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lk]t[ko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ |hk gxfu s;q g]vjn ’ ..................................................................................................... 1 rkdmu I G |j;p3]d c]t czomuj ................................................................ 3 [fq mu ! G |;j p3]d ....................................................................................... 3 [fq mu @ G |;j p3]d9e]v’ c]t czomju.......................................................... 8 rkdmu II G dko\\6oxyjo0v’|j;p3]d .......................................................... 14 [fq mu # G dko\\o6 xojy vvh ,8;q ,oa gv’0v’|;j p3]d......................................... 14 [fq mu $ G dko\\o6 xojy 0v’|;j p3]dvvh ,f;’8kg;oa ....................................... 19 rkdmu IIIG [aopkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf ..................................................... 23 [fq mu & G -oA [oa pkdkf............................................................................... 23 [fq mu * G 2kh vkdkf c]t r,6 vkdkf .......................................................... 28 [fq mu ( G ],q c]t xtgrf0v’],q ................................................................ 33 rkdmu IVG c,joE]eg- mtg] c]t ,tsklt\\5f ...................................... 39 [qfmu ) G c,oj E]eg- ................................................................................. 39 [fq mu _ G mtg] c]t ,tsklt\\f5 .o3]d ..................................................... 44 rkdmu VG [k’xtdqfdkome,t-kf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’,aomuj,u8+3]d .. 49 [fq mu !W G xtdfq dkorojq ,da ,k rw6 2 c]t czoj foy ws; ................................... 49 rkdmu VI G xt-kdvo c]t czomujdkog,nv’0v’3]d............................... 55 [fq mu !! G xt-kdvo3]d ............................................................................. 55 rkdmu VII G,to5f16jg0fIhvo ......................................................................... 62 [fq mu !@ G ,tof5 1gj6 0fr,6 vkdkfIvh o ........................................................... 62 [fq mu !# G ,tof5 1gj6 0fr,6 vkdkfcs’h c]’h Xmtg]-kp? .................................. 68 [fq mu !$ G ,tof5 1gj6 0fm’jq spkh -k;ko ........................................................... 73 rkdmuVIII G ,to5f16jg0fvq[v5jo ...................................................................... 78 [fq mu !& G ,tof5 1gj6 0fr,6 vkdkfv[q voj5 ......................................................... 78 rkdmu IX G ,to5f16jg0f0Q;3]d .................................................................... 82 [fq mu !* G ,tof5 1gj6 0f0;Q 3]d........................................................................ 82 [fq vkj ogr,uj G .................................................................................................. 90 vtmy[kp7ela[ G ............................................................................................. 95

r6,lkf7Qo7;hkspa’cfjL ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ r6,lkfc,jodkolbdlklkprq;rao g-yj’dao c]t dao]ts;jk’7qoda[me,t-kf c]t c,jo dkolbdlkdPj ;da[dko9af8A’rNomuj c]t dkofegouo dkog7njvows;0v’,to5f[qorNomujfaj’djk;D ;ymtpklkfr6,lkfme,t-kf7Qo7;hk ltgrktxtdqfdko0v’me,t-kf16gj my’|hk3]dg-oaj G mq’j rP’F r6rP’F r6zkxjkfq’F c,joE]eg-F sh;pIjv’ |v’[b’ c]t ,tsklt\\5fF dk’g;aoF dk’7noF ]tf68jk'M cffF /qoF rbdlk-kf c]t laflk;k lyj’8jk’M grnjvvtmy[kpxtdqfdko8jk’Mwfh1jk’-afg9oF gryjooe.-hczomujF czo;kfF 8k8t]k’ c]t I6[rk[8jk’MD dkolbdlk7qQo7;hk;y-kr6,lkfme,t-kf-;j p.shr;dgIqkI6h9adme,t-kf1kj ’9tc9h’F phvo;jk .o0totmujvtmy[kpxtdqfdko8jk’MoAoF ;ymtpklkf;jkfh;pr6,lkf wfh-U.shgsao c9h’g4y’zqoltmhvog-yj’dao c]t dao]ts;jk’xtdqfdkogs^qjkoAoD lq,,5f g,njvcffs^kpd=gIaf.shoE]tgsupvkp dkpgxaog,dc]h;gdufgxao/qo8qd]q’,k rk.shrbdlk-kf’vd’k,F c8jg,njv,u/qos^kpvkfgIaf.shg0f.fg0f|bj’gdufoE4h;, gIaf.sh 8k/aj’g9njvo s^n g-ktfyooegvqk/5jo]q’,kl6jmqj’rP’F g0ffyo8O c]t [jvovnjoMD g,vjn I9h6 da lkgsfF Izh6 oq ltmvh og-’jy doa c]t doa rvh ,m’a zoq Ikh pF zoq f8u +dkozt]fy F 8+-;u fy dkogxao16jc]h; r;dgIqkd=pyj’g-njv;jk ,to5f,u7;k,lk,kffafcx’me,t-kf9edafzqoIhkp c]t 0tspkplyj’mujfu’k,0v’c8j]txtdqfdkowfhD pk,.f;ymtpklkfr6,lkfd=8yfraoda[me,t-kfF 8yfraoda[r6,]egoqk c]t -u;yf dkogxao16j0v’xt-kdvoD faj’oaAo dko7Qo7;hkIOIPor6,lkf9tgIaf.shr;dgIqk,umjkmu 1

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດvao4nd8hv’8+me,t-kf c]t la’7q,F I6hlts’;oIad c]t xqdxadIadlkme,t-kfvaol;p’k, Iad[hkogdufg,nv’ovoF I6h75o7kj dkovvdcI’’koF ffa cx’me,t-kfF gr,ju ro6 zt]fy zoq 0v’,tof5 F -;j p.srh ;dgIqklk,kfla’gdf c]t vtmy[kpwfh[k’xtdqfdkor6,lkfmuj’jkpfkp g-yj’ gduf0Bo.oltrk[c;f]hv,vhv,0hk’8qogv’D T gxaospa’9bj’8hv’IPor6,lkfL dkoIPo;y-kr6,lkf,u7;k,le7aos^kp1jk’g-ajoG { -;j p.srh ;dgIkq Igh6 ]vjn ’]k; c]t lt4kom8ju kj ’M0v’3]dD { -;j p.sgh xoa roq ]tg,vn ’f0u v’-kfF Ida me,t-kfF Ida -kfF Ida [kh ogdfu g,vbn 'ovoD { -j;p.ofhkom5]tdyfdko7hkD { -j;p.odkogfuomk’D { -j;p.odkorafmtokglf4tdyf c]t la’7q,D { -j;p.odkolbdlk;y-kvnjoM.sh,u7;k,g0Qk.9s^kp0BoD { -;j p.shgduf7;k,g0Qk.9 c]t 7;k,I;j ,,nvaofu]ts;jk’[aofkxtgmf8jk’MD 7e4k, !D ;y-kr6,lkf7Qo7;hkspa’cfjL @D me,t-kf,uzqoltmhvo8+-u;yfdkogxao16j0v’,to5fco;.fL #D dkoIPor6,lkf-j;pspa’cfjL 2

rkdmu I |j;p3]d c]t czomuj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu ! |j;p3]d I. |j;p3]d.o]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;ko 3]dgIkq gxoa fk;g7ktf;’|’bj g-’yj 1.6j od,5j fP;doa d[a fk;g7ktvonj Mmxuj ojy vvh ,f;’vkmfy X8kg;ao? d5,j fk;g7ktgs^kqj oU c]t f;'8kg;aogvhuo;kj G ]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koD !D f;’8kg;ao f;’8kg;aogxaofk;]bd mujgxaol6odk’0v’]t[q[l5]yptD fk;g7kt c]t fk;sk’ ];h oc83j 79voIv[f;’8kg;oa m’a \\fq D f;’8kg;oa gxoa fk;]db m.ju s7h ;k,le7oa mlju f5 83+ ]dg-oja G .shcl'cffF cl'lts;kj '.sh7;k,vq[vo5j cdlj afF ,to5f c]t .shrt]a’’kocdrj nf ovdoAo p'a gIfa .s3h ]d,ru ,6 vkdkfsk^ pxtgrfm’a gvvN veo;p8d+ kofe]’q -;u fy 0v’,tof5 D f;’8kg;aoxtdv[fh;pIu3fic-o ($:F gI]P, @&: c]t mkfvnjoM.oxt]y,kog]adohvpD f;’8kg;aomjur;dgIqkgsaom5d;aooUgxaofk;mju,u0t|kf.spjs^kp 4hkmP[.ljda[fk;vnjoMD ]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koG d5j,0v’f;’8kg;ao c]t fk;g7kt8kj ’M mujxyjovhv,f;’8kg;aoD fk;]bdG c,oj fk;mujlk,kfcr]j aflt\\uvvdwxIv[8q;gv’D fk;g7ktG c,oj fk;muj[+lk,kfcrcj l'Iv[8qogv'D fk;sk'G gxao;af45gmy'2hkmuj,ucl' c]t 379vovhv,f;'8kg;aoD 3

va'7koc84j hkmP[.l|j ;j p3]d glAozkj dk’0v’f;’8kg;aopk;d;kj glAozkj dk’0v’|;j p3]d !W_ gmvnj c]t []= ,y kf.spdj ;kj []= ,y kf0v’|;j p3]d8’A ! #WW WWW gmvjn F c8rj ;dgIkq g[’jy f;h p8kgxkjq ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດgsoa ;kj f;’8kg;oa ovh ppvh o;kj ,oa 1w6j d|;j p3]d8’A |’bj Ivh pskh l[y ]kh o d, X!&W WWW WWW d,? f;’8kg;aoczj7;k,Ihvo c]t cl’lts;jk’vvdwxmqj;m5dmyfD 4hk|j;p3]d[+wfhIa[cl’ lts;kj ’ c]t 7;k,IhvooAo|;j p3]dd=9t,nfF g1aodtfhk’F ,;o,to5fF laf c]t rbdlk-kf 8kj ’Md=9t4ndf[a lo6 D @D fk;g7kt vu’8k,7eoypk,.\\mj uwj fhzkj odv’xt-5,ltstraofk]klkflkdqo7A’;aomu @$ ly’sk xu @WW* fk;g7kt\\kpg4y’;af45I6[,qodq,gmy’mhv’2hkmuxj yoj vhv,f;’8kg;aoF D xaf95[ao.o]t[q[ l]5 py t9da dt;ko,fu k;g7kt ) f;’f’aj oGU !D fk;rf5 XMercure/Mercury?F @D fk;rtld5 XVenus?F #D |;j p3]d (Terre/Earth)F $D fk;v’a 7ko XMars?F &D fk;rtsfa XJupiter), 6. fk;glkq (Saturne/ Saturn)F (D fk;,t]b8tp6 (Uranus)F )D fk;gdf (Neptune?F gryoj wfh8afgvqkfk;pq, XPluton/ Pluto? vvd9kd;’q 379vopvh o;kj ,oa [l+ k,kf7;[7,5 cI’f’b ff6 c]t ;’q 379vo0v’l’jy 8kj ’M m1uj I6j v[;q’379vo0v’,aowfh X!?D ltgrkt|;j p3]d,uf;’9aogxao[=]y;ko\\6ovhv,D II. |j;p3]d ]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;ko X!? dv’xt-5,ltstraofk]klkf7A’;aomu @$ ly’sk @WW* muj g,nv’xikd xtgmflkmk]tot]af g-adwfhgsaofu;jk fk;pq,[+c,oj fk;g7kt xaf95[aopa’gs^nvfk;g7kt ) f;’D 4

!D I6[Ijk’ c]t 0t|kf0v’|j;p3]d ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ |;j p3]dgxaoI6[,qodq,F g-’yj xaf95[aolk,kfryl6fwfh9kddko4kj pI6[3]d.o]adltotI6[ -’q d,q 9kdovd3]dwfDh 7fy w]lj tg]pj gloA zkj dk’0v’|;j p3]d pk;xt,ko !@ (&* d,S ];’Iv[ 0v’|;j p3]d $W W(* d,S govN m0uj v’|;j p3]d &!W WWW WWW d,@ D @D glAo0t|ko c]t glAoc;’ @D! glAo0t|koc,joglAo;q’,qo8jk’M mjulq,,5fvhv,|j;p3]d8k,mk’0;k’D glAo0t|kogs^jqkoAo,uglAo]aflt\\upk;[+gmjqkdaoF glAo0t|komju,uglAo]aflt\\upk;d;jk\\j6oAo c,oj gloA lo6 lf6 g-’yj gxoa gloA mcuj [’j |;j p3]dvvdgxoa lv’rkdl;j ogmkqj doa 7Gn g2vN ’3]dg|vn c]t g2Nv’3]d.8hD py’j ,+0Q;3]dgmqkj .fF ;q’glAo0t|kogs^qjkoAo9tohvpg0Qkgxao]efa[F l5fmhkpglAo m1uj 06j ;Q 3]dgsvn^ c89j f5 fP;gmkjq ooA grojy IPd;kj 0;Q 3]dD w]ptskj ’]ts;kj ’lv’0;hq 3]dc,oj !)W = Xv’q lk?D dkoc[’j w]ptskj ’4kh w]cj 8gj loA lo6 lf6 Ivf0;Q 3]dg|vn s^n 0;qh 3]d.8ch ,oj ,u _W F= 4kh gIkq 0fu gloA 0t|ko.s,h wu ]ptskj ’doa ! F= 9kdgloA lo6 lf6 9oq Ivf0;Q 3]d.8h sn^ g|vn 9twfgh loA 0t|ko )_ glAoF c8j;jk1j60hq;3]dc,jo95ffP;gmqjkoAo c]t wfhsadglAol6ol6fvvdc]h;D glAo0t|ko 8kj ’Mm1uj ]j6 ts;kj ’dk’gloA lo6 lf6 c]t 0;Q 3]dg|vn gvouh ;kj G gloA 0t|kog|vn F l;j ogloA 0t|ko 8kj ’Mmuj16j]ts;kj ’glAol6ol6f c]t 0Q;3]d.8hgvUo;kj G glAo0t|ko.8hD glAo0t|kog|nvmu @# = @( j gvUo;kj G glAovkpaog|nvF glAo0t|ko.8hmu @# =@( j gvUo;kj G glAovkpao.8hD glAovkpaoc,oj glAomjucl’8kg;aoljv’,k8A’lkd s^n 16j-njsq;r;dgIqk.og;]kmjP’0v’;aomu @@ ,u45ok 16jg2Nv’3]dg|nv c]t 0v’;aomu @@ mao;k 16jg2Nv’3]d.8hD @D@ glAoc;’ glAoc;’c,joglAolq,,5fmjugoaj’c8j0Q;3]dg|nvsk0Q;3]d.8hF 4hkgIqk0ufglAosjk’dao! = Xvq'lk? gIqk9twfhglAoc;’vhv,3]dma’\\qf #*W glAoF .ooAo ,uglAoc;’8kg;aovvd !)W glAoF glAoc;’ 8kg;ao8qd !)W glAoF glAogs^kqj oAogmqkj dao c]t ,k95dao16jlv’0Q;3]dD gryoj wfhdeoqfgvqkglAoc;’mujzkj olt4koufk]klkf7iyo;yf (Greenwich) X16j]vofvo ot7vos^;’0v’xtgmfva’dyf? gxaoglAoc;’g7Qk XglAoc;’ W = <l6ovq’lk<?F c8]j tglAoc;’ wfh\\kp9eo;ovq’lk grnjv[vdw]ptskj ’]ts;kj ’,aoda[glAoc;’g7QkD 9eo;ovq’lkmuj\\kp 1j6glAoc;’gvUo;jkG vq’lkc;’F 9eo;ovq’lkmjuwfh[vdc9h’w]ptsjk’0v’glAoc;’8jk’M 1j6mk’g[Nv’8kg;ao8qd 0v’glAoc;’g7QkgvUo;jkG vq’lkc;’8kg;ao8qdF 9eo;ovq’lkc;’ 5

mujwfh[vdc9h’w]ptskj ’0v’glAoc;’8kj ’M16jmyf8kg;aovvd0v’glAoc;’g7Qk gvUo;kj vq’lk c;’8kg;oa vvdD 0Q;3]dg|nv _W = g|nv *W = glAovkpaog|nv $W = glAovkpaogl.8Aoh l6ol6f @W = W= 0Q;3]d.8h @W = ]t[q[glAo0t|ko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0Q;3]dg|nv g,nv'diyo;yf glAoc;'g7Qk W = 0Q;3]dg|nv 0Q;3]d.8h ]t[q[glAoc;' 6

#D 0Q;3]d ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ lv’loQ 0v’cdo3]d s^n grkq 3]dgvUo;kj G 0;Q 3]dD |;j p3]d,ulv’0;Q 3]d7nG 0;Q 3]dg|nv c]t 0;Q 3]d.8Dh g,vjn |;j p3]dxoyj vvh ,8oq ,oa gv’F lv’9f5 0;Q 3]dp’a 176j ’q mFuj l;j o9f5 8kj ’M1|6j kh 3]dd=g7nvj opkh p8k,;’q ,oq .ow]pt;oa |’jb wfIh v[|’jb D $D dkodeoqf95frydaffhkor6,lkf grvjn 1kdI86h ec|’j m8uj ’A 0v’lt4kom8uj kj ’Mgm’y |kh 3]dooA grojy wfdh eofq .sgh m’y roN z;y 3]d ,uglAolq,,5f @ ]t[q[7nG ]t[q[vq’lk0t|ko c]t ]t[q[vq’lkc;’D glAolq,,5fma’lv’ ]t[[q 9t8fa doa c]t c8]j t9f5 m8uj fa doa c,oj 9f5 rdy fa fkh or,6 lkf g-’yj .-dh eofq 8ec|’j lt4komuj 8kj ’Mgm’y roN z;y 3]dD 7e4k, !D |;j p3]dc,oj spa’L 9’qj vtmy[kp|;j p3]d.o]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koL @D glAoc;’F glAo0t|ko8kj ’da[vq’lkc;’ c]t vq’lk0t|koco;.fL #D glAoc;’g7Qk c]t glAol6ol6fc,oj glAoco;.fL $D 9qj’-vdsk95frydafr6,lkf0v’,qfltd6;jkG 1j6vq’lkc;’ c]t vq’lk0t|ko mugmqkj .fL X3fpvkwl|;j p3]d9e]v'? { xtgmf]k;ovo16j]ts;kj ’vq’lkc;’ c]t vq’lk0t|komugmqjk.fL 7

[qfmu @ |j;p3]d9e]v’ c]t czomju I. |j;p3]d9e]v’ !D |j;p3]d9e]v’ c,oj 8;q cmom.uj d7h P’mluj f5 0v’|;j p3]dmuj 9f5 8fa cmh9y’D c8j[+lk,kfltcf’vvdwfh \\qfm5d ]da ltot0v’|;j p3]dF ,uc8lj tcf’.sgh soa I[6 9f5 lo6 dk' ]adltot];,mk’ovd0v’|j;p3]dgmjqkoAo gloA lo6 lf6 g-oaj G mtg]F ,tsklt\\f5 F mt;[u 8kj ’M c]t vonj M D g4y’1jk’.fd=8k,F |j;p3]d9e]v’ lk,kfgIaf.shoadIPog0Qk.9g4y’I6[-q’ c]t dko\\o6 xojy 0v’|;j p3]dwffh Du |;j p3]d9e]v’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ mfy 8kg;oa 8dq mfy g|vn mfy 8kg;oa vvd myf.8h dkodeoqfmyffh;pf;'8kg;ao 8

@D myf c]t dko-vdmyf gIkq Ic6h ];h ;kj 8kg;oa 0oB mk’mfy 8kg;oa vvd c]t 8dq mk’mfy 8kg;oa 8dq F .o8vog-kQ 4kh gIkq ;kc0ovvdgvqkc0o0;k-Uwx.l8j kg;aoF c0o-hkp0v’gIqkc,oj myf8kg;ao8qdF g[Nv’|hkc,oj myfg|nv c]t g[Nv’s^a’c,oj myf.8hD ;ymumju-afg9ocmh c]t w; c,jo;ymu-vdmyffh;pg0a,myfD g]d|hkxaf0v’g0a,myfpa’.-h cmd,5, myf9kd3ooF 9v,r6|b’j s^n [hko|bj’sk[vj omuj8qor;,16jvudD |hkxafg0a,myfgxao;q’,qo g-yj’c[’j vvdgxao #*W = Xvq'lk? myfma’luwj fh\\kp[vdfh;pvadlvosp=h7nG N -uh[vdmyfg|nv E -hu[vdmyf8kg;aovvd S -U[vdmyf.8h W -U[vdmyf8kg;ao8qd lv’lohq 0v’g0,a mfy ,lu v’lFu loQ lcu f’pk,.fd-= [U vdmk’mfy g|vn loQ lfu epk,.fd-= U[vd myf.8hD 1kd-vdmyfg|nvwfh1kj ’7adcogj Iqk;k’g0a,myf.l|j hkrP’muj0t|koda[|hkfyogsao;kj G g0a,-Umyf9t8u’’avdc’adlv’lk,gmnjvc]h;15f1j6 lQolucf’-Uwxmyfg|nvgIqk7jvpMsao|hkxaf g0,a myf.sdh 'q d[a 38 N g-y’j d[a xkpg0,a -uhmyflucf’ g,vnj ooA 38|’a ln X N. S. E.W ? 9t-Umyf Xg|nvF .8hF 8kg;aovvdF 8kg;ao8qdF 1kj ’4nd8hv’?D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g0a,myf 9

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດIID czomju !D 7;k,\\kp0v’czomju czomcuj ,oj I[6 ltcf’[]= gy ;o.f|’jb F vkokg0fxtgmf.f|’jb F zon czoj foy d;kh ’ sn^ c7[.f |’jb gm’y |kh 3]d 3fpdkospgh= 0kQ .lcj zoj g9ph f;h p,kf8kl;j omcuj ooj voD czomwuj flh kh ’0oB [oq roN 4ko;my tpklkfvoa 7da coj ;fa cmd]tvPfF 7fy w]4j 4uj ;h oF c8,h c]t r,y 9[q fFu ,du ko]t[kpl8u kj ’MD czomcuj ,oj g7vnj ’.-vh oa 9egxoa .odkoIPoF 7oQ 7;kh c]t lfy lvo ;y-kr6,lkfD @D ,kf8klj;o0v’czomju grvnj 1kdc8,h czomrju ,6 lkfvoa .f|’bj F wf,h du kospgh= 0kQ .l|j kh g9ph 3fp.-,h kf8kl;j o g-’yj gxoa g]dl;j omluj tcf’.sgh soa ;kj Gwfsh pIh= [6 c]tgloA 8kj 'Mgm’y czom]uj 'q 9da gmvjn mP[.ldj [a 8;q 9'y gm'y |kh foy s^n gmy'|kh 3]dD 8q;1kj ’G ,kf8kl;j o0v’czomujr6,lkf !G !WWWWWWS \\kp7;k,;kj G ! -, 16.j oczomuj gmqkj da[ !WWWWWW -a’8ugg,af s^n !W dy3]c,af 0v’|hkfyoD #D g7njv’\\kp -njr6,lkf8jk’Mgmy'czomju 1g6j m'y czommuj d5 czoj 8vh ’.-gh 7vnj ’\\kp c]t -8nj kj ’Mgm'y czomFju czomuj mguj rojy ,da .-,h su ^kp -tofy g-oaj G czomduj kog,vn ’0v’3]d sn^ mt;[u F r,6 ru kdF czommju e,t-kfF czomguj lf4tdfy 0v’ r6,urkd 0v’xtgmf8kj ’M s^n 0v’mhv’4yoj 8kj ’MD 8q;1kj ’G czomumj e,t-kf0v’xtgmf]k; gmy’czomugj ryoj 0Po-xnj tgmfD { g[vN ’gm’y 0v'czomcuj ,oj mfy g|vn D { g[vN ’],5j 0v'czomucj ,oj mfy .8Dh { fkh o0;k,nc,oj myf8kg;oa vvdD { fkh o-kh p,nc,oj myf8kg;oa 8dq D { 1.6j oczomu,j ug]d\\kpgloA c;’ c]t gloA 0t|ko8kj ’MD ,kf8kl;j o0v’czomuj !G !@&WWWW \\kp7;k,;kj ! -a’8uc,af Xcm? .oczomuj gmqkj da[ !@&WWWW -a’8uc,af s^n !@F& dy3]c,af0v’|hkfyoD 10

$D ]tfa[7;k,l6’lezafF ]tfa[7;k,l6’le[6oF dkoltcf’]tfa[l6’gmy’czomju ]tfa[l6’7yfgxaoc,afF 4ngvqk]tfa[|hkoEmtg] gxao95f8A’8QoD 8q;1kj ’G r6g[hp Xc0;’-P’0;k’? l6’ @)@W c,af c,oj gryoj mP[9v,r6g[hpda[]tfa[ ltg]pj 0v’|kh oEmtg]D 9v,r6 ]tfa[l6'lezaf 8uor6 ]tfa[l6'le[6oສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ oEmtg] dkomP[]tfa[l6' { ]tf[a 7;k,l’6 le[o6 Xgffa 4ko? XAbsolute? c,oj ]tf[a l’6 m7uj fy w]9j kd]tf[a |kh oE mtg]wxsk9f5 .f|’jb D 8;q 1kj ’ 9v,rg6 vg;cu il (Everest) l'6 ))$) c,fa 1g6j 0fxtgmf goxkogxoa 9v,rm6 lju '6 .o3]dD { ]tf[a 7;k,l’6 lezfa XmP[4ko? c,oj ]tf[a l’6 m7uj fy w]9j kd9f5 |’bj mP[.lvj du 9f5 |’bj D 11

X8;q 1kj ’G 9kd8ou rs6 k9v,r?6 F grvjn 8fy 8k,]tf[a oE0oB c]t ]’q grojy wfxh da sd^a cmd ]tfa[oE16j8k,mkj gInvF 16j8k,glqk0q; c]t 16jxkdoED { dkoltcf’]tf[a l’6 gm’y czomGuj &_W , &WW , ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ $WW , #WW , @WW , !WW , W, ]adltot0v’r6 1j6.oI6[c8h,|hkmu !@D [vdg4y’]adltot0v’r6 c]t I6[c8h,|hkmu !# [vdg4y’ glAo]tfa[l6’gmy’czomjuD le]a[r61j6I6[gmy'oU c]t I6[1j6|hkmu !# c,jodkovtmy[kpg4y' ;my du koc8,h gloA ]tf[a l'6 0v'rg6 m'y czomFuj 3fpg],ju 9kd]tf[a |kh oEmtg] c];h \\kp gxoa 9f5 w;h !WW c,afF @WW g,af c]t 8+Mwx9qol5f9v,r6D lf5 mkh pgIkq 9twfgh loA ]tf[a l’6 le[o6 mguj xoa gloA g-vjn ,80+ v’md5 M9f5 .o]tf[a fP;doa !WW c,fa F @WW c,afF #WW c,afDDD 12

$&W , $WW , #WW , @WW , !WW , W, @#$!$WWWW%&WWWWWW,,,,,, gloA ]tf[a 7;k,l’6 ltg\\u ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7e4k, !D |;j p3]d9e]v’c,oj sp’a L @D grnvj -vdskmyfgroyj .-h;ymu.fcfLj 9’qj pqd8q;1kj ’,kxtdv[L #D g,njv.-hg0a,myf8hv’gvqk.9.lsj ^addko.fcfLj fh;pgsf.fL $D czomucj ,oj sp’a L &D gxoa sp’a gIkq 9’jb 8vh ’Id6h Pj ;d[a ,kf8kl;j o0v’czom.uj odkoc8,h czomLuj *D 9q’j vtmy[kpdPj ;da[]tfa[l6’leraf c]t ]tfa[l6’le[6o,u7nco;.fL (D ;ymultcf’]tfa[l6’gmy’czomugj royj gIaf7nco;.fL X9’qj vtmy[kp?D 13

rkdmu II dko\\6oxyjo0v’|j;p3]d [qfmu # dko\\6oxyjovhv,8q;,aogv’0v’|j;p3]d I. xtdqfdkomjurk.sh,udk’g;ao c]t dk’7no !D |j;p3]dxyjovhv,8q;,aogv’rkp.o @$ -jq;3,’ |;j p3]d\\6oxyoj vhv,8q;,aogv’ 3fp\\6ovhv,grqk3]d XglAozkj l6odk’9kd0Q;3]dg|nv g4y’0Q;3]d.8h? xyjo9kdmyf8kg;ao8qdskmyf8kg;aovvd s^n \\6o9kd-hkpwxsk0;k g-y’j dq’dao 0kh ,d[a dko\\o6 xoyj 0v’g0,a 3,’D .o0totm|uj ;j p3]d\\o6 grkq 0v’|;j p3]d9ts’Pj ’g]da ovh pD |;j p3]d\\o6 vvh ,8;q ,oa gv’.-gh ;]kxt,ko @$ -;qj 3,’8+Iv[|’bj D pvh odko\\o6 xoyj vvh ,8;q ,oa gv’0v’|;j p3]d 9’jb gIfa .sh,udk’g;oa c]t dk’7no16mj d5 9f5 gmy'|kh 3]dD 0;Q 3]dg|nv 0;Q 3]dg|nv cl'8kg;aສoະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dk'7on dk'g;ao dkod5f8k glAol6ol6f 0Q;3]d.8h dk'g;ao c]t dk'7nogmy'|j;p3]d 14

@D c8j]t95f0v’3]d9tzafxjPogxaodk’g;ao c]t dk’7no ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g,vnj l;j o.f0v’3]dxojy g0kQ skf;’8kg;oa l;j oooA dw= fIh [a cl’lts;kj ’ c]t 7;k,Ivh o 9kdf;’8kg;oa c]t .og;]kooA d9= tgxoa dk’g;oa F l;j om1uj d6j ’q doa 0kh ,[w+ fIh [a cl’lts;kj ’ c]t 7;k,Ivh o9kdf;’8kg;oa d9= tgxoa dk’7on D 4kh |;j p3]dskd176j ’q muj [+,udkog|’a 8u’cooj vog7y’j |’bj 0v’|;j p3]dg;]k.fd=9tgxoa dk’g;oa F vudg7’yj |’bj 9tgxoa g;]kdk’7no8ts^vfwxD fh;pdko\\6ovhv,8q;,aogv’0v’3]d 1c6j 8]j t95f0v’3]dg;]kd=9txPj owx8k,]efa[7nG g-QkF l;pF mjP’F [jkpF c]t 7jO9qo]a[cl’lts;jk’ c]t 7;k,Ihvo9kdf;’vkmyf g0Qkl76j ;k,,nfgxaog;]kdk’7no8+wx9qod;kj 9twfhIa[cl’lts;kj ’9kdf;’vkmyfvud 9’bj gxao g;]kdk’g;aoD gonjv’9kd|j;p3]d\\6ovhv,8q;,aogv’[+15f9adgmnjvdk’g;ao c]t dk’7no 9’jb lts^[a doa wx8ts^vfdkoD IID 3,’ Xg;]k? !D 3,’mhv’4yjo .o,N|'bj Xma'dk'g;ao c]t dk'7no? d;, @$ -;qj 3,'F 4hkgIqkc['j |;j p3]dgxao @$ g0f 8k,];'0v'gloA c;'F c8]j tg0fd9= t,gu ;]kmguj xoa gvdtrk[ c80j ;Q 3]dg|vn sk0;Q 3]d.8h c]t ,ug;]kmu8j kj 'd[a g0fvonj g-'yj IPd;kj g;]kmvh '4oyj D g;]kmvh '4oyj c,oj 3,’mulj tcf’.sgh soa g4y’mu8j ’A 0v’f;’8kg;oa 1g6j my’mvh ’2kh D 8;q 1kj ’G 4kh r;dgIkq gvkq lv’8;q g,nv’7n ;P’9oa F xda dy’j ,kl,q mP[.ldj oa gIkq 9tgsoa ;kj G .og;]kfP;16jlv’[jvooAo 9tgsaomuj8A’0v’f;’8kg;ao8jk’daoD xaddyj’9tgsaof;’8kg;ao1j6 g-y’j sq;dvj o;P’9ao ! -q;j 3,’D 15

16 czomສluj tະcຫfສງ'ວ.mວນu8j .ລສA'0ຂິ vະ'ສxດິ addy'j c]t ;P'9ao

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ vk]kltdk de9afdk 38dP; dkodkIu 3,ltd6 -8u k Iu1kf ]vfcvog9u]yf -udk3d oy;1vd ]vofvo xkiu 9uo fkdk Ik;kp vyogfp glAoc[j’;aolkdqo dkIkdkf 17 ly’dt3x -u]u -k;gxqk3] c7[mk; -yfou oy;-uc]o czom[ju ;q 3,’

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດf’aj oAoF 4hkgvqkf;’8kg;aogxao,kf8t4kogrnvj deoqfg;]kF 3,’16lj v’[vj ooU9t[+dq’daoF phvolv’[vj ooAo8A’16jgmy’glAoc;’8kj ’dao ,uc89j 5f8kj ’M muj16jgmy’glAoc;’fP;dao 9b’j ,u3,’ g;]kfP;doa D vu’8k,muj8A’0v’f;’8kg;ao16jc8]j tmhv’4yoj F g4y’9tgxaog0fohvpxko.fd=,u3,’cmhlt grktmujoAoD 8k,dko7yfltg]pj 0v’lv’95f16jskj ’dao !& = Xvq’lk? .f9ts^5f]noj dao ! -q;j 3,’ vu’8k,muj8A’0v’f;’8kg;ao16jcs’j fa’j dkj ;c8]j t ! =Xvq’lk? 9ts^5f]noj dao $ okmuD @D glaAoc[j’;ao XDate line? lq,,5f;jkgIqklk,kf[yoIv[3]dwfhfh;ppqomuj,u7;k,w;l6’rkp.o @$ -qj;3,’ s^n .-h 7;k,w;gmkqj da[dko\\6o0v’3]d7n zkj o !& = c;’ .og;]k ! -;qj 3,’D f’aj oAoF 4hkgIqkvvd9kd ;P’9ao g;]kmPj ’grnvj gfuomk’wxvkg,iydk wxmk'myf8kg;aovvd s^n wx8k,myffP;daoda[ dkoxojy 0v'|;j p3]dgIkq 9tIlh6 db ;kj f;’8kg;oa 1gj6 7’jy s;q 8tsv^ fg;]kD g,vjn d[a ,k g4’y ;P’9oa s’a^ 9kdgfou mk’wfh @$ -;jq 3,' sn^ ! Iv[ xkdfq ;kj ;P’9oa ooA gxoa vdu ;oa |’jb c];h D gIkq vkfIlh6 db ’’q grktgIqkwfhgsaodk’g;ao c]t dk’7nozkj owxc]h; ! ;aoD ltoAo 9egxao8hv’,udkoxPj o;aomuD 1g6j loA c;'.f|'jb gmy'3]d g,vnj xu !))$ wf,h udko8dq ]’q doa ]ts;kj ’-kf4ngvkq gloA c;’mu!)W = gxoa 0fu \\kp0v'dkoxPj ogxoa ;oa .\\Dj #D [q;3,’ [;q 3,’c,oj dko c[’j |;j p3]d8k,gloA c;’vvdgxoa @$ g0f c8]j t[;q 3,’ d;kh ’ !& = Xvq'lk?.oc8]j tg0fgryoj 4ngvqk3,’0v’glAoc;’zkj odk’0v’[q;3,’oAo gxao3,’xt9eg0fD grojy wfdh eofq 4gn vkq g0fm,uj gu loA c;’g7kQ XW = v'q lk? zkj ogxoa [;q 3,’g7kQ 7Gn gloA c;'mzuj kj o dioy ;ly F g0fg,nv']vofvoF xtgmfva'dyfD 8;q 1kj ’G ;P’9oa 1.6j o[;q 3,’mu ( mfy 8kg;oa vvd\\kp7;k,;kj 4kh g;]k1o6j t7vo]vofvo c,oj W 3,’ .og;]koAo16j;P’9aoc,oj ( 3,’g-QkD $D 3,’mk’dko c,oj 3,’mxuj tgmf|’bj g-'jy d;, @{# [;q 3,'wfvh ’u 8k,[;q 3,’0v’lkdoq grvjn deofq 3,'muj gxoa gvdtrk[doa \\fq .om;qj xtgmfD 7e4k, !D |;j p3]dxyoj vhv,8q;,aogv’c8mj yf.fskmyf.fL @D 9’qj vtmy[kplkgsfmujrk.sh,udk’g;ao c]t dk’7noL #D 3,’mvh ’4yoj c,oj sp’a L $D 3,’mk’dkoc,oj 3,’co;.fL 18

[qfmu $ dko\\6oxjyo0v’|j;p3]dvhv,f;’8kg;ao ID ;q’379vo0v’|j;p3]dvhv,f;’8kg;ao ]tf6.[w,hx’qj @! gfnvo # ]tf6Ihvo ]tf6|k; 8kg;ao @@ gfnvo * @@ gfnvo !@ @# gfnvo _ ]tf6.[w,hso^qj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ;q’379vo0v’|j;p3]dvhv,f;’8kg;ao !D |j;p3]dxjyovhv,f;’8kg;ao |;j p3]dxoyj vvh ,f;’8kg;oa 8k,gloA ;’q ,oq gxoa I[6 w0j g-’jy IPd;kj gloA 379voD |;j p3]d \\o6 xoyj 8k,gloA 379voIv[|’bj doy g;]k #*& ;oa d[a * -;qj 3,’ w]ptooA gvoU ;kj |’jb xDu grvjn ltf;d .odkogIafxt8ymyogryoj 7yfw].j shxu|’bj ,u #*& ;ao4h;oD faj’oAo c8]j txu9b’j glf * -qj;3,’ 7q[Iv[ $ xu.f g;]k9tglf @$ -q;j 3,’ \\kp7;k,;kj ,N|b’j D ltoAo .o $ xu.f gryoj 9b’j 8n,j .lxj u4h;o $ oAo ! ;aoF xuoAo,u #** ;aoF \\kp7;k,;kj .ogfnvod5,rk0v’xuoAo,u @_ ;ao X! ? 4hkr;dgIqkc[’j glAo379vo0v’|;j p3]dvvdgxao !@ l;j ogmqkj daoF w]ptmuj|;j p3]dg7nvj owfh !}!@ 0v’glAo379vooAoIPd;kj ! gfnvo D ltoAo 8k,xt8ymyoc]h; xu|b'j ,u !@ fnvoF c8]j tgfnvo,u #W s^n #! ;aoF ,uc8gj fnvod5,rk ,u @) ;aoF m5d $ xu.f gfnvod5,rk ,u @_ ;aoD X!? 8k,me,tfkxu.fsko0kf.sh $ glf XW? l6o gfnvod5,rkxuoAo9t,u @_ ;aoF gryoj gvUo;kj xuvtmydt,kfD 19

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D 7;k,s^5f]njo]ts;jk’dk’g;ao c]t dk’7no 0Q;3]dg|nv 0Q;3]d.8h |j;p3]d grqk0v’|j;p3]d[+8A’lkdda[|hkrP’0v’glAo379voF ,aos’jP’mP[.lj|hkrP’ 0v’glAo379vogxao,6,xt,ko ** = #W Dj fa’j oAoF ,uc8;j aomu @! gfnvo ,uok c]t ;aomu @# gfnvo daopk 0v’m5dMxu cl’8kg;ao 9’jb lvj ’8A’lkdda[glAol6ol6fD ltoAo gryjo9b’j gvUo;aomu @! gfnvo ,uok c]t ;aomu @# gfnvo daopk gxao;ao;yl5;af X!? s^n ;oa XEquinoxe? cx;kj .olv’,oN 1U m6j d5 9f5 gm’y |kh 3]d,du k’g;oa c]t dk’7on !@ -;jq 3,’gmkqj doa D g;]k0v'|;j p3]dxojy vvh ,f;'8kg;oa F grkq 0v'3]dp'a s'Pj 'wxmk'gdkjq [+,xu Pj ocx'F f'ja ooA F g2Nv'3]dg|nv c]t g2Nv'3]d.89h 'jb zfa xPj odoa soa wxl8j6 kg;oa s^kpD g,nvj Ivf;aomu @@ gfnvo ,y45ok 0v’xu cl'8kg;ao8A'lkdda[glAovkpaog|nvD ,NoAo 1j6g0f0Q;3]dg|nvdk’g;aopk;mjul5fD .o;aooUm5dM[jvooa[c8jglAo0t|ko.8hmu ** =#W j.8hsk 0;Q 3]d.8oh vo1.j6 o7;k,,fn X7on pk; @$ -;jq 3,’? [,+ du k’g;oa D ;oa ocU ,oj ;oa g\\kq poa XSolstice? X@? 0v’g2vN ’3]dg|vn F X!? ;ao;yl5;afG c,oj ;aomu.j oxu|b’j dk’g;ao c]t dk’7nogmqkj dao16jm5d[vj o gmy’ |hk3]dD X@? ;aog\\qkpaoG c,jo;aomjucl’8kg;ao8A’lkdda[glAovkpaog|nv s^n .8h c]tgxao;ao0v’dk’7no }dk’g;aopk; 16j0Q;3]dg|nv s^n 16j0Q;3]d.8hD 20

g4’y ;oa mu @@ gfvn o moa ;k cl'8kg;oa 8'A lkdd[a gloA vkpoa .8Dh .o;oa omU d5 M[vj oo[a c8gj loA 0t|kog|nv mu ** = #W sj k0Q;3]dg|nvc,oj ovo16j.o7;k,,nf X7nopk; @$ -q;j 3,'? [+,u dk'g;oa ;oa oUc,oj ;oa g\\kq poa 0v'g2Nv'3]d.8Dh 0;Q 3]dg|vn 0;Q 3]dg|vn 0;Q 3]d.8h 0;Q 3]d.8h ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ;aog|qkpao0v'g2Nv'3]dg|nv c]t g2Nv'3]d.8h #D ]tf6dko8jk’M ]tf6c,joltrk[0v’vkdkfmjuc8d8jk’daoF gsaowfh1jk’-afg9o s^n Ih6lbdwfhrkp.o w]pt|’bj 0v’xDu [oq gloA mk'379vovvh ,f;'8kg;oa F g2vN '3]dg|vn c]t g2vN '3]d.8zh fa xPj odoa I[a cl'cff|vh ps^kp8kj 'doa 9'jb rk.s1h m6j d5 9f5 gmy’|kh 3]d,u]tfd6 koc8d8kj ’doa D 1]6j ts;kj 'gloA 0t|ko $W {= &W = g|vn c]t $W {= &W = .8h 0v’3]d,u $ ]tf16 kj ’9tc9’h 7Gn ]tf6|k;F ]tf6.[w,hxq’j F ]tf6Ihvo c]t ]tf6.[w,hs^qoj D pvh ov’u .l9j f5 rgy lfmk’fkh om8uj ’Aa 0v’c8]j txtgmf 9’jb gIfa .s,h ]u tfd6 koc8d8kj ’doa g-oja xtgmfmuj8A'16j]ts;kj 'glAo0t|ko8Og|nvsk8O.8h Xs^n .dhglAovkpaog|nv c]t .8h?F ,urP’ @ ]tf67nG ]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD ryglfg0f glAol6ol6f9t,uc8]j tf6fP;gmqkj oAo 7n]tf6Ihvoma’,u /qo8qd8ts^vfxuD g[yj’I6[;q’379vo0v’|j;p3]dvhv,f;’8kg;aor;dgIqkla’gdfmju8A’0v’ |;j p3]d.o]ts;kj ’;oa mu @@ gfvn o ,4y o5 k sk ;oa mu @# gfvn o doa pk .ow]ptooA g2vN ’3]dg|vn s’jP’wxskf;’8kg;ao c]t ,aowfhIa[7;k,Ihvos^kpmjul5fD .ow]ptoAog2Nv’3]dg|nv c,oj ]tfI6 vh oF d'q doa 0kh ,1gj6 2vN ’3]d.8ch ,oj ]tf|6 k;D m8uj ’A 0v’g2vN ’3]d g|vn .o]ts;kj ’;oa mu 21

#D -Ao8jk’M0v’[aopkdkf g,3-3x c8d3,ltc2 g,3-ltc2 lt8ik383x lt8ik38ltc2 ]tfa[7;k,l6' [k]6ovkdkf g7njv'[yovkprqo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 38i3xltc2 v5ostr6, -Ao[aopkdkf oda ;my tpklkfwfch [’j 37’lkh ’0v’[oa pkdkfvvdgxoa -oA M 3fp.-gh doc8d8kj ’doa g-oja c[’j 8k,lfa l;j o0v’dkH fF c[’j 8k,7o5 l,q [fa mk’w22kh F c8.j odkoldb lkfkh ov85 o5 py ,q ;my tpk c];h grojy c[’j [oa pkdkf8k,dkoxPj ocx’0v’vo5 str,6 D -oA [oa pkdkf0v’3]dxtdv[f;h p & -oA c88j Oskl'6 7Gn 38i3xltc2 (Troposphere)F lt8ik38ltc2 (Stratosphere)F g,3-ltc2 (Mesosphere)F c8d3,ltc2 (Thermosphere) c]t -oA 3v3-o (Ozone)D 24

$D 75oxt3spf0v’-Ao[aopkdkf c]t ;ymuxqdxadIadlk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 4kh [+,u-oA [oa pkdkfc];h |;j p3]dd=s;kj ’gxkjq [+,ul'yj mu,j u-u;yfF [+,uc,oj EF [+,u],q F [+,u/oq F [+,u2hkgs^Nv,F 2hkIhv’DDD -Ao[aopkdkfIa[xtdao.sh|;j p3]d,uv5ostr6,.o]tfa[cooj voF ,ao daoj 8v']aflt\\u8kj ’M0v’f;’8kg;aoF -;j pdt9kp7;k,Ihvo.shcd3j ]dF f6fgvqk7;k,Ihvo c]t ltmhvocl'0v’8kg;aoF gxaomju,k0v’vkpoE.olj;o8jk’M0v’c8j]tmt;u[ c]t ,u[qf[kfle7ao8+l'yj m,uj u-u;yf8kj ’MD cs^j’degouf0v’vkdkfglpc,oj ,k9kdm+vkpglp0v’]qfpqoF 3I’’kov5flkstdeF dkogzkq w\\h X9f6 0gU spvN F 9f6 xkj DDD?F 3I’’kow22kh 7;k,Ivh oF [vj o-,5 o,5 -oq [kh ogIvn o c]t vojn MD dkoxdq xda Ida lk-oA [oa pkdkfgxoa |kh m0uj v’\\fq md5 7oq 1.j6 o3]dm9uj t8vh ’wfgh vkq .9.lgj 4’y [aoskoU1kj ’g0A,’;f D ltoAoF ;ymudkocdhw0d=7nG { s^5fzvj odko.-h;af45g-Nvw2muj9tlhk’dHkf Xgaz? ryf F /o5j ]tvv’F lkoryfvonj MD { .-hg8ad3o3]1ug\\ktlq,cmog8ad3o3]1u mujgIaf.shgdufdHkf Xgaz? ryfg-aoj G s^5fzvj o dko.-h ltgx^ grvnj xhv’dao-Ao3v3-oD { de9fa 0v’glpmguj xoa rfy 0v'g7vjn 'poq md5 -tofy c]t 3I''kovf5 lkstde dvj oxvj p vvdl[6j oa pkdkfD { gzupcz7j ;k,I.6h smh d5 7oq wfIh 96h da c]t xvh ’doa 8+zoq Ikh p0v’vkdkfgxoa ryfD { vvddqf\\kp7;[75,1kj ’g0A,’;f D 7e4k, !D -Ao[aopkdkfc,oj spa’L @D gryoj c[’j -Ao[aopkdkfvvdgxao9ad-AoL c8]j t-Ao-;nj kj co;.fL #D -Ao3v3-o,u75oxt3spf c]t 3mfco;.f8+l’yj mu,j u-u;yfL $D 9’qj g;Qkg4y’75oxt3spf0v’-Ao[aopkdkf c]t ;ymuxqdxadIadlkL 25

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ[qfvjkogruj, 1. -oA [aopkdkf1j68yfda[|hkfyo s^n -Ao38i3xltc2 XTroposphere? -AooU,u7;k,|k !&{!( d,F c87j ;k,|k[+lt|ej ltg\\uF 3fpltgrkt16gj lAo0Q;3]dc,oj |k xt,ko *{_ d, gmqkj oAoD [aopkdkf-AooU gxao-Aomuj,u7;k,|kc|hod;kj -Aovnoj Md;,gvqk xt,ko #}$ 0v’vkdkfm’a \\fq D -oA o,U 7u ;k,gxgy xvN osk^ p c]t ,du koxPj ocx’1g6j ]vN pF ,du ko xoja x;o0v’vkdkf 1g6j xoa xt9eg-oja G xtdfq dko2kh Ivh ’F /oq 8dq F ],q rkpF5 7;k,-,j5 F 7;k,Ivh oDDD @D -Aolt8ik38ltc2 XStratosphere? -AooU16jl6’9kd|hkfyoc8j !({ *W d,F gxao-Aomuj,uvkdkfxaoj x;j os^kpF ,udtclvkdkf g7vjn om8uj k,];’0;k’ c]t ,]u ,q rfa cI’rl= ,q 7;oD [oa pkdkf.o-oAa oU ,7u ;k,lts’[q sk^ pd;kj -oA 38i3xltc2 g7vjn ’[oy vkprojq 9’jb opy ,q [oy 1.j6 o-oA ],j5 0v’[oa pkdkfoU grvjn sdu^ ltrk[vkdkf mIju o5 cI’.o-oaA 38i3xltc2D #D -Aog,3-ltc2 (Mesosphere? gxao-Ao[aopkdkf16jg|nv-Aolt8ik38ltc20Bowx v5ostr6,s^5f8O]q’ 9qog4y’ {_W =c mwuj ]ptl6’ )W d,F govnj ’9kdskj ’9kdcs’^j 7;k,Ihvo.o-Ao3v3-ovvdwx,;ovkdkf.o-AooU ,u[+g4y’ WD!: 0v’,;ovkdkfma’\\qfD $D -Aoc8d3,ltc2 XThermosphere? dD -Aovu3v3oltc2 XIonosphere? gxao-Aol6’l5f0v’[aopkdkf X)W{$WW d,?F -AooUgxao-Aomujvkdkfg[qk[k’mujl5fF gxao-Ao mu[j +7’q muxj ko.f 9’jb gIfa .svh kdkf[+xdq dt8yD gxoa -oA mulj k,kf ltmvh o7No8kj ’M0v’;ymtp5 c]t 3m]trk[9kd|hkfyowxl06j q’g0f8kj ’M vhv,3]d wfh3fpzkj ofk;mP, D 0D -Aogvad3-ltc2 XExosphere) c,jo-aAo[aopkdkfovdl5f0v’3]dg-yj’16j4af9kd -Aovu3v3oltc2 XIonosphere? F ,u]tpt7;k,l6’8A’c8j &WW{!WWWW d,D 26

&D -Ao3v3-o ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ -oAa 3v3-o XOzone layer? gxoa l;j o|’jb 0v’-oA [oa pkdkf0v’3]dg-’jy xtdv[f;h p3v3-o .oxt]y,kos^kpD -Ao3v3-o-;j pf6f-a[]a’luv5o8ikw;3vg]f (Ultra Violet) 9kdf;’vkmyf xt,ko _({__ % 0v’]a’luma’\\qfmujczj,kpa’3]dD -Ao3v3-o9t-j;pxhv’dao[+.sh]a’lu vo5 8ikw;3vg]f 9kdf;’8kg;oa lvj ’,kg4’y 3]d0v’gIkq m’a gIfa |kh mgju xoa gdkt7,h5 doa xdq xvh ’rfn c]t laf9kd]a’lumujgxaovoa 8t]kp0v’f;’8kg;aoD f’ja ooA g,vjn .f4kh skd-oA 3v3-o[k’]’q r;dgIkq d9= twfIh [a dkoxdq xvh ’|vh p]’q f;h pD c8d3,ltc2 g,3-gxqk 27

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ[qfmu * 2hkvkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf ID 2hkvkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf !D 2hkvkdkf c,jovkdkoma’\\qf0v’vkdkf Xv5ostr6,F 7;k,faoF 7;k,-j5,DD? .ow]ptlAo0v’ g;]k.fg;]k|bj'1j6csj’.fcsj’|jb’D 2hkvkdkf,udkoxjPocx’1j6g]NvpMg-ajoG .opk,g-Qk r;dgIqkgsaomhv’2hkxvf3xj’lqf.l,ucl’cffF ,ug/Nv[k’gxaodhvog]njvo]vp1j6gmy’2hk gIqkgvUo;kj mhv’2hkc9,j .lF c84j hk,u/qo8qd ,u]q,raf,ks^kp9tg;Qk;kj 2hk]q,DDD @D r6,vkdkf r6,vkdkfc,jodkoxjPocx’0v’2hkvkdkf g-yj’\\6o;Powx8k,w]ptg;]k.f|bj'mju pk;okorl= ,q 7;o.o0'q g0f.f|'jb 0v'3]dD IID ,6olj;o8jk’M0v’vkdkf r,6 vkdkfxtdv[f;h psk^ p,o6 l;j o c88j oQ 8d= ;kj \\c6j ,oj vo5 str,6 F 7;k,foa F 7;k,-,5j D !D v5ostr6,0v’vkdkf c,oj g;Qkg4y’7;k,Ihvo c]t 7;k,g1ao0v’vkdkf.og0f.f |’jb .og;]k.f|’bj D grvjn ;fa cmd7;k,Ivh oF 7;k,g1oa 0v’vkdkfgrojy .-[h ksv^ f Xc8d3, c,fa Thermometre? g-’yj c,oj vx5 tdvom.uj -lh e][a ;fa cmdvo5 str,6 D ;ymucmd.o,N|b’j gryjocmd $ 7A’ 8q;1kj ’G g;]k ! 3,’ \" @& c= g;]k ( 3,’ \" @) c= g;]k !# 3,’ \" #( c= g;]k !_ 3,’ \" #W c= { 4hk1kdwfhv5ostr6,ltg]pj ,N gIqkgvqkzqo[;d0v’ $ 7A’mujcmdw;h,ksko.sh $D 8q;1kj 'G @& T @) T #( T #W \" !@W}$ \" #W =c { 4kh 1kdwfvh o5 str,6 ltg]pj gfvn ogIkq gvkq zoq ltg]pj 0v’c8]j t,N[;ddoa c];h ,ksko .s9h eo;o,.N o gfvn o c]t 4kh 1kdIv6h o5 str,6 ltg]pj xu gIkq dg= vkq zoq ltg]pj 0v’c8]j t gfnvo[;ddaoc]h;,ksko.sh 9eo;ogfnvoma’\\qfD 4hk;jkv5ostr6,0v’vkdkf 8ej d;kj W = c Xv’q lk? 8vh ’8,jn g7vjn ’\\kp][q X{? .lmj k’|kh 8;q g]d 8;q 1kj 'G X{!W =c?D 28

@D 7;k,fao0v’vkdkf c8d3,c,af vkdkfg[kq mluj f5 9t,uoE|da 7n ! c,fa dvh o Xm3? 9t,u oE|da !F# d^k, Xg? phvo-Ao vkdkf |ks^kpF faj’oAo oE|ad 0v’,ao9bj’rk.shgduf,u de]a’cI’16gj my’|hkfyoF 7;k,fao f’aj dkj ;gvUo;kj 7;k,fao0v’vkdkfD sq;|;j p;afcmd7;k,fao0v’vkdkfc,oj ,u]u[kD 7;k,faovkdkf xdq dt8ly tg]pj c,oj !W!& ,]u [y kD 7;k,foa vkdkfzoa cxwx8k,c8]j tg0f c]t c8]j tf6dkoD 7;k,faovkdkfl6’c,oj -Aovkdkf|kc|homujxqd75, [=]yg;ovaod;hk’ g-yj’gIqkIPd;kj “va’8u-u3d^o” l;j o7;k,fao vkdkf8O c,oj -oA vkdkfmuxj dq 7,5 1g6j 0f.fg0f|’bj ooA [+|kc|oh F g[kq c]t ,]u da ltot x;y 0oB g-’yj IPd;kj “gfcrf^ -vu ’q ” (Depression)D xtdfq dko gdfu ,vu kdkffoa 8O c]t l’6 ogU xoa lkgsf0v’dkogdfu ,]u ,q rkp5 pvh odkog7vjn opkh p0v’vkdkf s^n ]q,9kd[vj om,uj u7;k,faovkdkfl6'wxl[6j vj om,uj u7;k,faovkdkffao8ej D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ #D 7;k,-j5,0v’vkdkf \\kpg4y’xt]y,kovkpoEmju[ao951j6.ovkdkfs^kp s^n |hvpD vkpoEoAoc,jo,k9kd dko]tgsupgxaovkp0v’oE.o,tsklt\\5fF c,oj E]eg-F sh;pIvj ’F |v’[b’DDD 8;q 1kj ’G v5ostr6, W =c vkdkf[ao95vkpoEl6’l5f & dik,} ,3 v5ostr6, @W =c vkdkf[ao95vkpoEl6’l5f !( dik,/ ,3 v5ostr6, #W =c vkdkf[ao95vkpoEl6’l5f #W dik,} ,3 IIID [aofkxtdqfdko0v’oE.ovkdkf g/NvG Xg,d? py’j 0Bol6’gmqkj .fv5ostr6,py’j s^5f]q’F phvoco;oAovkpoE[ao9516j.ovkdkf muj4ndp6h0Bol6’g,nvj rq[7;k,g1ao 9’bj mhvo3I,daog0QkgxaovkpoE.ovkdkfg-yj’r;dgIqk gvUo;kj g/Nv Xg,d?D \\vdG gduf,k9kd[aofkg,afoEohvpM mujg]nvj o]vp16j8k,vkdkf.dhda[|hkfyogvUo;kj 29

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xtmtda[vkdkf g-yj’,u7;k,g1aos^kp.og[Nv’l6’F 1qfoE/qogs^qjkoU9t3I,daog0Qkdkpgxao dvh ooEc0’8dq ]’q ,klfj6 yoF dvh ooEc0’gsk^jq oU gIkq gvUo;kj G /oq \\kdgs[a D sy,tG gduf,k9kdoE.og’njvow0v5ostr6,8je W =Xl6ovq’lk?D ,ao];,8q;gxaog,af 8fy g0kQ doa 7kh p7pn v’/kh pc];h x;y ]’q ,kl|j6 kh foy D IVD g0fr6,vkdkf gryjoc[j’g0fr6,vkdkfmjuxqd75,mjq;.o3]dvvdgxao # g0f.spjmju0t|kowx 8k,gloA 0t|ko0v’3]d7Gn g0fr,6 vkdkf0;Q 3]dF g0fr,6 vkdkfv[q vo5j c]t g0fr,6 vkdkfIvh oD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ glAo;q'0Q;3]dg|nv 0Q;3]dg|nv ** =#Wj 0Q;3]dg|nv g0f|k; glAovkpaog|nv @# =#Wj glAol6ol6f ** = #Wj W= g0fvq[v5jo @# =#Wj @# =#Wj glAovkpao.8h W= ** =#Wj g0fIhvo @# =#Wj g0fvq[v5jo glAo;q'0Q;3]d.8h ** =#Wj 0Q;3]d.8h 0Q;3]d.8h g0f|k; grqk0v'3]ds'Pj ' @# =#Wj XmP[.lcj o;8A'? 31

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[qfmu ( ]q, c]t xtgrf0v’]q, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D dko-U[vdmyf0v’]q, c]t de]a’cI’0v’]q, dkog7nvj omu0j v’vkdkf9kd[vj o|’jb wxp’a vud[vj o|’bj gIkq gvUo;kj ],q D ],q rfa ,k9kdmyf .fgIkq gvoU mfy ooA gxoa -0jn v’],q D 8;q 1kj ’G ],q rfa ,k9kdmfy .8Fh gvoU ;kj ],q mfy .8Dh grojy .-\\h kdxojy ],q grvjn -[U vdmfy 0v’],q c]t de]a’cI’0v’]q,D xkpcs^,0v’]6dlvo-Umyf0v’]q,raf,kD l;j o8kj ’M mujxtdv[16j xkps^adc,oj g7nvj ’\\kp-U[vdmyf0v’]q,D gryoj .-h]tfa[0v’3[2vf XBeaufort Scale? mujlhk’ gxao8k8t]k’0Bo 3fpvu’.l]j tfa[7;k,w;0v’]q, g-y'j 9afgxao !@ ]tfa[D \\kdxyoj -U[vdmyfraf0v']q, 33

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#D 75oxt3spf c]t zqoIhkp0v’]q, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ]q,rkp5 w-37^o okdyf XCyclone Nargis) #D! 75oxt3spf ]q,-j;p4jkpgmvkdkfF -j;p7qogIqk.odkogfuogInvD gryjo\\6o.-h]q,g0Qk.odkozt]yf vf5 lkstdeF dtldy eg-oja G c]oj 9da w22kh f;h p],q F d’q rfa ],q grvjn xoja oEg0kQ m’jq ok sn^ lgu 0kQ F 3,ch x’h DDD #D@ zqoIhkp0v’]q, ],q 3fpltgrktc,oj ],q rkpo5 ezoq glpskp,k.s7h oq gIkq g-oja G me]kpl'yj mu,j u-u;yfF gInvo -koF zqozt]yfF dtlydeF glAomk’7q,,tok7q, DDD ovd9kdoAo g,nvj gduf]q,rkp57A’.f,ad9t,u /oq 8dq |da 8k,,kvoa gxoa gsf.sgh dfu ,wu roE4;h ,D 7e4k, !D ]q,c,oj spa’L c]t ,uxtgrf.fcfLj 2. 9’qj [vd7;k,\\kp0v’]q,c8]j t-toyfL 3. 75oxt3spf c]t zqoIhkp0v’]q,,u7nco;.fL 37

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