THE LANGUAGE SCIENCE

GojriKi Os ki dil kay andar dil ko kam ay lamma rehno SabarAafaqiMeri akh ki doolan oproon duhlan aalo Tepu Sabar AafaqiMevatiAur Aasman aur jamein, Ghaltein aur kamein,Bhi aur resta daranUrduPher Pehlay Josaf pher maekal, Pehlay daam pher kaamKarta hoon jama pher jigar-e-lakht lakhi koArsa howa hai dawat-e-mejgaan kiay howay GhalibEnglishThen First you then Petar, First meal then workUrduWa’o Ashq-o-Mazdoori-e-ishrat gaha-e-Kusro kiya khoob101

GhalibYah hum jo hijr main dar-o-dewar ko dekhtay hain GhalibSindhiWa’o Moti-o-gulab nisrio, afsoss ho na aayo Ghulam AliSo’ozUrduKa Ashq say tabiat nay zeast ka maza paya GhalibChaman ka jalwa baes hai meri rangeen nawae ka GhalibPunjabiDa Sabh vaysay shesay da mandar, wich Shah HussainnamanaKachrak balain mein aqal da dewa, birhoon andheriwagdeShah Hussain102

JapaniNe Gheo ne KO, (Shop of meat), Bo ta ne ko (Meat ofbear),Tori ne KO (Meat of hen)RajistaniKa Sakhyan ka bhartarSaraekiSeroon pand hijar da talay Khaja Ghulam FareedAh dawae bimari da toor aae (Jumla)GojriKa Khuda ka aashqaan ki zindgi naan Sabar AfaqiFrenchIn Ahamed in evl, (House of Ahmed)Kumas in rengi (color of cloth)103

MevatiKa Dunyaan ka malik, kitaban ka tarjama, deen ka almaeinEnglishOf Word’s of love, drop of water, grains of sanMevatiKi Noh ki dohae, karorun ki tadaatRajistaniKi Birha ki chalri, mun ki lagi Taj QaemkhaniUrduKo Hum KO setam aziz, setam’gar KO hum aziz GhalibPunjabiNoon Mein pachi noon maraam lat ne Shah HussainPothohariKoon Paray koon taropa kar giday Fada-e-AtharGojri104

Ko Os ki yaad kay andar dil ko kam ay kamtaan rehnoSabar AafaqiRajistaniKo Raja KO bhag, dhool KO kaal, dayas ko bassUrduMain Paishay main aeab nahain rakheay na Farhaad konaamGhalibPunjabiWich Galaan wich pherain latkainde, ah gal nae bhaliShah HussainEnglishIn(to) Put it into the jarGojriMaan Jayro dil maan barchi mar gio Sabar Aafaqi105

PothohariVich bagaan nay vich pakhroon bolay Sadiq NaswwmSaraekiWich Aapay sabh de Surat wich toon mikoon ajgoessMumtaz DarRajistaniMain Sagar main jalTakrar-e-LafziUrduAamad aamad, aatay aatay, ja’tay ja’tayPunjabiJiyoon jiyoon, tiyoon tiyoonPushtoZar zar, chirta chirtaGojri106

Parbat parbat nagri nagri(Not a new thing in Urdu)PothohariOchay ochay, bit, Nimi nimi (Chaanne)(It is also used in Pujabi)English again (and) againHum’martaba AlfazUrduEdhar other, gidhar kidhar, aagay pechy,Oopar nichayPunjabiSeda padra, ulta sedaRajistaniDukh sok107

Marakab AzafiUrduMakta-e-gham, kakal-e-sar’kashBarahviDagh-e-jodae, gham-e-furqatHumza say bannay walay marakbaatUrduKana’ay majnoon, moja’ay raftar, oqda’ay mushqalSindhiQatra’ay shabnum108

CommentsAgaink Sir this is very interesting but full of mistakes.While I am in admiration of your knowledge of Indian andAsian languages, you would do better to leave Germanand French (and English to some extent) alone! Germansmell = Geruch; and \"der Gastgeber\" is capitalized as allnouns are; in French, it is \"une odeur\", English \"touchy\"and not \"tuchy\"; what is Peady, maybe ready? derSchleier = German Veil; The land bitterly needscultivation - is a correct English sentence; it's calledJapanese and not Japani in English. Good bye is sayonarain one word, all those men, der Pilot (German for pilot); Itis necessary to speak Japanese; genetic; hydrogen,German to ask = fragen, to begin = anfangen; began;ideology, French le crime; electrical, spectral, Nazi andfantasy don't fall under the same category of sounds = ziand si; die Bresche = the divide; stance not the same109

phonetic family; French samedi = Saturday (week = lasemaine); un accent (m.), der Franzose; die Kommission;geezer pej. US American for man; je ne parle pas = Idon't speak in F. and I give up!Susanne Seiler110

THE TREND OF DROPPING OR ADDING SOUNDSThe cry of pain that comes out of the pathetic heart onthe division of man is not an unnatural thing. Whereeverman lives, he is one in his origin and nature. The seasonsof his weals and woes are the same. Their natural needsand demands are common. Wherever he lives, he desiresfor peace, prosperity and complacence. He is full ofimpatience for awareness. He wishes that his life issecure and nobody snatches away his property. Not onlyhis achievement be recognised but material resourcesshould also be provided for his better performanceWhen he fails to get all this, response of some kind fromhim is not a meaningless or unjust thing. There may besome other reasons of man's negative behaviour. Theworld religions have bassically taught three affairs.(i) Justic should not be ignored at any stage.(ii) Man should love other man and distribute love among111

them.(iii) Truth should never become obscure. The religiousauthorities themselves have been breaking theseprinciples for their own personal interests and materialneeds. And they have never been penitent in this regard.When principles and rules are slaughteud, the cases ofdivision and chaos cannot be called meaningless andcauseless. Every response, in the next step, developsinto an ideological unity. This seices of division andsubtraction goes on increasing. Every group makesefforts to achive the requirements of life according to itsown ideals and principles. And the seet regards it as theservice of truth and God. The particular group strivesfurthur to expend these things.There is the collsion of ideas in the battlefield ofstruggle. As a result, hatred, jealousy, malice and thetrend to snatch away things flourishes. So much so thatthe human blood no more remains sacred and respected.112

The human culture, unfortunalely, suffers from thisdivision of man. The germs of being inferior and woreare sucking the blood of humanity. At this stage thematter of personal survival arises. The efforts linkedwith these regarded as human service and truth.Theheavy responsibility falls on the shoulders of the presentage intellectuals and schoars that they should work forman. They must use every reference/resource to bringman close to the other man. If these negative referencesthat remove man away from other man are not doneaway with it, will require a task to overcome thisdifficulty in the coming times. Material resoures willremain where they are Man shall lose his confidence inthe charms of life. In the present aircumstances, withoutkeeping an eye on material gains, effort must go on.I have already stated in some writing that to search outlinks among languages is not a worthless task.Languages belong to man more than to nations and113

countries. They belong to him who speaks them. Somevices are born because of misunderstanding languages.Man cannot express himself in exactly any secondlanguage or he feels some difficulty in saying somethingin that language. The possiblity exists that his statementmay be misunderstood.In this connection, it would be agreed that theunderstood meanings are the last ones. In this context,no meanings are the last ones. The meanings are, in thelast ones. The meanings are, in one orthe other stage, tobe changed.Most of the tongues of the sub-contiment are & similar.Some of their linguistic rules are almost the same. A lotof prefixes and suffixes, that are the back bone oflanguages, are almost the same. Some sounds increaseor fall down thechange in intonation. The scholars shouldwork on the fall or addition. In this worthless essay,some examples are presented to make my point of new114

prominent. Keeping these examples in view, the peoplewho work on languages can find a way. It would be themost important service of humanity to work onlanguages in this perspective. And the circle of researchmust extend to the universal limits. There is a commontrend of dropping some sounds in Urdu, Punjabi,Pothhari, Saraiki and Gojri.There is the tradition of dropping the central 'alf':1-(a) Shah to sheh(b) Gah to geh2-(a) Naa’ch to nach(b) Nachna to nchna(c) Chaand to Chn (Chun is also under use)(d) Sa’as to sus115

(e) Bazar to Bzar. (Punjabi)f) Hath the hth (hth is also used in Gojri)(g) Harna to Hrna or hrya(h) Kajal to Kjal(i) Bahar to Bhr(j) Haat to hat (hati/hti is also used)3-Some time the mad of beginning is dropped but the soundof Alf is sustained:(a) Aawara to awara(b) Aazad to azad(c) Aabad to abad(d) Aabadi to abadi(e) Aam to amb4- In some words mud and Alif both are dropped:116

Aawaz to waz (waaj is also used)5- If bay occus after meen and before\"alf\", it will bedropped. However, the soundof meem may be doubled:Lumba to Lamma(6) The sound of Tay before noon dropped.(a) Jitna to Jinna(b) Kitna to Kinna(Here the sound of noon is double)(7) In saraiki, the suffix (dha) is dropped:Chundha to Choona(8) The sound of 'An' occurping in the centre is not used:(a) Ina’am to Inam(b) Jamaat to Jamt(c) Ta’alaq to Talq117

(d) Maasoom to Msoom(9) The Central 'laam' is also dropped:Machli to Machi(10) In some words, the sound of 'noon' in the centre isalso expelled:(a) Moonch to moch(b) Pankha to Pakha(c)Phoonk to Phook(11) The sound of 'wao' in the centre also dropped:(a) Bhool to Bhol(b) Phool to Phol(c) Doobna to Dubna(d) Dooja to Duja(e) Pochna to puchna(In Pothohari Duwa is also in used) In Saraiki and Pujabi118

duwa mean two(12) The trend of dropping hay is also found:Chooha to Chua (Wao is giving to double sound)(13) In Saraeki tayra instead of tayrhaPunjabi taydaPotohari and Gojri taidaSaraeki Doup instead of dhoopPunjabi ThopGojri Thop(14) The tradition of dropping hay is also common:(a) Darhi to dari(b) Darh to dar(15) The central yay is dropped:(a) Seedha to sidha(b) Peecha to picha119

(c) Neecha to nicha (Gojri)(d) Neecha to niwaan (Punjabi)(d) Bay’kar to bkar (Saraeki)In Mavati also, sounds are dropped:(a) Shuroo to suru(b) Mashhoor to mas’hoor(c) Shabeer to saberThere is the tradition of dropping two sounds in Punjabi,Pothohari and Saraeki:Ooncha to ochaPushto also have tradition of dropping souns:(a) Dhal to dal(b) Dheel to deelSaraeki, the trend of changing sounds is also seen:Haraan to haryan120

Sounds are interchange in Pushto also:Sandooq To soondaqThe trend of increasing sounds:(1) In Urdu Machli while in Bangala maachli(2) In Urdu sach while in Rajistani sanch, sachi to saachi(3) In Urdu bohat, while in Rajistani, Dakni, Haryani andMevati Bo’hoot(4) In Urdu the word lagna is changed into laagna inRajistaniSome other exmples of increasing sounds in Saraeki:1- Gal is changed galh2- Sab is changed sabh3- Toota is changed tonaIn Pothohari and Gojri hashvi noon is a comman thing;Hasna to hansana121

Urdu and Punjabi also make the hashvi use of noon:Saikroon to sainkroonThis tradition is also found in Pushto:1- Olti to Oltai2- Phaki to phakai3- Charkhi to charkhai4- Josh to joshi5- Jarab to jarabay6- Khorak to khoraka7- Khajoor to khajooray8- Mandi to mandhiIn mevati see this trend:!- Rang to rango2- Pakha to pakho122

3- Nicha to nicho4- Ghar to gharay5- Sab to saban6- Din to dinanIn saraeki umb is spoken as umbo. In Punjabi umbi isused for a small and unripe umb.Hadi is changed Hud in Punjabi and Saraeki.Mana is changed as mania in SaraekiFor Aap aapa is also in usePunch, pank, pakhro, pakhairoon etc are well knownwords of local languages and they all are the extendedforms of the original word par (Wing)In Punjabi, there is common trend of increasing sounds:!- Pachtana to pachothana, pachtawana2-Martabah to marataba123

This trend is also found in the Persian:1- Shah to sheh2- Seyah to seyh3- Awal to ahwal4- Sami to asami124

LANGUAGES ARE IN FACT THE RESULT OF SOUNDSIt gives pleasure to discuss intellectual and literalmatters with serious. It helps in the solution to problemsand matters. Not only this, a lot of references, links andconnections become evident.How for Yaan pal Sarter is correct. His life was linkedwith particular conditions and his ideas have come forthwith respect to this fact. Nobody forms his existence noris it possible that a man makes himself as he wishes. Inthis formation of a person’s existence, the wholeuniverse consciously, in some affairs, and unconsciously,in some other ones, is involved. Its reason is that he is aunit of the universe. Every body in itself is not completeeven after its completion. He is a part of some greatunity. Even while maintaining his identical/characteristic, he is revolving around some great unity.Being a unit of the whole universe, he connected with a125

lot units. He affects them and is affected by them. And allthis is imposed in a peculiar balance and arrangement.He is responsible not only of himself but all the unitsexisting in the unity. The survival of other units is, in fact,its own strength.I have already mentioned that a decaying society getsitself linked with some other strong and active society sothat it may further live fifty or hundred years more. Thusthe survival of another unity is not worthless for it. Eachunit of a building, in spite of being separate, cannot getisolation from other units. In this regard, it is notcorrect to say some unit unimportant. There is nojustification of its separation from other units. Theimportance of cement is compulsory for or each other.The rich for the poor and the poor for the rich. Grief forman and man for grief are not unimportant. They are tomove parallel to each other at a time. In this case life canexit. Stasis and stillness are death for each of them.126

Languages are in fact the result of sounds. With thisreference they revolve around sounds. So long assounds exit, the existence of languages is unchallenged.Nature has granted man with some organs as createsounds themselves or sounds come out of them. Andthese sounds are the same as are present in theuniverse. In other word, this procedure of give and takeis connected with the existence of languages.Viewed at any level, the combination of countless isolatedand compound sounds is present all the languages withsmall changes. It is true that the grammatical adjustmentis occurred according to the linguistic set up of thelanguages.All human being are the issue of the same man and thefamilies of this man are composed with the passage oftime. Linguistics, therefore, divided languages intodifferent families.127

Gojri, Punjabi, Pothohari, Sasaiki, Urdu, Arabic, Persian,Bravi, Pashto, Bangali, Sindhi etc, have many commonwords. Along with English, other western languages havethe association of sounds. Rather a large number of theirwords are the same and some time their use is also atsome places parallel. Hence to say that languages die, isabsolutely wrong and baseless. At a time, they arerelated with:Man and his familiesDifferent groupsNeeds and material necessitiesUniverseEverything of the universeOther languagesWhile single, groups, combinations and compound soundsis the source of link among them. Every sound has itsown mood, behavior, trend and culture. It adopts the128

form of word accordingly. While with the individualidentity, social culture also involves. And it also keepsthe nature of sounds with them. When a word enters asociety, it also brings with it its culture and these wordsunconsciously and sometimes consciously plays its role.This adjustment is nature of sounds. If these universalnature links don’t exit, the mater of adjustment cannotbe solved. This link of sounds indicates the link of manwith man and with the universe. I have described the linkof sounds in writing. I present some examples fromJapanese sends (Hira Gana)to showWith respect to the association of other language, if thispiece of work is appreciated, I shall show the link of theremaining sounds of Hira Gana as well as three soundsof Kana Kata. With reference to these sounds, the searchof the link between man and universal will become easy.Not only this, it will also help us understand the link ofman and universe.129

OEnglish OrangeUrdu OkatPashto ObaiePunjabi OhlayPothohari OhaSaraki OthainGojri OzarArabic OladPersian Aab-o-danaAEnglish AppleUrdu AradaPashto Aalan130

Punjabi HaeyPothohari AehaGojri KoeyArabic Jo-e-kazibPersian Zerb-e-ShadeedOo(ou)English ColumnUrdu OnchaPashto OhkhPunjabi OchchaPothohari OchchaSaraki OkhoonGojri OuthainPersian Ouja131

EEnglish ElephantUrdu EmanPashto EmanPunjabi SoeePothahari DeekheSaraki EthainGojri EmanArabic EmanPersian EmanAaEnglish AuthorUrdu AanaPashto AalooPunjabi Aaeo132

Puthohari AasSaraki AapeyGojri AaloArabic AaeinPersian AabKoEnglish CooperationUrdu KohatPashto KotekPunjabi KookainPothohari KoreySaraeki KoonGojri SakooArabic KofehPersian Kochek133

KayEnglish KeynesUrdu DhamakeyPashto SaskayPunjabi GinkayPothohari TukkeySaraki PhekayGojri NekayKu (koo)English CockerUrdu KuchaPashto KuchayPunjabi KoraPothohari KookSaraki Mekoon134

Gojri KoayArabic HatubkaudPersian ChakooKey (kee)English KeyUrdu Tarakey, harkiPushto MirchakiPunjabi KeeyPothohari TukkeySaraki SalamalekiGojri KeeyArabic MakenePersian ChalakiKa135

English CollegeUrdu KamranPashto ZamkaPunjabi KaeePothohari OchuckkaSaraki LokainGojri ThakaPersian RakabArabic MutkabalasSoEnglish So, sowUrdu SochaPashto SoPunjabi SoeePothohari Sonda136

Saraki SokaGojri SohnoArabi SoaadPersian SoodSay (SA)English SampleUrdu PiyasayPashto NamesayPunjabi HasayPothohari VassaySaraki PasayGojri DessaySoo (su)English SueUrdu Suna137

Pashto TosuPunabi SunjanPothohari SotaSaraki SoolPersian ChaharsooShee/shiEnglish SheUrdu KhushiPashto MunsheePunjabi ShereniSaraki Khushee138

URDU AND JAPNESE SOUND’s SIMILIRITIES'There is no alphabet in Japanese. Shapes, traces andsigns are fixed for sounds. These sounds are divided intotwo parts:HiraganaKatakana.Every sound has five shapes i.e. Uo, O, KO, Koo, Hu, Ho,Mo.Ka and Ki are read Kha and Khe.Sound Ta is read Tha.Where Noon and Bay, Noon and Py, Noon and meem, areassociated, there meem sound will be appeared i.e.Shinbun will be converted into Shimbun, Noanmae will bealtered in Namamae.During talk some sounds are not appeared. For example139

Dyso will be read Dus.Except Chinese and Japanese, all languages havealphabet. Words are constructed through theiralphabets, while symbols make style, way and trend ofspeaking. I.e. in Urdu Khuda Hafiz, in English Good Byeand in Japanese Sayonara.All Japanese sounds are available in Urdu. In Urdu,Japanese sounds can be easily used. During talk,speaker feels comfortable. In Urdu, every change insounds can be made easily i.e. in writing Chondha but inspeaking Chuna, in writing Unber but in speaking Umber,in writing Tunbu but in speaking Tumbu.Every language has many substitutes and combinedgroups of sounds. However thousands of sounds arefound in the universe. Some have discovered and are inuse, but some are still to be discovered or waiting forthere uses.140

How sounds associated and various compounds areappearing in speaking or writings? It is not a matter ofwriting but it is related to speaking i.e. in writing Ka/Kibut in speaking Kha/ Khe. Like this, in Urdu, in writingKhavish but in speaking khaash. Substitution of sounds isnot a strange thing in the Japanese language. This thingis also common in the other languages.The change of sounds or use of substitute sounds is nota serious matter. However, this matter is related to theway of talking or style of talking in a language. Forexample:Zindgi is spoken Gingi in Mivati and Ragistani.Hazoor is converted into Hagoor in Punjabi, Saraiki andHuryani.Maza is spoken Mazo in Mivati and Gojri.For Za-e Persian compound sound ‘ion’ is used in English.For Py, in Arabic, By is used (i.e. Pakistan is spoken there141

Bakistsan.)Japanese speak Tabako but it is in Urdu Tumbako, inPunjabi Tamako.In Urdu it is Daan but in English Pan (i.e. Urdu Pandaan,English Fry-pan). P is a substitute sound for D but thereis no difference in the meanings.These are same words with the change of sounds. I think,for the best understanding, we should have to do a lot ofwork to know the sounds and their public uses. It is alsoa matter of the day to discover the usually usedsubstitutes and similarities in sounds.I have tried to find out the similarities of sounds in Urduand Japanese languages with the possible examples. Inthis way, Urdu speaker can understand the Japaneselanguage. It is true that it demands deep interest andhard work.Su Charsu Shi Khushi142

Sa Peyasa To TosaTay Bhertay Chi Elachi Ta Marta No NokarNian Surhanain Noo Noor Ni Porani Na JhurnaHoo Bahoo Hay kahayFoo Shurfoo Hi TabahiHa Karaha Mo MohubbutMay Hungamay Mu MuncshMi Aasami Ma MahiRo Rokna Ra SitarThereuoYo Sanayo Ya SayaOo Ooncha Go BagolaGy Dhagy Gu GuftaguGi Sadgi Ga DhagaZu Bazu Zay TazayZu Zood Gi Hagi143

Za Durwaza Do DusraSy Sady Zu ZulfqarGe Gena Da DildadaBo Bona Bay BykarBu Khusvbu Bi GulabiBa Baqi Pu PunjaPi Gopi Pu PuraPi Papi Pa PassQu Qunkar Q QauoodYa Angya Sho ShoshaShu Shukar Sha ShatarJo Jorab Ju JungjuJa Baja Cho CholaChu Chuha Cha ChakarHuo Rahihuo Heu Heute144

Hea Dehean Beu UnkbeutBeo Beonut Biya BiyabanMeo Meor Miu MiuwatiMia Mian Neo NeotaNiu Reniu Nia NiazReu Rewand, Raywar Ru OtaruReya Reyakar145

OTHER LANGUAGES HAVE NATURAL LINK WITH JAPANESE SOUNDSEvery sound has its own mood, behavior, trend andculture. It adopts the form of word accordingly. Whilewith the individual identity, social culture also involves.And it also keeps the nature of sounds with them. When aword enters a society, it also brings with it its cultureand these words unconsciously and sometimesconsciously plays its role. This adjustment is nature ofsounds. If these universal nature links don’t exit, themater of adjustment cannot be solved. This link of soundsindicates the link of man with man and with the universe.I have described the link of sounds in a writing. I presentsome examples from Japanese sends(Hira Gana)to showtheir link with sounds of other languages. If this piece ofwork is appreciated, I shall show the link of theremaining sounds of Hira Gana as well as three sounds146

of Kana Kata. With reference to these sounds, the searchof the link between man and universal will become easy.Not only this, it will also help us understand the link ofman and universe:O English OrangeUrdu OkatPashto ObaiePunjabi OhlayPothohari OhaSaraki OthainGojri OzarArabic OladPersian Aab-o-danaA English AppleUrdu Arada147

Pashto AalanPunjabi HaeyPothohari AehaGojri KoeyArabic Jo-e-kazibPersian Zerb-e-ShadeedOo(ou)English ColumnUrdu OnchaPashto OhkhPunjabi OchchaPothohari OchchaSaraki OkhoonGojri OuthainPersian Ouja148

E English ElephantUrdu EmanPashto EmanPunjabi SoeePothahari DeekheSaraki EthainGojri EmanArabic EmanPersian EmanAa (au)English AuthorUrdu AanaPashto AalooPunjabi AaeoPuthohari AasSaraki Aapey149

Gojri AaloArabic AaeinPersian AabKo English CooperationUrdu KohatPashto KotekPunjabi KookainPothohari KoreySaraeki KoonGojri SakooArabic KofehPersian KochekKay English KeynesUrdu DhamakeyPashto Saskay150