Ngo Pa = เงาะป่า

Ngo Pa 481 For he never stops loving you. May all your sorrows be gone, Let me die with no worry about you, Now I will close my eyes, farewell.û é (Lam-Hap) ç ùDear Som-Phla, my beloved husband, Why are you saying such words to me? You have greatly misjudged me, your wife, For you must have thought me a woman, Who, afraid of death, seeks only pleasures, And leaves her husband in times of hardship. It is true that women are many, But I do not think the way they do. When you die, were I to take a new husband He will only be suspicious of me, Having taken two, then why not three? Our love will fade away because of doubts. My love for you is ever so steadfast, It can never change with circumstances. Were you to die and stop worrying about me, When you were reborn, how could we meet again?û é

482 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ (Œ‡π“) .....æ÷Ëß¡“·®âߪ√–®°— …凡Ë◊Õ‡®“â µ“¬ «“à ‚©¡©“¬ ¡§— √√°— ´¡æ≈“ ·¡πâ ·µ‡à ¥¡‘ ‡√Ë‘¡√Ÿ§â «“¡µ√–Àπ°— ®–Àâ“¡À°— ®‘µ‰«â„Àπâ —°Àπ“ ‰¡™à ‘ß√°— À°— À“≠¥«ß°“𥓠‡æ√“–§«“¡· π‡ πÀ“À°— Õ“≈—¬ ∂ß÷ ®–¬Õ¡ÕÕ¡Õ¥‰¡à‡Õ‘∫‡Õ◊ÕÈ ¡ °Á‰¡à‡ ÕË◊ ¡´“§¥‘ æ‘ ¡—¬ ®–Ωßí √—° ≈—°√ªŸ ‰«â¿“¬„π π“à πâÕ¬„®°≈—∫¡“擇®â“µ“¬ Õπ— §«“¡º‘¥¢ÕßæπË’ ’‡È À≈Õ◊ ≈”È „À™â Õ°™”È · π«µ‘ °Õ° ≈“¬ §√«≠æ≈“ß∑“ß∑¡àÿ ∑Õ¥°“¬ °Õ¥»æ‚©¡©“¬‡¢“â ‚»°“ §”查¢Õßµ—«≈–§√·µà≈–§π„πµÕππ’È≈÷°´÷ßÈ °‘π„®¡“° §”查¢Õß ´¡æ≈“· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡√—°™π‘¥∑Ë’‰¡à‡ÀÁπ·°àµ—« ¬Õ¡„Àâ≈”À—∫‰ª§◊π¥’°—∫ Œ‡π“ ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ÀÁπ·°§à «“¡ ¢ÿ ¢Õß≈”À—∫  à«π≈”À∫— ππÈ— °Á· ¥ß«“à µ«— ¡’„®‡¥’¬« √—°‡¥’¬« ‡¡Ë◊Õæ≈“¥®“°´¡æ≈“·≈«â °Á‰¡à¬Õ¡µ°‡ªπì ¢Õß §πÕ◊πË „À≥™â Õ◊Ë «“à ‡ªìπÀ≠‘ßÀ≈“¬„® ΩÉ“¬Œ‡π“‡¡◊ËÕ√⟧«“¡®√‘ß«à“≈”À—∫‰¡à‰¥â√—°µ—« ·≈– ‡ÀÁπ§àŸ√—°∑È—ß ÕßµâÕßµ“¬‡æ√“–µ—«‡ªìπµâπ‡Àµÿ °ÁÕ¥π÷°™¡´¡æ≈“‰¡à‰¥â ¥ß— §”∑Ëæ’ ¥Ÿ «à“

Ngo Pa 483 (Ha-Nao) ç ùI just found out when you departed, That you did really love Som-Phla. If I had known from the beginning, I would have restrained my feeling for you, And not try to win your love. I would have made a sacrifice for you. Though I might have given you up, I would never have stopped loving you, And would have kept you locked in my heart. As fate would have it, I have caused your death. My offense is great beyond compare, And now my life is full of woes and miseries.û Lamenting, Ha-Nao thrust his body down, And put his arms around Lam-Hap, weeping.é Each of the characterûs speeches in this scene is very touching. Som-Phlaûs words reveal an unselfish love. He is willing to let Lam-Hap return to Ha-Nao for the sake of her happiness. As for Lam-Hap, she shows that her love is steadfast. Apart from Som-Phla she would never be someone elseûs wife for fear of being considered fickle. When Ha-Nao learns the truth that Lam-Hap does not love him and sees both lovers dead because of him, he cannot help praise Som-Phla with these words.

484 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ ç...‡¢“§«√π∫— «“à ≈Ÿ°ºŸâ™“¬ ´◊ËÕµ√ß®ß√—°‰¡Àà °— À«π ®π®«π¥—∫™’æ ≠Ÿ  ≈“¬ ¬—߉¡à‡°¬’ ®°—π‡ÀÁπ·°°à “¬ À¡“¬·µà ÿ¢¢Õß ¥ÿ “¥«ß„® µ«— °´Ÿ ÷ßË ‡ªìπº√⟠—°§πÀπ÷Ëß ‰¡‡à ∑à“∂ß÷ ‡∑’¬¡‡∑’¬∫‡ª√¬’ ∫‡¢“‰¥â ´È”‡ªìπº°Ÿâ àÕ‡Àµ‡ÿ ¿∑¿¬— „À⇢“∫√√≈¬— ∑Èß—  Õߧπ...é ‡¡◊ÕË Œ‡π“ ”π°÷ º‘¥‡™àππ’È ‡ÀÁπ«“à ®–¡™’ ’«µ‘ Õ¬àŸµÕà ‰ª°Á‰¡à¡ª’ √–‚¬™πå Õ–‰√ ®÷ß¶à“µ—«µ“¬µ“¡‰ªÕ’°§πÀπË÷ß ¡√≥°√√¡¢Õßµ—«≈–§√∑È—ß “¡ „πµÕππ’Èπ—∫«à“‡ªìπ®ÿ¥ ÿ¥¬Õ¥¢Õ߇√Ë◊Õß °àÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡ –‡∑◊ÕπÕ“√¡≥å ·°ºà Õ⟠“à πÕ¬“à ß√πÿ ·√ß ∑”„Àºâ Õ⟠“à π¬ß— ‡°¥‘ §«“¡ ≈¥„® ∑Ë’‰¥√â ∫— √™Ÿâ –µ“°√√¡ ¢Õßµ«— ≈–§√ ´ßË÷ µâÕ߇ ¬’ ™«’ ‘µ‡æ√“–§«“¡√°— ¢. »≈‘ ª°“√ª√–æ—π∏å æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–®ÿ≈®Õ¡‡°≈Ⓡ®â“Õ¬àŸÀ—« ∑√ßæ√–√“™π‘æπ∏å ‡√ÕË◊ ߇ߓ–ª“É „π√–À«“à ß∑æ’Ë √–Õߧªå √–∑∫— æ°— øπôó À≈ß— ®“°∑∑Ë’ √ßæ√–ª√–™«√ ·µà·¡â°√–ππÈ— °≈Õπ∫∑≈–§√‡√◊ËÕßπÈ’ °Á¡‘‰¥∫â °æ√Õà ß„π‡™ß‘ »≈‘ ª–¢Õß°“√ ª√–æπ— ∏å æ√–Õߧ∑å √߇≈◊Õ°‡øÑπ§”¡“„™â‰¥â‰æ‡√“–‡æ√“–æ√ßÈ‘ ‰¥√â  ¢Õß ¿“…“ ·≈–∂°Ÿ À≈—°‡°≥±å¢Õß°≈Õπ∫∑≈–§√ „π∑’πË È®’ –‰¥âÀ¬∫‘ ¬°≈°— …≥– ª√–°“√∑’‡Ë ÀÁπ‡¥πà ™¥— ¡“°≈à“«¥ß— µàÕ‰ªπÈ’

Ngo Pa 485 ç ùHe was worthy to be called a man indeed, For his love was steadfast, never wavering. Even as he lay on the ground dying, He never thought of his own happiness, But only that of his beloved Lam-Hap. I myself, who also vied for her love, Could never stand up to the brave Som-Phla. Moreover, I was the one who had caused These two lovers to lose their lives.û é Repenting, Ha-Nao sees that his life is no longer worth living and so he commits suicide. The deaths of the three characters constitute the climax of the story and strongly move the readers to feel sad at learning the fates of the characters who have to die because of love. B. The art of writing King Chulalongkorn wrote the play Ngo Pa while he was recuperating from an illness. Nevertheless, this play in verse does not have any flaw in the art of writing. His Majesty had chosen very melodious words which were both tasteful and correct according to the principles of verse drama. Some prominent characteristics can be pointed out, as follows.

486 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ Ò.  —¡º —  √– -  ¡— º— Õ°— …√ ¥«ßª–¬ß≈ßÕ—∫≈—∫‰»≈ Õ√ÿ≥‰¢¢“«°√–®“à ß°≈“߇«≈“ Õÿ∑¬—  Õà ß· ß∑Õß√Õ߇√Õ◊ ßµ“ ªí°…“·´√à âÕß®“°√ß— ‡√¬’ ß ¡“πÿ§‰æ√‰¢¢—π πËπ— °Õâ ß ¥ÿ‡À«à“√âÕ߉æ‡√“–‡ π“–‡ ¬’ ß ‡√‰√À¡Ÿ¿à à·Ÿ ¡≈ßÀ«¡Ë’ ’Ë ”‡π¬’ ß ‡ π“–‡æ’¬ß¢∫— ¢“π∫√√ “πæ≥‘ (¥«ßª–¬ß≈ßÕ—∫≈∫— ‰»≈ Õ√≥ÿ ‰¢¢“«°√–®à“ß°≈“߇«≈“ Õÿ∑¬—  Õà ß· ß∑Õß√Õ߇√◊Õßµ“ ªí°…“·´à√Õâ ß®“°√ß— ‡√’¬ß ¡“πÿ§‰æ√‰¢¢π—  πËπ— °âÕß ¥‡ÿ À«“à √Õâ ߉æ‡√“–‡ π“–‡ ¬’ ß ‡√‰√À¡¿àŸ ·àŸ ¡≈ßÀ«Ë’¡ ’Ë ”‡π’¬ß ‡ π“–‡æ’¬ß¢—∫¢“π∫√√ “πæ≥‘ )

Ngo Pa 487 1. Rhymes and alliterations çThe moon had already set behind the rocks, Dawn had made the sky bright and clear, The sunûs golden rays dazzled the eyes. Birds made boisterous noises from their nests, Wild fowlsû noisy cries rang through the forest, While blackbirds sang their songs melodiously. Cicadas and bumblebees buzzed in concert, As if in accompaniment to a harp.é (Duang payong long ap lap salai, Arun khai khao krajang klang weha, Uthai song saeng thong rong rueang ta. Paksa sae rong chak rang riang, Manuk phrai khai khan sanan kong, Duwao rong phairoh sanoh siang. Rerai mu phu malaeng wee mee samniang, Sanoh phiang khan khaan bansaan phin.)

488 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ Ú. ¿“ææ®πå ¡≈‘«≈— ¬æå π— °Õ惰…“¥“¥ ‡À¡◊Õπºâ“≈“¥¢“«≈ÕÕÀπÕπâÕ߇Õ㬠.......... ‚ππà ·πàÕ¬ÿä  “√¿‰’ ¡¡à ’„∫ ‡À¡Õ◊ πµπâ ‰¡â∑ÕߵȗßÕ¬∑àŸ —ÈߧŸà ¡“≈’ ¥Õ°¥ß—  ∫’ “π‡¬Áπ‡ÀÁπÀ√◊Õ‰¡à Ω‡ï  ◊ÈÕ√Õà π«Õà πÕ¬¥àŸ Ÿ«‰‘ ≈ ß“¡°√–‰√ÀπÕº‡’  È◊Õ™“à ߇À≈◊Õß“¡ .......... Õπ— ∑«Ë’ ‘«“À¡ß§≈ ®¥— ‰«â„µµâ πâ µ–‡§’¬πªÉ“ ‚§π‡µ‘∫·ª¥ÕÕâ ¡¡À‘¡“ √¡à √ÿ°¢©“¬“‡ªìπ≈“¥‡µ¬’ π .......... ‡¢¬’È «°√–·µ°≈Ë‘πµ≈∫¡“Õ∫Õ«≈ ¥—߇™‘≠™«π„Àâ ∫“¬§≈“¬°¡≈ µ“¡´Õ°º“πà“™¡¥—ßæ√¡≈“¥ ‡ªìπ¥Õ°¥“…·≈‰ª‰¡‡à ÀπÁ µâπ ≈â«π‡≈°Á ‡≈°Á À≈“¬‡À≈à“‡¢â“·°¡ªπ ‡À¡Õ◊ πÕ¬à“ߧπª≈Ÿ°Õ¥— ®—¥≈«¥≈“¬

Ngo Pa 489 2. Imagery çBlooming jasmine entwine round the bushes, Looking like a white sheet covering them.é çThe yellow saraphi with no leaves to be seen, Bloom like two golden trees placed side by side.é ç ùDo you see the deep pink flowers yonder? I wonder what kind of flowers they are. Butterflies are flying from flower to flower, How beautiful you are, dear butterflies!û é çThe site for the wedding ceremony, Was prepared under a wild takhian tree, Whose trunk could be girded by eight men. Under the tree was a large open space,é çThe odor of khiao-kratae permeated the air, Seeming to induce one to relaxation. Flowers blooming in crevices were like carpets, Covering the trees so as to make them invisible. Small flowers they were, clustering together, As if grown and arranged by human hands.é

490 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ ®—∫Í ®Í—∫ªíߪíߪ√–¥—߇ ¬’ ß ¥—ß·ºπà ¥π‘ ®–‡Õ’¬¥∑√ÿ¥¥Õâ ¬ °«¥— ·°«àß∫Õ‡≈“‡ªÉ“≈°Ÿ ≈Õ¬ ∂Ÿ°π°µ°ºÁÕ¬·¬àß°π— æ√Ÿ µ°’ ≈Õߪ–µÿßµÿßâ µßÿâ º≈ß Õ‘·π– à߇ ¬’ ߇æ√“–‡ π“–ÀŸ §à“ß≈ß‘ ¬‘ßøπí À™Ÿ π— ™Ÿ µπÿà ÕâπÕ¥ÿ ÕâŸ≈ßÕ¬Ÿà‚æ√ß µÕππÈ’¡‘„™à‡ÀÁπ‡æ’¬ß¿“æ°“√‡µâπ√”·∫∫™“«ªÉ“ ´Ë÷ß —∫ π Õ≈À¡“à π‡∑à“π—Èπ ¬ß— ‰¥¬â ‘π‡ ’¬ß‡Õ–Õ–Õ÷°∑÷° ∑∑’Ë ”„Àâ —µ«åµà“ßÊ æ≈Õ¬µ°„® ‰ª¥«â ¬ Û. ∂Õâ ¬§”∑·Ë’ Ωߧ«“¡À¡“¬ ∫∑¢—∫√âÕߢÕßπ“ß«—ߧÕπ°≈à“«∂÷ߧ«“¡„π„®¢ÕßÀ≠‘ß “« „™â∂âÕ¬§”∑·’Ë Ωߧ«“¡À¡“¬‰«âÕ¬“à ß·¬∫§“¬ ‚ÕÀâ ß å∑Õß≈àÕßø“Ñ ‡∑¬’Ë «À“§àŸ πà“Õ¥ ‡Ÿ  ’¬«ß»åÀ≈ß°√–‡À«“à æ“‚ººπ‘ ∫‘πæ√“°®“°≈”‡π“ ‰ª®—∫‡®“à ®‘°¢πÕ¬ÀàŸ π„¥ ≈–æπË’ “߇À¡√“¢Õߢ“â ‡®â“ „ÀâÀßÕ¬‡Àß“∑°ÿ ¢∑å πÀ¡πà ‰À¡â ¥Õ°‰¡â™àÕ¢Õ∂«“¬‡∑æ‰∑

Ngo Pa 491 çJap-jap, pang-pang, the sounds they made Slapping their legs, almost made the ground sag. Brandishing their blowpipes, they blew off darts To hit some birds which they raced to snatch up. Pa-tung drums were beaten rhythmically, And Javanese oboes were melodiously sounded. Langurs and monkeys bared teeth, pricked ears, Moles and bamboo rats clambered down their holes.é Here not only can we see the dance of the forest folk, but we can also hear the commotion that causes the beasts to be frightened. 3. Words with connotative meanings Wang-Khonûs song reveals the inner thoughts of a maiden by using words with subtle connotative meanings: ç ùThe golden swan is soaring for a mate. Itûs degrading heûs consorted with a cuckoo And left with her from his habitat. Where is he preening his feathers, And left my sister the female swan To stay all alone, sad and melancholy? I proffer this bouquet to the gods

492 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ ™à«¬¥≈„®Àß ∑å ÕßÕ¬à“≈Õà ߇≈¬ ·¡πâ À«π°≈—∫¡“√∫— π“ߪ°í …’ ®–æ≈æ’ ≈∫— ∑ÕߢÕ߇ «¬ .......... ‚Õâ°«“ß∑ÕߪÕß°√–®ß‡ΩÑ“À≈ß„À≈ ‡®“â ®ß÷ ‰¥∑â ÿ°¢®å ‘µ§‘¥‰¡à ¡ π“ß∑√“¬∑Õßπ—πÈ ‰¡ªà Õß„®π¬‘ ¡ ®–π“à ™¡‡™¬Õ¬‡Ÿà ªìπ§àŸ‡§’¬ß .......... µ—«πÕâ ߇™πà ‡§√Õ◊ ‡¢“‡∂“≈¥“ À¡“¬æ÷ßË æ“‰¡â„À≠à‰¥â‰µà‡≈Õ◊È ¬ ·¡âπ‡¡µµ“„Àâ¢â“‰¥â¬¥÷ ‡°“– ‰¡à‡©æ“–«“à ∑Ë’‰Àπ§ß‰µà‡√ËÕ◊ ¬ ‡À¡◊ÕπÀ«à“π¢â“«‰Àπ‡≈à“®–‡ª≈à“‡ª≈Õ◊ ¬ °≈—∫‡ªπì ‡øóÕ¬À≠Ⓣª‰¡à§«√§¥‘ Ù. §”Õÿª¡“Õªÿ ‰¡¬ ‚Õ≈â °Ÿ ‡√“ “¡√“‡≈¬È’ ß¡“¬“° ¬“°®–æ√“°‡À¡Õ◊ πø“Ñ ·≈∫·ª≈∫‡¥’¬«À“¬ π“à  ß “√ “¡·¡≈à «â π·°°à “¬ ‡≈¬’È ß≈°Ÿ §≈⓬ΩŸßπ°∑Ë°’ °øÕß ∂πÕ¡¡“°¡‘„Àâæ√“°‰ªÀπ‰Àπ ¡“‡À¡Õ◊ π‰¢°à √–∑∫·µ°·¬°‡ªìπ Õß  Õß “√≈”π”È µ“Õ“∫πÕß

Ngo Pa 493 To make the swanûs departure temporary. If he returns to be with his mate, I will give the gods golden persimmons.û é ç ùThe golden stag, enamored of the mouse-deer, Has to suffer from unrequited love. He spurns the golden hog-deer, his own kind, Who is more befitting to be his mate.û é ç ùI am like a twining, climbing vine, Depending on a big tree for survival. If you are kind, please let me cling to you, And creep up no matter where. It is like when you sow paddy, You should get rice instead of grass.û é 4. Figurative language ç ùWe have raised our children with difficulty, Now they are gone like a flash of lightning.û ùPity the three mothers, all aged, Raising their children, like brooding mother birds.û ùWeûve never let our children go out of sight, Now theyûre like fallen eggs, broken in two.û ùPity the three mothers

494 ‡ß“–ª“É ‡À¡◊Õπ√“ß√Õß∏“√“¡“·µ∏à “√ ·¡‡à ≈’Ȭߡ“À«ß— «“à ®–Ω“°√à“ß ¡“¢“¥°≈“߇À¡Õ◊ πµπâ ‰¡â„§√ª√–À“√  ß “√π—°§«“¡√—°¡“¢“¥√“π ‡À¡Õ◊ π‡¥Á¥°â“π∫«—  ¥‰¡Àà ¡¥„¬ ‚Õâ·µàπ’·È ¡®à –¡’·µà√Õâ π‡√à“ ‡À¡◊Õπ‡æ≈‘߇º“≈«°≈πµâπ‰¡â‰À¡â  ß “√®√‘ß¬ß‘Ë ≈πâ ∫πà 扑 √ ‡À¡◊Õπ‡™ÈÕ◊ ‰ø ÿ¡¢Õπ®–√âÕππ“π ·¡®à –‡ªìπ‡™àπµπâ ‰¡µâ “¬‡æ√“–≈°Ÿ ‡ÀÁπ°Á∂Ÿ°§«√≈∫— ¥∫—  ß— ¢“√  ß “√·∑â‡ÀπÁ ‰¡√à Õ¥§ß«Õ¥ª√“≥ ‡À¡◊Õπ‰øº≈“≠‰æ√æπ— ‡À≈Õ◊ µ¥— √Õπ ¢Õâ §«“¡∑’‡Ë ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫≈â«π·µ‡à À¡“– ¡¡§’ «“¡À¡“¬¥¬’ ‘Ëß

Ngo Pa 495 With tears streaming down their faces Like water flowing from a water course.û ùWe have reared our children in the hope That they would care for us in our old age. Now theyûre cut off in the middle of their lives Like young trees that have been cut down.û ùPity the severed love of the three mothers, Like fresh lotus stems whose filaments Still cling to them when being broken.û ùFrom now on, we will be burning Like trees caught in a raging fire.û ùPity the three mothers lamenting Like logs slowly consumed by fire, With a burning heat that prolongs the pain.û ùWe are like trees, dying for their fruits. It is proper that we not go on living.û ùPity the poor mothers, For they cannot escape death Like a forest fire that cannot be put out.û é All the comparisons are very appropriate and convey striking meanings.

496 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ ı. ∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õ߇¥Á°´π ...‡ÀÁπΩŸßª≈“¡“‡ªπì æ√«π∑«π°√–·   Õ߇ߓ–·∫¡◊Õ®âÕ߇∑’¬Ë «¡Õß®∫— ‡À¬¬’ ∫»≈‘ “°≈È‘ß°≈¡≈Ëπ◊ ≈â¡æ—∫ ≈ßπÕπ∑—∫°π— ßÕπÀßàÕÀ«— √Õà √°‘ ‚°ßâ ‚§âß¡Õß®Õâ ß¡Õ◊ ®–™Õâ π„À¡à °≈—«ª≈“µ°„®‰¡à°√–¥‘° æÕ‰¥∑â ’©«¬º∫— ª≈“°≈∫— æ≈°‘ ¥πÈ‘ ¥Í°‘ ¥‘Í°‚¬π‰ª‰«â°≈“ß∑√“¬ ªπŸ âÕ¬πÕâ ¬«‘ßË √àÕ¬µ“¡√‘¡À“¥ ∑È—ß Õß¡“¥À¡“¬µ–§√∫ÿ ªÿª‡ªî¥À“¬ §Õ¬ª“°√ªŸ ‰Ÿ ¡∑à π— ®–´Õà 𰓬 ®∫— ‰¥Àâ ≈“¬µ«— ™°— À°— °â“¡‰«â µÕππÈ’· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“§«“¡ πÿ°´ÿ°´π¢Õߧπ—ß·≈–‰¡â ‰ ºà ´÷Ë ß ¡’ ™’«µ‘ Õ ‘ √–Õ¬àŸ„πª“É æ√–Õߧ∑å √ß √â“ß∫√√¬“°“»∑Ëπ’ à“√◊πË √¡¬å ∑”„Àºâ ŸâÕ“à π æ≈Õ¬√⟠÷° π°ÿ ‰ª¥â«¬ ˆ. ∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß µ— «å„πªÉ“ π“ß∫“´ß‘ ‡Àπ¬’Ë «°‘ßË ¡Õ‡®π‚Àπ æ“≈°Ÿ πÕâ ¬≈Õ¬‚®ππ“à „®À“¬ ∫“«—¥ßâ“ß∑ÿ‡√¬’ π°‘πª≈‘πÈ ‡¡≈¥Á §≈“¬ ¥Ÿ√à“ß°“¬°”¬”≈Ë”°«à“§π «“π√¬¥·≈µ“¬°≈°Ÿ °°‡°“–

Ngo Pa 497 5. The nature of naughty children çShoals of fish could be seen swimming upstream, And the boys tried to catch them with bare hands. Slipping on the rocks, they fell on each other In a heap and laughed in great merriment. Bending down, hands scooped to catch the fish, They kept so still, lest they frighten them away. In due time, they caught the wriggling fish, Which were then thrown up on the sandy bank, Along which tiny crabs were running about. The two boys, trying to catch the elusive crabs, Kept a close watch over their tiny holes And broke off the legs of the ones they caught.é This excerpt shows the fun and joy of Kha-Nang and Mai-Phai, who live a free life in the forest. The author creates a pleasant atmosphere, causing a reciprocal feeling in the readers. 6. The nature of wild beasts çA female langur, Her baby close to her breast, Swung hazardously along the durian branches. Big apes more sturdy than man ate the meaty part Of the durian and spat out the kernel.

498 ‡ß“–ª“É ‡∑ˬ’ «‰µ‡à À√“–µ“¡°Ë‘ß™à«ß™‘ߺ≈ ∫“â ß®∫— À¡—¥ªí¥·¡≈ß«—π§—π °π∏å ·≈πà ≈ÿ°≈πÀ≈∫¡Õß¡—π«Õà ߉« µπâ ≈«“¬°Ë‘ß™“¬≈ß√ࡧ√¡È÷ ‡ ¬’ ßæ”æ¡÷ ΩŸß‡µ“‚«–ä ‚º≈à‰ « ·≈«â  ßà ‡ ’¬ßªí«õ ª«íõ ∑—Ë«°Ë‘߉ª «—߇«ß„®®Õâ ߇¥‘𥔇ππ‘ ¡“ ‡¡Ë◊Õ∑√ßæ√√≥“∂÷ß —µ«åÕ–‰√°Á∑√ßÀ¬‘∫¬°‡Õ“Õ“°“√°√‘¬“µà“ßÊ ¢Õß —µ«åππÈ— Ê ¡“· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπÕ¬“à ß∑‡Ë’ ªìπ®√‘ß Õ“à π·≈«â ∑”„Àâπ÷°‡ÀÁπ¿“扥⠙—¥‡®π ˜. Õ“√¡≥«å “â «ÿàπ¢ÕßÀ≠‘ß “« ‡ÕπÕ‘ßæß‘ À¡ÕππÕπÕπ“∂ π÷°À«Ëπ— À«“¥‡ ’¬«∑√«ß –∑Õâ π∂Õπ ‚ÕÕâ °‡√“§√“«‡§√“–À‡å ©æ“–®√ ‡°◊Õ∫¡«â ¬¡√≥å·≈â«¡À‘ π”´”È ¡≈∑‘π ‡°¥‘ ‡ªìπÀ≠‘ß®√ß‘  ”À√∫— √—∫Õ¥ Ÿ  ¥ÿ ®–°â·Ÿ °â°“¬„ÀâÀ“¬°≈Ë‘π ·¡âπ‰¥°â —∫´¡æ≈“°√Á “§π‘ ‡¢“√â Ÿ π‘È «à“§§Ÿà √ÕߢÕߌ‡π“ ‰¥â§‡Ÿà °à“‡≈“à °Á√“â ¬πà“Õ“¬‡À≈Õ◊ ‡¢“∂Ÿ°‡πÈ◊Õ®—∫µÕâ ߇À¡◊Õπ¢Õ߇¢“ ¬—߇Փ µ— ¬å√∫— ´È”°√√¡¢Õ߇√“ ®–√‡Ÿâ Õ“Àπ“â ·Ω߉«·â Àßà ‰√

Ngo Pa 499 Monkeys, babes on their backs, climbed the durian Branches, ridding themselves of lice and flies, Agile and swift were they, fascinating to watch. The spreading samet branches formed a shade, Out of which murmuring gibbons peeped, Lamenting for their mates in melancholy. Feeling disconsolate, the boys walked on.é Whenever he describes an animal, His Majesty would show that animalûs movements as they really are, enabling the readers to picture them vividly. 7. A young womanûs agitated mood çReclining in bed against her pillows, Lam-Hap was so frightened that her heart pounded. It must have been her own misfortune, That almost caused her death, and tarnished her. Being a girl, she was born to bear shame, Never be able to redeem her good name. If she were to marry Som-Phla, sheûd be shamed, For all knew that she was betrothed to the lad. Itûd be also shameful to marry Ha-Nao, Since, touched by Som-Phla, she belonged to him. Moreover, she had vowed to love Som-Phla, Now she did not know where to bear herself.é

500 ‡ß“–ª“É πË’‡ªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ ÷°¢ÕßÀ≠‘ß∑Ë’æË÷ß∂Ÿ°™“¬ —¡º— ‡ªìπ§√È—ß·√° ≈”À—∫ √µŸâ «— «à“¡§’ àŸÀ¡—πÈ ·≈â« ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ¬àÕ¡‰¡ à ¡§«√®–‰ª√—°™“¬ÕË◊π ·µ°à √–ππÈ— §«“¡√ âŸ °÷ „π„®°‡Á ªπì  ßË‘ ∑¬’Ë “°®–À°— À“â ¡‰¥â ‡¡Õ◊Ë ¡§’ «“¡√ âŸ °÷ ¢¥— ·¬ßâ √–À«“à ß Àπâ“∑Ë’°—∫§«“¡æÕ„®‡™àππ’È Õ“√¡≥å¢ÕßÀ≠‘ß “«°Á¬àÕ¡®–«â“«àÿπ‡ªìπ¢Õß ∏√√¡¥“ π—∫«à“æ√–Õߧå∑√߇¢â“æ√–∑—¬∂÷ß®‘µ„®¢ÕßÀ≠‘߉¥âÕ¬à“ß≈÷°´È÷ß ∫∑æ√√≥𓧫“¡„π„®¢Õß≈”À—∫µÕππ’È ®—¥«à“‡ªπì »‘≈ªÕ¬“à ߠߟ ¯. ™«’ µ‘ √π◊Ë √¡¬å„πªÉ“ ™«’ ‘µ¢Õß™“«ª“É ™“«¥Õ¬ ·¡®â –¬“°‰√°â Á¡§’ «“¡ ÿ¢°π— ‰ªµ“¡ Õ—µ¿“æ ∑È—ßπ’ȇæ√“–æ√–Õߧå¡æ’ √–ª√– ß§å®–„À‡â ÀÁπ«“à ∑’Ë„¥¡‡’ ¡µµ“∏√√¡ ∑’πË πÈ— ¬Õà ¡¡§’ «“¡ ß∫ ¢ÿ §π  —µ«å ·≈– ß‘Ë ·«¥≈âÕ¡„π∏√√¡™“µ¡‘ §’ «“¡  —¡æ—π∏å Õ¥§≈âÕß°≈¡°≈◊π°—π‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’ ¥—ß®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â„π°“æ¬åÕ—π ‰æ‡√“–µÕà ‰ªπÈ’ ¬“¡‡¬πÁ ‡µâπ√” ”√“≠  —ߧµ‘ ¢∫— ¢“π ∫√√‡∑‘ß≈–‡≈ß‘ °≈“ß·ª≈ß Õ“∑‘µ¬µå ¥‘ ¬Õ¥‰¡â·Ωß ®π— ∑√‡å ÀÁπ‡¥àπ·¥ß ¥—ß≈Õ∫¡“‡≈ßÁ ·≈‡√“ Õ¬ àŸ ߟ  ÿ¥≈È”∑”‡π“ ‚ππà ·π¢à πÿ ‡¢“ ¬ß— æ≈Õ¬¡“≈Õ∫™”‡≈◊Õß

Ngo Pa 501 This is the feeling of a young woman touched by a man for the first time. Lam-Hap knows that she is already betrothed and therefore should not fall in love with another man. Still, what she feels in her heart is not easy to suppress. When there is a conflict between duty and preference, it is natural that the young girlûs mood becomes agitated. It can be seen that the author profoundly understands a womanûs heart. The passage revealing Lam-Hapûs feeling is highly artistic. 8. Joyous life in the forest The life of forest folk, though it is primitive, is happy enough. King Chulalongkorn would like to show that where there is loving kindness, there is peace. Man, animals, and the environment all exist in harmony, as can be seen from the following excerpts. ç ùAt sundown we all dance joyously To the sound of music in the open air. The sun is hiding behind the treetops, While the reddish moon seems to peek at us. The mountains, high beyond measure, Also seem to steal glances at us.

502 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ µâπ‰¡â„∫‡À≈◊Õß ¥Ÿ‡∂‘¥æ«°¢â“‰¡‡à §◊Õß ·≈‡¢¬’ «™Õ¡ÿà ´ÿ¡à ¡Õß ‚ª√¬¥Õ°À¬Õ°‡≈πà ≈”≈Õß À«â ¬≈–À“π∏“√§≈Õß ‡§“–·§–§–§÷°§√÷°‚§√¡ ............... Ωߟ  —µ« å ∫ πÈ‘ ∑—ÈßÀ≈“¬ À≈∫´Õπ´Õà 𰓬 ‡æ√“–‡°√ßæ≥‘ æ“∑¬å‡¿√’ ¡“‡∑Õ≠‡√“‰¡√à “«’ ‚Õ‡â πÕÈ◊ ‡ Õ◊ À¡’ ¡“‡∂¥‘ Õ¬“à ∑”√“â ¬°—π ‡ÀπÁ ·µΩà ߟ π°‡π°ππ— µå ‚ºº°À°À—π ·≈‡À‘π‡«À“ ¥“…¥“ ´âÕ·´·â ´à‡ ¬’ ß®√√®“   ’ ≈∫— ≈“𵓠·≈‡µ¡Á ∑—ÈßæÈπ◊ Õ¡— æ√ ¥¥Ÿ ß— √”√à“¬ø“πøÑÕπ ‡¬â¬‡√“™“«¥Õπ „Àâ·æâ„Àæâ “à ¬Õ“¬‡Õß

Ngo Pa 503 Look if you will, we are not annoyed. Trees with green and yellow leaves, also peep, Scattering their blossoms in jest. Into turbulent streams, rivers, and canals.û é çAll the beasts, frightened by the sounds Of xylophones and drums, ran into hiding.é ç ùDeer, tigers, and bears, Harm not one another. Above we see only flights of birds, Spreading across the clear blue sky, With various colors dazzling our eyes, And boisterous noises filling the air. They seem to frolic to spite us earthlings, In order to put us to shame and defeat.

504 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ ¡“‡∂‘¥ª°í …“Õ¬à“‡°√ß ¢Õ‡√¬’ π∫∑≈–‡∫ß ∫√√‡≈“â ∫√√‚≈¡≈“π„® æ«°‡√“· π ¢ÿ  ∫ ¡¬— Õ¬Ÿ‡à ∂Ë◊Õπ‡ªìπ‰∑¬ ª√–¥ÿ®Ωߟ  °ÿ≥“ ‡√“®ß√«à ¡®‘µÀ√√…“ ‚ª√¬ª√“¬¡“≈“ Õ—π‡≈»‘ „À‡â °‘¥ « — ¥’ ˘. ∫∑µ≈°¢∫¢π— ∫∑‚Õâ‚≈¡ªØ‚‘ ≈¡¢Õ߬“¬µ“§ŸàÀπ÷ßË „π‡√ÕË◊ ߇ߓ–ª“É ‡ªπì µÕπ ∑∑’Ë ”„Àºâ Õ⟠“à π‡°Õ◊ ∫®–°≈π—È À«— ‡√“–‰¡à‰¥â ‡æ√“–π°÷ ‡ªπì ¿“æ∑“à ‡¢“â æ√–‡¢“â π“ß ∑’Ëßàÿ¡ßà“¡¢Õßµ“¬“¬§Ÿàπ—Èπ ∫∑‡°È’¬«æ“√“ ’¢Õßµ“«“ß´Õß ∑Ë’µâÕß™–ß—° ‡æ√“–∂°Ÿ §πß— ·≈–‰¡â‰º·à °≈ßâ ‡Õ“≈°Ÿ ‰¡ªâ “ °Õà „À‡â °¥‘ §«“¡¢∫¢π— ‡ªπì Õ¬“à ߬ßË‘ ¥ß— °≈ÕπµàÕ‰ªπ’È ª“°®¥— ‡Ω“Ñ  –∫Èß‘  –∫¥— ‰ª∂ß÷ ‰Àπ Õ–‰√µ°πËÀ’ πÕÕàÕ≈°Ÿ ‰¡â ‡ÀπÁ ®–‡ªπì æ√–‰∑√∑à“π·°≈â߇¬“â ‡®“â ª√–¡“∑π”È Àπ“â «à“π“߉¡â ‰¡à‡™ËÕ◊ æË’πË’Õ–‰√¥‡Ÿ ∂‘¥‡Õâ“  Ÿâ· √âߪ“≈Ÿ°‰¡¡â “„À‡â √“ ‡Õ–‡Õ“≈ß¡“Õ’°ƒÂÕ¬à“߉√ ®ß‡°∫Á ‰«‡â ªπì 欓π°“√ ”§≠—

Ngo Pa 505 Come, you birds, do not be afraid, We could learn a fine lesson from you. We who also live in the forest wild, Are just as free and happy as you. May we all join our minds in glee, To strew fine flowers for prosperity!ûé 9. Comic scenes The courting scene between an old couple in Ngo Pa makes it difficult for readers to refrain from laughing, imagining their clumsy ways of going about it. Wang-Song, wooing Thing, is cut short by Kha-Nang and Mai-Phaiûs teasing the couple by throwing fruit at them. This scene creates a very humorous effect. ç ùYou are so sharp-tongued, How long will you keep playing hard to get?û ùWhat do we have here? Oh, they are fruits. The banyan tree spirit must be teasing us!û ùIt is because you have blamed the tree nymph. Donût you believe me? See for yourself, The spirits are sending the fruits to us.û ùMore fruits are being thrown down this way.û çYou should keep these fruits as mementos,

506 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ ‰¥‡â ∑«—≠‡ªπì  °— ¢¡’ ’∑Ë’‰Àπ ´Ëß÷ «“à øπí À—°®–‡ ¬’ ‰ª ¡“Õ’°À≈“¬„∫‡®¬’ «§√“«π’È ≈Õß™‘¡≈È¡‘ ¥ÀŸ «“πÕ¬Ÿ·à Œ– „™à®–·§–§àÕπ«“à ¡“√»√’ °≈∫— Àπ⓵“®‘È¡≈‘¡È ®¡ãÿ ®¡Î‘ ¥’ ‡¡◊ËÕ°Õà π¡’‡À¬‘πßÕ°ÕÕ°‡ ¬’ ß“¡ πÕâ ¬À√◊ÕπÕâ ßµÕâ ßµ«— ‡Ω“Ñ  –¥ÿâß ‡Õ–¬ßÿà ¡“ªñߪñßÀπ÷Ëß Õß “¡ π‡Ë’ ∑«¥“‡ÀπÁ «“à ‡√“µ–°√“¡ ‡≈¬À¬“∫À¬“¡·°≈âߪ“¡“√Ë”‰ª Ò. ∫∑‡≈¬’ π ”π«π‡°à“ µÕπ∑ËŒ’ ‡π“‡¥‘π‰ªµ“¡À“π“ß≈”À—∫„πªÉ“ ‡ÀÁππ°Õ–‰√°Á™«π „À⧑¥∂÷ßπ“߉ª∑ßÈ—  ‘Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª√¬’ ∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫ ”π«π°≈Õπ„πæ√–√“™πæ‘ π∏å ‡√◊ËÕßÕ‘‡Àπ“¢Õß√™— °“≈∑Ë’ Ú °‡Á ÀπÁ ‰¥â«à“§≈“â ¬§≈÷ß°—π¥—ß®–¬°¡“‡∑¬’ ∫„À¥â Ÿ ¥ß— πÈ’ Õ‡‘ Àπ“ «“à æ≈“ß∑“ß™¡§≥“π° ‚ºπº°®—∫‰¡âÕ÷ß¡Ë’ ‡∫≠®«√√≥®∫— «—≈™“≈’ ‡À¡Õ◊ π«π— æ’ˉ°≈ “¡ ÿ¥“¡“ π“ßπ«≈®∫— π“ßπ«≈πÕπ ‡À¡◊ÕπæË·’ π∫π«≈ ¡√®‘πµ–À√“

Ngo Pa 507 That the spirits have borne witness to our love. It does not matter that youûve lost your teeth.û ùThis time more fruits are coming our way, They are succulent and taste quite sweet!û ùI do not mean to criticize you, dear, Now you look even more beautiful. Before your teeth protruded too much. Why do you keep starting when I touch you?û ùOne, two, three, here they come banging again! The gods must be thinking we are gluttons, So they shower us with fruits out of spite.û é 10. Imitation of older works When Ha-Nao went in search of Lam-Hap in the forest, whatever birds he saw reminded him of her. There is a similarity in this scene to King Rama IIûs I-nao. I-nao çHe then admired the throngs of birds, Flying and perching noisily in the trees. Benchawan on the wanlachali vine, Was like the day he left the three girls. Sea gulls roosting on a nang nuan branch Were like him embracing Chintara.

508 ‡ß“–ª“É ®“°æ√“°®—∫®“°®”π√√®“ ‡À¡Õ◊ π®“°π“ß °“√–«“µ’ ·¢°‡µâ“®—∫‡µà“√“â ß√Õâ ß ‡À¡Õ◊ π√â“ßÀâÕß¡“À¬“√—»¡’ π°·°«â ®—∫·°â«æ“∑’ ‡À¡◊Õπ·°«â æ’∑Ë —ßÈ  “¡ Ëß— §«“¡¡“ ‡ß“–ªÉ“ ‡¥‘πæ≈“ß∑“ß™”‡≈Õ◊ ß·≈‡À≈¬’ «  —π‚¥…‡¥’¬«¥“à «¥πÈ‘ ∂«‘≈À“ ‚Õâ«à“≈”À∫— ‡®“â æËÕ’ “ Õπ‘®®“®–‡ªπì ª√–°“√„¥ π°¥äÕ°¥°Í— ™°— Ωߟ °√–æ◊Õ√àÕπ ‡À¡◊Õπ‡¡ËÕ◊ ·À¥à «ß ¡√®–¡“„Àâ π°µÕ‡µ¬’ ≈§¡ÿ §àŸÕ¬àŸª≈“¬‰¡â ‡À¡Õ◊ π‡¡ËÕ◊ ‰¥πâ Ëß— ‡√¬’ ߇§¬’ ß§àŸ°π— π° πÁÕ°´Õ°´Õπ‡∑’¬Ë «À“‡À¬Ë◊Õ ‡À¡Õ◊ π‡¡Ë◊Õ°π‘ ‡≈¬È’ ß·≈«â ∑”¢«—≠ π°µÕâ ßµà“ߪ√– “π‡ ’¬ß®”‡√’¬ßæ—π ‡À¡Õ◊ πæ’ªË ≈Õ∫ “« «√√§å™«π¥”‡ππ‘ π°°“°ÿ‡ ’¬ß¥ÿ‰¡à‡æ√“–ÀŸ ‡À¡◊Õπ»µ— √‡Ÿ ¢“â ¡“¢«“ß„À⧓â ߇¢π‘ π°°“À≈ß— ‡©’¬Ë «°√–·µ‡¡Õ◊Ë ·¡‡à ¡‘π ‡À¡◊Õπ„§√©° ¡√‡À‘π‰ªÀà“߉°≈

Ngo Pa 509 Jak-phrak chirping in the Nipa palm Resembled his leaving Sakarawati. Parakeets squawking on the tao rang, Thatûs him away from Mayarasami. Parrots crying on the kaew tree Were his three darlings addressing him.é Ngo Pa çAs he walked, Ha-Nao looked around. Being alone, he thought of Lam-Hap His beloved with a yearning heart. How would she be faring now? The flight of large red birds soaring Seemed like his bridal procession. The pair of small, long-tailed white birds Reminded him of the time they sat together. The medium-sized birds looking for food Brought to mind his wedding feast and blessing. The big green birds singing in harmony Were like him trying to console Lam-Hap. The harsh-sounding birds unpleasant to hear, Were like his foes, coming between him and her. The hawk, snatching the chipmunk from its mother, Was like one who had stolen his wife from him.é

510 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ §. §≥ÿ §à“„π∑“ߪ≠í ≠“ ‰¥°â ≈“à «‰«â„πµÕπµâπ·≈«â «à“ ∫∑≈–§√‡√Õ◊Ë ß‡ß“–ª“É ¡§’ ÿ≥§à“ „π∑“ß¡“π…ÿ ¬«∑‘ ¬“¥“â π«≤— π∏√√¡ §Õ◊ ∑”„Àºâ Õ⟠“à π‰¥§â «“¡√«âŸ “à æ«°‡ß“–ª“É ¡’™’«‘µ§«“¡‡ªìπÕ¬ŸàÕ¬à“߉√ ‡¡Ë◊Õ‡√“‰¥â»÷°…“‡√◊ËÕß™’«‘µ¢ÕߧπªÉ“§π¥Õ¬ æ«°π·È’ ≈«â °¬Á Õà ¡®–∑”„À‡â √“¡Õß‚≈°„π∑»— π–∑°’Ë «“â ߢ«“ߢπÈ÷ §Õ◊ ¡Õ߇ÀπÁ «“à ¡π…ÿ ¬å‰¡«à à“®–‡ªìπ™π™“µ‡‘ º“à æ—π∏åÿ„¥¬àÕ¡®–¡§’ «“¡µÕâ ß°“√ ·≈–¡§’ «“¡ √ âŸ ÷°π°÷ §¥‘ §≈“â ¬§≈ß÷ °—𠇪ìπµâπ«“à §«“¡µÕâ ß°“√ªí®®—¬ Ë’ „π°“√¥”√ß™«’ µ‘ æÕ‡À¡“–·°àÕ—µ¿“æ¢Õßµπ ·≈–§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°π÷°§‘¥„π¥â“π √—° ‚°√∏ ‡°≈¬’ ¥ À÷ßÀ«ß Õ“≈¬— œ≈œ °“√∑‡’Ë √“¡∑’ »— π–µÕà ‚≈°·≈–™«’ ‘µ‡™àππ®’È –∑”„Àâ ‡√“¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπÕ°‡ÀÁπ„®‡æ◊ËÕπ¡πÿ…¬å¥â«¬°—π ·≈–∑”„Àâ‡√“¡’»√—∑∏“∑Ë’®– ¥”√ß™«’ ‘µÕ¬Ÿà ‡æËÕ◊ ª√–‚¬™π å ÿ¢¢Õß ß— §¡¥«â ¬ „π∫∑≈–§√‡√Õ◊Ë ß‡ß“–ªÉ“π’È ¡§’ ”°≈Õπ∑¡’Ë §’ ÿ≥§à“„π∑“ß à߇ √¡‘ ªí≠≠“Õ¬ÀàŸ ≈“¬µÕπ ∫∑‡√’¬π∑’ˉ¥â®“° µ— «å ¡—®©“ ™“à ß©≈“¥‡ “–À“Õ“À“√ÀπÕ ‰©π‰¡àª√’™“°≈“⠇撬ßæÕ ¡“≈àÕª“°ª°í …“∑Ë’∂“≈ß  °≥ÿ “µ“¥’©–πÈ’·≈«â ¬ß— ‰¡à·§≈â«∫Õ‡≈“‡®â“™à“ßÀ≈ß Õπ— ¡πÿ…¬å ÿ¥©≈“¥∑—ßÈ Õ“®Õß Õ¬à“ß«¬ßß„À‡â À¡Õ◊ π —µ«∫å —¥ ’‡Õ¬ ...............

Ngo Pa 511 C. Intellectual merits It has already been stated at the beginning that the play Ngo Pa has merits in the field of cultural anthropology; that is, the readers gain knowledge about how the Sakai in the wild live. When we have studied the lives of this primitive tribe, our scope of the world becomes wider. We are able to see that people, regardless of nationality or race, have similar needs and feelings. They all need the four requisites for comfort to lead their lives according to each personûs capability. Moreover, they all share the same feelings: love, rage, hatred, jealousy, and yearning. When we have this kind of attitude toward the world and life, we will be sympathetic toward our fellow men and have a faith to go on living for the happiness and prosperity of society. There are many sections in the play that have intellectual merits. Lessons from animals ç ùThe fish, Said to be clever in looking for food, Are still not clever and brave enough, And thus become easy prey to swooping birds. The birds, possessing sharp eyes as they do, Cannot escape from the piercing darts. Man, who is so intelligent and brave, Must not be like them to bring shame on himself.û é

512 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ ≈°Ÿ √°— ®ß¥Ÿ‡¬Ë¬’ ß欧— ¶å‚§√ßà „À≠à ∂ß÷ √⓬°“®Õ“®À“≠ª“π„¥ °Á¡‘‰¥∑â ”√“â ¬·°à≈Ÿ°‡¡’¬ ............... ∫≠ÿ ‡À≈Õ◊ ®ß¥Ÿ‡¬¬’Ë ß·¡à‡ Õ◊ Õ¬à“ÕàÕπ‡ÕȬ’ √—°µ«— º¥Ÿâ ≈Ÿ °Ÿ ‡Ω“Ñ °°‡≈’¬ ¡»’ —µ√ Ÿ Ÿâ‡ ’¬™«’ ‘µ·∑π ............... ª√™— ≠“™’«µ‘ ‚≈°π¡È’ ’Õ–‰√∑Ë’‰¡§à Ÿà ‰¥‡â ÀπÁ Õ¬Ÿà∑«—Ë ∂«â π≈«â π‡ªπì  Õß ¥«ß®π— ∑√åππÈ— ¬ß— ¡’Õ“∑µ‘ ¬åªÕß ‡¥‘πæ∫æÕâ ß∫“ߧ√“«‡¡ÕË◊ ‡™â“‡¬Áπ ............... ¥«ß∫ÿ∫º“¡“≈‰’ ¡à¡’®µ‘ ¬ß— À—πÀ“Õ“∑‘µ¬∑å Ë’· ß©π— ‡¡ËÕ◊ ¬“¡§Ë”πÈ”§“â ßæ√“à ߉æ√«—π √∫— · ß®—π∑√Õå ∫Õÿπà ‰¡à¢ÿπà ¡«— Õ—ππ“√’¡®’ ‘µ®–º¥‘ ‰©π ·¡πâ ®„ÿ ®§ß®‘√—߉¡àÀ«—ß™—Ë«

Ngo Pa 513 ç ùDear son, Follow the example of the tiger. No matter how fierce he may be, He never harms his mate and cubs.û é ç ùDear daughter, Regard the tigress and be not weak. She loves her mate and tends to her cubs, Ready to fight a foe and die for them.û é Life philosophy ç ùIn this world is there anything existing alone? Whatever exists, always exists in pairs. The moon has the sun as its counterpart, And sometimes they meet morning and evening.û é ç ùFlowers, though inanimate, Turn always to the bright sun. At night, when dew covers the forest, They absorb the warm moonlight. Why should a maid with a soul do otherwise? If contented, her love will be lasting,

514 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ Õπ®‘ ®“„® µ√∑’ ’ˇ¡“µ«— ¡“æπ— 旫擇æ◊ËÕπµâÕ߇ÕÕ◊È πÕ“¬ π“ß∑Ë’‡√“®ß®‘µ§¥‘ ®”πß ‡°◊Õ∫‰¥â§ß§à·Ÿ ≈â«°≈∫— ·§≈⫉°≈  «à ππ“√∑’ Ë¡’ ‰‘ ¥‡â §¬π÷°Ωíπ ¡“À¡“¬¡πË— ®ß®‘µæ‘ ¡—¬ ‡ÕÕ‚≈°π’Èπ’Ë¡π— ‡ªπì Õ¬à“߉√‰ª ®ß÷ ¥≈„À≢«â‡¢«‡≈Àà 套ßπ’È ÕàÕ∑’Ë®√‘ßÀ≠ß‘ ¥’πÈπ— ¡’πÕâ ¬ À“π∫— √Õâ ¬‰¡à¬“°‡¬πÁ ‡™àπ Õßæ’Ë ‡¡◊ÕË µ«— ‡√“À«ß— ®–„§√à‰¥â∑¥’Ë ’ ‰¬‰¡¡à §’ «“¡‡æ’¬√‡«’¬π√–«ß— ß. §≥ÿ §à“„π∑“ß»≈’ ∏√√¡ ∫∑≈–§√‡√Ë◊Õß ‡ß“–ªÉ“ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ‡√Ë◊Õß™‘ß√—°À—° «“∑°—π √–À«à“ßæ«°‡ß“–πÈ’ æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–®ÿ≈®Õ¡‡°≈Ⓡ®â“Õ¬àŸÀ—«§ß®–¡‘‰¥â ∑√ß¡’æ√–‡®µπ“®–„À⇪ìπ°“√ Õπ»’≈∏√√¡ ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“Õà“π¥Ÿ®–√⟠÷°«à“ ¡§’ «“¡§¥‘ „π‡√Õ◊Ë ß»≈’ ∏√√¡·ΩßÕ¬¡Ÿà “° ´¡æ≈“´ßË÷ ‡ªπì µ«— ‡Õ°„π‡√Õ◊Ë ß√µŸâ «— ¥’ «à“µ—«‰¥â∑”º‘¥„π°“√∑’ˉª≈Õ∫≈—°æ“≈”À—∫´Ë÷߇ªìπ§ŸàÀ¡—Èπ¢Õߌ‡π“¡“ ·µà ¥«â ¬Õ”𓮧«“¡√—°®÷ß¡‘‰¥â‡°√ß°≈«— µàÕ ßË‘ „¥∑Èß—  ‘Èπ °≈“â ‡ ¬Ë’ ß™’«‘µ∑”°“√ À“≠À°— ≈—°æ“À≠‘ߺ⟡’‡®“â ¢Õß¡“ ∑—ÈßπȬ’ àÕ¡‡ªπì ∏√√¡¥“Õ¬Ÿ‡à Õß∑Ë’Ω“É ¬ºŸ‡â ªπì ‡®â“¢Õ߬àÕ¡®–µâÕß∫—߇°‘¥§«“¡‡§’¬¥·§âπÀ«ß·Àπ·≈–µ‘¥µ“¡®Õß≈â“ß

Ngo Pa 515 And she will not have immoral thoughts. Associating with misguided girls Will only bring shame to one.û é çThe one girl he had set his heart upon, And almost got, slipped away from him. However, the girl he never had a feeling for Came to be infatuated with him. What was it with the way of the world, That everything seemed to be upside down? Truly there were only few chaste women, Out of a hundred the two maids were hard to find. If he aspired for the best one, He must have some perseverance.é D. Moral values King Chulalongkorn might not have meant the play Ngo Pa, which is a Sakai love triangle, to teach the readers any moral. However, moral thoughts are interspersed all through the play. Som-Phla, the protagonist, knows that he has done wrong in abducting Lam-Hap who is betrothed to Ha-Nao. The power of love has made him afraid of nothing, willing to risk his life stealing a girl who has been spoken for. It is only natural that her rightful mate must be in a rage and pursue him doggedly to the

516 ‡ß“–ª“É ®Õߺ≈“≠®π°«à“®–µ“¬≈߉ª¢â“ßÀπË÷ß À“°‡√“¡Õß„π·ßà»’≈∏√√¡°Á®– ‡ÀπÁ ‰¥«â “à ™«’ µ‘ ¢Õßµ«— ≈–§√‡ªπì ‰ªµ“¡°Æ·Àßà °√√¡ ´¡æ≈“‰¥ªâ √–°Õ∫°√√¡ ¥â«¬Õ”π“®¢Õßµ—≥À“ º≈¢Õß°√√¡®÷ßµ‘¥µ“¡ πÕß∑”„ÀâµâÕ߇ ’¬™’«‘µ „π∑ ’Ë ÿ¥ ≈”À—∫´÷Ë߇ªπì §π°≈“ß ·¡®â –‰¥â ¡√—° ·µà§«“¡√Ÿâ °÷ º‘¥™Õ∫°∑Á ”„Àâ ®‘µ„®‰¡à‡ªìπ ÿ¢π—° ¥—ß®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°§”°≈Õπ∑Ë’· ¥ß∂÷ß ¿“殑µ„®¢Õß ≈”À—∫ ¥—ßπÈ’ ‰¥§â à‡Ÿ °“à ‡≈à“°Á√⓬πà“Õ“¬‡À≈◊Õ ‡¢“∂Ÿ°‡πÈÕ◊ ®—∫µÕâ ߇À¡Õ◊ π¢Õ߇¢“ ¬ß— ‡Õ“ —µ¬√å ∫— ´”È °√√¡¢Õ߇√“ ®–√Ÿâ‡Õ“Àπâ“·Ω߉«·â Àà߉√ °√√¡‡Õ¬ã °√√¡≈”À∫— Õª— √–¿“§ ™“à ß· π¬“°«“ß®µ‘ §‘¥‰©π ®–≈–√â“ߢ«“â ß°—ß«≈‰«Àâ π„¥ ®÷ß®–‰¥§â «“¡ ∫“¬À“¬√”§“≠ ...............  ß “√Œ‡π“‡®“â §π´◊ËÕ À¡“¬¡Ë—πªíôπ¡Õ◊ ·≈â«¡‘‰¥â „™à™Ë—«™“â π“à ™—ßÕ¬à“ß„¥ ¢“â ‰¡à§‘¥‡§¬’ ¥‡°≈’¬¥°≈«— ·µ®à –„Àâ√«à ¡√—° ¡§— √À¡“¬ °Á‡À≈◊ÕÕ“¬‡À≈Õ◊ ∑π‡ªìπ§π™—«Ë ‚Õâ ß “√´¡æ≈“Àπ“â ®–¡«— ‰¥µâ âÕßµ«— π—∫«“à ‡À¡Õ◊ π “¡’

Ngo Pa 517 death on either side. Looking at it from a moralistic viewpoint, the lives of the characters follow the law of karma. Som-Phla has sinned out of lust; therefore, his karma catches up with him and causes him to lose his life. Lam-Hap, even though getting her heartûs desire, is plagued by conscience and never has peace of mind. The following excerpt reflects Lam-Hapûs state of mind: çItûd be also shameful to marry the lad, Since, touched by Som-Phla, she belonged to him. Moreover, she had vowed to love Som-Phla, Now she did not know where to bear herself. It was her past deeds that made her suffer. She did not know what and how to think, And how to put aside her worry, In order to retain her peace of mind.é ç ùI take pity on the trusting Ha-Nao, He will not get what heûs set his heart upon. Since he is not a bit vile or uncomely, I neither abhor nor think bad of him. But as for sharing the bed with him, I would be so ashamed, a tainted girl. Poor Som-Phla! He would be downcast with grief, Having laid his hand on me, he is my husband.û é

518 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ §”°≈ÕπÕ’°µÕπÀπË÷ß∑Ë’°àÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡ –‡∑◊Õπ„® §◊ÕµÕπ∑’Ë ´¡æ≈“ÕÕ°®“°∂”È ¡“À“Õ“À“√·≈–æ∫≈“ß√⓬À≈“¬Õ¬à“ß∑”„À⮑µ„® À«“¥ –¥ßâÿ π°÷ ∂ß÷ §«“¡µ“¬ ∂â“®–¡Õß„π·ßà¢Õß»’≈∏√√¡ °Á®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥«â à“ §«“¡¡’Õ“√¡≥åÕàÕπ‰À«¢Õß´¡æ≈“„πµÕππÈ’ ¡‡Àµÿ ¡º≈Õ¬Ÿà ‡æ√“–ºâŸ∑’Ë ∑”§«“¡º‘¥‰«â°Á¬àÕ¡®–¡’®‘µ„®À«“¥√–·«ß°≈—«º≈¢Õߧ«“¡º‘¥π—Èπ‡ªìπ ∏√√¡¥“ §√—ÈπÕÕ°¡“πÕ°§ÀŸ “ „Àâ ¬Õß‚≈¡“‡√ßà À¡àπ‰À¡â ¡—ππ÷§Ÿ™à ’«∑’ ’˧“¥‰«â °Á¢“¥µ°≈߉ª≈¬ÿà °√–®“¬  –¥ßÿâ ®‘µ§‘¥‡ÀÁπ‡¢≠Á «∫‘ µ— ‘ π°÷ °≈—«‡´¡ß— ߥ— ∑È—ßÀ≈“¬ Õ—¥ÕÈπ— ¥«ß°¡≈°√–«π°√–«“¬ ‡ªπì ≈“ß√“â ¬π°÷ ª√–À≈“¥Õπ“∂„® ‡À≈’¬«¥Ÿª“°∂”È √–°”Õ° · π«‘µ°À«“¥À«—πË æ√π—Ë ®µ‘ ‰À« ‚Õ≈â ”À—∫≈∫— µ“‡À≈Õ◊ Õ“≈—¬ ·¡â¡’‡Àµ‡ÿ ¿∑¿¬— ®–‰°≈µ“ ¡‚π∏√√¡¢Õß´¡æ≈“§Õ¬‡µ◊Õπ„Àâ ”π÷°º¥‘ Õ¬à‡Ÿ  ¡Õ ·¡â„π¢≥–∑Ë’ °”≈ß— ¡Õ’ “√¡≥増π∑‡Ë’ ÀπÁ ™“¬·°à Ú §π «‘«“∑°—π‡æ√“–ºÀ⟠≠‘ß

Ngo Pa 519 Another part of the play that is very moving is when Som-Phla leaves the cave to search for food and encounters bad omens that make him think of death, scaring him. From a moral point of view, Som-Phlaûs sensitivity is appropriate since a wrongdoer is always afraid that his sin is going to catch up with him: çHowever, once outside the cave, Som-Phlaûs hair stood on end. His trusted dart holder strap Suddenly snapped, darts strewn about. Startled, he saw this as an omen, Fearing wandering demons and spirits. The youth felt agitated and restless, Saddened by the ominous sign. He turned around to look at the cave, His heart filled with grief and misgivings. He worried about his beloved Lam-Hap, Lest any mishap befall him, far from her.é Som-Phlaûs conscience keeps reminding him to repent, even when he is in a humorous mood, seeing two old men fighting over a woman.

520 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ „Àπâ ÷°¢π— °≈Èπ— À«— µ“°∫— ¬“¬ ¡“‡§√“–Àå√⓬™‘ß™Ÿ§â à°Ÿ ∫— ‡√“ ‡ ’¬«®‘µ§‘¥∂÷߇√◊ÕË ß¢Õßµ«— ·¡πâ ‡®“â º«— ‡´àÕ´“à ¡“æ∫‡¢“â ‡√“¡‘µâÕßµàÕ¬°π— °∫— Œ‡π“ ·µàº¥‘ ‡§“â °—πÕ¬πŸà ¥‘ ∑’Ë®µ‘ π“ß µ—«≈–§√Õ◊ËπÊ °Á‰¥â°≈à“«∂âÕ¬§”‡ªìπ‡™‘ß ”π÷°„πº≈¢Õß °√√¡Õ¬Ÿ‡à À¡◊Õπ°—𠇙πà µÕπ∑Ë’ √”·°â«√”æ—π ß “√≈”À—∫∑’µË “¬‰ª«“à ¥ß— πÈ’ √”·°«â · π ß “√≈”À—∫ “«πâÕ¬ ∫≠ÿ „¥∑§Ë’ Õ¬ àß„Àâ ß“¡‚©¡ª√–‚≈¡‚≈°‡≈‘»«‘‰≈ º°Ÿ ®‘µ™“¬‰¥¥â —ߧ“«’ °√√¡„¥∫π— ¥“≈ ß— À“√‡®â“ „Àâæ≈Õ¬°≈◊π√—°‡¢“â ‰ª‡ªπì º’ ‡ß“–¬—ß ‡√“®–«“à ‡ªìπ°≈“ß∑“ß∑ßË’ “¡ 懑 §√“–Àµå “¡‡Àµÿº≈·µµà âπ¡“ Õ—π≈”À—∫°—∫Œ‡π“‡√“‰¡√à ⟠«“à ‡ªπì §àŸ√—°„§√à‰¥ â ∫Àπâ“

Ngo Pa 521 çHad a hard time trying to suppress a laugh At the old peopleûs love triangle. Then with a pang, he recalled his own story. If Ha-Nao happened to come upon him, It was likely that they would have to fight. The only difference lay in Lam-Hapûs heart.é The other characters also speak words that show their awareness of the result of karma, such as when Ram-Kaew takes a pity on Lam-Hap: Ram-Kaew çPity poor Lam-Hap the young maid, What merit she must have made Has made her ever so pretty, And captivating to menûs hearts. What karma has slain her, And made her die for love?é Yang çI am going to speak impartially, Taking reason into consideration. I have not known that Lam-Hap and Ha-Nao Were lovers or were seeing each other.

522 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ °≈—∫√–§“¬‰ª¢“â ßΩ“É ¬π“¬´¡æ≈“ π“à ®–‰¥â≈Õ∫≈°— √°— „§√°à —π §√π—È ºâŸ„À≠®à ¥— „À≥⺥‘ §Ÿà ®÷ßË ®≈Ÿà ≈Ÿà °— ‰ª„π‰æ√ ≥— ±å ∂÷ߺ¥‘ √“â ¬°Á‰¥µâ “¬«“¬™’«—π „™â‚∑…∑—≥±å∂ß÷ ∑ ’Ë ÿ¥¬µÿ ≈‘ ß ΩÉ“¬Œ‡π“‡≈à“°Áµ“¡‡æ√“–À¡“¬º‘¥ §≈ßË— §≈âÿ¡§¥‘ √—°„§√à®π„À≈À≈ß æ«°‡√“®ßÕ¬“à §‘¥®Õß®‘µ®ß ‡√ßà ‡ª≈È◊Õߪ≈ßÕ“¶“µ„À¢â “¥æπ— ∏ÿå §π‡√“¡—°®–‡ÀÁ𧫓¡¥’¢Õߺ⟄¥°ÁµàÕ‡¡Ë◊ÕºŸâπÈ—πµ“¬‰ª·≈â« ·¡µâ —«≈–§√∑È—ß “¡®–µà“ߧπµ“à ß¡’§«“¡º‘¥æ≈“¥ ·µà‡¡◊ÕË µ“¬‰ª·≈«â ºŸ∑â Ë’ Õ¬Ÿ¢à “â ßÀ≈—ß°ÕÁ ¥ √√‡ √≠‘ 秫“¡„®‡¥¥Á é ¢Õ߇¢“∑Èß—  “¡‰¡à‰¥â ´¡æ≈“ ‰¥√â ∫— §” √√‡ √‘≠ ‡æ√“– 笗ß√—°À≠ß‘ ¬ß‘Ë °«“à °“¬®πÀ“¬À«ß °≈—∫‡ªìπÀà«ßÀ«—ß·µ à ÿ¢¢Õß‚©¡»√’ ∫Õ°„À√â °— Œ‡π“«“à ‡¢“¥’ ∂ß÷ º‘¥¡’°Á¬—߇ÀπÁ ‡ªìπ§πµ√ßé ≈”À∫— ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡¬°¬àÕ߇æ√“– 牡æà –«ß·µ§à «“¡ ÿ¢ π°ÿ  ∫“¬...·≈– ¶à“µ—«µ“¬¡‘„À¡â µ‘ √§¥‘ ª√–«‘ß  «à πŒ‡π“°Á‰¥√â ∫— §«“¡‡ÀπÁ Õ°‡ÀÁπ„®„π·ß∑à ¡’Ë ’π”È „®‡ªìππ—°°Ã’ “

Ngo Pa 523 Instead it has been rumored that Som-Phla Must have had a secret love affair with her. When her parents mismatched her with Ha-Nao, Som-Phla thus carried her off to the forest. However great his crime, he is now dead. He has paid with his life in the end. Ha-Nao met his death since he was misled, His love being turned into infatuation. Let all of you refrain from vengeful thoughts, And make haste to do away with revenge.é We usually see a personûs goodness only when that person is deceased. Even though the three characters have their flaws, when they die all those who are left behind cannot help praise their çresoluteness.é Som-Phla is praised because ç ùHe loved his girl more than himself, All he cared for was her happiness. He told her to love Ha-Nao for he was good, Though heûd done wrong, he was still honest.û é Lam-Hap is praised for çnever caring for pleasureé and because she çkilled herself to rid him of his worry.é As for Ha-Nao, he deserves sympathy in that he has a sporting spirit-- çCatching Som-Phla off-guard, he killed him noté--and

524 ‡ß“–ª“É ç®—∫´¡æ≈“·≈⫉¡ºà ≈“≠‡¡ÕË◊ ‡º≈Õµ—«...é ·≈– ç√µâŸ √–Àπ°— «“à π“ß√—°¢“â ß§àŸ·¢àß ‰¡§à ¥‘ ·¬ßà ¬Õ¡„À‡â ¢“‡ªπì º«— §√—Èßπ“ßµ“¬‰¡«à “¬√—°À°— §«“¡°≈—«  °àŸ ≈π◊ °≈«È—  µ— ¬°å ∫— √—°À°— „®¡√≥éå „π∑Ë’ ÿ¥∑ÿ°§π°Á≈ߧ«“¡‡ÀπÁ æÕâ ß°—π«à“ ç∑Èß—  “¡¡¥’ ’ª√–‡ √‘∞§«√‡™¥‘ ™âÕπ æÕ·∫ßà ºàÕπ∑Ëæ’ «°‡√“«à“‡¡“√—°é „πµÕπ∑⓬ºŸâÕà“π°Á‰¥â§µ‘™’«‘µ‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√‡≈◊Õ°§àŸ§√ÕߢÕßÀπÿà¡  “« ¥—ߧ”查¢Õß ‡ß“–≠“∫∑’Ë«à“ æË’πÕâ ߇Õã¬∑’«Ë à“¡“°Á∂°Ÿ √–«—ß≈°Ÿ √–«ß— À≈“π§Õ¬À“≠À°— ‡¢“√—°°π— ®ß‡®“–‡©æ“–æ°— µ√å ‰«§â «“¡Àπ—°„Àâ·°àºâŸÕ¬Ÿ∑à Èß— ¡«≈ ‰Àπ®–‡»√“â ∑’ˇ¢“°”®¥— ®“° ‰Àπ®–¬“°®√ß‘ ‰©πµâÕ߉µ à «π ‰ÀπºŸâ„À≠à„®≈–ÀâÕ¬æ≈Õ¬·ª√ª√«π ∑’¡Ë ‘§«√∫“¥À¡“ß°®Á “ß°—π

Ngo Pa 525 ç ùKnowing that she loved his rival, He didnût take her, but let Som-Phla have her. When she died, his love for her never waned. Keeping his loyalty, he dared take his life.û é At last, everyone agrees that ç ùAll three deserve to be praised as good persons, To balance blame for being besotted by love.û é At the end of the play, the readers learn a lesson about life on how young people should choose their mates. According to Yapûs words, ç ùWhat you all have said is correct, Try to keep your children on the right path. Their loves were their own affairs, But theyûve left a heavy heart for the living. We are grievous at their departure, Yet weûre perturbed by the cause of their deaths. The parentsû hearts, filled with grief, waver, Causing them to be distrustful of one another.û é

526 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ ‡∑à“∑’ˉ¥°â ≈à“«¡“∂÷߇欒 ßπÈ’ §ß®–æÕ∑”„À⺟â»÷°…“‡ÀÁπ§ÿ≥§“à ¢Õß ∫∑≈–§√æ√–√“™π‘æπ∏å‡√Ë◊Õ߇ߓ–ªÉ“‰¥â∫â“ßµ“¡ ¡§«√ „π°“√«‘®“√≥å «√√≥§¥’π—Èπ ‰¡à®”‡ªìπ∑’˺âŸÕà“π∑ÿ°§π®–¡’§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπÕ¬à“߇¥’¬«°—π ºâŸ »÷°…“Õ“®¡’§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ„π·ßàÕË◊π∑’ˉ¡àµ√ß°—π°Á‰¥â ∑È—ßπ’ȇªìπ‡ √’¿“æ à«π ∫ÿ§§≈ ·µà∂ß÷ Õ¬“à ߉√º»âŸ ÷°…“°πÁ “à ®–¬¥÷ À≈—°¢Õâ Àπ÷ßË ‰««â à“ ç°“≈‡«≈“‡ªì𠇧√◊ËÕßµ—¥ π‘ §ÿ≥§à“¢Õß«√√≥§¥’

Ngo Pa 527 These passages should be sufficient to make the readers recognize the merits of the royal play Ngo Pa. In literary criticism, it is not necessary that all readers have the same opinion. Some may have contrasting beliefs, and they have the freedom of their opinions. However, one should keep to the principle that çliterary merit is judged by the test of time.é

528 ‡ß“–ªÉ“ Project to Translate Thai Literature into Foreign Languages Committee 1. Prof. Khunying Maennas Chavalit Chairperson 2. Khunying Kullasap Gesmankit Deputy Chairperson 3. Prof. Srisurang Poolthupya Member 4. Prof. Emeritus Tapanee Nakornthap Member 5. Prof. Dr. Sidtha Pinitpouvadol Member 6. Associate Prof. Malithat Promathatavedi Member 7. Associate Prof. Yuporn Saengthaksin Member 8. Miss Chintana Bhaigasuyee Member 9. Mrs. Pensri Kiengsiri Member 10. Mrs. Sukhon Polpatpicharn Member 11. Mrs. Sudchit Bhinyoying Member 13. Director, Chalermprakiat Center of Translation and Interpretation Member 14. President, Writers Association of Thailand Member 15. President, P.E.N. International Thailand Center Member 16. Mrs. Uthaiwan Chalermchai Member and Secretary 17. Miss Penchun Thanawipak Member and Assistant Secretary 18. Miss Nongsiri Chotirat Member and Assistant Secretary

Ngo Pa 529 The Publication Committee Honorary Advisors Dr. Prapatpong Senarith Mrs. Arreerat Wattanasin Mr. Prasat Sa-anwong Miss Chintana Bhaigasuyee Translator Associate Professor Malithat Promathatavedi Reader Mr. Rick Whisenand Executive Editor Miss Usanee Watanapan Editor Mrs. Uthaiwan Chalermchai Assistant Editor Miss Nongsiri Chotirat Art Work Mr. Paitoon Boonpanon

530 ‡ß“–ª“É The Ministry of Educationûs Announcement ______________________ This English edition of the play Ngo Pa is published by the Department of Curriculum and Instruction Development, Ministry of Education. It has been translated from the play Ngo Pa, a poetic work composed by King Chulalongkorn, RamaV. The Ministry of Education has approved of its use as a supplementary reading for secondary school teachers and students nationwide. Issued on May 31, 2002. (Mr. Charoon Choolap) Permanent Secretary