Bagian 9. Gangguan Sistem Neurologik

I I94 BAGIAN SEMBII-AN GANGGUANSISTEMNEUROTOGIK Tumor-tumor intramedular ini tumbuh ke bagian maka keterlibatan traktus kortikospinalis dan spino-tengah dari medula spinalis dan merusak serabut- talamikus menyebabkan kehilangan sensasi nyeri dan suhu, dan tanda-tanda neuron motorik bagianserabut yang menyilang\"serta neuron-neuron sub- atas meluas hingga di bawah tingkat lesi. Lihat Tabelstansia grisea. Kerusakan serabut-serabut yang 51-3 yang memuat beberapa ciri yang membedakan lesi-iesi neuron motorik bagian atas dan bawah.menyilang ini mengakibatkan hilangnya sensasinyeri dan suhu bilateral yang meluas di seluruh Gejala dan tanda lainnya adalah nyeri tumpul sesuai dengan tinggi lesi, impotensi pada pria, dansegmen yang terkena, yang pada gilirannya menye- gangguan sfingter pada kedua jenis kelamin.babtan kerusakan pada kulit perifer. Sensasi raba, Radiogram akan memperlihatkan pelebarangerak, posisi, dan getar umlrmnya utuh kecuali bilalesinya besar. Defisit sensasi nyeri dan suhu dengan kanalis vertebralis dan erosi pedikulus. Pada mielo-utuhnya modalitas sensasi yang lain dikenal sebagai gram, CT scan, atau MRi tampak pembesaran meduladefisit sensarik yang terdisosissi. Perubahan fungsi sp ina lis.refleks regangan otot terjadi akibat kerusakan padasel-sel kornu anterior. Kelemahan yang disertai atrofi Terkadang dapat dilakukan pengangkatan tumordan fasikulasi disebabkan oleh keterlibatan neuron- intramedular, terutama pada ependimoma dan he-neuron motorik bagian bawah. mangioblastoma, namlln sering terj adi kekambuhan. Tumor intramedular dapat meluas ke beberapa Sekali lagi, diagnosis dini sangat penting untuksegmen medula spinalis. Dengan meluasnya lesi, memastikan prognosis yang baik.*Kor'rsrP KUNct .i.ti:.::= ,:::::,' :llr''. ::=::::l:: :: ,:::,']:.:: t::r,=::::t: I .-,. : bingungkan sehingga seringkali dihubungkant Tumor otak maligna dapat berupa tumor primer r dengan sebab lain. : atau karena metastasis diii bagian lain. Tumor medula spinalis primer lebih banyak;yangr ,:Glloma:r(tumq1 mali$na) adalah jenis tumor otak bersifat jinak daripada tumor otak. Tumor medula spinalis diklasifikasikan menurut yang paling sering teilaOi. letak tumor dalam kaitannya dengan duramaterr Tumoi otak diklasifikasikan berdasarkan lokasi r dan medula spinalis. Gejala tumor medula spinalis disebabkan oleh dan jenis jaringan yang terlibat. penekanan medula.,spinalis d.a.ntr,, nQq!up;,$eri,. perubahan refleks,. Serta perribahan:,:' nsasi-.danr Gejala umum yang menandakan adanya tumor otak adalah kejang, peningkatan lCP, nyeri kepala, r tun$si motorik, Nyeri,yang berkaitan,:ddh$an,tumor,m!;dula qina-, mual dan muntah, serta papiledema. lis akib,qlnyeri elih did.aq.a|kan pada q.i|i$ s@morr',1.,:.,:f : :: Gejala.,lokal,.tu ta k teijadi aki bat rpen eka-an,:.,:,:r.,:.., yang terlibat.:-...l1:j61i6g36dalam.:ai€a&rtentu]diotak..:-;:....aXS:r , Oiti5ij=-neudpgG, tumot:,:otat-:,OisenaOkan rr,,-,:::',,.qLg6.p\"nin'Qkqtqn- I G P... n pe nekanan atau i nf i l- \" trasi jaringan otak. Diagnosis tumo; otak seringkifi iulit ditegakkan karena gejala awal tidak menentu dan mem-9rnrnruYAANBeberapa conloh pertanyaan unluk bab ini tercantum di sini. Kunjungi http://www.mosby.com/IvlERLlN/PriceWilson/ untuk pertanyaantambahan.Cocakkanlah |esi glioma pada kolom A dengan sifat-sifat khasnya pada kolon B Kolom A Kolom Ba.1. Sering mengandung kalsium Glioblastoma multilormez. Meduloblastoma b. Paling ganasc.e Oligodendroglioma Biasanya terjadi dalam ventrikel keempal4. Ependimoma padaanak d. Tumor Josa poslerior pada anak bersifal radiosensiti{

TumorSistemSorof Pusot BAB 57 I 195cocokkanla_h gejata lokal tumor otak pada kolom A dengan kemungkinan loksi pada kolom B. Kolom A Kolom B(1 Hemianopsia homonim a. Lobus lrontalis b.Gangguanmelokalisasisen- Lobustemporalisb. titik c.sorik, diskriminasi dua Lobus oksipitalis '8. d.Kuadrantanopsia superior Lobus parietalis e,yang berkembang meniadi Hipotalamus hemianoPsia Gangguan Penilaian; kelang Jacksonian; ataksia dan9. - lremor Obesitas dan gangguan regulasi suhu-J awabtahpertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut i ni pada selembar kertas terpisah'10, Mengapa diagnosis tumor otak sulit ditegak- kan? Apakah gejala dan tanda yang paling lazim?Cocolrkantah lokasi patologi medula spinatis pada kolom A dengan geiala dan tanda padakolom B. Jawaban dapat tebih dari satu' Kolom A Kolom Ba.11. Radiks (dorsal) Posterior Nyeri bertambah karena b. Kolumna posterior (traktus asendens mayor) batuk atau bersinc.12. Kehilangan sensasi getar dan Traktus kortikospinalis (traktus desendens Posisi mayor)13. Tanda Babinski d. Sel-sel kornu anterior14. Fasikulasi15. Spastisitas16. Ataksia6 'nrrnn PUsTAKA BAGTAN sEMBILANAbou-Chebl A, De Georgia MA, Krieger DW: Cooling for Allos BM, Lippy FT, Carlsen A, et al: Campylobactet iejuni acute ischemic brain damage (COOL AID): prelimi- strains from patients with Guillain-Barr6 syndrome, nary efficacy data of moderate hypothermia for acute Centers for Diiease Control: Emer Infect Dis 4(2):263-268' ischemic stroke, Stroke 32:336, 2001, abstract' 1998.AdamC, Baulac M, Saint-Hilaire j, et al: Value of magnetic Alvaro M, Kumar D Julka IS: Transcutaneous electro- resonance imaging-based measurements of hippo- campal formations in patients with partial epilepsy, stimulation: emerging treatment for diabetic neuro- pathic pain, Diabetes Technol Ther 1'(1):77 -80' 1999' Arch Neurol 5t:130-143, 1994. Arnar A, ievy Mt Contemporary management of spinal cord injury, Contemp N eurosur g 23:L-10, 2001'Adams RD, Victor M, Ropper AHl. Principles of neurology, Amar A,- Levy M: Surgical controversies in the manage- ment of spinal cord injury. / Am CoII S ur g 188:550, 1999' ed 6, New Yor(1997, McGraw-Hill. American Diabetes Association: Clinical practice recommen-Afsar N, Fak AS, Metzger |, et al: Acute stroke increases dations, 2000, Diabetes Care 23 (suppl 1):51-5116, 2000' QT dispersion in patients without cardiac disease' Pro- gram ind abstracts of 125'h Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association: Heart and stroke: 2001 statis'' fics, Dallas, 2001, AHA- http://www.americanheart' org/ funerican Neurological Association, October 1F18, 2000, Boston, abstract 12. statistics/Akbarian S, Bates B, Liu R], et al:Neurotrophin-3 modu- American Medical Associa tton Migraine and other headaches, lates nor-adrenergic neuron function and opiate with- Chicago,1998, AMA. draw al, Mol P sychiatry 6(4):5%4a' zffiL American\"Pain Society Quality of care Comrnittee: QuaityAlbers GW, Amarenco P, Easton |D, et al: Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke, Clresl improvement guidelines for the treatment of acute 119 (suppl 1): 30093205, 2001. pain and canc er patn, I AMA 274:\87L1'880' 1998'

I 196 BAGIAN SEMBTLAN GANGGUANSISTEMNEUROLOGIKAmerican Pain Society of Anesthesiologists: Task force on Buring JE, Hebert P, Romero J, et al: Migraine and subse- quent risk of stroke in the Physicians's Health Study,Pain Management: Practice guidelines for cancer pain Arch N eurol 52:129-134, 1995. Jnanagemenl, Anesthesiology 84(5):1243-57, 1996. Cady RK: Focus on primary care female population withAnderson G, Miiler J: The newer antiepileptic drugs: their migraine, Obstetr Gy necol S uroey 54(12):57, 1999. collective role and defining characteristics, Formnlary Cady RK, Farmer-Cady K: Migraine: changing perspective32:114-132,2001. on pathophysiology and treatment, Consultant, Sept 15,Arnautovic K, Al-Mefty O: Foramen magnum meningio- s13-S19,2000. ,;mas, Contemp Neurosurg 22:1-6, Nov 15, 2000. Carpenter MB:. Core text of neuroanatomy, ed 4, Baltimore,Asbury AK: Approach to the patient with peripheral neur- 1991, Williams & Wilkins. opathy. In Braunwald E, et al, editors: Harrison's prin- Cham BM, Kormanik P: Salvage chemotherapy with paclitaxel for recurrent oligodendrogliomas, J CIin ciples of internal medicine, ed 15, New York, 2001, On col 15:3427 -3432, 1997 .McGraw-Hill. Chiu JH, Chen WS, Chen CH, et al: Effects of transcutane-Azari NP, Rridiger ]S: Brain plasticity and recovery from ous electrical nerve stimulation for pain reiief on pa- stroke, Am Sci 88(5):426-431, 2000. tients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy: prospective,BairtdhAeDe, aDralmybprorseiadiJc,tJioannkeot Sf, et al: A three-item scale for randomized, controlled trial, Dis Colon Rectum stroke recovery, Lancet 42(2):180-5,1999. 357:2095-2099,2001. Cohen LG, Weeks RA, Sadato N, et al: Period of susceptibil-Barami K, Rengachary S: Atlas fractures, Contemp ity fcrr cross-modal plasticity in the blind, Ann NeurolN eur osur g 22:7 -5, 2000. 45(4):451-460,1999.Bastard JP, Pieroni L, Hainque B: Relationship between Collaborative Group for the Study of Stroke'in Young plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor I and insulin Women: Oral contraceptives and stroke in young . resistance, Diabetes Metab Res Rea 16:1.92-201,2000. women/ | AMA 231718-722, 1975. Consensus statement: Medical Management of epilepsy,Baumann TJ: Pain management. In DePiro jT, Talbert RI, N eurology 51 (suppl 4):515-20, 1998.Yee GC, et al, e ditors: Pharmacotherapy: a pnthophysiologicapproach, ed 4, Norwalk, Conn, 7999, Appleton&Lange. Cotran RS, Kumar V, Collins ST: Pathologicnl basis of disease, ed 6, Philadelphn, 1,999,WB Saunders.Benedetti C, Brock C, Cleeland C, et al: National Compre- hensive Cancer Network, NCCN practice guidelines Couch JR: Complexities of presentation and pathogenesisfor cancer pain, Oncology 14(11A):135-150, 2000. of migraine headace. In Cady RK, Fox AW, editors: Treating the headache patient, New York, 1995, MarcelBeme RM, Levy MW: Principles of physiology, ed 3, St Louis, Dekiier.2000, Mosby. Crossman AR, Neary D: Nenroanatomy: an illustrated colorBigal ME, BigalJM, Betti M, et al: Evaluation of the impact of migraine and episodic tension-type headache on the text, ed 2, New York,2000, Churchill Livingstone. Cutrer FM, Limmroth V, Ayata G, et al: Attenuation byquality of life and performance of a university student valproate of c-fos immunoreactivity in trigeminalpopulation, Headache 4L (7):710-719, 2001. nucleus caudalis induced by intracisternal capsaicin, Br/Bigos SJ: Perils, pitfalls, and accomplishments of guidelines for treatment of back problems, Neurol Clin North Am .P harmac ol 1,16:3199 -3204, 1,994. Dahl J, Pasero C, Patterson C: Instittttionalizing efectirte pain17(1):179,1999. mnnagement practices: Tlre implications of the new ICAHOBolay H, Reuter U, Dunn A, et al: Meningeal and central pain assesment and management standalds. Program and trigeminovascular activation following cortical spread- Abstract of the t9d' Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Pain Society, November 2-5,2000, Atlanta,ing depression, Cephalalgia 2I:526, 2001, abstract LB-2. symposium, abstract 302.Brain Attack Coalition\" (2001). http : //wzorl.stroke-site.or g Davis KL, Mohs RC, Marin D, et al: Cholinergic markers inBrain Resources and Information Network (BRAIN) elderly patients with early signs of Alzheimer disease, I AMA, 281 (15) :1 433-1 434, 1999.(2000): Guillain-Barr| syndrome fact sfteef, National Insti-tute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, PO Box Dewji NN, Singer SJi Spesific intercellular binding of beta-13050, Silver Spring, MD 20911. amyloid precursor protein to the presenilis induces in-Brain Trauma Foundation: Guidelines for the management tercellular signaling: its significance for Alzheimer's dis-and prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury, ed 2, ease, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(25):15055-15060, 1998.2000, Brain Trauma Foundation, http://www.brain- Diamond S: A fresh look at migraine therapy: new treat- tr auma. or g /gttid elin e s.nss ments promise improved management, Postgrad MedBral EE: Caring for adults with chronic cancer pain, Am l 109 (1) :49 -54, 57 -60, 200r. N ur s 98 (4):27 -32, 1998. Dichter MA, Brodie MJ: New antiepileptic drugs,N EngI IBrorlsrickJP, Miller Ro, Khoury JC, et al: Incidence rates of Me d 334(24): 1583-L950, 1,99 6. siroke for blacks and whites: preliminary results from Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C, et al: European stroke pre- the greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky stroke vention study,2: dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acidstudy, Stroke 32:320, 2001, abstract.Brookmeyer R, Gray S, Kawas C: Projections of Alzhei-mer's disease in the United States and the public healthimpact of delaying disease onset, Am I Public Health88(9): 1 337-13 42, 1998.

Tumor Sistem Sorof Pusot B A B 57 1197in the secondary prevention of stroke, J Neurol Sci Fueyo J, Gomez-Manzano C, Yung C, Kyritsis A: Target- iing in gene therapy for gliomas, Arch Neurol 56:445- 1,43:1-13,1996.DoddiVI, Janson S, Facione N, et al: Advancing the science of 448,1999. symptom management, I Adtt Nurs 33(5):668-676,2001\" Fuller G: Neurological exnminntion made easy, New York,Domanski MJ, Davis BR, Pfeffer MA, et al: Isolated systolic 1994, Churchill Livingstone. hypertension: prognostic information provided by Furlan A, Higasida R, Wechsler L, et al: Intra-arterial prourokinise for acute ischemic stroke: the PROACT II pulse pressur e, Hypertension 34:375-380' 1999. itrrdy' u rendomized controlled triaIJAMA 282:2003-pracKman pg: Myasthenia gravis and other diseases of the \ 2011,1999. neuromuscular junction. In Braunwald E et al, editors: Harrison's principle internal medicine, ed 15, New York, Goldrrian L, Bennett JC: Cecil textbook of medicine, ed 21, Philadelphia, 2001, WB Saunders. 2001, McGraw-Hill.Dubner R, Ren K: Endogenous mechanisms of sensory Gould D: Wound management and pain control' Nurs modullation, P ain, 6:545-54, 1999. Stand 14(6):47 -54, 1999.Eaton DL, Klaassen CD: Principles of toxicology. In Klaassen Griffin WS et al: Glial-Neuronal Interactions in Alzheimer's CD, editor: Casarett and Doull's toxicology: the basic science disease: the potential role of a \"cytokine cycle\" in dis- of poisons,ed 5, New York,1996, McGraw-Hill' ease progress ion, Btain Pathol 8(1):65-72' L998'Edvinsson L: Aspects on the pathophysiology of migraine Crimson W et al: Image-guided surgery, Sci Am286(6):62' and cluster headache, Pharmacol T oxicol 89 (2):65-7 3, 2001Englehard H: Gene therapy for brain tumors, Surg Neurol 69, 1999. 54:3-9,2000. Gupta G et al: Neural progenitor cells proliferate and differ- entiate when transplanted into ischemic brain or retina,European Stroke Initiative: European stroke initiative rec- S tr oke 32:333, 2001, abstract. ommendations for stroke management'. Cerebroaasc Guyton AC: Basic neuroscience: anatomy and plrysiology, Dis 10:335-351,2000. Philadelphia, 1982 WB Saunders. Evans R: Technology aduances our understanding of cere' Guyton'AC, Hall JE: Textbook of medical physiology, ed L0 brovascular eaents. L25't'annual meeting of the Ameri- Philadelphia, 2000, WB Saunders.\" can Neurological Association, October 15,2000. http:// Hademenos GJ: The biophysics of stroke, Am Sci 85(3):226- www.medscape.com n^?!r''^iJ,', e I o n g' s t h e n e u r o I o gi c n I e x amin a t i o n,Phi I a del-Ezzedine MA, Lev MH, McDonald CT, et al: Impact of con- phia, 1994, Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins' trast CT angiography and whole brain contrast CT per- HarnzaMA et al: Effect of the frequency of transcutaneous fusion study on the accuracy of cerebrovascular diag- electrical nerve stimulation on the postoperative opioid nosis in patients presenting with a major stroke-like analgesic requirement and recovery profile, Anesthesi- syndrome, Stroke 32:325, 2001, abstract. ol o gy 91 (5) :1232- 1238, 199 9 . Hardman iG et al, editors: Goodman and Gilman's tlrc pharma-Fedorov EM: Critical care extra: helping patients with. aphasia, Am I N ur s 101 (1 ):24GG-241J, 200I. cological basis of therapeutics, ed 10, New York, 2001,Ferrell B: Pain observed: the experience of pain from the McGraw-Hill. Haroununian V et al: Neurofibrillary tangles in non-de- family caregiver's prespective, CIin Gerintr Med mented elderly subjects and mild Alzheimer disease' 17 {3):595-609,viii-ix, 2001' Arch Neurol 56(6):7L3-718' 1999. Hauser SL, Goodkin DE: Multiple scierosis and other de-Fettes I: Menstrual migraine, Postgrad Med 107:67-77 ' 1997 ' myelinating diseases. In Braunwald E et al, editors: Hirrison's {rinciples intetnnl medicine, ed 15, New York,Fields HL, Martin JB: Pain: pathophysiology and manage- 2001, McGraw-Hill' ment. In Braunwald E et al, editors: Harrison's principles Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society: Classification and diagnostic criteriaof internal medicine, ed 15, New York, 2001, McGraw- for headache diiorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain, Cephalalgla 8(suppl 7):L-96' f988', Hill. Heiss WD et al: D-ifferentlil capacity of left and right hemi-Fitzgerald M, Beggs S: The neurobiology of pain: develop- spheric areas for compensation of poststroke aphasia' mental asPects, Neuroscientist 7(3):246-257 ' 2001' of Ann Neurol 45:430-438, 1'999Fitzgerald M, Jennings E: The postnatal developmentspinal sensory processing, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA Henrich JB, Horwitz RI: A controlled study of ischemic stroke risk in migraine patients, / C/ln Epidemiol 42:773- 96:771,9-7722,1999. 780,1989.Fletcher DD, Lawn ND, Wolter TD, et al: Long term out' come in patients with Guillain-Barrd syndrome requir- Hill JR et al: Molecular genetics of brain tumors, Arch ing mechanicai ventilation, Neurology 54''2311-2315, N eurol 56:439 -441', 1'999' Hillis AE et al: Improved function and perfusionwithphar- 2000. macological blood pressure elevation, Stroke 32:319'Founiain N, et al: Migraine, epilepsy, MS, Patient Care 2001, abstract. 33:L50-1'68, 1999.Fountain N, Dreifus F: Seizure disorders, Cur Pract Med 2(5):724-728,1999.Friedman R: Pain at the cellular 1evel: The role of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Reg Anesth Pain M e d 25 (2\ :1I0 -l 12, 2000.

I 198 BAGIAN SEMBTLAN GANGGUANSISTEMNEUROLOGIK Hoff JT, Boland MF: Neurosurgery. In Schwartz SI, editor: Leker RR, Lavie G, Teichner A, et al: The nitroxide antioxi- Prirciples of surgery, ed 6, New York, 1994, McGraw- dant tempol is cerebroprotective in a model of focal Hill. cerebral ischemia, EtLr I Neurol T(suppl 3):SC-34,2000. UufWg, Hess RM: Surgicairisk as related to time of inter- Levin V: Chemotherapy for brain tumors of astrocytic and vention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms, / oiigodendroglial lineage. The past decade and where we are heading, Nei.Lro-oncol 1:68-79, 1999 . N eur osur g 28:14-20, 1968. Lipion RB, Stewart WF, Diamond S, et al: Prevalence and IASP Task Force on Taxonomy. In Merskey H, Bogduk N, burden of migraine in the United States: data from the editors: Classification of chronic pain, ed 2, Seattle,1.994, American Migraine Study II, Headache 4I(7):646-657, fASp press. 2001. International Polio Network (IPN):Handbook on the late ef- Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Reed M, Diamond S: Migraine's fects of poliomyelitis for physicians and suraiaors, Gazette International Networking Institute (GINI) ,4207 Lrndell impact today. Burden of illness, patterns of care, Boulevard, #110, St Louis, Mo. 63108-291,5,1999. Ishihara T et al: Age-dependent emergence and progres- P ost gr ad med 109 (1) :38-40, 43-45, 2001. sion of a tauopathy in transgenic mice over-express the shortest human tau isoform, Neuron 24(I-20):73I-762, Lipton RB, Stewart WF, von Korff M: Burden of migraine: 1999. (Accompanied by mini-review, \"Neurodegene- rative Tauopathies: Human Disease and Transgenic societai costs and therapeutic opportunities, Neurology Mouse Models\" pp.507-510). 48 (suppl 3):9-59, 1997. JNC VI: The sixth report of the ]oint National Committee The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of Disease (LIPID) Study Group: Prevention of cardiovas- High Blood Pressure, Arch Intern Med IS7:24I3-2447, cular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cho- 1997. lesterol levels, N Eztgl J Med 339:7349-1357, 1998. Jacob SW, Francone CA, Lossow WJ: Structure and fimction Lynch M: Pain: the fifth vital sign, Ada Nurs Prnct 9(1,I):28- inman, ed 5, Philadelphia,1982, WB Saunders. 36,2001.*juarez G, Ferrel B, Borneman T: Cultural considerations in Maizels M: Headache evaluation and treatment of primary care physicians in an emergency department in the era education for cancer pain management. / Cancer Educ of triptans, Arch Intern Med 167(16):1969-1922,200I. 14(3): 1688-1 673, 1999. Malcangio M, Tomlinson DR:A pharmacologic analysis of mechanical hyperalgesia in strptozotocin/diabetic rats, KeeseylC, Sonshine R: 1 practical guide to myasthenia graais, The Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America,1997. P ain 7 6:151.-157, 1998. Kerns RD et al: Readiness to adopt a self-management ap- Malmivaara A et al: The treatment of acute low back pain- proach to chronic pain: the pain stages of change ques- bed rest, exercise or ordinary activity? N EngI I Med tionnaire. P ain 7 2:227 -234, 1997 . 332:351.,1995 Kidwell CS et al: Predictors of hemorrhagic transformation following intra-arterial thrombolysis, Stroke 32:319, Mandir A$ Poitras MF, Berliner AR et al: NMDA but not 2001, abstract. non-NMDA excitotoxicity is mediated by poly (ADP- Kurth T et al: Body mass index and the risk of stroke in ribose) polymerase, J Neurosci 20(21):8005-8011, 2000. men/ program and abstracts of the 53.d Annual Meeting Matthew NT: Cluster headache, Neurology 42(suppl3):22- of the American Academy of Neurology,Neurology 56 (suppl3):4227,2001. 31,7992. Laakso M: Benefits of slrict glucose and blood pressure May A et al: Hypothalamic activation in cluster headache control in type 2 diabetes: lessons from the UK Prospec- attacks, Lancet 352:275, 1998. .tive Diabetes Study, Circulation 99:56I-562, 1999. McCaffery M: Gabapentin for lancinating neuropathic Labovitz Dl Sacco RL: Determinants of lacunar infarct ver- pain, Aru J Nurs 98(4):12,1998. sus deep intracerebral hemorrhage in a multiethnic McCaffery M: How to make the most of nonopioid analge- population-based incidence cohort. Program and ab- sics, Nursing 28(8):54-55, 1998. stracts of the 53'd Annual.Meeting of the American McCaffery M, Ferrell B, Pasero C: No justified use of place- bos for pairq / Nurs Scholarship 32(2):114-115,2000. Academy of Neurology, May 5-11, Philadelphia, 2001. Melzack R, Wall PD: The challenge of paln, New Yotk, 1996\" Ladurner G: Neuroprotection in acute ischemic stroke, Penguin Books. Stroke 32:323, 2001, abstract. /Montes-Sandoval L: An analysis of the concept of pafu Laight DW Carrier MJ, Anggard EE: Endothelial cell dys- Ado Nurs 29 (4):935-941, 7999. fu4ction and the pathogenesis of diabetic macr- Mouton PR, MartinLJ, CalhounME, etal: Cognitive decline oarigiopathy, Diabetes Metab Res Reu 15:274-282, 1999. strongly correlates with cortical atrophy in Alzheimerls LanceIW: Mechanbm and management of headsche,ed6,Bos- dementia, N eurobiol Aging 19(5):371-377, 1998. ton, 2000, Butterworth. Murray ClL, Lopez AD: Global burden of disease, Cam- Lauritzen M: Pathophysiology of the migraine aura: the bridge Mass, 1996, Harvard University Press. spreading depression theory, Brain 117:7V)-210, 1,994. Narayanan ft, Recht LD: Which patients should undergo Leary MC, Saver fL: Incidence of silent stroke in the United trans-esophageal echocardiography as part of their States, Stroke 32:363, 2001, abstract. stroke work-up? Program and abstracts of 125.h Annual Meeting of the American Neurological Association; Bostory (October 1$18,2000), abstract 147.

TumorSistem Scrof Pusot BAB 57 t 199National Center for Health Statistics Quarterly Fact Sheet. Salanova V, Markland O, Worth R: Clinical characteristics . Spotlight on:Office Visits to Neurologists, December, and predictive factors in 98 patients with complex par- 1995. ht tp ://wwo.cdc. gort /nchs /releases/9\facts /fs -de c- tial seizures treated with temporal resection, Arclu 95.htm N e ur oI 51 :1008-lA].3, 1994.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Salazar DE, Fuimor JE, Srinivas N, et ai: BMS-204352- a novel maxi-K potassium channel oPener for the treat- (NINDS): Guillain-Barr6 Syndrome lnformation' 2000. ment of stroke: safety ad clinical pharmacology in healthy subjects, Eur I NeurolT (suppl 3):SC-40,2000-National tnstitute of Neurologicai Disorders and Stroke, t- PA Stroke Study Group: Tissue plasminogen activator Schwab M, Bartholdi D: Degeneration and regeneration of axons in the lesioned spinal cord, Physiol Rn76:319-370' for acute ischemic stroke, N Engl I Med 333:'158I-1587' 1995. 1996.National Rural Health Association: More women die from Schwartz Slires GT, Spencer FC, Galloway AC'-Principles of surgery,ed Z New York,1998, McGraw-Hill. stroke, Rtrral Clin Qo7f1(N2)e:1u-6r,o2s0u0r7g. ery {'1996)- http:// Schwartzman R], Grothusen f, Kiefer TR\" Rohr P: Neuro-NYU Department pathic central pain: epiderniology, etiology' and treat- mcnsL0.med-nyu.edttPayne R\" Gonzales GR: Managernent of pain. tn Derek D, ment options, Arch N e urol 58(10) : 15a7-1 550' 2001 - Schwartzman RJ, Matreki J: Postinjury ner.rropathic pain Geoffrey WC et al, editors: Axford textbook of pnllintiae syndrornes, Med Clin North Ant 83:597-626,L999. medicine, ed 2, New York\" 1999- Oxford {'-trniversiLy Press. Sen S, Oppenheimer SM: Hyperhcmorysteinemia is a riskPellock f: Treatment of epilepsy in the new millennium, facto-r for progression of aortic atheroma in stroke/TlA Pharnncology 2000 20:129*1 38S, 2000. patients, Stroke 32',332, 2001, atrstract-Peters KD Kochanek KD, Murphy SI-: Deaths: final data Shapiro W: Current therapies for brain tumors, r{rcll tor 1996, Nntl Vittil Stat Rep 47:t-100\" 1998. I'lewr ol 56 A29 -432,'1999'Puntillo K Casella V, Reid M: Opioid and benzodiazepine Silberstein SD Nligraine, cluster, trigeminal wurslgia, nnd tolerance and dependence: appXication of theory to waod disrarde{s: cofi?ftlorr graund for treatwent, AACN{E critical care practice, Heaft Lung 26{4):377 -324, 7997. nctiaity,2000, fefferson Medical College of ThornasQureshi A, Giles 14[H, Croft ]8, Bliwise DI-: Flabitual sleep Jefferson Un iversity&N{edscape, lnc- kttp : /tmedscary'\" patterns and risk for stroke and coronary heart disease: a 1&year followup fuom trr{tlAh1ES tr, trVe#rol 48(4):90491L,19p7. cow/wiewproynnt/315 Silberstein SD: Update on rnignaine headache: Report frornReiman EM, Caselli R|, Yun I-S, et al: Preclinical evidence of.Aizheimer's disease in persons hornozygous for the IHC 2001: The 10nh Congress of the nnternational F{ead-epsilon 4 allele for aponipoprotekr E, t'l EngI I Med ache Society, Nlfedscape Neurology, 2AA\. http://zoaw'334(xz):752-758,x996. ; wed scnpe.c a m /viewP ro Y a m /31 5K:Reingold Resenrth directions in wultiple scJerosis, Na- Silbersteirr SD, I-ipton RB, Goadsby PJ:. ITendnche in clinicnl tional L{ultiple Sclerosis Society, 2000. practbe,Oxford, UK, 199& trsis h'{edia.Richrnan E: When a headacl're isn't just a headache, Clir Simon R., l\rninoff M, Greenberg,D:Clinicnl wrrrroloyn, hJew Trends t'lr,:tos in X'leural 8(11), 2000- ltttp://tutow' Y ork, l99g,Lrange Mebical Books-McGraw-F{i1l' h t wl Smith M\" Freidlin E, tr{eis L, Sirnon R: Trends in reportedRobneerutsroXla-fg, yMreoorireowws.cfoDm: /-nAonoa\1lg/ensr i-cn-aaznt{tJi0py-rehteicadsachnde. in-flam- incidence of prirnary rnalignant brain twnors in childrenrratory agents and drugs ernployed in the treatrnent of in the l-.nnited States, / lVcf/ Cnncer kwt 90:J269-L2W' 1998'gout. [n Hardman IG, Lirnbird I-E, Gilman l\G' editors: Smith WS, Hauser SL, EastonfD: Cerebrovascular disease- {n Brauruvald E et at, editors: Hnrrison's priwtfiiles af inGwdmnn {t Gilffiffi's thtpharnwcalagtunlbnsk af thetapew- ternn! ntedicitte, ed,15, New Yonk, 2001' McGran\"-F{ill'tics\" ed10, lrJew York, 2001, McGraw-FIi[1\" Smuts jA,, Van Niekerk M, Barnard PWA.: Decrease in rni-R.obertson C, Valadka A, et al: Frevention of secortdary graine attack frequency correlated with frontaiisischemic insults after severe head injury, Crit Cnre l*\ed rnuscle denervation pattern following botulinurn toxirt27:2O86,L999. type A injection. Frograrn and abstracts of the 1FRop- .pteur l,'{*Fd{:itTrau: Hrnaarroisfotntr'e,s head and spine. [n Braunrwald E Wlrld Congress of Neurology, llulne 17-22, [-ondory printiples of intetnal mediiine , ed$, NnewYo\"\"rk\" 2001, McGraw-Hitrl- t-IK i h{eurol Sci 18V (suppl 1):575\" 2001' abstract 195-Russell N[B,OlesenJ: lncreased farnitial risk and evidence of Snowdon Dl\, Greiner {-F{, N{ortfuner JA' et al: Brain infarc-genetic factor in migraine, BM/ 311:541-5M,195' fion and the clinical expression of l\lzheimer disease:Ryan EW: -Arnerican Heart l\ssociation Scientific Sessions the Nun Study, lA'M\"4'2W{10):81}817, 1997' l\ssociation of hurnan 2000: AFIA Flenary Session V{L Stroke in the lNlen' Soldan SS, Berti & Salem lrl, et ai: herpes rnutrtiple sclerosis: irr N{illeniun,2000. virus 6 t{fiv-6) withSacks FM\" Ffeffer MA, Moye LA, et al: The effect of creised IgN{ response to F{F{V{ eariy antigen and de-' pravastatin on coronary events after rnyocardial inLfarc- tection \"f \".** FIHV-6 DNA, h{at A'{ed 3(12):s1394- tion in patients with average cholesterol levels\" Choler 1397 ,1997 . S-paegpneorlni dDpneotrnaalsC: orerPnboirnt eodf ltreatrnent of ventricle terol and recurrent events trial investigators' lr/ Erlgl / 26 cases, S fou-rth 51:\9-26, wrgMed 335:1001-tCs9,1996. troJeuro! 2000_

I 200 BAGIAN SEMBILAN GANGGUANSISTEMNEUROLOGIK Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, et al: Randomised double- ]gress of Neurology, lune 17-22, 2001; London, UK, blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The N e urol S ci 1 87(suppll ) :57 4, 2001, abstract P0191. slstolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eu r) T riaI, Lance t Valadka A, Gopinath S: Current issues in the management 350:757-764,1997. of severe head injury, Contemp Neurosurg 23(7):1-8, Stang P, Osterhaus JT: Epidemiology of migraine. In Cady 2001. RK, Fox AW, editors:Treating tlrc headache patient,New York, 1995, Marcel Dekker. Van der Spank JT, Cambier DC, De Paepe HM, et al: Pain Ste#art WF, Kawas C, Corrada M, Metter EJ: Risk of relief in labour by transcutaneous eiectrical nerve Alzheimer's disease and duration of NSAID use, Neu- stimuiation (TENS),,4rcft Gynecol Obstet 264(3):131-136, r o Io gy 48 :626- 632, 1997 . 2000. Stewart W, Lipton R, Dowson AJ, Sawyer J: Development Vastag B: Not so fast: research on infectious links to MS and testing of the Migraine Disability Assessment questioned, I AMA 285(3):27 9-281, 2001.. (MIDAS) Questionnaire to assess headache-related dis- Vieweg U et al: Differential treatment in acute upper cervi- ability, N eurology 56(6 swppll ):S20-S28, 2001. cal spine injuries, Surg Neurol 54:203-211,2000. Stillwell S: When you suspect epidural hematoma, An./ Vinik AI: Diabetic neuropathy: a small-fiber disease. 61.t Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Associa- Nurs 100(9):68-7 4, 2000. tion, June 2001. Swanson JW, Yanagihara T, Stang PE, et al: Incidence of Vinik AI, Park TS, Stanbury KB, Pittenger GL: Diabetic neu- cluster headaches: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, Neurology 44(3, pt.l):433-437 ,1994. ropathies, Diabetolo gia 43(8):957 -973, 2000. Szabo I(, Behrens S, Hirsch J: Subgroup analysis of patients Waitman J, McCaffery M: Meperidine-a liability, Am I with severe acute neurological ischemic syndromes Nars 101(1):57 -58, 200I. without diffusion weighted magnetic resonince imag- Wall PD, Melzack R, editors: Textbook of pain, ed 4, New ing abnormal ities, S tr oke 32:31.8, 2001, abstrac t. York, 2000, Churchill Livingstone. Want W, Timsit-Berthier M, Schoenen J: Intensity depen- Tang MX, Stern Y, Marder K, et al: The APOE-epsilon4 al- lele and the risk of Alzheimer disease among African dence of auditory evoked potentials is pronounced in migraine: an indication of cortical potentiation and low\" Americans, Whites, and Hispanics, JAMA 279:751-755, serotonergic neurotransmissions? Neurology 46:1404- 1998. 1409, 1996. Tanne D, Koren N: Blood lipids are important independent risk factors for ischemic stroke or TIA: a prospective Ware JE, Bjorner JB, Kosinski M: Practical implications of item response (IRT) and computer adaptivA testing, follow-up of over 11.000 patients in the ntf registry, Med Care 38 (suppl 2):73-82,2000. S troke 32:32, 2001, abstract. WHO: Geneva WHO mortality database. http:/ /www3. Taylor EC, Koo PIS: Pain. In Koda-Kimble MA et al, editors: who.ch/whosis /menu.cfm?path=whosis,whsa Wiederholt WC: Neurology for non-neurologists, ed 4, Phila- Applied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs, ed 7, Phila- delphia, 2001, Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins. delphia, 2000, WB Saunders. Thibodeau GA, Patton KT Anatomy and physiology, ed 4, St Willare LB, Hauss-Wegryzniak B, Wenk GL: Pathological Louis,7999, Mosby. and biochemical consequences of acute and chronic Thomsen LL, Eriksen MK, Olesen J, Russell MB: Clinical neuroinflammation within the basal forebrain cholin- characteristics of Danish families with familial hemiple- ergic system of rats, Neuroscience 88(1):193-200,1999. gic migraine, Cephalalgia 21:301, 2001, abstract P1-G10. Wingerchuck DM, Lucchinetti CF, Noseworthy JH: Mul- Tomlinson DR, Malcangio M, Patel .J, et al: Effects of tiple sclerosis: current pathophysiological concepts, lab Inae st 8L (3):263-281, 200I. zonisamide on mechanically-induced nociception in rats with Wolf PA, Albers G, Higashida RT, Grotta J: Plenary session .streptozocin-diabetes. Program of the Worldwide Pain Con- VII: stroke in the new millenium. 73'd Scientific Sessions ference 2000, July 15-21, San Fransisco, 2000. of the American Heart Association, New Orleans, Tripathy M, Kaushik S: Carbamazepine for pain manage- ment in Guillain-Barr6 syndrome patients in the inten- Louisiana, November 12-15, 2000. sive care unit, Crif Care Med 28(3):655-658,2000. Woolf CJ, Salter MW: Neuronal plasticity: increasing the Tzourio C, Tehindrazanarivelo A, Iglesias S, et al: Case- gain in pain, Science 288:1765-1768,2000. control study of migraine and risk of ischemic stroke in Yang J, Wu CL: Gene therapy for pain, Am Sci 89(2):126-73, young women, BMJ 310:830-833, 1995. 2001. U.S. Headache Consortium: Evidence-based guidelines for Young MA, Hoffberg H: Poststroke rehabilitation: im- migraine headache: overyiew of program description proving patient functionality. CIin Adaisor, Feb,25-32, and methodology, Neurology 54: 1553, 2000. 2001. Urba S, Weinstein SM: National Comprehensive Cancer Network: NCCN practice guidelines for cancer pain, Young WB, Shechter AL, Hopkins MM: Topiramate: a case Oncology 14(11A):135-1 50, 2000. series study in migraine prophylaxis, Cephalalgia 21,:37 0- Vaitkus A, Vilionskis A: Analysis of use of medications for 371, 2001, abstract P2-17 . migraine. Program and abstracts of the 17'r'World Con- Zaki PA, Bilsky Ei, Vanderah TW, et al: Opioid receptor types and subtypes: the delta receptor as amodel, Ann Rea Pharmacol Toxicol 36:379-401,, 1,996.