh ,.sfh u c]t ;my du komgju \\ktl,q grvjn gIfa .sh3I’IPoltvkf l;p’k, c]t dtdP,rNo4ko.odkogxao3I’IPo8q;c[[D { ]’q d;fdk-d5 pdh6 koxda m’5 loa pt]da c8]j tsvh ’.s-h fa g9o,uxtlyfmyzoq D { gvqk.9.ljoerk0t[;odkog7njvows;dy]k{ly]txt xt9exu c]t dP,g0QkIj;, dy]k0v’g,nv’ c]t ;ao76cs’j -kf.shwfhfuD { |j;pvklklt\\ad[6]tot3I’IPo c]t rymadlyj’c;f]hv,.shg7njvows;8k, czodko grvnj l6h-qolhk’3I’IPo0P;F ltvkf c]t ,ul’yj c;f]hv,fu8k,37’dko 0v’rtcodlbdlkmydko c]t dy]kot7vos^;’;P’9aoD @D* ;Pd’kovq’dko9af8A’,tsk-qo { .shc8j]tvq’dko9af8A’,tsk-qog7njvows;8k,myf-Uoe0v’|j;prad c]t dko9fa 8’A 0oA gmy’.swh ffh uG gpqk;t-qo.sh[5d[nolhk’8qogv’.shgxaoz6hln[mvfmufj u ,udkoxa[x5’dv’7no.\\j c]t cotoedkoglpg’yog7vnj ows;0v’gpkq ;t-oq .swh fxh t8y[fa 1kj ’m;jq g4y’D -k;|,j5 gvkq .9.loj erkdkog7vjn ows; c]t 8’A |kh xt8[y fa ]t[P[0v’3I’IPo.sh g0A,’;f 8A’.9IPo.shs^kp0Bo8,nj D vq’dko9af8A’c,pj y’gvqk.9.lgj 8Qk3I,7;k,lk,ad7u c]t Iadlkvtokw,.shl;p ’k, c]t 9afrymuIa[lt,k-yd.\\1j kj ’gxao0t[;o2qf2NoD vq’dko9af8A’de,t[kogvqk.9.lj;Pd’kolyflvo c]t ]t[P[]af4tdvo.shfu rvh ,m’a lkh ’0t[;odko8vh oI[a ;oa le7oa cs’j -kfD { .shc8]j tvq’dko9af8A’gvqk.9.lj dkoI;j ,-u;yfdkog,nv’.shg0A,’;f c]t lhk’ 0t[;odko8vh oI[a ;oa le7oa 0v’-kfD #D ;ymu9af8A’xt8y[af { ];,rtoda ’ko7{6 vk9kom’a \\fq grvjn gzpu czxj tdv[7egsoa gvdtrk[doa c];h oewx 9af8A’xt8y[af.sh,uxtlyfmyzqoD { \\fq gfvn o,ou k .s,h du kolts[5^ 8]u k7k4vf4vo[fq IPoF 7fa g]vn d8;q gfoja F ;k’czo gfnvo8+wx c];h ]kp’ko0oA gmy’.smh oa dkoD z6hveo;pdko3I’IPo,afmtpq,lq,[6ogrp;af g-ao c]t xtma[8k 42

$D dko0Poczodkoxt9evkmyf { 7o6 e.-ch zoxt9egfnvo mwuj flh tg|uwxc];h ooA gxoa 0,=h o6 .odkolvo0Poczoxt9evkmyfD { .shoadIPog0Qkd5j,8k,9eo;omuj76deoqf.shc8j]tdj5,7Qo7;hk8k,8q;1jk’37’Ijk’ czoxt9evkmfy c]t 0Po]kp]tvPf;Pd’koc8]j tfkh o 3fpoe.-0h ,h= o6 9kdczodko xt9egfvn om7ju w6 fch otoe]tvPfwxc];h D 4kh oe.-ch zoxt9egfvn o0v’3I’IPo,fa mtp,q l,q [o6 grp;fa gxoa 8;q 1kj ’ .slh n[8+.-ch zoxt9evkmyf0v’3I’IPof’ja oUG lkmk]tot]afxt-kmyxtw8xt-k-qo]k; lao8yrk[ gvdt]kf xt-kmyxtw8 gvdtrk[ ;afmtok4k;vo {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ rtcodlbdlkmydko c]t dy]kot7vos^;’ shv’dkolbdlkmydko c]t dy]kxt9eg,nv’ g]dmu &$W},lDr; 3I’IPo,afmtpq,lq,[6ogrp;af ;aomu !@ d=]tdqf @WW_ czodkoxt9evkmyf mu !#{!) d=]tdqf xu @WW_ 0v’3I’IPo,afmtpq,lq,[6ogrp;af ສ.ວ.ສ { vu’8k,czoxt9egfnvo0v’svh ’dkoldb lkmydkoxt9eg,nv’ lulfa 8tokdD { v’u 8k,czoxt9egfvn o0v’3I’IPo;k’vvdD { grvnj gIfa .s;h Pd’ko8kj ’Mfegouowx1kj ’,uxtlyfmyzoq D z6hveo;pdkogvdtrk[da[7tot[=]ysko3I’IPowfhdeoqfczodko xt9evkmyfmu @ d=]tdqf xu @WW_ 7nG !D ;Pd[=]ysko { gvqk.9.ldj kola’];,0=h,6o8kj ’M ]kp’ko.sh7tot c]t 0Aogmy’8+wxD { dtdP,dko8fa g7vjn ’o’j5 .s7h v6 k9koD { ;aomu !#}(}W_ g;]k )GWW 3,’ oerkoadIPowxIj;,,yf8y’ lts^v’;aogduf 0v’mkj o xtmko l5rko5;q’ musj =;afmtotmecs’j -kfD { ;aomu !$}(}W_ g;]k !#G#W3,’ 9af76 !& 7qowxI;j ,xt-5,16j 7D;DlD { ;aomu !&{!*}(}W_ 76 !& 7qo g0QkI;j ,gxaode,tdkopk,shv’gla’16j 7D;DlD 43

@D ;Pdshv’dko;y-kdko { oerk7x6 t8[y fa 8k,czo.o37’dkosd^a lf6 x[a x’5 .\\Dj { vq[Iq,co;7yfdkog,nv’ c]t ;y-kltgrkt.sh|adc|hoD { -5dp6h760Boshv’lvo.shgxaoxqddt8yF f6c]oadIPo.odkoxt8y[afdqf]t[P[F ]tfq, oda IPo.soh e.-sh vh ’lt\\f5 .s,h uxtlyfmyzoq fuD #D ;Pdvq’dko9af8A’,tsk-qo { -5dp6hvq’dko9af8A’,tsk-qogxaog9Qkdko.odkogIafvtokw, c]t Iadlkl’yj c;f ]hv, 1kj ’gxaoxqddt8yD $D ;ymu9af8A’xt8y[af { 7totveo;pdkoIPdsq;|hkc8j]t|j;p’ko,kxt-5, ]kp’kozqoleg]af.o dkoxt8y[afvkmyfzkj o,k c]t ,v[\\kp;Pd’ko.ovkmyf8+wxD { mhkpvkmyf lts^5[;Pd’ko grnvj ]kp’ko c]t ;k’czovkmyf8+wxD z6hveo;pdko3I’IPo,afmtpq,lq,[6ogrp;af g-ao c]t xtma[8k $D dkolvo[qfg/ydsaf { .soh da IPog0kQ d,j5 0Poczodkog7vjn ows;xt9egfvn o0v’svh ’c];h ]kp’koD { .soh da IPog0kQ d,j5 0Poczodkog7vjn ows;xt9evkmfy 0v’d,j5 c];h ]kp’koD V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdf9kdG { dkolqomtok c]t 8v[7e4k,0v’c8]j t7qoD { dkoc[’j ;Pd c]t 7;k,lk,ad7u.od5,j D d;fzqo’ko9kdG { d;f.s7h tcoodko0Po]kp’koczogfnvoxt9egfnvo{czoxt9evkmyf0v’d,5j D 44

ສ.ວ.ສ [qfmu & dko0Po9qf\\kp g;]k # -q;j 3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ .soh da IPolk,kfG { [vd7;k,\\kp c]t xtgrf0v’9qf\\kpwfhD { [vds^addko c]t ,k]tpkfmfuj u.odko0Po9qf\\kpwfhD { 0Po9qf\\kpl;j o8q; c]t rq;rao;Pdc[[’kj pMwfhD II. goNv.o8Qo8= 9fq \\kp c,oj g7vjn ’,mn .uj -.h odkolljn ko]ts;kj ’z|h6 ’jb wxskzvh6 ojn f;h pdkooe.-8h ;q vda lvo 0Pocmodkoxkdg;kQ grvjn .szh lh6 ’jq c]t zIh6 [a lko,u7;k,g0kQ .94nd8vh ’8k,9f5 xtl’q 0v’doa c]tdoa wfh z0h6 Po9fq \\kp9t8vh ’oe.-gh 9ph F oE,db mgju \\ktl,q F ltdfq 7e4dn 8vh ’F .-7h el[a 4dn 8vh ’ da[dk]tgmlt c]t [5d7qomuIj a[ sn^ lq’lkoD 9qf\\kp,u16j # xtgrf7nG 9qf\\kpl;j o8q;F 9qf\\kp rq;rao;Pd c]t 9qf\\kpmk’dko s^n 9qf\\kp]af4tdkoD IIID lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t 76j,n76 rklk]k; -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu #D { 9qf\\kpl;j o8q;F 9qf\\kpmk’dko c]t c9h’dko8kj ’M gmqkj musj k,kwfhD IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo !D m;o7no loq mtokd[a oda IPodPj ;d[a dko0Po9fq \\kp0v’c8]j t7oq zkj o,k;kj g7pu 0Po9fq \\kpg4’y .zcfj .odko0Poc8]j tgmvnj 8oq gv’,u7;k,sp’h5 pkddPj ;d[a dko0Poco;.fL 7v6 kf9t4k, oda IPo;kj 9fq \\kpl;j o8;q d[a 9fq \\kpvonj M8kj ’doa co;.fL @D dkolvo7;k,\\kp c]t xtgrf0v’9qf\\kp 7l6 oq mtok c]t 4k,oda IPodPj ;d[a 7;k,\\kp0v’9fq \\kp3fpm;jq wx c]t xtgrf0v’ 9qf\\kp8kj ’M ,ao,u]adltot7ndao c]t 8kj ’daoco;.fF 4hkoadIPoc8]j t7qo,uxB,c[[IPo .svh kj o.o.9.z,oa F 4kh oda IPo,uxB,c[[IPo[+7[q ,n .svh kj o7oQ 7;kh gxoa d,j5 #{& okmu 3fp7v6 kf 9t4k,f’aj oUG 45